Journal articles: 'Streptococcus mutans'

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Grönroos, L., M. Saarela, J. Mättö, U. Tanner-Salo, A. Vuorela, and S. Alaluusua. "Mutacin Production by Streptococcus mutans May Promote Transmission of Bacteria from Mother to Child." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 2595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.6.2595-2600.1998.

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ABSTRACT The production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances, mutacins, by mutans streptococci varies among isolates. To find if the degree of mutacin activity of an isolate was related to its transmission between mother and her child, 19 mothers and their 18-month- to 3-year-old children were sampled for their oral mutans streptococci. In addition, the stability of mutacin activity was studied with isolates from the mothers and with isolates from five unrelated 5-year-old children in 5- to 7-year follow-up studies. A total of 145 oral mutans streptococcal isolates were serotyped by immunodiffusion, ribotyped, and mutacin typed by the stab culture technique. Mutacin was produced by 88% of the strains against more than 1 of the 14 indicator strains, representing mutans streptococci,Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus mutans isolates showed more inhibitory activity than didStreptococcus sobrinus isolates. Identical ribotypes had similar mutacin activity profiles within a subject, initially and in the follow-up studies, in all but two cases. The mothers harbored a total of 37 different mutans streptococcal ribotypes. Six children were negative for mutans streptococci. Transmission was probable in 9 of 20 mother-child pairs on the basis of the presence of identical strains, as determined by ribotyping and bacteriocin (mutacin) typing. S. mutansstrains shared between a mother and her child showed a broader spectrum of inhibitory activity than did nontransmitted strains. In conclusion, the mutacin activity of clinical isolates is reasonably stable, and this virulence factor seems to be of clinical importance in early colonization by S. mutans.

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Kamiya, Regianne Umeko, Tiago Taiete, and Reginaldo Bruno Gonçalves. "Mutacins of Streptococcus mutans." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 4 (December 2011): 1248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822011000400001.

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Al-Ahmad, Ali, Thorsten Mathias Auschill, Gabriele Braun, Elmar Hellwig, and Nicole Birgit Arweiler. "Overestimation of Streptococcus mutans prevalence by nested PCR detection of the 16S rRNA gene." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46280-0.

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This study was carried out in order to compare two PCR-based methods in the detection of Streptococcus mutans. The first PCR method was based on primers for the 16S rRNA gene and the second method was based on specific primers that targeted the glucosyltransferase gene (gtfB). Each PCR was performed with eight different streptococci from the viridans group, five other streptococci and 17 different non-streptococcal bacterial strains. Direct use of the S. mutans 16S rRNA gene-specific primers revealed that Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus infantis were also detected. After amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with universal primers and subsequently performing nested PCR, the S. mutans-specific nested primers based on the 16S rRNA gene detected all tested streptococci. There was no cross-reaction of the gtfB primers after direct PCR. Our results indicate that direct PCR and nested PCR based on 16S rRNA genes can reveal false-positive results for oral streptococci and lead to an overestimation of the prevalence of S. mutans with regards to its role as the most prevalent causative agent of dental caries.

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Petersen, F. C., S. Assev, H. C. van der Mei, H. J. Busscher, and A. A. Scheie. "Functional Variation of the Antigen I/II Surface Protein in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.249-256.2002.

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ABSTRACT Although Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus mutans are regarded as members of the commensal microflora of the body, S. intermedius is often associated with deep-seated purulent infections, whereas S. mutans is frequently associated with dental caries. In this study, we investigated the roles of the S. mutans and S. intermedius antigen I/II proteins in adhesion and modulation of cell surface characteristics. By using isogenic mutants, we show that the antigen I/II in S. mutans, but not in S. intermedius, was involved in adhesion to a salivary film under flowing conditions, as well as in binding to rat collagen type I. Binding to human fibronectin was a common function associated with the S. mutans and S. intermedius antigen I/II. Adhesion of S. mutans or S. intermedius to human collagen types I or IV was negligible. Hydrophobicity, as measured by water contact angles, and zeta potentials were unaltered in the S. intermedius mutant. The S. mutans isogenic mutants, on the other hand, exhibited more positive zeta potentials at physiological pH values than did the wild type. The results indicate common and species-specific roles for the antigen I/II in mediating the attachment of S. mutans and S. intermedius to host components and in determining cell surface properties.

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Cheng, X., S. Redanz, P. Treerat, H. Qin, D. Choi, X. Zhou, X. Xu, J. Merritt, and J. Kreth. "Magnesium-Dependent Promotion of H2O2 Production Increases Ecological Competitiveness of Oral Commensal Streptococci." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 7 (March 20, 2020): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520912181.

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The pyruvate oxidase (SpxB)–dependent production of H2O2 is widely distributed among oral commensal streptococci. Several studies confirmed the ability of H2O2 to antagonize susceptible oral bacterial species, including caries-associated Streptococcus mutans as well as several periodontal pathobionts. Here we report a potential mechanism to bolster oral commensal streptococcal H2O2 production by magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation. Magnesium is a cofactor for SpxB catalytic activity, and supplementation increases the production of H2O2 in vitro. We demonstrate that Mg2+ affects spxB transcription and SpxB abundance in Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii. The competitiveness of low-passage commensal streptococcal clinical isolates is positively influenced in antagonism assays against S. mutans. In growth conditions normally selective for S. mutans, Mg2+ supplementation is able to increase the abundance of S. sanguinis in dual-species biofilms. Using an in vivo biophotonic imaging platform, we further demonstrate that dietary Mg2+ supplementation significantly improves S. gordonii oral colonization in mice. In summary, our results support a role for Mg2+ supplementation as a potential prebiotic to promote establishment of oral health–associated commensal streptococci.

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Kreth, Jens, Yongshu Zhang, and Mark C. Herzberg. "Streptococcal Antagonism in Oral Biofilms: Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii Interference with Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (April 25, 2008): 4632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00276-08.

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ABSTRACT Biofilms are polymicrobial, with diverse bacterial species competing for limited space and nutrients. Under healthy conditions, the different species in biofilms maintain an ecological balance. This balance can be disturbed by environmental factors and interspecies interactions. These perturbations can enable dominant growth of certain species, leading to disease. To model clinically relevant interspecies antagonism, we studied three well-characterized and closely related oral species, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, and cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. S. sanguinis and S. gordonii used oxygen availability and the differential production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to compete effectively against S. mutans. Interspecies antagonism was influenced by glucose with reduced production of H2O2. Furthermore, aerobic conditions stimulated the competence system and the expression of the bacteriocin mutacin IV of S. mutans, as well as the H2O2-dependent release of heterologous DNA from mixed cultures of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii. These data provide new insights into ecological factors that determine the outcome of competition between pioneer colonizing oral streptococci and the survival mechanisms of S. mutans in the oral biofilm.

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Chia, Jean-San, Huei-Ting Lien, Po-Ren Hsueh, Pei-Min Chen, Andy Sun, and Jen-Yang Chen. "Induction of Cytokines by Glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, no. 4 (July 2002): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.4.892-897.2002.

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ABSTRACT Production of proinflammatory cytokines is implicated in the pathogenesis of viridans streptococcus-induced α-streptococcal shock syndrome and infective endocarditis. Streptococcus mutans, one of the opportunistic pathogens causing infective endocarditis, was reported previously to stimulate monocytes and epithelial and endothelial cells in vitro to produce various cytokines. We found that glucosyltransferases (GTFs) GtfC and GtfD of S. mutans stimulated predominantly the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from T cells cultured in vitro. The level of IL-6 but not of tumor necrosis factor alpha in blood was significantly elevated when rats were injected intravenously with S. mutans GS-5, whereas IL-6 was detected at a much lower level when rats were challenged with NHS1DD, an isogenic mutant defective in the expression of GTFs. The serum IL-6 level was elevated in patients with endocarditis caused by different species of viridans streptococci which express GTF homologues. Affinity column-purified GTFs reduced the levels of detectable IL-2 of T cells stimulated by another bacterial antigen, tetanus toxoid. These results suggested that GTFs might modulate the production of Th1-type cytokines and that GTFs of S. mutans play a significant role in stimulating the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in vivo.

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Wang, Bing-Yan, and Howard K. Kuramitsu. "Interactions between Oral Bacteria: Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Bacteriocin Production by Streptococcus gordonii." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 1 (January 2005): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.1.354-362.2005.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans has been recognized as an important etiological agent in human dental caries. Some strains of S. mutans also produce bacteriocins. In this study, we sought to demonstrate that bacteriocin production by S. mutans strains GS5 and BM71 was mediated by quorum sensing, which is dependent on a competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) signaling system encoded by the com genes. We also demonstrated that interactions with some other oral streptococci interfered with S. mutans bacteriocin production both in broth and in biofilms. The inhibition of S. mutans bacteriocin production by oral bacteria was stronger in biofilms than in broth. Using transposon Tn916 mutagenesis, we identified a gene (sgc; named for Streptococcus gordonii challisin) responsible for the inhibition of S. mutans bacteriocin production by S. gordonii Challis. Interruption of the sgc gene in S. gordonii Challis resulted in attenuated inhibition of S. mutans bacteriocin production. The supernatant fluids from the sgc mutant did not inactivate the exogenous S. mutans CSP as did those from the parent strain Challis. S. gordonii Challis did not inactivate bacteriocin produced by S. mutans GS5. Because S. mutans uses quorum sensing to regulate virulence, strategies designed to interfere with these signaling systems may have broad applicability for biological control of this caries-causing organism.

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Tao, L., and J. M. Tanzer. "Novel Sucrose-dependent Adhesion Co-factors in Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Dental Research 81, no. 7 (July 2002): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910208100715.

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Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases form extracellular glucans from sucrose to promote adhesion to the teeth. We tested whether additional factors are involved in S. mutans sucrose-dependent adhesion. By screening a pVA891-insertion mutant library of S. mutans LT11, we isolated four clones deficient in adhesion to glass in the presence of sucrose, but normal in glucosyltransferase activities. The genetic loci flanking the insertion sites were retrieved and identified. They encode glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an ABC transporter, a multidrug-efflux pump, and either the ribulose monophosphate operon or ascorbate metabolism operon. The four mutants were analyzed for their phenotypic expression and in vivo colonization in rats. The multidrug efflux pump mutant failed to colonize the rats. Three other mutants colonized the rats by reverting to the wild type. Therefore, these four factors may contribute to S. mutans sucrose-dependent adhesion.

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Nilsson, Martin, Michael Givskov, Svante Twetman, and Tim Tolker-Nielsen. "Inactivation of the pgmA Gene in Streptococcus mutans Significantly Decreases Biofilm-Associated Antimicrobial Tolerance." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090310.

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Screening of a Streptococcus mutans mutant library indicated that pgmA mutants displayed a reduced biofilm-associated tolerance toward gentamicin. The biofilms formed by the S. mutans pgmA mutant also displayed decreased tolerance towards linezolid and vancomycin compared to wild-type biofilms. On the contrary, the resistance of planktonic S. mutans pgmA cells to gentamycin, linezolid, and vancomycin was more similar to wild-type levels. Investigations of biofilms grown in microtiter trays and on submerged glass slides showed that pgmA mutants formed roughly the same amount of biofilm as the wild type, indicating that the reduced antimicrobial tolerance of these mutants is not due to diminished biofilm formation. The pgmA gene product is known to be involved in the synthesis of precursors for cell wall components such as teichoic acids and membrane glycolipids. Accordingly, the S. mutans pgmA mutant showed increased sensitivity to Congo Red, indicating that it has impaired cell wall integrity. A changed cell wall composition of the S. mutans pgmA mutant may play a role in the increased sensitivity of S. mutans pgmA biofilms toward antibiotics.

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Abranches, Jacqueline, Yi-Ywan M. Chen, and Robert A. Burne. "Galactose Metabolism by Streptococcus mutans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 6047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.6047-6052.2004.

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ABSTRACT The galK gene, encoding galactokinase of the Leloir pathway, was insertionally inactivated in Streptococcus mutans UA159. The galK knockout strain displayed only marginal growth on galactose, but growth on glucose or lactose was not affected. In strain UA159, the sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) for lactose and the PTS for galactose were induced by growth in lactose and galactose, although galactose PTS activity was very low, suggesting that S. mutans does not have a galactose-specific PTS and that the lactose PTS may transport galactose, albeit poorly. To determine if the galactose growth defect of the galK mutant could be overcome by enhancing lactose PTS activity, the gene encoding a putative repressor of the operon for lactose PTS and phospho-β-galactosidase, lacR, was insertionally inactivated. A galK and lacR mutant still could not grow on galactose, although the strain had constitutively elevated lactose PTS activity. The glucose PTS activity of lacR mutants grown in glucose was lower than in the wild-type strain, revealing an influence of LacR or the lactose PTS on the regulation of the glucose PTS. Mutation of the lacA gene of the tagatose pathway caused impaired growth in lactose and galactose, suggesting that galactose can only be efficiently utilized when both the Leloir and tagatose pathways are functional. A mutation of the permease in the multiple sugar metabolism operon did not affect growth on galactose. Thus, the galactose permease of S. mutans is not present in the gal, lac, or msm operons.

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Sheng, Jiangyun, Jeremiah D. Baldeck, Phuong T. M. Nguyen, Robert G. Quivey, and Robert E. Marquis. "Alkali production associated with malolactic fermentation by oral streptococci and protection against acid, oxidative, or starvation damage." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 2010): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-039.

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Alkali production by oral streptococci is considered important for dental plaque ecology and caries moderation. Recently, malolactic fermentation (MLF) was identified as a major system for alkali production by oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans . Our major objectives in the work described in this paper were to further define the physiology and genetics of MLF of oral streptococci and its roles in protection against metabolic stress damage. l-Malic acid was rapidly fermented to l-lactic acid and CO2by induced cells of wild-type S. mutans, but not by deletion mutants for mleS (malolactic enzyme) or mleP (malate permease). Mutants for mleR (the contiguous regulator gene) had intermediate capacities for MLF. Loss of capacity to catalyze MLF resulted in loss of capacity for protection against lethal acidification. MLF was also found to be protective against oxidative and starvation damage. The capacity of S. mutans to produce alkali from malate was greater than its capacity to produce acid from glycolysis at low pH values of 4 or 5. MLF acted additively with the arginine deiminase system for alkali production by Streptococcus sanguinis , but not with urease of Streptococcus salivarius . Malolactic fermentation is clearly a major process for alkali generation by oral streptococci and for protection against environmental stresses.

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Mallaley, P. P., S. A. Halperin, A. Morris, A. MacMillan, and S. F. Lee. "Expression of a pertussis toxin S1 fragment by inducible promoters in oral Streptococcus and the induction of immune responses during oral colonization in mice." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-151.

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Previous work aimed at developing a live oral vaccine expressing pertussis toxin S1 fragment on the surface of the bacterium Streptococcus gordonii elicited a lower than expected antibody response, perhaps because of low antigen expression. In this study, in-frame promoter fusions were constructed to investigate whether an increase in antigen production by the streptococcal vaccine strain results in a better antibody response. The promoters tested were (i) the Streptococcus mutans sucrose-inducible fructosyltransferase (ftf) promoter and (ii) the Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli chimeric tetracycline-inducible xyl/tetO promoter. Each of these two promoters was placed upstream of the spaP/s1 fusion gene to drive its expression. The constructs were introduced into S. gordonii DL1 and S. mutans 834. The inducibility of the promoters was confirmed through the determination of SpaP/S1 production via Western blottings. Induced production of SpaP/S1 was observed in S. gordonii and S. mutans with each of the promoters, but the level of expression was the highest in S. mutans, using the xyl/tetO promoter. Thus, S. mutans carrying the xyl/tetO/spaP/s1 construct (S. mutans PM14) was used in oral colonization studies in BALB/c mice. Streptococccus mutans PM14 was able to colonize the animals for the 14-week duration of experimentation. A mucosal IgA response was observed in all the treatment groups but was highest in mice receiving tetracycline induction. In the mouse model of Bordetella pertussis respiratory infection, animals colonized with S. mutans PM14 showed a decreased in B. pertussis lung colony count (P = 0.03) on day 3 compared with control mice colonized by the parent S. mutans 834.Key words: pertussis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, oral colonization.

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Subramaniam, Priya, and Revathy Suresh. "Streptococcus Mutans Strains in Mother-Child Pairs of Children with Early Childhood Caries." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 43, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-43.4.5.

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Objective: Dental caries is both an infectious and transmissible disease. Maternal transfer of Mutans Streptococci occurs at an early age and is important in the initiation of dental caries in children. The aim of this study was to identify certain strains of Streptococcus mutans in mother-child pairs, of children with early childhood caries. Study design: Sixty mother-child pairs of healthy children aged 18–36 months were selected. Mothers with high levels of Streptococcus mutans in their saliva and only children with ECC were included. Dental plaque samples were collected from mother-child pairs. The plaque samples were stored, transferred to the laboratory and analyzed for Streptococcus mutans strains c, f, e and k, present in mother-child pairs using Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis for level of similarity in Streptococcus mutans strains present in mother-child pairs. Results: A similar distribution of Streptococcus mutans strains c, f and k was identified in 28 mother-child pairs. Streptococcus mutans strain e was seen in 18 pairs. Conclusion: Less than 50% of mother-child pairs showed similarity in distribution of Streptococcus mutans strains.

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Tsuda, Hiromasa, Yoshihisa Yamashita, Yukie Shibata, Yoshio Nakano, and Toshihiko Koga. "Genes Involved in Bacitracin Resistance in Streptococcus mutans." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 12 (December 2002): 3756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.12.3756-3764.2002.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans is resistant to bacitracin, which is a peptide antibiotic produced by certain species of Bacillus. The purpose of this study was to clarify the bacitracin resistance mechanism of S. mutans. We cloned and sequenced two S. mutans loci that are involved in bacitracin resistance. The rgp locus, which is located downstream from rmlD, contains six rgp genes (rgpA to rgpF) that are involved in rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (RGP) synthesis in S. mutans. The inactivation of RGP synthesis in S. mutans resulted in an approximately fivefold-higher sensitivity to bacitracin relative to that observed for the wild-type strain Xc. The second bacitracin resistance locus comprised four mbr genes (mbrA, mbrB, mbrC, and mbrD) and was located immediately downstream from gtfC, which encodes the water-insoluble glucan-synthesizing enzyme. Although the bacitracin sensitivities of mutants that had defects in flanking genes were similar to that of the parental strain Xc, mutants that were defective in mbrA, mbrB, mbrC, or mbrD were about 100 to 120 times more sensitive to bacitracin than strain Xc. In addition, a mutant that was defective in all of the mbrABCD genes and rgpA was more sensitive to bacitracin than either the RGP or Mbr mutants. We conclude that RGP synthesis is related to bacitracin resistance in S. mutans and that the mbr genes modulate resistance to bacitracin via an unknown mechanism that is independent of RGP synthesis.

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Banerjee, Anirban, and Indranil Biswas. "Markerless Multiple-Gene-Deletion System for Streptococcus mutans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 7 (February 8, 2008): 2037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02346-07.

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ABSTRACT Inactivation or selective modification is essential to elucidate the putative function of a gene. The present study describes an improved Cre-loxP-based method for markerless multiple gene deletion in Streptococcus mutans, the principal etiological agent of dental caries. This modified method uses two mutant loxP sites, which after recombination creates a double-mutant loxP site that is poorly recognized by Cre recombinase, facilitating multiple gene deletions in a single genetic background. The effectiveness of this modified strategy was demonstrated by the construction of both single and double gene deletions at the htrA and clpP loci on the chromosome of Streptococcus mutans. HtrA and ClpP play key roles in the processing and maturation of several important proteins, including many virulence factors. Deletion of these genes resulted in reducing the organism's ability to withstand exposure to low pH and oxidative agents. The method described here is simple and efficient and can be easily implemented for multiple gene deletions with S. mutans and other streptococci.

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Wan, S. X., J. Tian, Y. Liu, A. Dhall, H. Koo, and G. Hwang. "Cross-Kingdom Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Cariogenic Biofilm Initiation." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520950286.

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Candida albicans is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various Streptococcus spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. Streptococcus gordonii (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to C. albicans hyphae via direct cell-to-cell interaction, while the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans (mutans group) interacts with the fungal cells via extracellular glucans. However, the biophysical properties of these cross-kingdom interactions at the single-cell level during the early stage of biofilm formation remain understudied. Here, we examined the binding forces between S. mutans (or S. gordonii) and C. albicans in the presence and absence of in situ glucans on the fungal surface using single-cell atomic force microscopy and their influence on biofilm initiation and subsequent development under cariogenic conditions. The data show that S. gordonii binding force to the C. albicans surface is significantly higher than that of S. mutans to the fungal surface (~2-fold). However, S. mutans binding forces are dramatically enhanced when the C. albicans cell surface is locally coated with extracellular glucans (~6-fold vs. uncoated C. albicans), which vastly exceeds the forces between S. gordonii and C. albicans. The enhanced binding affinity of S. mutans to glucan-coated C. albicans resulted in a larger structure during early biofilm initiation compared to S. gordonii–C. albicans biofilms. Ultimately, this resulted in S. mutans dominance composition in the 3-species biofilm model under cariogenic conditions. This study provides a novel biophysical aspect of Candida-streptococcal interaction whereby extracellular glucans may selectively favor S. mutans binding interactions with C. albicans during cariogenic biofilm development.

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AIZAWA, Yuzuru. "Defferentiation of Streptococcus sobrinus from Streptococcus mutans and Discrimination of Mutans Streptococci by Genetic Engineering Techniques." JOURNAL OF DENTAL HEALTH 44, no. 1 (1994): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5834/jdh.44.104.

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Ionas, Mona, Sebastian Ioan Cernusca Mitariu, Adela Dancila, Tiberiu Horatiu Ionas, Raluca Monica Comaneanu, Oana Botoaca, and Maria Mihaela Cernusca Mitariu. "The Capacity of a Specific Anti-Streptococcus Mutans Monoclonal Antibodies Test to Identify the Diabetic Patients with Increased Risk of Periodontal Disease." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 11 (December 15, 2017): 2556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.11.5927.

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By means of a specific anti-Streptococcus mutans monoclonal antibodies test we want to identify the diabetic patients which have an increased risk to develop the periodontal disease. The highest percentage, of 88.1% of all patients included in this study represents the subjects with a level greater than 500,000 cfu / mL of streptococcus mutans. The Kruskal-Wallis test reveals a value of p = 0.283 resulted from the status of diabetes in patients and the level of streptococcus mutans in saliva. In conclusion, the status of diabetes in patients seems not to influence the salivary level of mutans streptococci determined with the method used in our study.

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Catt, Diana M., and Richard L. Gregory. "Streptococcus mutans Murein Hydrolase." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 7863–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.22.7863-7865.2005.

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ABSTRACT Allelic replacement of the C terminus of a Streptococcus mutans surface protein affects murein hydrolase activity. The targeted open reading frame encodes a 67-kDa protein (SmaA) with an N-terminal signal sequence and cleavage site, three 46-amino-acid (aa) direct repeats, and two 88-aa direct repeats. The identical autolytic profile was obtained using a sortase mutant (SrtA−).

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Ashby, Michael T., Jens Kreth, Muthu Soundarajan, and Laure Sita Sivuilu. "Influence of a model human defensive peroxidase system on oral streptococcal antagonism." Microbiology 155, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.031310-0.

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Streptococcus is a dominant genus in the human oral cavity, making up about 20 % of the more than 800 species of bacteria that have been identified, and about 80 % of the early biofilm colonizers. Oral streptococci include both health-compatible (e.g. Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis) and pathogenic strains (e.g. the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans). Because the streptococci have similar metabolic requirements, they have developed defence strategies that lead to antagonism (also known as bacterial interference). S. mutans expresses bacteriocins that are cytotoxic toward S. gordonii and S. sanguinis, whereas S. gordonii and S. sanguinis differentially produce H2O2 (under aerobic growth conditions), which is relatively toxic toward S. mutans. Superimposed on the inter-bacterial combat are the effects of the host defensive mechanisms. We report here on the multifarious effects of bovine lactoperoxidase (bLPO) on the antagonism between S. gordonii and S. sanguinis versus S. mutans. Some of the effects are apparently counterproductive with respect to maintaining a health-compatible population of streptococci. For example, the bLPO system (comprised of bLPO+SCN−+H2O2) destroys H2O2, thereby abolishing the ability of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Furthermore, bLPO protein (with or without its substrate) inhibits bacterial growth in a biofilm assay, but sucrose negates the inhibitory effects of the bLPO protein, thereby facilitating adherence of S. mutans in lieu of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis. Our findings may be relevant to environmental pressures that select early supragingival colonizers.

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Shibata, Yukie, Jan R. van der Ploeg, Takeshi Kozuki, Yasuhito Shirai, Naoaki Saito, Miki Kawada-Matsuo, Toru Takeshita, and Yoshihisa Yamashita. "Kinase activity of the dgk gene product is involved in the virulence of Streptococcus mutans." Microbiology 155, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.023812-0.

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C-terminal deletion of the diacylglycerol kinase (Dgk) homologue of the cariogenic oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans resulted in loss of aciduricity. To confirm the role of the C terminus of the Dgk homologue in aciduricity, various mutants of S. mutans UA159 with a C-terminally truncated Dgk homologue were constructed. The deletion of one or two amino acid residues at the C terminus had no effect on the acid-tolerance properties of mutants. When further amino acid residues at the C terminus were removed, mutants became more acid-sensitive. The mutant with deletion of eight amino acid residues at the C terminus did not grow at pH 5.5, suggesting that the C-terminal tail of the Dgk homologue was indispensable for tolerance to acid stress in S. mutans. Kinase activity assays revealed that deletion of the C-terminal amino acids of Dgk led to a reduction of kinase activity for undecaprenol. A truncated mutant that had completely lost kinase activity was unable to grow at pH 5.5. These results suggest that the acid tolerance of S. mutans is closely related to kinase activity of the Dgk homologue. Additionally, the dgk deletion mutant exhibited markedly reduced levels of smooth-surface carious lesions in pathogen-free rats, despite there being no difference between the mutant and the parental organism in the extent of total smooth surface plaque. The results suggest that Dgk activity may play a direct role in the virulence of S. mutans.

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W S Harty, Derek. "Virulence factors in streptococcal infective endocarditis." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05114.

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life threatening, endovascular infection occurring when bacteria enter the blood stream and adhere to heart valves. Mortality rates remain in the range of 11-27%. The most common infecting micro-organisms are now the staphylococci (44%) although streptococci (31%) and particularly the oral streptococci (21%) are still major causative agents. Many different oral streptococci have been isolated from IE cases, the most common being Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus anginosus group and mutans streptococci.

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Martha, Krisztina, Cristina Bica, and Edva Anna Frunda. "The Use of High - Sucrose Culture Media for the Identification of Oral Streptococci in Infant- Mother Pairs." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 11 (December 15, 2017): 2691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.11.5956.

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By the end of the 60�s, the theory that refined carbohydrates promotes the absorption of saccharolytic Gram-positive microbial species on the tooth surfaces has become generally. Mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) were key players in this theory. On agar plates, Str. mutans produces small, circular colonies, in the presence of glucose, and in the presence of sucrose large, sticky, gelatinous colonies. This gelatinous texture is due to the shell material: mutant 1 � 3 glucose polymers and dextran 1 �! 6 glucose polymers. Str. mutans are able to survive in the oral cavity with a pH lower than 5.5. That is why consecutive multiple sugar intake promotes the colonization of Str. mutans, which results in dental caries in stagnant zones. As oral pH is continuously shifted to acid, more acid-resistant bacteria appear. Our aim was to identify species in infant-mother pair gingival crevicular bacterial flora, which can be detected on high-sucrose culture media and to underline the jeopardy of vertical oral contamination from mother to infant.

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Merritt, Justin, Fengxia Qi, Steven D. Goodman, Maxwell H. Anderson, and Wenyuan Shi. "Mutation of luxS Affects Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus mutans." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 4 (April 2003): 1972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.4.1972-1979.2003.

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ABSTRACT Quorum sensing is a bacterial mechanism for regulating gene expression in response to changes in population density. Many bacteria are capable of acyl-homoserine lactone-based or peptide-based intraspecies quorum sensing and luxS-dependent interspecies quorum sensing. While there is good evidence about the involvement of intraspecies quorum sensing in bacterial biofilm, little is known about the role of luxS in biofilm formation. In this study, we report for the first time that luxS-dependent quorum sensing is involved in biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans is a major cariogenic bacterium in the multispecies bacterial biofilm commonly known as dental plaque. An ortholog of luxS for S. mutans was identified using the data available in the S. mutans genome project (http://www.genome.ou.edu/smutans.html ). Using an assay developed for the detection of the LuxS-associated quorum sensing signal autoinducer 2 (AI-2), it was demonstrated that this ortholog was able to complement the luxS negative phenotype of Escherichia coli DH5α. It was also shown that AI-2 is indeed produced by S. mutans. AI-2 production is maximal during mid- to late-log growth in batch culture. Mutant strains devoid of the luxS gene were constructed and found to be defective in producing the AI-2 signal. There are also marked phenotypic differences between the wild type and the luxS mutants. Microscopic analysis of in vitro-grown biofilm structure revealed that the luxS mutant biofilms adopted a much more granular appearance, rather than the relatively smooth, confluent layer normally seen in the wild type. These results suggest that LuxS-dependent signal may play an important role in biofilm formation of S. mutans.

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Koga-Ito, Cristiane Yumi, Clélia Aparecida de Paiva Martins, Ivan Balducci, and Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge. "Correlation among mutans streptococci counts, dental caries, and IgA to Streptococcus mutans in saliva." Brazilian Oral Research 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000400014.

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Two-hundred and forty individuals were studied, divided into five groups as follows: caries-free children, children with caries, children with rampant caries, young adults with and without caries. Whole stimulated saliva was collected and all individuals were investigated for DMFT/dmft according to the WHO criteria and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Quantitative analysis of the total aerobic flora and mutans streptococci in saliva was performed. Also, the level of salivary anti-S. mutans IgA was determined by ELISA. Children with rampant caries showed the highest OHI-S value. The highest total counts of microorganisms were found in the group of children with caries. No statistically significant differences were observed for salivary flow, OHI-S and microorganism counts between the groups of young adults. No correlation between mutans streptococci counts and anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels was observed in the studied groups. A correlation between increased anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels and caries-free status was observed among young adults but not among children.

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Chen, Lei, Xiuchun Ge, Yuetan Dou, Xiaojing Wang, Jenishkumar R. Patel, and Ping Xu. "Identification of hydrogen peroxide production-related genes in Streptococcus sanguinis and their functional relationship with pyruvate oxidase." Microbiology 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.039669-0.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an important substance produced by many members of the genus Streptococcus, plays important roles in virulence and antagonism within a microbial community such as oral biofilms. The spxB gene, which encodes pyruvate oxidase, is involved in H2O2 production in many streptococcal species. However, knowledge about its regulation and relation with other genes putatively involved in the same pathway is limited. In this study, three genes – ackA, spxR and tpk – were identified as contributing to H2O2 production in Streptococcus sanguinis by screening mutants for opaque colony appearance. Mutations in all three genes resulted in significant decreases in H2O2 production, with 16–31 % of that of the wild-type. H2O2 production was restored in the complemented strains. Antagonism against Streptococcus mutans by these three S. sanguinis mutants was reduced, both on plates and in liquid cultures, indicating the critical roles of these three genes for conferring the competitive advantage of S. sanguinis. Analysis by qPCR indicated that the expression of spxB was decreased in the ackA and spxR mutants and significantly increased in the tpk mutant.

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Huang, Xuelian, Christopher M. Browngardt, Min Jiang, Sang-Joon Ahn, Robert A. Burne, and Marcelle M. Nascimento. "Diversity in Antagonistic Interactions between Commensal Oral Streptococci and Streptococcus mutans." Caries Research 52, no. 1-2 (December 20, 2017): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479091.

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Arginine metabolism via the arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria generates ammonia, which can increase the pH of oral biofilms and decrease the risk for dental caries. Antagonistic interactions between ADS-positive and cariogenic bacteria in oral biofilms may be an important ecological determinant of caries. This study investigated the antagonistic potential and mechanisms of clinical isolates of arginolytic streptococci on and by Streptococcus mutans UA159, a well-characterized cariogenic human isolate. Low-passage isolates of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus australis, and Streptococcus cristatus inhibited the growth of S. mutans to various degrees when they were inoculated on growth media first or simultaneously with S. mutans. The antagonistic effects of arginolytic strains against S. mutans and the production of H2O2 by these strains were enhanced during growth in a less-rich medium or when galactose was substituted for glucose as the primary carbohydrate source. Pyruvate oxidase was the dominant pathway for H2O2 production by arginolytic strains, but lactate oxidase activity was also detected in some strains of S. gordonii and S. cristatus. UA159 inhibited the growth of all tested arginolytic strains when inoculated first, especially in aerobic conditions. However, the antagonistic effects of S. mutans on certain strains of S. gordonii and S. australis were not observed during anaerobic growth in the presence of arginine. Thus, arginolytic commensal streptococci may have a synergistically positive impact on the ecology of oral biofilms by moderating biofilm pH while antagonizing the growth and virulence of caries pathogens.

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Kim, Ji-Hye, Young-Eun Lee, Sang-Hun Ahn, Youn-Hee Choi, and Keun-Bae Song. "Comparison of characteristics of xylitol-sensitive and xylitol-resistant Streptococcus mutans by use of various carbohydrates." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 10 (October 31, 2011): 4450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.10.4450.

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Hahn, Chin-Lo, Harvey A. Schenkein, and John G. Tew. "Endocarditis-Associated Oral Streptococci Promote Rapid Differentiation of Monocytes into Mature Dendritic Cells." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (August 2005): 5015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.5015-5021.2005.

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ABSTRACT Endocarditis is frequently attributable to oral streptococci, but mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well understood, although monocytes appear to be important. High titers of interleukin-12 (IL-12) are produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after engaging Streptococcus mutans, but monocytes in developing endocardial vegetations tend to disappear rather than become macrophages. These data prompted the hypothesis that streptococcus-infected monocytes differentiate into short-lived IL-12-producing dendritic cells (DCs) rather than macrophages. PBMC from healthy subjects were stimulated with six isolates of oral streptococci, three nonstreptococcal oral bacteria, or IL-4 plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the appearance of cells with markers typical of mature DCs (CD83+, CD86+, CD11c+, and CD14−) was monitored. Supernatant fluids from the PBMC cultures were harvested and IL-12 p70 levels were determined. S. mutans-stimulated monocytes were analyzed for their ability to elicit allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reactions. All streptococci examined, except one strain of Streptococcus oralis (35037), rapidly induced up-regulation of CD83 and CD86 and a loss of CD14 in the CD11c+ monocyte population within 20 h. Induction of IL-12 was CD14 dependent and correlated with streptococcal isolates that promoted the DC phenotype. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression was up-regulated by S. mutans, and these cells were short-lived and elicited potent allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reactions typical of DCs. In summary, monocytes stimulated with endocarditis-associated oral streptococci rapidly exhibited the DC phenotype and functions. These data suggest that the initiation of bacterial endocarditis by oral streptococci may involve monocyte-to-DC differentiation, and this may help explain the low levels of macrophages in the site.

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Xu, Jingjing, Hang Yang, Yongli Bi, Wuyou Li, Hongping Wei, and Yuhong Li. "Activity of the Chimeric Lysin ClyR against Common Gram-Positive Oral Microbes and Its Anticaries Efficacy in Rat Models." Viruses 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10070380.

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Dental caries is a common disease caused by oral bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the primary cariogenic microbes that often survive as biofilms on teeth. In this study, we evaluated the activity of ClyR, a well-known chimeric lysin with extended streptococcal host range, against common Gram-positive oral microbes and its anticaries efficacy in rat models. ClyR demonstrated high lytic activity against S. mutans MT8148 and S. sobrinus ATCC6715, with minor activity against Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus salivarius, which are considered as harmless commensal oral bacteria. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the number of viable cells in 72-h aged S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms are significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after treatment with 50 µg/mL ClyR for 5 min. Furthermore, continuous administration of ClyR for 40 days (5 µg/day) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the severity of caries in rat models infected with a single or a mixed bacteria of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Therefore, ClyR could be a promising agent or additive for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.

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Grönroos, L., J. Mättö, M. Saarela, A. R. Luoma, H. Luoma, H. Jousimies-Somer, L. Pyhälä, S. Asikainen, and S. Alaluusua. "Chlorhexidine susceptibilities of mutans streptococcal serotypes and ribotypes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 1995): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.39.4.894.

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The susceptibilities of 379 clinical mutans streptococcal isolates to chlorhexidine (CHX) were tested by agar dilution according to the standards of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Isolates were obtained from saliva samples of 34 young mothers who had high or moderate salivary levels of mutans streptococci at baseline. Samples were collected on three occasions, before childbirth, when each child was 6 months old, and 1 year later. Of these isolates, 50% were inhibited at 1 microgram of CHX per ml, 90% were inhibited at 2.0 micrograms/ml, and all were inhibited at 4.0 micrograms/ml. The MICs for Streptococcus mutans isolates (serotypes c, e, and f) were lower than those for Streptococcus sobrinus isolates (serotypes d and g). In some subjects, the MICs for isolates of the same serotype were different. This phenomenon was studied by ribotyping isolates (n = 45) from selected subjects (n = 7). It was found that if there were intraindividual differences in the MICs for isolates of the same serotype, then the ribotypes of these isolates were different. In order to decrease the mutans streptococcal infection risk for children, 24 mothers (test group) brushed their teeth periodically with a gel that contained 0.3% CHX digluconate and 0.2% NaF, pH 5.8, between the second and third sampling occasions. The gel was used twice a day for the first 10 days of each month. Development of resistant strains during CHX-NaF gel use was not detected. The serotype distribution of isolates from the test group after 1 year of periodic CHX-NaF gel use did not differ from that at baseline. Periodic CHX-NaF gel brushing did not lead to lower salivary mutans streptococcal counts.

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Ambarawati, I. Gusti Agung Dyah, I. Dewa Made Sukrama, and I. Wayan Putu Sutirta Yasa. "Deteksi gen Gtf-B Streptococcus mutans dalam plak dengan gigi karies pada siswa di SD N 29 Dangin Puri." Intisari Sains Medis 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v11i3.337.

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Background: Bacteria situated in the formation of dental plaque as a leading cause of caries is Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans use glycosyltransferase enzymes to convert saccharose saliva into an extracellular polysaccharide (PSE) through glycosylation process. One of the virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans is the gtf-B gene.Aim: This study aims to detect gtf-B gene in plaque with dental caries on students of SD Negeri 29 Dangin Puri.Method: The design of the study was descriptive observational research involved 51 carries children as a sample in SD Negeri 29, Dangin Puri. Bacterial culture was applied to detect colonies of Streptococcus. Additional gram staining and catalase test were also conducted to distinguish Streptococcus against Staphylococcus. After it revealed negative catalase test, PCR was continued optimally about 517 bp in size and 585 bp gtf B gene in size.Result and Conclusion: Streptococcus mutans are as many as 19 samples from 51 samples (37.25%). Three samples from 19 isolates of Streptococcus mutans were detected by gtf-B gen (16%). Bakteri yang berperan penting dalam pembentukan plak gigi sebagai penyebab karies adalah Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans memiliki enzim glikosiltransferase yang dapat mengubah sakarosa saliva menjadi polisakarida ekstraseluler (PSE) melalui proses glikosilasis. Salah satu faktor virulensi bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebagai penyebab karies gigi adalah gengtf-B Streptococcus mutans. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi gen gtf-B Streptococcus mutans dalam plak dengan gigi karies pada anak di SD Negeri 29 Dangin Puri.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 51 sampel anak di SD Negeri 29 Dangin Puri yang mengalami karies. Kultur bakteri digunakan untuk mendeteksi koloni Streptococcus Sp. kemudian dilakukan pengecatan gram, uji katalase untuk membedakan Streptococcus dengan Staphylococcus. Hasil uji katalase negatif dilakukan proses PCR Streptococcus Mutans dengan ukuran 517 bp dan gen gtf B Streptococcus mutans dengan ukuran 585 bp.Hasil dan Simpulan: ditemukan bakteri streptococcus mutans sebanyak 19 sampel dari 51 sampel (37,25%). Tiga sampel dari 19 isolat bakteri streptococcus mutans terdeteksi gen gtfB streptococcus mutans (16%).

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Maasi, Greete, Jelena Štšepetova, Merike Jõesaar, Jana Olak, and Reet Mändar. "Different Patterns of Virulence Genes in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus Originating from Estonian Toddlers—Mothers Cohort." Microbiology Research 13, no. 4 (November 8, 2022): 928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13040065.

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Aims: Mutans streptococci include Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which can cause tooth decay. The current study aimed to compare their virulence genes with each other and to correlate them with the clinical data of patients. Materials and methods: Altogether 21 S. mutans and 19 S. sobrinus strains were investigated, originating from 24 children (age 2.7 ± 0.4 years) and 13 mothers (27.3 ± 3.7). The PCR method was applied to detect 11 virulence genes. Caries indices (dmf, decayed/missing/filled; DMFT, decayed/missing/filled teeth) and SM score (Mutans streptococci amount in saliva) were recorded. Results: Most of the S. mutans strains harbored all the virulence genes studied, while S. sobrinus had significantly fewer genes. The genes gbpA, gbpB, wapA and ftf were present in all isolates of S. sobrinus, the spaP, gtfB, vicR, SMU.1037c and SMU.105 genes were present in 41–88% of the isolates, while gtfD and SMU.104 genes were absent in S. sobrinus strains studied. A positive correlation appeared between the biofilm-related vicR and polysaccharide-production-related gtfD genes. In contrast, another polysaccharide-production-related gtfB gene was present in some cases in strains lacking the vicR or gtfD gene. Positive association was found between the presence of adhesion-related spaP gene in pediatric-derived S. sobrinus strains and an increase in SM score. Conclusions: Differences exist between the two common species of mutans streptococci: strains of S. mutans have more virulence genes than that of S. sobrinus, both crucial and virulence enhancing. Deeper research is needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the increased cariogenicity in cohabitation.

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Gharajalar, SN, and M. Hassanzade. "Antibacterial properties of Carum copticum essential oil against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolated from canine dental plaque." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 12 (December 4, 2017): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/180/2016-vetmed.

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Dental caries is amongst the most prevalent oral diseases in both humans and dogs. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus (mutans streptococci) are the major cariogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries. Since these bacteria generally show resistance to common antibiotics, natural products such as plant essential oils could be a good substitute. For this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carum copticum essential oil against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Twenty canine dental plaque samples were collected and the presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the samples was confirmed using biochemical, culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The resistance patterns of isolates were determined using a disc diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute protocol against the following antimicrobials: chloramphenicol, tetracycline, penicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, vancomycin and azithromycin. The antibacterial activities of Carum copticum essential oil were based on the disc diffusion method as well on a determination of the minimum inhibitory (MIC<sub>50</sub>) and minimum bactericidal concentration values. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were isolated in 8 (40%) and 2 (10%), respectively, of plaque samples. Most of these isolates were determined to display multidrug resistance patterns to the eight antibiotics evaluated. Screening of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil indicated that MIC<sub>50</sub> and minimum bactericidal concentration values were 20 µg/ml and 80 µg/ml, respectively, and that the zone of inhibition in the disc diffusion method ranged from 2 to 5 mm for serial concentrations of the essential oil. Based on our results, we suggest that Carum copticum essential oil exerts antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and may be a useful treatment for carious lesions with bacterial aetiologies.

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Yamakami, Kazuo, Hideaki Tsumori, Yoshitaka Shimizu, Yutaka Sakurai, Kohei Nagatoshi, and Kenji Sonomoto. "Cationic Lipid Content in Liposome-Encapsulated Nisin Improves Sustainable Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus mutans." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210616021001360.

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An oral infectious disease, dental caries, is caused by the cariogenic streptococci Streptococcus mutans. The expected preventive efficiency for prophylactics against dental caries is not yet completely observed. Nisin, a bacteriocin, has been demonstrated to be microbicidal against S. mutans, and liposome-encapsulated nisin improves preventive features that may be exploited for human oral health. Here we examined the bactericidal effect of charged lipids on nisin-loaded liposomes against S. mutans and inhibitory efficiency for insoluble glucan synthesis by the streptococci for prevention of dental caries. Cationic liposome, nisin-loaded dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/phytosphingosine, exhibited higher bactericidal activities than those of electroneutral liposome and anionic liposome. Bactericidal efficiency of the cationic liposome revealed that the vesicles exhibited sustained inhibition of glucan synthesis and the lowest rate of release of nisin from the vesicles. The optimizing ability of cationic liposome-encapsulated nisin that exploit the sustained preventive features of an anti-streptococcal strategy may improve prevention of dental caries.

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Nicolas, Guillaume G., Michel Frenette, and Marc C. Lavoie. "Streptococcus salivariusmutants defective in mannose phosphotransferase systems show reduced sensitivity to mutacins I-T9 and R-3B." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 8 (August 2010): 692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-050.

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Twenty-four mutacin-producing Streptococcus mutans strains were screened for their propensity to produce class II one-peptide bacteriocin using a deferred antagonism assay. Streptococcus salivarius and 3 mutants defective in their mannose phosphotransferase systems (mannose-PTS) were used as sensitive strains to identify which mannose-PTS could act as the docking site for class II one-peptide bacteriocin activity. We observed that only 2 strains of S. mutans, T9 and 3B, potentially produce class II one-peptide bacteriocin, namely mutacins I-T9 and R-3B, but with no preference for any mannose-PTS complex as a target.

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Nomura, Ryota, Kazuhiko Nakano, Hirotoshi Nemoto, Kazuyo Fujita, Satoko Inagaki, Toshiki Takahashi, Kazuhiro Taniguchi, et al. "Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus mutans in heart valve and dental plaque specimens from a patient with infective endocarditis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46609-0.

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Streptococcus mutans, known to be an aetiologic agent of dental caries, also causes infective endocarditis (IE), although a comparison of isolates from the oral cavity and infected heart valve of the same patient has not been reported. In the present study, infected heart valve and dental plaque samples from a patient with IE were analysed. Broad-range PCR with DNA sequencing revealed that 50 clones from the dental plaque isolates were composed of oral streptococci and periodontopathic bacteria, whereas only Streptococcus mutans was detected in 50 clones from the heart valve. Eighteen strains of Streptococcus mutans were isolated from dental plaque and seven from the heart valve, and the biochemical properties of each were in accordance with those of Streptococcus mutans. DNA fingerprinting analysis revealed that all the oral isolates of Streptococcus mutans had similar patterns, which were different from those of the isolates from the infected heart valve. Western blotting using glucosyltransferase (GTF)-specific antiserum showed that the seven strains from the heart valve lacked the three types of intact GTF. In addition, the sucrose-dependent adhesion rates of these isolates were significantly lower than those of the oral isolates (P<0.001). Furthermore, the isolates from the heart valve were less susceptible to erythromycin and kanamycin. These results indicate that the properties of the Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from the infected valve were different from those of typical oral strains, which may be related to the effects of IE.

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Alaluusua, S., L. Grönroos, and E. Kleemola-Kujala. "Streptococcus mutans, not detected?" Oral Microbiology and Immunology 4, no. 3 (June 1989): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.1989.tb00248.x.

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Vose, Julie M., Philip W. Smith, Marietta Henry, and David Colan. "Recurrent streptococcus mutans endocarditis." American Journal of Medicine 82, no. 3 (March 1987): 630–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(87)90111-2.

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IGARASHI, Takeshi, and Nobuichi GOTO. "Dextranase of Streptococcus mutans." Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 53, no. 2 (1998): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3412/jsb.53.435.

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Bratthall, Douglas. "A Streptococcus mutans Safari!" Journal of Dental Research 76, no. 7 (July 1997): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760070101.

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. "Zelf Streptococcus mutans meten." TandartsPraktijk 30, no. 4 (April 2009): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03080859.

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Okada, Kaname, Jin Zhan Rui, Yuji Morimoto, Shoji Kagami, Fusao Ota, Katsuhiko Hirota, Komei Fukui, and Yasuhiro Kuroda. "Experimental glomerulonephritis caused by Streptococcus mutans." Nihon Shoni Jinzobyo Gakkai Zasshi 7, no. 2 (1994): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3165/jjpn.7.204.

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Igarashi, Takeshi, Ayako Yamamoto, and Nobuichi Goto. "Polymerase chain reaction for identification of oral streptococci: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus downei and Streptococcus salivarius." Journal of Microbiological Methods 34, no. 1 (September 1998): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00078-5.

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Altabe, Silvia, Paloma Lopez, and Diego de Mendoza. "Isolation and Characterization of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Auxotrophs of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 22 (September 7, 2007): 8139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01275-07.

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ABSTRACT Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biosynthesis is essential for the maintenance of membrane structure and function in many groups of anaerobic bacteria. Like Escherichia coli, the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae produces straight-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids. In E. coli UFA synthesis requires the action of two gene products, the essential isomerase/dehydratase encoded by fabA and an elongation condensing enzyme encoded by fabB. S. pneumoniae lacks both genes and instead employs a single enzyme with only an isomerase function encoded by the fabM gene. In this paper we report the construction and characterization of an S. pneumoniae 708 fabM mutant. This mutant failed to grow in complex medium, and the defect was overcome by addition of UFAs to the growth medium. S. pneumoniae fabM mutants did not produce detectable levels of monounsaturated fatty acids as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography analysis of the radiolabeled phospholipids. We also demonstrate that a fabM null mutant of the cariogenic organism Streptococcus mutants is a UFA auxotroph, indicating that FabM is the only enzyme involved in the control of membrane fluidity in streptococci. Finally we report that the fabN gene of Enterococcus faecalis, coding for a dehydratase/isomerase, complements the growth of S. pneumoniae fabM mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that FabM is a potential target for chemotherapeutic agents against streptococci and that S. pneumoniae UFA auxotrophs could help identify novel genes encoding enzymes involved in UFA biosynthesis.

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Madineni, Praveen Kumar, Suresh Babu Ghanta, Naveen Kumar Motupalli, Mahanthesh Bembalgi, and P. Krishnam Raju. "Comparative Analysis of Colony Counts of Different Species of Oral Streptococci in Saliva of Dentulous, Edentulous and in those Wearing Partial and Complete Dentures." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 4 (2013): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1371.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To study and compare the number of colony forming units of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus milleri in dentulous, edentulous and in those wearing partial and complete dentures by using semi-quantitative culture method of saliva samples with calibrated standard loop Materials Sterile specimen collection bottles, Mitis salivarius agar plates, Standard loop, Candle jar, Incubator, Colony counter Methodology Study population consisted of 100 subjects with 25 in each group, with an age range of 40 to 80 years, who were attending the Department of Community Dentistry and Prosthodontics at MNR Dental College, Sangareddy, Hyderabad. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients and inoculated on to Mitis salivarius agar plates using calibrated standard loop. The plates were then incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 24 hours and left at room temperature for further 24 hours. Using a colony counter, the number of colonies of each species was counted. Results Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis predominates in the dentulous group, Streptococcus sanguis in complete denture group, Streptococcus salivarius in edentulous group and Streptococcus milleri in removable partial denture group. Conclusion The results of our study are in accordance with the previous studies, which have sought to differentiate different groups of mutans streptococci using a simple calibrated standard loop. How to cite this article Ealla KKR, Ghanta SB, Motupalli NK, Bembalgi M, Madineni PK, Raju PK. Comparative Analysis of Colony Counts of Different Species of Oral Streptococci in Saliva of Dentulous, Edentulous and in those Wearing Partial and Complete Dentures. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):601-604.

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P, Ayu D., Sadimin Sadimin, Sariyem Sariyem, and Hermien Nugraheni. "DAYA HAMBAT GETAH LIDAH BUAYA (ALOE VERA) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS." Jurnal Kesehatan Gigi 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jkg.v2i01.1136.

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TITLEInhibitory effect of aloe vera mucilage to Streptococcus mutans growthABSTRACT Aloe vera contains various components of compounds, one of which is aloin and saponin (5.9%), which has an antibacterial effect so as to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Streptococcus mutans is known as a bacterium that can cause dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition of aloe sap to the bacteria Streptococcus mutans.This study uses a quasi-experimental methods. Research subjects used was Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The design of this study to make aloe vera sap solution with a concentration of 50%, 75% and 100%, then make a suspension of bacteria Streptococcus mutans. After the treatment, carried incubation for 1 X 24 hours in an incubator, the results do observation and measurement (post-test) of the diameter of the inhibition area Streptococcus mutans bacteria growth by using a ruler (mm). Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis method.Based on the research results, the sap of aloe vera with a concentration of 50% has to Streptococcus mutans inhibition of 10.15mm, the concentration of 75% amounting to 10.26mm, the concentration of 100% inhibition against Streptococcus mutans bacteria by 20.7mm. So it can be concluded that there is a difference in the concentration of aloe vera sap as inhibiting the growth of bacteria Streptococcus mutans that the higher the concentration used, the greater the inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Keywords : AloeVera, Streptococcus mutans.

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Yamamoto, Yuji, Masako Higuchi, Leslie B. Poole, and Yoshiyuki Kamio. "Role of the dpr Product in Oxygen Tolerance in Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 3740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.13.3740-3747.2000.

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ABSTRACT We have previously identified and characterized the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase of Streptococcus mutans, which consists of two components, Nox-1 and AhpC. Deletion of bothnox-1 and ahpC had no effect on the sensitivity of S. mutans to cumene hydroperoxide or H2O2, implying that the existence of another antioxidant system(s) independent of the Nox-1–AhpC system compensates for the deficiency. Here, a new antioxidant gene (dpr for Dps-like peroxide resistance gene) was isolated from the S. mutans chromosome by its ability to complement anahpCF deletion mutant of Escherichia coli with a tert-butyl hydroperoxide-hypersensitive phenotype. Thedpr gene complemented the defect in peroxidase activity caused by the deletion of nox-1 and ahpC inS. mutans. Under aerobic conditions, the dprdisruption mutant carrying a spectinomycin resistance gene (dpr::Spcr mutant) grew as well as wild-type S. mutans in liquid medium. However, thedpr::Spcr mutant could not form colonies on an agar plate under air. In addition, neither thedpr::Spcr ahpC::Emr::nox-1triple mutant nor the dpr::Spcr sod::Emr double mutant was able to grow aerobically in liquid medium. The 20-kDa dpr gene product Dpr is an iron-binding protein. Synthesis of Dpr was induced by exposure of S. mutans cells to air. We propose a mechanism by which Dpr confers aerotolerance on S. mutans.

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Tamesada, M., S. Kawabata, T. Fujiwara, and S. Hamada. "Synergistic Effects of Streptococcal Glucosyltransferases on Adhesive Biofilm Formation." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 11 (November 2004): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408301110.

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Glucosyltransferases (GTF)-I and GTF-SI of Streptococcus mutans synthesize water-insoluble and both water-soluble and -insoluble glucans, respectively, and play essential roles in the sucrose-dependent adhesion of the organism to tooth surfaces. To examine the interactions of different GTFs on artificial biofilm formed by S. mutans and other oral streptococci, we generated GTF-I- and GTF-SI-hyperproducing isogenic mutant strains. Transformant B42-21, which hyperexpressed GTF-SI, exhibited firm adhesion in the presence of sucrose, whereas transformant B42-10, which hyperexpressed GTF-I, failed to exhibit firm adhesion. Furthermore, co-culture of transformant B42-21 with water-soluble glucan-synthesizing Streptococcus sanguinis yielded firm adhesion, while the addition of dextran T10 to B42-21 growing culture had no effect on adhesion. These findings suggest that GTF-SI has a strong effect on sucrose-dependent adhesion and is essential for biofilm formation on smooth surfaces, in cooperation with water-soluble glucans synthesized de novo by oral streptococci that inherently lack cell adhesion ability.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Streptococcus mutans'

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