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Journal articles on the topic 'Streptococcal infections'
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1
Skripchenko, N. V., G. F. Zheleznikova, A. A. Alekseeva, E. Y. Skripchenko, G. P. Ivanova, and T. V. Bessonova. "Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe clinical forms of streptococcal infection in children." Infekcionnye bolezni 21, no. 3 (2023): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2023-3-81-94.
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Currently, there is a significant increase in the morbidity of streptococcal infections, including the severe cases with a fatal outcomes. In this article we show the general information on the modern features of diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections), pathogenicity factors of the microbe and its strain diversity. Various aspects of immunopathogenesis in various clinical forms of streptococcal infection, such as tonsillitis, acute rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome, neurological and myocardial complications are discussed. The issues of association between the severe course of GAS infection against the background of previous chickenpox, influenza, infectious mononucleosis are described. Possible mechanisms of interaction of pathogens in combined virus-streptococcal infection are presented. The ways of avoiding streptococcus from the host's protective reactions, the features of the innate and adaptive immune response in various clinical forms of streptococcal infections, as well as the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of severe disease in children are reflected. The tactics of pathogenetic therapy using the medicine of complex action cytoflavin, which allows optimizing the course of generalized streptococcal infection, is noted. Key words: streptococcal infections, viruses, immunopathogenesis, clinic, cytoflavin, strains
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Huang, Allen R., and Dalius J. Briedis. "Group C Streptococcal Endocarditis Presenting as Clinical Meningitis: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 5 (1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/597941.
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Lancefield group C streptococci are known to be pathogenic in a number of animal species, but cause human disease much less commonly than do streptococci of scrogroups A or B. Reported cases of bacteremic infection, pneumonia or meningitis in humans have been very severe with a grave prognosis. The authors describe a patient who presented with classic clinical and laboratory evidence of bacterial meningitis which proved to be a complication of endocarditis caused by a group C streptococcus. This is the first reported case in which meningitis was the presenting manifestation of group C streptococcal endocarditis and is only the second case in which group C streptococcal meningitis and endocarditis have been associated in the same patient. A total of 13 cases of group C streptococcal meningitis have now been reported in the medical literature. Five of these patients died, and four others recovered only to be left with neurological sequelae. The current case confirms the seriousness of group C streptococcal infections in humans. Such infections are associated with a poor prognosis despite apparently adequate antimicrobial therapy.
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Miller, Craig W., John F. Prescott, Karol A. Mathews, Stephen D. Betschel, J. A. Yager, Veena Guru, L. DeWinter, and Donald E. Low. "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, no. 8 (October 15, 1996): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.08.1421.
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Objective To determine the clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic findings in dogs that developed severe invasive infections with group G streptococci (GGS) over a 6-month period in southern Ontario. Design Prospective case series. Animals 7 dogs in southern Ontario with severe streptococcal infection during a 6-month period. Procedure Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, molecular typing of streptococcal isolates was performed. Isolates were examined for the M protein gene emm1.0, pyrogenic exotoxin genes speA, speB, speF, hyaluronic acid synthase genes hasA, hasB, and for C5a peptidase gene scpA by use of DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction. Results 3 dogs with streptococcal shock without necrotizing fasciitis died or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission, whereas 4 dogs with streptococcal shock and necrotizing fasciitis survived following surgical debridement, supportive medical treatment, and treatment with antibiotics. Of the 6 Lancefield group G streptococcal isolates available for characterization, 5 were Streptococcus canis and 1 had characteristics of group G streptococcal strains of human origin. Results of molecular typing indicated that isolates were unrelated to each other. Examination of the canine isolates for putative virulence genes found in human group A streptococci resulted in identification of the the emm1.0 gene only in 1 of the isolates. The canine isolates otherwise lacked virulence genes associated with human group A streptococcal toxic shock infections. Clinical Implications The development of severe invasive infection in dogs resulting from GGS indicates that a virulent form of GGS has developed in southern Ontario. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1421–1426)
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Tjiu Ritonga, Christian Martin. "Group A Streptococcus Infection in Children : Literature Review." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 11, no. 11 (November 23, 2023): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v11i11.mp03.
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Streptococci are a large and diverse group of gram-positive cocci that grow in pairs or chains. Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (GAS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mechanism for spreading Streptococcus from one person to another and one part of the body to another part of the body varies according to the clinical manifestations of the infection. Group A Streptococcus infection, consisting of non-invasive gas infection and invasive gas infection. Generally, for non-severe infections due to group A Streptococcus is good with very low morbidity and mortality rates. On the other hand, the more invasive and severe infections caused by group A Streptococcus carry with them significant mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of writing this literature review is to improve understanding and treatment of group A streptococcal infections in children so that the mortality and morbidity associated with this infection can be reduced.
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Numberger, Daniela, Ursula Siebert, Marcus Fulde, and Peter Valentin-Weigand. "Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020350.
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Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited. This review summarizes published reports on streptococcal species, which have been detected in marine mammals. Furthermore, we discuss streptococcal transmission between and adaptation to their marine mammalian hosts. We conclude that streptococci colonize and/or infect marine mammals very frequently, but in many cases, streptococci isolated from marine mammals have not been further identified. How these bacteria disseminate and adapt to their specific niches can only be speculated due to the lack of respective research. Considering the relevance of pathogenic streptococci for marine mammals as part of the marine ecosystem, it seems that they have been neglected and should receive scientific interest in the future.
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Liao, Pei-Chih, Yi-Lun Tsai, Yao-Chung Chen, Pei-Chi Wang, Shu-Chu Liu, and Shih-Chu Chen. "Analysis of Streptococcal Infection and Correlation with Climatic Factors in Cultured Tilapia Oreochromis spp. in Taiwan." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114018.
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Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), a prominent warm water food fish, is one of the major fish species grown in the aquaculture industry in south-east Asia. Tilapia can tolerate adverse water quality and other stressors, like diverse salinity and fluctuation of pH value, better than most other commercial aquaculture species. Environmental fluctuations are one of the main factors that affect the outbreak of infectious diseases in cultured tilapia. Cultured tilapia in Taiwan appears to be more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococci during the summer season. The present study emphasizes the Streptococcus spp. infection in tilapia in Taiwan and is the first study on the analysis of the potential impact of climate change on streptococcal infection in cultured tilapia in Asia. The data collected from the treatment and diagnosis system (TDS) of the aquatic animal diseases database from 2006 to 2015 were used to analyze the endemic streptococcal infection and the effect of climatic factors. Based on the results, the factor, average atmospheric pressure, is negatively correlated to streptococcal infection, while the other three, including average temperature, ultraviolet (UV) index, and rainfall, are positively correlated to streptococcal infection. A multivariate logistic regression model with these four factors was also built. When the average temperature is above 27.0 °C, the average atmospheric pressure is lower than 1005.1 hPa, or the UV index is above 7.2, the percentage of cumulated positive farms from all submitted tilapia cases was more than 50%. In addition, within 3 days of rain, rainfall is relevant to the occurrence of Streptococcus in tilapia. Using TDS to alert the occurrence of streptococcal infection in tilapia can be a very useful tool for veterinary aquatic animal inspection stations, and reducing economic losses and labour costs in aquatic agriculture.
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Santalova, G. V., P. A. Lebedev, A. A. Garanin, A. V. Lyamin, and M. E. Kuzin. "Cardiac and non-cardiac manifestations of infection caused by group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 5, no. 1 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-1-63-71.
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Infection caused by group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) is characterized by significant diversity of clinical presentations accounted for by different GABHS strains and individual patients’ predisposition to immune inflammation. This paper reviews current data on streptococcal infection and poststreptococcal cardiac and non-cardiac complications and describes early diagnostic tools. Superficial infections are the most common forms (particularly in pediatrics) manifested as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis, or sinusitis. Invasive infections (pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis) are potentially lethal conditions accompanied by bacteremia and generalized inflammation. Strains producing exotoxins (GABHS superantigens) provoke scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The primary burden of cardiac complications of GABHS infections is still chronic rheumatic heart disease resulting from undiagnosed and untreated acute rheumatic fever. Valvulitis underlying cardiac complications have a subclinical course, requiring echocardiography to establish the diagnosis. Antibacterial treatment with β-lactam antibiotics as a first-line treatment for GABHS infection and prevention of cardiac and non-cardiac complications increase the relevance of early etiological diagnosis. These tools are clinical syndrome scale, culture, and rapid diagnostic tests based on streptococcal DNA and antigen detection. KEYWORDS: group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus, manifestations and complications of streptococcal infections, acute rheumatic fever, chronic rheumatic heart disease. FOR CITATION: Santalova G.V., Lebedev P.A., Garanin A.A. et al. Cardiac and non-cardiac manifestations of infection caused bygroup A β-hemolytic Streptococcus. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(1):63–71 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-1-63-71.
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Santos, Joana Eugénio, Catuxa Rodríguez Magariños, Leticia García Gago, Daniela Astudillo Jarrín, Sonia Pértega, Ana Rodríguez-Carmona, Teresa García Falcón, and Miguel Pérez Fontán. "Long-term trends in the incidence of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis disclose an increasing relevance of streptococcal infections: A longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0244283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244283.
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Background The selective impact of strategies for prevention of PD-related peritonitis (PDrP) may have modified, in the long term, the causal spectrum, clinical presentation and outcomes of these infections. Objectives To compare trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms during a 30-year period, with a particular focus on streptococcal infections. To analyze the clinical presentation and outcomes of these infections. Secondarily, to investigate how the isolation of different species of streptococci can influence the clinical course of PDrP by this genus of bacteria. Method Following a retrospective, observational design we investigated 1061 PDrP (1990–2019). We used joinpoint regression analysis to explore trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms, and compared the risk profile (Cox), clinical presentation and outcomes (logistic regression) of these infections. Main results Our data showed a progressive decline in the incidence of PDrP by staphylococci and Gram negative bacteria, while the absolute rates of streptococcal (average annual percent change +1.6%, 95% CI -0.1/+3.2) and polymicrobial (+1.8%, +0.1/+3.5) infections tended to increase, during the same period. Remarkably, streptococci were isolated in 58.6% of polymicrobial infections, and patients who suffered a streptococcal PDrP had a 35.8% chance of presenting at least one other infection by the same genus. The risk profile for streptococcal infections was comparable to that observed for PDrP overall. Streptococcal PDrP were associated with a severe initial inflammatory response, but their clinical course was generally nonaggressive thereafter. We did not observe a differential effect of different groups of streptococci on the clinical presentation or outcome of PDrP. Conclusions Time trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms have granted streptococci an increasing relevance as causative agents of these infections, during the last three decades. This behaviour suggests that current measures of prevention of PDrP may not be sufficiently effective, in the case of this genus of microorganisms.
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Bronze, M. S., D. S. McKinsey, E. H. Beachey, and J. B. Dale. "Protective immunity evoked by locally administered group A streptococcal vaccines in mice." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 8 (October 15, 1988): 2767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.8.2767.
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Abstract The present studies were undertaken to determine the pathogenicity of group A streptococci introduced intranasally (i.n.) into mice in an attempt to mimic mucosal infections in humans and to determine the efficacy of streptococcal vaccines administered via the mucosal route. The LD50 of type 24 streptococci (M24 strep) administered i.n. was 3 x 10(4) CFU. Throat cultures were performed in M24 strep-inoculated mice. Of 11 mice that died, 9 had positive throat cultures 3 or 4 days after i.n. challenge, and of 9 mice that survived, only 1 had a positive throat culture, indicating an association between mucosal infection and death. Postmortem examination performed on 35 mice that died after i.n. challenge showed that all had evidence of disseminated infections, and group A streptococci were recovered from the cervical lymph nodes, blood, spleen, liver, and brain. To determine vaccine efficacy, heat-killed M24 strep or pep M24 were administered i.n. to groups of mice. Whole, heat-killed streptococci and pep M24 administered locally protected mice against death from i.n. challenge infections with homologous M24 strep. The whole cell vaccine also protected against i.n. challenge infections with heterologous type 6 streptococci. Our data suggest that streptococcal vaccines administered locally evoke protective immunity against streptococcal infections.
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Dos Santos, Maria Virginia, Sebastian Meller, Carsten Perka, Andrej Trampuz, and Nora Renz. "IMPACT OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUPPRESSION ON LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF STREPTOCOCCAL PERIPROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTIONS." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_17 (November 24, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.17.048.
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AimAntimicrobial suppression has shown to significantly improve treatment success of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) compared to 12-week standard antimicrobial therapy, however, only short-term follow-up was investigated. In this study we assessed the impact of suppression on the long-term outcome of streptococcal PJI.MethodConsecutive patients with streptococcal PJI (defined by EBJIS criteria) treated 2009–2021 were prospectively included and allocated into standard and suppression (> 6 months) treatment group. Infection-free survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier-method and compared between the groups with log rank test. Rates of infection-free, streptococcal infection-free and relapse-free status as well as tolerability of suppression were assessed.ResultsSixty-three PJI episodes (36 knee, 26 hip and one shoulder prosthesis) of patients with a median age of 70 (35–87) years were included. Twenty-seven (43%) were females. Predominant pathogens were S. agalactiae (n=20), S. dysgalactiae (n=18) and S. mitis/oralis (n=13). The main surgical procedures used were two-stage exchange (n=35) and prosthesis retention (n=21). Standard 12-week treatment was administered in 33 patients and suppression in 30 patients, of whom 10 had ongoing suppression and 20 had discontinued antibiotics at time of follow-up. Used oral antibiotics for suppression were amoxicillin (n=29), doxycycline (n=5) and clindamycin (n=2); 6 patients changed antibiotic substance due to side effects. The median follow-up time was 3.9 (0.3–13.3) years. Infection-free survival after 7.5 years was 38% with standard treatment and 62% with suppression (p=0.038). Of all failures, 52% (14/27) were due to streptococci. Suppression was effective in preventing streptococcal infection for the duration of antimicrobial treatment, however, after discontinuation relapses or new infections due to streptococci occurred in 5/20 (25%) patients and infection with any Streptococcus spp. was observed in 9/19 (47%) failures with standard treatment, 5/6 (83%) failures after discontinuing suppression and none during suppression. All failures in patients with ongoing suppression were caused by gram-negative rods.ConclusionAt long-term follow-up, the success rate was superior with suppression compared to standard treatment. Most failures after stopping suppression were caused by streptococci, whereas failures under suppression were caused by aerobic gram-negative rods.
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BALCI, Pervin. "Erythromycin resistance in Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci." Anatolian Current Medical Journal 4, no. 4 (October 22, 2022): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1166370.
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Aim: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci, GABHS) is one of the important bacterial pathogens in clinical microbiology. It often causes upper respiratory tract infections such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. It also leads to complications such as acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Early diagnosis and treatment of these bacterial infections will prevent suppurative and non-suppurative complications, the transmission of infection to other people, and chronic carriage. Today, the treatment of streptococcal infections relies entirely on chemotherapy. Beta hemolytic group A streptococci and generally other beta-hemolytic streptococci in groups B (GBBHS), C, and G are generally sensitive to many chemotherapeutics, especially Penicillin and Erythromycin. In patients with penicillin allergy, erythromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or oral cephalosporins are used instead of penicillin. However, it has recently been understood that there are strains resistant to Erythromycin in GABHS and are increasing. In this study, the situation in our region of Erythromycin resistance, which is used as an alternative for people allergic to Penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal infections, was investigated.
Material and Method: In our study, throat swab samples were taken from 150 pharyngitis patients and 94 GABHS were obtained by applying the Bacitracin-SXT test with the culture method, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on these 94 GABHS by Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method.
Result: GABHS was found susceptible to Bacitracin and resistant to SXT. GBBHS is resistant to Bacitracin and SXT. other beta-hemolytic streptococci were resistant to Bacitracin and susceptible to SXT.
Conclusion: In this study, Erythromycin’s resistance was found to be 19.1%. it is observed that Erythromycin resistance has increased over the years when compared to previous studies. Erythromycin should not be used empirically in treatment. An antibiotic susceptibility test should be performed and the antibiotic should be selected according to the results of the antibiogram test.
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Cunningham, Madeleine W. "Pathogenesis of Group A Streptococcal Infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 470–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.3.470.
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SUMMARY Group A streptococci are model extracellular gram-positive pathogens responsible for pharyngitis, impetigo, rheumatic fever, and acute glomerulonephritis. A resurgence of invasive streptococcal diseases and rheumatic fever has appeared in outbreaks over the past 10 years, with a predominant M1 serotype as well as others identified with the outbreaks. emm (M protein) gene sequencing has changed serotyping, and new virulence genes and new virulence regulatory networks have been defined. The emm gene superfamily has expanded to include antiphagocytic molecules and immunoglobulin-binding proteins with common structural features. At least nine superantigens have been characterized, all of which may contribute to toxic streptococcal syndrome. An emerging theme is the dichotomy between skin and throat strains in their epidemiology and genetic makeup. Eleven adhesins have been reported, and surface plasmin-binding proteins have been defined. The strong resistance of the group A streptococcus to phagocytosis is related to factor H and fibrinogen binding by M protein and to disarming complement component C5a by the C5a peptidase. Molecular mimicry appears to play a role in autoimmune mechanisms involved in rheumatic fever, while nephritis strain-associated proteins may lead to immune-mediated acute glomerulonephritis. Vaccine strategies have focused on recombinant M protein and C5a peptidase vaccines, and mucosal vaccine delivery systems are under investigation.
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Nestorovic, Branimir, Suzana Laban-Nestorovic, Veselinka Paripovic, and Katarina Milosevic. "Value of rapid test for identification of beta hemolytic Streptococcus antigens in children with Streptococcal pharyngitis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 132, suppl. 1 (2004): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh04s1039n.
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Beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial agent associated with the upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The most frequently group A streptococcus-associated disease is pharyngitis. Males and females are equally affected by group A streptococcus. There is seasonal increase in the prevalence of group A streptococcus-associated pharyngitis. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most prevalent in winter and early spring with higher incidence of disease observed in crowded population such as school children. Early diagnosis and treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The conventional methods used for identification of group A streptococci depend on isolation and identification of the organism on blood agar plates. These methods usually require 18-24 hours of incubation at 37?C. Such delay in identifying the group A streptococcus has often made physicians to administer therapy without first disclosing the etiological agent. Development of immunologic tests, capable of detecting the group A streptococcal antigen directly from the throat swabs, produced rapid test results employed for better treatment of patients. STREP A test is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs or culture. The accuracy of the test does not depend on the organism viability. Instead, group A strep antigen is extracted directly from the swab and identified using antibodies specific for the group A carbohydrates. We compared rapid test with conventional throat swab in 40 children, who met Centor criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis (absence of cough, high fever, purulent pharyngitis, enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes). Overall congruence of rapid test and culture was 94%. Test is easy to perform and it is recommended as the first diagnostic test for management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. In children with negative test, but with characteristics highly suggestive of streptococcal infection, throat culture should be performed.
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Santos, Valter Pinho dos. "Streptococcal infections." Jornal de Pediatria 75, no. 7 (July 15, 1999): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.377.
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Sujhithra, A., S. Jayanthi, M. Chokkalingam, D. Danis Vijay, R. Vidhya, and Sanjay Andrew Rajaratnam. "Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Rheumatic Fever." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.58.
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) causes a variety of diseases, from benign self-limiting infections of the skin or throat to lethal infections of soft tissue accompanied by multi-organ failure. GAS is one of significant species among Gram-positive pathogens which is responsible for several suppurative infections and non-suppurative sequelae. They also cause pharyngitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), necrotizing fasciitis and other diseases. Currently, global burden of RF / RHD is undervalued. In 2010, RF and RHD were estimated as 15.6 million cases and deaths around 200,000 annually. Laboratory diagnosis includes cultural techniques, serology, PYR test, Bacitracin susceptibility test and antibiotic resistance testing helps in differentiating the Streptococcus pyogenes from other groups of Streptococci. Most of the Acute Rheumatic Fever cases gets missed or does not present in the initial stage rather it has been developed into advanced Rheumatic Heart Disease condition. Modified Jones criteria in 2015 will be helpful especially to the low risk population as it is challenging because of limited access to primary health care, diagnosis of streptococcal disease. In addition to this revised criteria, diagnosis still relies on clinical diagnostic algorithm. Vaccines based on M protein and T antigens are continuing to evolve with different results. Ongoing vaccine development is still challenging for the GAS research community, it will make a positive and lasting impact on the peoples globally.
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Bhuiyan, Mohammed Saiful Islam, Abida Sultana, Farzana Rabin, AKM Rejaul Haque, and ASM Zakaria. "Association of streptococcal throat infection with plaque psoriasis." Bangladesh Medical Journal 44, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v44i2.27252.
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The association of streptococcal sore throat with guttate psoriasis is well established, but its association with psoriasis vulgaris is not yet clear. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from June, 2012 to February 2013 with the intention to ascertain whether streptococcal throat infections are more common in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre and culture for ?-haemolytic streptococci was done among thirty four patients with chronic plaque type psoriasis and same number of normal healthy controls. Raised ASO titre was found in 26.5% of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 11.8% of normal healthy controls (p>0.05). Culture of throat swab for streptococcus ?-haemolyticus was positive in 20.6% of psoriatics and none of controls. Laboratory evidences of streptococcal throat infection are more common in patients with chronic plaque type psoriasis. More clinical trials to see the e_cacy of anti-streptococcal therapy and tonsillectomy in plaque psoriasis should be carried out.Bangladesh Med J. 2015 May; 44 (2): 102-104
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Uchida, Takahiro, and Takashi Oda. "Glomerular Deposition of Nephritis-Associated Plasmin Receptor (NAPlr) and Related Plasmin Activity: Key Diagnostic Biomarkers of Bacterial Infection-related Glomerulonephritis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072595.
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It is widely known that glomerulonephritis (GN) often develops after the curing of an infection, a typical example of which is GN in children following streptococcal infections (poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis; PSAGN). On the other hand, the term “infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)” has recently been proposed, because infections are usually ongoing at the time of GN onset in adult patients, particularly in older patients with comorbidities. However, there has been no specific diagnostic biomarker for IRGN, and diagnosis is based on the collection of several clinical and pathological findings and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr) was originally isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of group A streptococcus as a candidate nephritogenic protein for PSAGN and was found to be the same molecule as streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and plasmin receptor. NAPlr deposition and related plasmin activity were observed with a similar distribution pattern in the glomeruli of patients with PSAGN. However, glomerular NAPlr deposition and plasmin activity could be observed not only in patients with PSAGN but also in patients with other glomerular diseases, in whom a preceding streptococcal infection was suggested. Furthermore, such glomerular staining patterns have been demonstrated in patients with IRGN induced by bacteria other than streptococci. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial IRGN, which is characterized by NAPlr and plasmin as key biomarkers.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F., and R. J. ROBERTS. "Streptococcal infections of farmed fish." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15174.
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The genus Streptococcus is large and complex, accommodating a wide range of Gram positive bacteria. Only a few biotypes have been isolated from fish and the most pathogenic are those belonging to D serogroup, otherwise known as the Enterococci. Streptococcal septicaemia was first among cultured rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) in Japan in 1958. Since then, the disease has appeared sporadically or in epizootics among cultured or wild fish both in freshwater and marine environments all over the world. Among the freshwater species infected, rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are the most important species. Clinical signs vary among species of affected fish. The most common symptoms are loss of appetite, erratic swimming, darkening of body colour, eye lesions, external haemorrhagic lesions and ulcerations. The standard system for identification is based on the antigenicity of the carbohydrate moiety of the cell wall, according to a scheme devised by Lancefìeld in the 1930's. The American freshwater isolates obtained by Robinson & Meyer (1966), Plumb et al. (1974), Rasheed & Plumb (1984) were all typed Lancefield's group Β serotype in contrast to almost all of the much more frequent isolates from marine fish, which are usually untypable Enter ο co ecus-like strains. The Streptococcus strains isolated from yellowtail (Seriola sp), ayu (Plecoglosus altivelis) and flounder (Rhombosolea. sp) have similar biochemical reactions to Streptococcus iniae, a species isolated from dolphins by Pier & Madin (1976), which is defined in Bergey's Manual as a separate species. Kusuda et al.(1991) have analysed numerous strains from yellowtail infections in mariculture and in eels and have concluded, on the basis of DNA/DNA hybridization studies and biochemistry that a specific condition, caused by such streptococci, exists and that these bacteria were closest to Enterococci in characteristics and that infectious coccosis of marine fish, as seen in Japan, should be called "Enterococcal infection". Enterococci released from diseased fish seem to be the main source of infection. It has been shown that these bacteria remain in seawater and particularly in the mud around farms for a long time. Higher numbers of microorganisms exist in the seawater during summer months in contrast to the winter months when the bacterial load is higher in the mud (Kitao et al. 1979). Ghittino & Prearo (1992) have shown that in freshwater fish the outbreak of the disease was related to an organic pollution of the rivers supplying fish farms, associated with high water temperature (21-22°C). Wild fish can also be infected and spread the bacteria. It is generally believed that the infection is horizontal with infection occurring from direct contact with infected fish or contaminated fish food (Robinson & Meyer, 1996). The mechanisms of enterococcal infections pathogenicity are not yet fully understood.
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Yang, Yao, Yuenying Wong, Yujie Li, Fang Duan, Xinqi Ma, Hiufong Wong, Rongsha Sun, et al. "Clinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibilities, and Outcomes of Endophthalmitis Caused by Streptococcal Infection: Children vs. Adults." Antibiotics 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12060962.
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Streptococcus spp. are common causative organisms of endophthalmitis. Analysis of the clinical features, antibiotic susceptibilities, and outcomes of streptococcal endophthalmitis in children and adults may guide future management. Sixty-seven patients (67 eyes) with streptococcal endophthalmitis who were admitted to the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between January 2013 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age was 20.7 ± 21.6 years, and 59.7% were children. Streptococcal infection accounted for 13.9% of culture-proven bacterial endophthalmitis cases; the proportion was higher in children than in adults (32.3% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.01) and increased from 8.1% in 2013–2017 to 20.1% in 2018–2022 (p < 0.01). Eye trauma was the most common etiology in both children and adults (82.5% and 66.7%, respectively). Viridans group streptococci were the most common isolates, followed by S. pneumoniae. The susceptibility rates of the streptococci to vancomycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin were 100%, 95.5%, and 93.0%, respectively. The overall mean best-corrected visual acuity increased from 2.74 ± 0.19 logMAR initially to 2.32 ± 0.75 logMAR at the last follow-up (p < 0.05). In conclusion, streptococcal infections have increased in cases of bacterial endophthalmitis in recent years and are more common in children. The commonly used antibiotics, vancomycin, cefuroxime, and fluoroquinolone, showed higher antibiotic susceptibility. After prompt treatment, visual outcomes improved.
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Cunningham, Christine, Louis Fisher, Christopher Wood, Victoria Speed, Andrew D. Brown, Helen Curtis, Rose Higgins, et al. "Incidence and treatment of group A streptococcal infections during covid-19 pandemic and 2022 outbreak: retrospective cohort study in England using OpenSAFELY-TPP." BMJ Medicine 3, no. 1 (May 2024): e000791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000791.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the number of patients with group A streptococcal infections and related antibiotic prescriptions.DesignRetrospective cohort study in England using OpenSAFELY-TPP.SettingPrimary care practices in England that used TPP SystmOne software, 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2023, with the approval of NHS England.ParticipantsPatients registered at a TPP practice at the start of each month of the study period. Patients with missing data for sex or age were excluded, resulting in a population of 23 816 470 in January 2018, increasing to 25 541 940 by March 2023.Main outcome measuresMonthly counts and crude rates of patients with group A streptococcal infections (sore throat or tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and invasive group A streptococcal infections), and recommended firstline, alternative, and reserved antibiotic prescriptions linked with a group A streptococcal infection before (pre-April 2020), during, and after (post-April 2021) covid-19 restrictions. Maximum and minimum count and rate for each infectious season (time from September to August), as well as the rate ratio of the 2022-23 season compared with the last comparably high season (2017-18).ResultsThe number of patients with group A streptococcal infections, and antibiotic prescriptions linked to an indication of group A streptococcal infection, peaked in December 2022, higher than the peak in 2017-18. The rate ratios for monthly sore throat or tonsillitis (possible group A streptococcal throat infection), scarlet fever, and invasive group A streptococcal infection in 2022-23 relative to 2017-18 were 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38 to 1.40), 2.68 (2.59 to 2.77), and 4.37 (2.94 to 6.48), respectively. The rate ratio for prescriptions of first line, alternative, and reserved antibiotics to patients with group A streptococcal infections in 2022-23 relative to 2017-18 were 1.37 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.38), 2.30 (2.26 to 2.34), and 2.42 (2.24 to 2.61), respectively. For individual antibiotic prescriptions in 2022-23, azithromycin showed the greatest relative increase versus 2017-18, with a rate ratio of 7.37 (6.22 to 8.74). This finding followed a marked decrease in the recording of patients with group A streptococcal infections and associated prescriptions during the period of covid-19 restrictions where the maximum count and rates were lower than any minimum rates before the covid-19 pandemic.ConclusionsRecording of rates of scarlet fever, sore throat or tonsillitis, and invasive group A streptococcal infections, and associated antibiotic prescribing, peaked in December 2022. Primary care data can supplement existing infectious disease surveillance through linkages with relevant prescribing data and detailed analysis of clinical and demographic subgroups.
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Nohlgård, C., A. Björklind, and H. Hammar. "Group G streptococcal infections on a dermatological ward." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555572128130.
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Groups A, B, C and G streptococci were cultured from 63 consecutive in-patients recruited between November 1987 and April 1988 and monitored until the end of July 1988. Chronic leg ulcers were present in 34 patients. Group G was found in 34 patients, 25 of whom had pyoderma and 3 had sepsis. Six of the patients had no signs of clinical infection, and treatment with antibiotics was therefore withheld. Recurrent phlegmon or erysipelas developed in 2 of 28 patients with clinical Group G infections. Erysipelas developed some 1-7 months later in 3 of the 6 patients who were not initially treated. No significant difference in severity or additional medical conditions was found between the patients with either Group G or Group A streptococci. In comparison, data on all streptococcal cultures at the Department indicated that Group G was isolated 2.6 times as often as Group A streptococci for the in-patients, compared with 1.1 for all patients seen. It is concluded that Group G streptococcal skin infections must be regarded with the same clinical vigilance as Group A infections.
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INAGAKI, Y., T. KONDA, S. MURAYAMA, S. YAMAI, A. MATSUSHIMA, Y. GYOBU, D. TANAKA, et al. "Serotyping of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from common and severe invasive infections in Japan, 1990–5: implication of the T3 serotype strain-expansion in TSLS." Epidemiology and Infection 119, no. 1 (August 1997): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897007644.
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To clarify the relationship between the epidemics of severe invasive group A streptococcal infections (streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome; TSLS) and common group A streptococcal infections in Japan, we examined the T serotypes of S. pyogenes strains (group A streptococci) isolated from clinical specimens of the streptococcal infections (17999 cases) in the period 1990–5, including the severe infections (TSLS) (29 cases) in the period 1992–5. Characteristic points of the analyses were: (1) dominant serotypes of the infections in these periods were T12, T4, T1, T28 and TB3264, which were consistently isolated; (2) isolates of T3 rapidly increased through 1990 to 1994 while T6 decreased in the period 1990–3; (3) when Japanese area was divided into three parts, T3 serotype tended to spread out from the north-eastern to the south-western area; (4) strains of T3 and T1 serotypes were dominant in the TSLS. Dominant-serotype strains of streptococcal infections did not always induce severe infections and dominance of T3 serotype in the TSLS seemed to be correlated with the increase of T3 in streptococcal infections. These results may indicate that certain clones of S. pyogenes are involved in the pathogenesis of the TSLS.
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Çiçek, Yasin, Mehmet Özgöz, Varol Çanakçi, and Recep Orbak. "Streptococcal Gingivitis: A Report of Case with a Description of a Unique Gingival Prothesis." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (2004): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-3-150.
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Abstract Acute streptococcal gingivitis is an acute inflammation of the oral mucosa. Specific bacterial infections of the gingiva may be due to neisseria gonorrhea, treponema pallidum, streptococci, and other organisms. Streptococcal infections are seen rarely. This case report describes a patient who presented with severe gingival inflammation and pain that was diagnosed as an acute streptococcal infection. Bacterial cultures were obtained from the lesion, and biopsies were obtained from the gingiva of lower incisors for histopathologic evaluation. The patient was successfully treated using conventional periodontal therapy (scaling, root planning, curettage) and antibacterial agents. The reconstructive phase for this patient consisted of the fabrication of a heat-cured acrylic gingival facade to mask the gingival recession. The treatment of acute gingivostomatitis is of importance because of the possibility of systemic secondary infections. When esthetics is important, a gingival prostheses can be considered. The differential diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of acute streptococcal gingivitis are discussed and the literature is reviewed in this report. Citation Çiçek Y, Özgöz M, Çanakçi, et. al Streptococcal Gingivitis: A Report of Case with a Description of a Unique Gingival Prosthesis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:150-157.
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Skripchenko, E. Yu, E. S. Egorova, N. V. Skripchenko, A. A. Vilnitz, N. V. Marchenko, N. F. Pulman, I. B. Petrov, and T. A. Koslova. "Acute disseminated meningoencephalitis associated with chronic streptococcal infection." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 18, no. 1 (2023): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2023-1-161-162.
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The XXI century is a century of viral infections, but bacterial infections are still important in the development of infectious pathology. The clinical case reflects the features of neuroinfections in children with chronic Herpes virus and streptococcal infections. The disease progression is described in a child with an unfavorable premorbid background and the causes are discussed. The role of streptococcal infections is presented: chronic course and development of poststreptococcal disorders are typical. It is possible a reactivation of varicella zoster virus in children who had chickenpox, which can contribute the progression of nervous system disorder. Therapy includes antiviral and antibacterial medicines and Cytoflavin – a medicament with a complex mechanism of pathogenetic action, which achieves a successful outcome with the recovery of patient with acute disseminated meningoencephalitis. Key words: meningoencephalitis, streptococcus, Herpes viruses, children, Cytoflavin
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Chamat-Hedemand, Sandra, Anders Dahl, Lauge Østergaard, Magnus Arpi, Emil Fosbøl, Jonas Boel, Louise Bruun Oestergaard, et al. "Prevalence of Infective Endocarditis in Streptococcal Bloodstream Infections Is Dependent on Streptococcal Species." Circulation 142, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.046723.
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Background: Streptococci frequently cause infective endocarditis (IE), yet the prevalence of IE in patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by different streptococcal species is unknown. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of IE at species level in patients with streptococcal BSIs. Methods: We investigated all patients with streptococcal BSIs, from 2008 to 2017, in the Capital Region of Denmark. Data were crosslinked with Danish nationwide registries for identification of concomitant hospitalization with IE. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, we investigated the risk of IE according to streptococcal species adjusted for age, sex, ≥3 positive blood culture bottles, native valve disease, prosthetic valve, previous IE, and cardiac device. Results: Among 6506 cases with streptococcal BSIs (mean age 68.1 years [SD 16.2], 52.8% men) the IE prevalence was 7.1% (95% CI, 6.5–7.8). The lowest IE prevalence was found with Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S pneumoniae ) 1.2% (0.8–1.6) and Spyogenes 1.9% (0.9–3.3). An intermediary IE prevalence was found with Sanginosus 4.8% (3.0–7.3), Ssalivarius 5.8% (2.9–10.1), and Sagalactiae 9.1% (6.6–12.1). The highest IE prevalence was found with Smitis/oralis 19.4% (15.6–23.5), Sgallolyticus (formerly Sbovis ) 30.2% (24.3–36.7), Ssanguinis 34.6% (26.6–43.3), Sgordonii 44.2% (34.0–54.8), and Smutans 47.9% (33.3–62.8). In multivariable analysis using S pneumoniae as reference, all species except S pyogenes were associated with significantly higher IE risk, with the highest risk found with S gallolyticus odds ratio (OR) 31.0 (18.8–51.1), S mitis/oralis OR 31.6 (19.8–50.5), S sanguinis OR 59.1 (32.6–107), S gordonii OR 80.8 (43.9–149), and S mutans OR 81.3 (37.6–176). Conclusions: The prevalence of IE in streptococcal BSIs is species dependent with S mutans, S gordonii, S sanguinis, S gallolyticus , and S mitis/oralis having the highest IE prevalence and the highest associated IE risk after adjusting for IE risk factors.
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Rand, Thomas H. "Group B Streptococcal Cellulitis in Infants: A Disease Modified by Prior Antibiotic Therapy or Hospitalization?" Pediatrics 81, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.81.1.63.
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Among 78 cases of group B streptococcal infections in children hospitalized at our institution during 1981 to 1985, five cases of cellulitis in infants were identified. Age at onset was 4 to 11 weeks. Group B streptococci were isolated from each of two aspirate cultures, all four blood cultures obtained before administering antibiotics, and none of four spinal fluid cultures obtained. All five infants had previously been treated with IV antibiotics in the hospital. Two infants had been previously treated for group B streptococcal infections (one each meningitis and neonatal sepsis). In contrast, among the 29 other patients with late-onset (2 weeks of age or older) group B streptococcal infection, four had prior treatment with IV antibiotics (P < .001). These data suggest that hospitalization and/or parenteral antibiotic therapy may be a risk factor for development of group B streptococcal cellulitis.
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Yatsyshina, S. B., M. V. Mamoshina, M. A. Elkina, O. A. Polyaeva, Yu V. Mikhailova, A. А. Shelenkov, A. Е. Egorova, and V. V. Maleev. "Fulminant invasive group A streptococcal infection in children." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 13, no. 6 (February 2, 2024): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-fig-15637.
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Group A streptococcal infections dominate among invasive streptococcal infections, with the major causative agent, Streptococcus pyogenes, being quite stable in the environment and bearing a large number of chromosome encoded pathogenicity factors or transmitted by horizontal transfer through bacteriophages. Different genetic variants of S. pyogenes can have a different set of pathogenicity factors able to change during pathogen evolution and determine virulence level for specific isolate. With a short incubation period, the disease can proceed with developing invasive infection and toxic shock syndrome with unfavorable outcome within 7 days from disease onset. The purpose of this article is to increase the doctors’ alertness to early recognition and diagnosis, which directly affects adequate treatment in a timely manner and disease outcome. The data on streptococcal morbidity in Russia and worldwide, review of laboratory diagnostic methods and pathogen genetic typing are presented. The maximum number of cases of streptococcal septicemia in Russia was registered in 2022, which accounted for 69% of all cases during the 2014–2022 observation period. The article also describes two clinical cases of fulminant invasive group A streptococcal infection in children with symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections at the onset of the disease. The results of various laboratory diagnostics methods verifying the diagnosis are presented. The genetic characterization of microbial isolates was performed by deep DNA sequencing. In the biological material from patients (including autopsy in one case), S. pyogenes sequence type ST-28, serotypes emm-1.25 and emm-1.0 were identified. The increasing importance of invasive streptococcal infection for health care in Russia and other countries may be associated with a possible change in dominating S. pyogenes genetic variants. In this regard, the study on circulating S. pyogenes genotypes on an ongoing basis as part of surveillance of streptococcal infection and development of vaccine for specific prevention are required.
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Minami, Masaaki, Ryoko Sakakibara, and Shunsuke Akahori. "SG-APSIC1155: Drug susceptibility patterns of fulminant group G Streptococcus (GGS) infection as a re-emerging infectious disease in Japan." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 3, S1 (February 2023): s10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2023.32.
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Objectives: Severe streptococcal infections are invasive, re-emerging infections that rapidly worsen and lead to death. Not only group A Streptococcus (GAS) but also group g Streptococcus (GGS) are the causative agents of this infection. Moreover, GGS produces hemolytic toxins, proteolytic toxins, and other toxins like GAS. Furthermore, drug-resistant Streptococcus spp, like other pathogenic bacteria, are on the rise worldwide. However, drug resistance has not been studied extensively in invasive GGS. Therefore, we investigated the drug susceptibility of GGS clinical isolates that are closely related to fulminant streptococcal infections. Methods: We used GGS strains isolated from sterile sites of invasive infections at a hospital in Nagoya City, Japan, from 2017 to 2021. Bacterial identification and drug-susceptibility testing were performed using a VITEK-2 system. Results: Overall, 53 strains were included in the study. The GGS strains examined in this study were resistant to 3 different antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin, and minocycline). Also, 18 strains (34%) were resistant to erythromycin, 9 (17%) were resistant to clindamycin, and 18 (34%) were resistant to minocycline. Moreover, there were 5 strains (9.4%) of 2-drug–resistant bacteria and 8 strains (15.1%) of 3-drug–resistant bacteria. Conclusions: Acquired resistance not only to individual antibiotics but also to multiple antibiotics suggests that GGS tends to become multidrug resistant. Continued surveillance of the drug susceptibility of GGS as a potential cause of fulminant streptococcal infections will be necessary in the future.
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Basma, Hesham, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Yajaira Guedez, Allison McGeer, Donald E. Low, Omar El-Ahmedy, Benjamin Schwartz, and Malak Kotb. "Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections: Role of Protective Humoral Immunity." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.4.1871-1877.1999.
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ABSTRACT An impressive change in the epidemiology and severity of invasive group A streptococcal infections occurred in the 1980s, and the incidence of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome cases continues to rise. The reason for the resurgence of severe invasive cases remains a mystery—has there been a change in the pathogen or in host protective immunity? To address these questions, we have studied 33 patients with invasive infection caused by genotypically indistinguishable M1T1 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes who had different disease outcomes. Patients were classified as having severe (n= 21) and nonsevere (n = 12) invasive infections based on the presence or absence of shock and organ failure. Levels of anti-M1 bactericidal antibodies and of anti-streptococcal superantigen neutralizing antibodies in plasma were significantly lower in both groups than in age- and geographically matched healthy controls (P < 0.01). Importantly, the levels of these protective antibodies in plasma samples from severe and nonsevere invasive cases were not different. Together the data suggest that low levels of protective antibodies may contribute to host susceptibility to invasive streptococcal infection but do not modulate disease outcome. Other immunogenetic factors that regulate superantigen responses may influence the severity of systemic manifestations associated with invasive streptococcal infection.
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Davis, Katelin L., Olga Gonzalez, Shyamesh Kumar, and Edward J. Dick. "Pathology Associated With Streptococcus spp. Infection in Baboons (Papio spp.)." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 5 (August 3, 2020): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820941496.
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Streptococcus spp. are a source of morbidity and mortality in captive nonhuman primate populations. However, little is known about the lesions associated with naturally occurring streptococcal infections in baboons ( Papio spp.). The pathology database of the Southwest National Primate Research Center was searched for all baboon autopsies from 1988 to 2018 in which Streptococcus spp. were cultured. Baboons on experimental protocol were excluded. The gross autopsy and histopathology reports were reviewed. Archived specimens were retrieved and reviewed as needed for confirmation or clarification. Fifty-six cultures were positive for Streptococcus spp. in 54 baboons with evidence of bacterial infection. Associated gross lesions included purulent exudate, fibrinous to fibrous adhesions, hemorrhage, mucosal thickening, organomegaly, and abscessation. Histologic lesions included suppurative inflammation, abscessation, necrosis, hemorrhage, fibrin accumulation, and thrombosis. Lungs and pleura ( n = 31) were the most commonly infected organ followed by the central nervous system ( n = 16), spleen ( n = 15), soft tissues ( n = 12), air sacs, liver, peritoneum, adrenal glands, heart, lymph nodes, uterus, kidneys, biliary system, bones, ears, umbilical structures, mammary glands, pancreas, placenta, and salivary glands. Infections by non-β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. predominated in the lungs and air sacs; the most common isolate was Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infections by β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. predominated in the soft tissues and reproductive tract. Naturally occurring β-hemolytic and non-β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. infections cause morbidity and mortality in captive baboon populations. The lesions associated with streptococcal infection are similar to those reported in human infection. Thus, the baboon may represent an underutilized model for studying Streptococcus spp. as pathogens.
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Maris, Slavica, Maja Stošić, Vladan Šaponjić, Sonja Giljača, Vladimir Risimović, and Zorica Tanasijević. "Surveillance of infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the territory of the city of Belgrade." Glasnik javnog zdravlja 98, no. 2 (2024): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/serbjph2402159m.
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Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that causes infections that may have clinical manifestations. It is the causative agent of many major human diseases, ranging from pharyngitis and mild superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. Diseases caused by this pathogen can be successfully treated when diagnosed in a timely manner, as the organism is always sensitive to penicillin. Delayed treatment of this common childhood bacterial infection is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the territory of the city of Belgrade from 2013 to 2023. We conducted a descriptive analysis of registered cases of Scarlatina, Pharingitis streptococcica and Tonsillitis streptococcica i.e., Scarlet fever, Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Streptococcal Tonsillitis during the mentioned period. The highest average age-specific incidence rates were registered as follows: for scarlet fever in the age groups of 1-4 years - 4146.0/100,000 and 5-9 years - 3101.7/100,000, for streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal tonsillitis in the age groups of 5-9 years - 9141.6/100,000 i.e., 12,850.2/100,000, and 1-4 years - 8134.4/100,000 and 10,396.0/100,000 respectively. During the analysed period, the highest number of scarlet fever cases was recorded in the colder months of the year i.e., in the period January-May (53.4%) and November-December (23.6%). Streptococcal pharyngitis is diagnosed throughout the year, and the highest number of these cases were reported in November (10.1%), while the highest number of cases of streptococcal tonsillitis were recorded in December (9.9%) and June (9.7%). In the examined period, 137 outbreaks of streptococcal infections were reported in kindergartens with a total of 1,087 cases, which is an average of seven infected children per outbreak. Streptococcal Pharyngitis, Streptococcal Tonsillitis and Scarlet Fever are diseases that affect a large number of residents of the City of Belgrade, especially in pre-school institutions, where surveillance of these diseases should therefore be intensified.
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Jones, Stephanie, Elisabeth J. Cohen, Juan J. Arentsen, and Peter R. Laibson. "Ocular Streptococcal Infections." Cornea 7, no. 4 (April 1988): 295???299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-198804000-00012.
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Stevens, D. L. "Invasive streptococcal infections." Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 7, no. 2 (2001): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101560100012.
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RECCO, R. A., M. M. ZAMAN, H. CORTES, J. COLUCCI, G. POOMKUDY, and E. L. KAPLAN. "Intra-familial transmission of life-threatening group A streptococcal infection." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 2 (October 2002): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007343.
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Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections have been of increasing concern worldwide during the past 15 years. Spread of group A streptococci to contacts with resulting invasive infection has been reported in families, in residential nursing homes, and even from patients to health care workers. We report an instance of temporally related life-threatening group A streptococcal infection in a husband and 2 weeks later in his wife. This example further emphasizes the need for careful observation among family members and other close contacts of patients with invasive group A streptococcal infection. Although at present there are no universal recommendations for monitoring or for antibiotic prophylaxis of close contacts of persons with invasive GAS infection, when added to existing literature, this report suggests additional consideration is required.
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Lövkvist, Lena, Hong Sjölinder, Rahma Wehelie, Helena Aro, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Laura Plant, and Ann-Beth Jonsson. "CD46 Contributes to the Severity of Group A Streptococcal Infection." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 9 (June 23, 2008): 3951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00109-08.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) is a human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from uncomplicated superficial infections to severe infections such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. These bacteria interact with several host cell receptors, one of which is the cell surface complement regulator CD46. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of epithelial cells with S. pyogenes leads to the shedding of CD46 at the same time as the bacteria induce apoptosis and cell death. Soluble CD46 attached to the streptococcal surface, suggesting that bacteria might bind available extracellular CD46 as a strategy to survive and avoid host defenses. The protective role of human CD46 was demonstrated in ex vivo whole-blood assays showing that the growth of S. pyogenes was enhanced in blood from mice expressing human CD46. Finally, in vivo experimental infection showed that bacteremia levels, arthritis frequency, and mortality were higher in CD46 transgenic mice than in nontransgenic mice. Taken together, these results argue that bacterial exploitation of human CD46 enhances bacterial survival and represents a novel pathogenic mechanism that contributes to the severity of group A streptococcal disease.
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Rajack, F., A. Afsari, A. M. Ramadan, and T. J. Naab. "An Emerging Infection: Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome Caused By Group B Streptococcus (GBS), Streptococcus Agalactiae." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.306.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Streptococcus agalactiae, Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and infections in pregnant women. However, incidence of invasive GBS infections has more than doubled in the last two decades with highest risk in adults 65 years or older. Other risk factors are diabetes, malignancy, and immunocompromised state. Bacteremia and skin soft tissue infections are the most common invasive infections in nonpregnant adults. Rarely GBS infection has a fulminating pyrogenic exotoxin-mediated course characterized by acute onset, multiorgan failure, shock, and sometimes death, referred to as toxic shock-like syndrome. Methods A 77-year-old hypertensive female with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus and a history of bilateral foot ulcers presented to the hospital in probable septic shock. Clinical diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was made and she underwent bilateral lower limb amputations. Results Grossly soft tissue appeared gray. Microscopically fascia was necrotic without neutrophils present and Gram stain revealed sheets of Gram positive cocci. These findings reflected histopathologic Stage III necrotizing fasciitis, which is associated with 47% mortality. Autopsy showed a similar histology of Stage III necrotizing fasciitis involving the surgical stump. Erythema and desquamation of the upper limbs bilaterally and multi-organ failure met the clinical picture of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) and fulfilled the criteria for TSS due to Group A Streptococcus (GAS), defined by The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Conclusion Group B Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome may have a similar outcome to STSS caused by GAS and other pathogens and, in limited studies, mortality has been 30% or greater.
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Smith, Thomas D., Virginia Wilkinson, and Edward L. Kaplan. "Group A Streptococcus-Associated Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in a Day-Care Center." Pediatrics 83, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.3.380.
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Little information is available about the epidemiology of group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections in child day-care centers. During an initial 3-month period, symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections associated with throat cultures or rapid antigen detection tests positive for group A streptococci developed in 55 of 214 (26%) children and adult staff in one day-care center. When the entire day-care center population (except for those receiving antibiotics at the time) was then surveyed, 52 of 146 (36%) children and two of 24 (8%) adult staff had throat cultures positive for group A streptococci. Of the 54 group A streptococcal isolates found during the survey, the three most frequently encountered serotypes were M2, T2/28 (35%), M3,T3/13 (30%), and M-NT, T25 (20%). Rapid antigen detection was performed at the same time as the throat culture in the first 98 individuals examined during the culture survey but was positive in only 11 (35%) of 31 individuals with positive throat cultures. Sensitivity of the rapid antigen test was related to degree of positivity of the throat culture but not to age. The overall group A streptococcal positivity rate was 49% for 187 children and 33% for 27 adult staff; 18 of 66 (27%) children younger than 3½ years of age were found to have group A streptococci in their upper respiratory tracts. This is the first report of high prevalence rates of group A streptococci associated with upper respiratory tract infections in a day-care center. The group A Streptococcus may represent a significant upper respiratory tract pathogen in the day-care setting.
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Miller, Kate M., Theresa Lamagni, Thomas Cherian, Jeffrey W. Cannon, Tom Parks, Richard A. Adegbola, Janessa Pickering, et al. "Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 9, Supplement_1 (September 15, 2022): S31—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac281.
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Abstract Invasive group A streptococcal (Strep A) infections occur when Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus, invades a normally sterile site in the body. This article provides guidelines for establishing surveillance for invasive Strep A infections. The primary objective of invasive Strep A surveillance is to monitor trends in rates of infection and determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed invasive Strep A infection, the age- and sex-specific incidence in the population of a defined geographic area, trends in risk factors, and the mortality rates and rates of nonfatal sequelae caused by invasive Strep A infections. This article includes clinical descriptions followed by case definitions, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications (confirmed or probable, if applicable) for invasive Strep A infections and for 3 Strep A syndromes: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, and pregnancy-associated Strep A infection. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, noting that most people who have invasive Strep A infections will present to hospital and that invasive Strep A is a notifiable disease in some countries. Minimal surveillance necessary for invasive Strep A infection is facility-based, passive surveillance. A resource-intensive but more informative approach is active case finding of laboratory-confirmed Strep A invasive infections among a large (eg, state-wide) and well defined population. Participant eligibility, surveillance population, and additional surveillance components such as the use of International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes, follow-up, period of surveillance, seasonality, and sample size are discussed. Finally, the core data elements to be collected on case report forms are presented.
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Sanchez, Noel C., and Brent A. Lancaster. "A Rare Case of Primary Group A Streptococcal Peritonitis." American Surgeon 67, no. 7 (July 2001): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480106700707.
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Primary Group A streptococcal peritonitis is a rare clinical entity that is almost always associated with underlying disease. Group A streptococcus commonly causes upper respiratory tract infections and cutaneous infections such as impetigo and erysipelas. However, Group A streptococcus has rarely been associated with gastrointestinal infections. This is a case report describing a previously healthy adult male who developed primary Group A streptococcal peritonitis. Diagnostic laparoscopy resulted in identification of peritonitis without an identifiable intra-abdominal source. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was instituted. Culture of blood, sputum, urine, and urethra were all pathogen free. The patient made a complete recovery and was dismissed from the hospital on oral clindamycin and cephalexin. To the best of our knowledge this report represents the only documented case of primary Group A streptococcal peritonitis in a male patient without any significant past medical history.
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Nikolic, Branka, Ana Mitrovic, Svetlana Dragojevic-Dikic, Snezana Rakic, Zlatica Cakic, Milena Saranovic, and Milan Sikimic. "Group a streptococcal cellulitis in the early puerperium." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 7 (2011): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1107607n.
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Introduction. Infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a member of the group A Streptococci (GAS) are among the most common life threatening ones. Patients with GAS infections have a poor survival rate. Cellulitis is a severe invasive GAS infection and the most common clinical presentation of the disease associated with more deaths than it can be seen in other GAS infections. According to the literature data, most cases of GAS toxic shock syndrome are developed in the puerperium. However, there are two main problems with GAS infection in early puerperium and this case report is aimed at reminding on them. The first problem is an absence of awareness that it can be postpartal invasive GAS infection before the microbiology laboratory confirms it, and the second one is that we have little knowledge about GAS infection, in general. Case report. A 32- year-old healthy woman, gravida 1, para 1, was hospitalized three days after vaginal delivery with a 38-hour history of fever, pain in the left leg (under the knee), and head injury after short period of conscious lost. Clinical picture of GAS infection was cellulites. Group A Streptoccocus pyogenes was isolated in vaginal culture. Rapid antibiotic and supportive treatment stopped development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and potential multiorganic failure. Signs and symptoms of the infection lasted 25 days, and complete recovery of the patient almost 50 days. Conclusion. In all women in childbed with a history of fever early after delivery, vaginal and cervical culture specimens should be taken as soon as possible. Early recognition of GAS infection in early puerperium and prompt initiation of antimicrobial drug and supportive therapy can prevent development of STSS and lethal outcome.
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S, Yi. "A Case Report on Community Acquired Postpartum Group A Streptococcus Septicemia." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000254.
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Group A streptococcus is commonly found in the skin or mucosa of vagina or throat. It can be responsible for a wide variety of infections that can range from mild to life threatening and lethal. Common infections caused by this bacterium include pharyngitis, impetigo, and scarlet fever. More serious complications include rheumatic fever, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, amputation, necrotizing fasciitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and multiorgan failure. This case report presents the management of a case of suspected community acquired group a streptococcus septicemia in a postpartum patient.
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Barnes, Andrew C., and Oleksandra Silayeva. "Vaccination against streptococcal infections in farmed fish." Microbiology Australia 37, no. 3 (2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma16040.
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Aquaculture produces more than 50% of fish for human consumption and, in spite of major improvements since the adoption of injectable vaccines in the 1990s, bacterial diseases still account for considerable losses, particularly in tropical and warm temperate species. Streptococcosis, caused predominantly by Streptococcus iniae and S. agalactiae, manifests as a generalised septicaemia and meningitis followed by rapid mortality. Vaccination against streptococcal infections is difficult as a result of multiple, poorly defined serotypes and consequent vaccine escape (reinfection of previously vaccinated animals). However, genomics applied to reverse vaccinology is providing novel insights into diversity among these aquatic pathogens and is identifying cross-serotype targets that may be exploited for new generation streptococcal vaccines for aquaculture.
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Klemenzdóttir, Elín Óla, Arna Ýr Karelsdóttir, and Valtýr Stefánsson Thors. "The many faces of Group A Streptococcal infections, case-series of invasive infections in children in Iceland." Læknablaðið 109, no. 09 (September 5, 2023): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2023.09.758.
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In recent months the incedence of invasive group A streptococcal infections (Streptococcus pyogenes) has increased worldwide. In the Children’s Hospital Iceland 20 such cases were admitted during a four month period, until which time the avarage was one or two children admitted with an invasive GAS infection per year. To demonstrate the variability in the presentation of these invasive infections four cases were chosen for discussion in this case-series. Empyema with toxic shock syndrome, meningitis, orbital abscess and fascitis of the leg are reviewed.
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Edem, Kevin B., Enobong E. Ikpeme, and Mkpouto U. Akpan. "Streptococcal Throat Carriage among Primary School Children Living in Uyo, Southern Nigeria." Journal of Child Science 11, no. 01 (January 2021): e28-e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722274.
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AbstractSurveillance of the carrier state for β-hemolytic streptococcal (BHS) throat infections remains essential for disease control. Recent published works from Sub-Saharan Africa have suggested a changing epidemiology in the burden of BHS throat infections. The objective of the present study was therefore to determine the prevalence and pattern of BHS throat carriage in school-aged children in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 276 primary school children in Uyo. Subjects were recruited by multistage random sampling. Obtained throat swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Lancefield grouping on positive cultures was done by using the Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Latex Agglutination Kit, United Kingdom. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with the disk diffusion method. Associations were tested with Fischer's exact test. The prevalence of BHS carriage was 3.3%. Group C Streptococcus was identified in 89% of isolates and Group G Streptococcus in 11%. Younger age and larger household size were associated with asymptomatic streptococcal throat infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility was highest with cefuroxime and clindamycin (89% of isolates each), while 78% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin. None of the tested isolates was susceptible to co-trimoxazole. The prevalence of streptococcal throat carriage in the study area was low. There were no Group A Streptococcus isolates suggesting an evolving epidemiology of BHS disease in the study area.
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Lequier, Laurance, and Wendy L. Vaudry. "Puerperal Fever and Neonatal Pleural Empyema and Bacteremia Caused by Group A Streptococcus." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 9, no. 3 (1998): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/470984.
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A term neonate developed early onset of sepsis and pleural empyema with group A streptococcus. Her mother also became septic with group A streptococcus in the early postpartum period. The infant required initial chest tube drainage. After reaccumulation of pleural fluid after removal of the chest tube, a thoracotomy with decortication was performed. The isolates of group A streptococcus were analyzed and found to be identical serotypes of the same bacterium. The serotyping revealed both to be M type 1, T pattern 1. Polymerase chain reaction detected the genomic sequence for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and B in both isolates. With the increase in invasive streptococcal infections in the community, serious perinatal infections may become more frequent.
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Cohen-Kerem, Raanan, and Haim Lavon. "Group-A streptococcal meningitis in an adult, secondary to purulent otitis media." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 116, no. 7 (July 2002): 541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221502760132656.
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Group A streptococcal meningitis is rarely encountered today, although group A streptococcal severe infections are on the increase. We present here a case of an adult male with bacterial meningitis as a complication of otitis media induced by Group A Streptococcus. The approach to diagnosis and treatment considerations are discussed.
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DELVECCHIO, A., B. J. CURRIE, J. D. McARTHUR, M. J. WALKER, and K. S. SRIPRAKASH. "Streptococcus pyogenes prtFII, but not sfbI, sfbII or fbp54, is represented more frequently among invasive-disease isolates of tropical Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 3 (June 2002): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802006787.
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Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) strains may express several distinct fibronectin-binding proteins (FBPs) which are considered as major streptococcal adhesins. Of the FBPs, SfbI was shown in vitro to promote internalization of the bacterium into host cells and has been implicated in persistence. In the tropical Northern Territory, where group A streptococcal infection is common, multiple genotypes of the organism were found among isolates from invasive disease cases and no dominant strains were observed. To determine whether any FBPs is associated with invasive disease propensity of S. pyogenes, we have screened streptococcal isolates from bacteraemic and necrotizing fasciitis patients and isolates from uncomplicated infections for genetic endowment of 4 FBPs. No difference was observed in the distribution of sfbII, fbp54 and sfbI between the blood isolates and isolates from uncomplicated infection. We conclude that the presence of sfbI does not appear to promote invasive diseases, despite its association with persistence. We also show a higher proportion of group A streptococcus strains isolated from invasive disease cases possess prtFII when compared to strains isolated from non-invasive disease cases. We suggest that S. pyogenes may recruit different FBPs for different purposes.
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Hossain, Mohammad Akram, and Lubna Khondker. "Association of Streptococcus with Plaque Type of Psoriasis." Journal of Enam Medical College 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i2.23383.
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Background: Guttate psoriasis has a well-known association with streptococcal throat infections, but the effects of these infections in patients with chronic plaque type of psoriasis remains to be evaluated. In Bangladesh several studies were done on psoriasis but no data about association between streptococcal throat infection and plaque type psoriasis are available so far. Considering the co-morbidities of psoriasis patients, it might be justifiable to find out the events that provoke the initiation or exacerbation of psoriatic disease process.Objective: To observe the association of streptococcus with plaque type of psoriasis.Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Forty seven patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as having plaque psoriasis were selected as cases and patients with skin diseases other than psoriasis were selected as controls.Results: In this study majority of subjects (55%) were diagnosed as chronic plaque psoriasis. Among the subjects with guttate flare of chronic plaque psoriasis 64.2% gave a positive history of sore throat. ASO titer was raised (>200 IU/mL) in 28 (59.5%) patients of chronic plaque psoriasis and 7 (17.9%) patients of non-psoriatic respondents. The difference between two groups was significant (p<0.05). Streptococcus pyogenes was found in 12 (25.5%) in chronic plaque psoriasis patients versus in 4 (10.2%) in controls (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study shows that streptococcal throat infections are associated with plaque psoriasis and early treatment of throat infections may be beneficial for plaque type of psoriasis patients.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 99-103
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Gotoff, Samuel P. "Group B Streptococcal Infections." Pediatrics in Review 23, no. 11 (November 2002): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.23-11-381.
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Jaggi, P., and S. T. Shulman. "Group A Streptococcal Infections." Pediatrics in Review 27, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.27-3-99.
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