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Journal articles on the topic 'Strength tests'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Menon, Krishna K., and Andris Freivalds. "Repeatability of Dynamic Strength Tests." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 5 (October 1985): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900525.

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The repeatability of dynamic strength tests was examined by calculating coefficients of variations (CV) for the forces exerted on lifting tests using the legs, torso and arms. Static strengths were also measured and compared to dynamic strengths. The CV for dynamic strengths, was in fact slightly lower than for static strengths, 9.79% vs. 10.6%. The correlations between the two types of strength measurements were large (r=.8l) and significant, indicating that along with good repeatability dynamic tests are an acceptable form of employee strength measurement.

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2

Wojtas, Małgorzata, and Agnieszka Sobieszek. "Gyroplane Rotor Hubs Strength Tests." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0082.

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Abstract In this article a review of rotor, hub constructions were presented. Discussed rotor’s hub is made of composite or aluminum alloys materials. Two types of rotor hub were presented (four-blades and two-blades teetering rotor hub), each of them are dedicated to gyroplanes. Typical gyroplane main rotors are characterized by simple design, especially in case of rotors for light gyroplanes. In the following part of the article the type of strength tests required by certification process were shown. The test programs based on legal aspects of admission to the flight tests taking into account legislation such as CS 27 (Subpart C – Strength Requirements), CAP 643 British Civil Airworthiness requirements Section T Light gyroplanes, ASTM F2972. Furthermore, this article discusses strength tests of gyroplane rotor hub such as measured parameters, methodology of measurement, types of sensors, course of test, test stands, and limit loads. The loads during “pull-up from level flight” manoeuvre are limit loads during tests. Required additional processes, like a verification the same parameters by two types of method were shown i.e. deformation of structure were tested by strain gauges and reverse engineering. Strength tests had to be made before flight test, based on results of them aircrafts are flight authorized. In conclusion, the results of tests were presented and fulfilment of legal assumptions and requirements were shown.

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3

Supancic, Peter, Robert Danzer, Walter Harrer, Zhong Hua Wang, Stefan Witschnig, and Oskar Schöppl. "Strength Tests on Silicon Nitride Balls." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.193.

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For some years ceramic bearing balls based on silicon nitride have been routinely used in technical practice. An important property of bearing balls is their strength, but appropriate testing methods are still missing. In this paper four different methods for strength testing are applied to commercial bearing balls. Each of the tests needs a different type of specimen, their preparation needs a very different effort, and the stress state applied to the specimens is also very different. This causes pros and cons, which are discussed in detail. The conventional 4-point bending test characterises the material in the interior of the balls. The applied stress state is uniaxial. The machining of the bending bars out of the balls is time intensive and costly. The ball on three balls test also characterises interior of the balls. The stress state is biaxial. The machining of the disc shaped specimens out of the balls is less expensive than the production of bending bars, but the finish of the tensile loaded surface needs special care. The data of both types of tests can be converted into each other using Weibull theory. The specimens in the triple ball crush test are as-received bearing balls, which are squeezed together. This causes some kind of contact loading, as will also occur in service. Failure is caused by the creation and growth of contact cracks, followed by a collapse of the compressed and cracked material. A detailed analysis of test results is complicated. It can be speculated that the component’s behaviour is mainly influenced by the toughness of the material and that the flaws in the material or at the component’s surface are of less significance. In the newly developed notched ball test the highest stressed region is a part of the original surface of the balls. Machining of the notch is straightforward. The stress state is almost uniaxial. The strength depends on size of flaws in the surface region. Therefore the notched ball test is a relevant measure to characterize the quality of the bearing balls.

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4

Konrad, J. M., and K. T. Law. "Undrained shear strength from piezocone tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-050.

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With the advent of piezocones — penetrometers measuring both the mechanical resistance and induced pore pressures near the tip during penetration into the soil — a new interpretation of penetrometer test data is possible. This paper presents a review of available interpretation methods for obtaining the undrained shear strength of soft soils, and introduces a new interpretation taking into account measured pore pressures. The undrained shear strength is considered to be solely related to the ultimate cavity expansion pressure, which is one of the components of the tip resistance. The other component is calculated assuming that effective friction is developed at the cone–soil interface.Parametric studies on the parameters required for strength determination based on the proposed method are also presented. Special self-boring pressuremeter tests to obtain relevant values of soil rigidity index, which is a key parameter for cavity expansion modelling, are described. Tests were conducted at three sites having the characteristics of soft sensitive clay, stiff sensitive clay, and clayey silt. The operational undrained strength mobilized during the cone insertion derived from the proposed model is equal to or lower than the CK0U triaxial strength, which depends on soil brittleness. The proposed approach yields results consistent with known soil behaviour at all three sites. Key words: piezocone penetrometer, pressuremeter, excess pore-water pressure, undrained shear strength, rigidity index, in situ tests, laboratory test.

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5

BLAKLEY, BARRY R., MIGUEL A. QUIÑONES, MARNIE SWERDLIN CRAWFORD, and I. ANN JAGO. "THE VALIDITY OF ISOMETRIC STRENGTH TESTS." Personnel Psychology 47, no. 2 (June 1994): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01724.x.

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6

Surin, V. M., and S. M. Dzerzhinskii. "Comparative analysis of vibrational-strength tests." Russian Engineering Research 28, no. 10 (October 2008): 943–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x08100055.

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7

Lokaj, Antonín, and Kristýna Vavrušová. "Wood Impact Bending Strength Laboratory Tests." Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava. Construction Series X, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10160-010-0003-6.

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8

Černý, Michal, Pavel Mazal, Josef Filípek, and Petr Dostál. "Fatigue strength tests of layered steel." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 1 (2013): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361010039.

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The work deals with original measurement of fatigue properties of formed layered steel material – damask steel. This is a material that exhibits a fine micro-structure as well as a regular composition of many material layers with complementary properties. The article experimentally verifies high-cycle fatigue properties of layered steel and evaluates them from the point of view of fatigue tests of conventional steel materials and a parallel application of a non-destructive – acoustic emission – testing. Finally, it discusses the influence of production on fatigue strength and the possibilities of using multi-layered steel materials in technological practice. A serious result of this pilot experiment is the fact documented no only by the fractographic observation, but mainly by the AE records that the fatigue service life of this material is high if it its not stressed by tension approximating the yield point Re. However, such stress is not common in practical use of tools made of damask steel and thus under common bending stress an exceptionally long service life of tools made of this type of material is demonstrable. The fact that damask steel behaves like a homogeneous material is mainly confirmed by the records of the AE signal at lower values of stress σa. When stressed by higher amplitudes of tension σa damask responds in AE records similarly to a laminate material that is stressed by bending.

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9

Richard, Thomas, Fabrice Dagrain, Edmond Poyol, and Emmanuel Detournay. "Rock strength determination from scratch tests." Engineering Geology 147-148 (October 2012): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.07.011.

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10

Rasmussen, K. J. R., and G. J. Hancock. "Tests of high strength steel columns." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 34, no. 1 (January 1995): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(95)97296-a.

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11

Mentl, Vaclav, and Josef Bystricky. "Compression Tests of High Strength Steels." Advanced Materials Research 59 (December 2008): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.59.293.

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Mathematical modelling and virtual testing of components and structures represent a useful and economic tool for design and safety assessment. The basic mechanical properties which can be found in material standards are not relevant in cases where the real service conditions differ from those applied during standardised testing. Thus e.g. mechanical behaviour at higher strain rates can be interesting for the car components when the simulation of crash situations is used during structure development. The dynamic compression tests are usually performed by means of drop towers, by means of high speed hydraulic testing machines or Hopkinson bar method. At the Mechanical Testing Laboratory of the SKODA Research Inst. in Pilsen, Czech Republic, an instrumentation of Charpy pendulum testing machine was realised in order that it was possible to perfom dynamic compression tests, [1], and the compatibility of obtained results in comparison with traditional impact compression tests was verified within the round–robin carried out by TC5 ESIS Sub-Committee on “Mechanical Testing at Intermediate Strain Rates“, [2]. A new striking tup and load measurement system were designed and callibrated. At the same time, a new software was developed which makes it possible to evaluate the test force-deformation record. The goal of this study was 1. to check the possibility of compression testing of high strength materilas by mens of Charpy pendulum, and 2. to study the strain rate influence on basic mechanical properties.

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12

Bizhanov, A. M., and S. A. Zagainov. "Tests of Briquettes for Mechanical Strength." Metallurgist 65, no. 3-4 (July 2021): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01154-5.

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13

Bizhanov, A. M., and S. A. Zagainov. "TESTS OF BRIQUETTES FOR MECHANICAL STRENGTH." Metallurg, no. 3 (2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2021_03_11.

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14

Imam, M., L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans. "Are current concerete strength tests suitable for high strength concrete?" Materials and Structures 28, no. 7 (August 1995): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02473073.

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15

White, Howard D. "Better Than Brief Tests: Coverage Power Tests of Collection Strength." College & Research Libraries 69, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.69.2.155.

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Improving on ideas developed in Brief Tests of Collection Strength, this paper presents coverage power tests, an empirical method for evaluating collections in all types of libraries by means of ranked holdings counts from OCLC's WorldCat. The new method measures library coverage of subject literatures across levels of the WLN or RLG collection intensity scales that are increasingly difficult to attain. It defines literatures and collections unambiguously, permits objective comparisons of libraries, and is potentially automatable. Results of 38 tests in nine subjects at 30 libraries have high face validity in rating collections. Graphical analysis with the new method also clarifies the bibliometric relation between individual collections and subject literatures.

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16

Bohannon, Richard W. "Make Tests and Break Tests of Elbow Flexor Muscle Strength." Physical Therapy 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/68.2.193.

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17

Atkinson, J. H., W. H. W. Lau, and J. J. M. Powell. "Measurement of soil strength in simple shear tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-031.

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During a simple shear test the axes of stress rotate and, in a conventional apparatus in which the only stresses measured are the normal and shear stresses on horizontal planes, it is not possible to define the stress state completely. As a result, the measured failure stresses may not represent the true strength of the soil. Examination of possible Mohr's circles for soils at failure in simple shear tests demonstrates that the measured strength for a given soil depends on, among other things, the ratio of the horizontal and vertical effective stresses at failure. Results of laboratory tests on Cowden Till and on blue London Clay show the differences between strengths measured in simple shear and triaxial tests. A consequence of the conventional interpretation of the simple shear test is that effective stress failure envelopes have a false cohesion intercept with friction angles smaller than those measured in triaxial tests. Key words: clays, laboratory equipment, shear strength, shear tests, triaxial tests.

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18

Silvestri, Vincenzo. "Disturbance effects in pressuremeter tests in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 738–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-019.

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This paper analyzes the effect of borehole disturbance, caused by installation of pressuremeter probes in clays, on the derived stressstrain curves. Both overpushing- and overcutting-induced disturbances are considered. It is shown that overpushing results in underestimation of the undrained shear resistance. In general, the degree of underestimation cannot be determined. As for overcutting, the derived stressstrain curves are characterized by high peak strengths. The degree of overestimation of the undrained shear strength may reach 100% for the case of a strain-hardening material. Determination of the strain that corresponds to the peak shear strength allows determination of the true stressstrain curve from the expansion test. Analysis of four well-documented case histories serves to illustrate the proposed approach.Key words: pressuremeter, borehole disturbance, clay, stress-strain curves, case histories, undrained shear strength.

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19

Tipka, Martin, Jitka Vašková, and Jan Vodička. "Tensile Strength Tests for Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 272 (February 2018): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.94.

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The paper describes the differences in several test methods, which are used for tensile strength analysis of cementitious composites. It explains tests arrangement, their benefits and disadvantages. The conversion factors between detected strengths were quantified in experiments, depending on the particular composition of the composite.

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20

Traeger, Nadav, and Howard B. Panitch. "Tests of Respiratory Muscle Strength In Neonates." NeoReviews 5, no. 5 (April 30, 2004): e208-e214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.5-5-e208.

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21

van Oort, Eric, and Richard F. Vargo. "Improving Formation-Strength Tests and Their Interpretation." SPE Drilling & Completion 23, no. 03 (September 1, 2008): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/105193-pa.

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22

Lutsenko, A. N., A. V. lavin, V. S. Erasov, and K. K. Khvatskiy. "Strength tests and researches of aviation materials." «Aviation Materials and Technologies», S (June 2017): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-s-527-546.

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23

Lu, Wen-Yao, and Chia-Hung Chu. "Tests of high-strength concrete deep beams." Magazine of Concrete Research 71, no. 4 (February 2019): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00381.

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24

AASA, ULRIKA, SLOBODAN JARIC, MARGARETA BARNEKOW-BERGKVIST, and HAKAN JOHANSSON. "Muscle Strength Assessment From Functional Performance Tests." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, no. 4 (November 2003): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200311000-00007.

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25

Baszczyński, Krzysztof. "Dynamic Strength Tests for Low Elongation Lanyards." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2007.11076707.

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26

Spencer, R. A., and Borg Madsen. "Duration of load tests for shear strength." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-026.

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The strength of wood falls with time under load, and in current design codes the short-term strength of wood is reduced by about 40% to account for duration of load effects. This figure is based on tests made on small bending specimens. In this paper are described tests made on wooden torque tubes to investigate the effect of duration of load on shear strength. A control sample was tested to establish a curve for short-term strength, and four groups of 80 specimens each were then tested under various levels of constant long-term load. Stress ratio at failure was estimated by assuming that the short-term strength of each group could be represented by the control curve, and that under long-term loading specimens would fail in the order of their short-term strength. In each group the stress ratio at failure fell with time under load, and this reduction appears to be related to that predicted by a viscoelastic plastic model. It is concluded that the Madison curve presently used to predict duration of load effects may be conservative at normal levels of applied stress. Key words: wood, shear, long-term loading, duration of load.

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27

Gran, J. K., A. L. Florence, and J. D. Colton. "Dynamic Triaxial Tests of High‐Strength Concrete." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 115, no. 5 (May 1989): 891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1989)115:5(891).

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28

Şener, Siddik. "Size Effect Tests of High Strength Concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 9, no. 1 (February 1997): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1997)9:1(46).

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29

Wu, Zhuoya, Sai Huen Lo, Kang Hai Tan, and Kai Leung Su. "High Strength Concrete Tests under Elevated Temperature." Athens Journal of Τechnology & Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajte.6-3-1.

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30

Bączek, Elżbieta, Aleksander Kowalczyk, and Włodzimierz Wilk. "Handheld abrasive tools side load strength tests." Mechanik, no. 10 (October 2015): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2015.10.518.

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31

Aliu, Oluseyi, and Kevin C. Chung. "Assessing Strength of Evidence in Diagnostic Tests." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 129, no. 6 (June 2012): 989e—998e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31824ecd61.

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32

Bohannon, Richard W. "Make tests and proper muscle strength measurement." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, no. 10 (October 2000): 1442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2000.19257.

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33

Viano, David C., and Samuel D. White. "Seat strength in rear body block tests." Traffic Injury Prevention 17, no. 5 (June 16, 2016): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1111513.

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34

SATO, Chiaki. "W305 Mechanics of adhesion and strength tests." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2012.20 (2012): _W305–1_—_W305–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2012.20._w305-1_.

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35

Pariseau, W. G. "Fitting failure criteria to laboratory strength tests." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 44, no. 4 (June 2007): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.09.006.

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36

Shuvalov, Aleksandr, Igor Gorbunov, and Mikhail Kovalev. "Anchorage strength and ductility in shear tests." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302016.

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Article shows shear tests results for anchorage using bent foundation bolts 16, 24 and 36 mm in diameter and torque-controlled undercut anchors 12, 16 and 20 mm in diameter. Load-displacement diagrams were acquired for shear loads in static and dynamic cyclic tests in uncracked and cracked concrete. Cyclic loading pattern simulated seismic loads on anchors. Shear loading tests allowed to estimate influence of cracks and cyclic loading on strength and ductility of anchorage.

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37

BAN, H. Y., G. SHI, Y. J. SHI, and Y. Q. WANG. "COLUMN BUCKLING TESTS OF 420 MPA HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SINGLE EQUAL ANGLES." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 13, no. 02 (March 2013): 1250069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455412500691.

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This paper presents the results of the experimental studies conducted on the buckling behavior of 420 MPa high strength steel, hot-rolled, equal angle columns, numbering a total of 66 specimens with a wide range of column slenderness and section sizes. Based on the test results, the buckling modes and capacities were analyzed and the nondimensional buckling strengths were obtained and compared with the design strength predicted from Eurocode 3, ANSI/AISC 360-10 and Chinese standards GB50017-2003. The experimental results in previous studies were also employed in the comparison. The effect of width to thickness ratio of legs of an angle on buckling modes and strengths were investigated. It was found that the buckling strengths from test results were much higher than the corresponding design values and current design approaches were too conservative. Based on present and previous experimental results, a new design approach is suggested for the design of angle columns with 420 MPa high strength steel.

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38

Abdullah, Barham I., and Mohamed R. Abdulkadir. "Correlation between destructive and non- destructive tests results for concrete compressive strength." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 18, no. 4 (July 31, 2016): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10569.

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39

Díaz-Hellín, Mario, Vicente Luis-del-Campo, Juan S. Gómez-Navarrete, Juan M. Gómez-Valades, David Barbado-Murillo, and Rafael Sabido-Solana. "Differences in isometric strength tests and jump tests between professional and amateur basketball players." cultura_ciencia_deporte 9, no. 26 (June 30, 2014): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v9i26.433.

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40

Huang, Dawei, Oriol Pons, and Albert Albareda. "Bond Strength Tests under Pure Shear and Tension between Masonry and Sprayed Mortar." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092183.

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Sprayed mortar or shotcrete is a construction technology that could enhance existing masonry buildings’ resilience by reinforcing low-safety load-bearing walls. Many factors affect the resistance of shotcrete-reinforced structures. One of the most important is the bond strength at the interface between the shotcrete and the reinforced wall. According to previous technical literature, bond strength usually has two evaluation criteria: shear and tensile strength. The experimental campaign described in this article focused on the bond strength between sprayed mortar and three masonry materials without the influence of normal force or constraint, as well as the roughness of these materials. The analysis of these tests focused on determining the relation between bond strength, roughness, and material strength. The analyses revealed that material strength has a more significant effect on bond strength than roughness, and bond strength is related to shrinkage of the materials. On the basis of previous theories, these researchers found that when there is no obvious influence due to normal force and constraint, the shear strength and tensile strength are different, and the shear strength is likely to be the cohesion force of the two materials. Finally, this article concludes with a novel logarithmic relationship between these strengths.

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41

Imam, M., L. Vandewalle, F. Mortelmans, and F. de Larrard. "Discussion of ‘Are current concrete strength tests suitable for high strength concrete?’." Materials and Structures 29, no. 9 (November 1996): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02485958.

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42

Imam, M., L. Vandewalle, F. Mortelmans, Ergin Arioĝlu, and Özgür Sümer Köylüoĝlu. "Discussion of ‘Are current concrete strength tests suitable for high strength concrete?’." Materials and Structures 29, no. 9 (November 1996): 578–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02485960.

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43

An, Li, and Krister Cederwall. "Push-out tests on studs in high strength and normal strength concrete." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 36, no. 1 (January 1996): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(94)00036-h.

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44

Mendis, P., and C. French. "Bond Strength of Reinforcement in High-Strength Concrete." Advances in Structural Engineering 3, no. 3 (July 2000): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369433001502175.

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The use of high-strength concrete is becoming popular around the world. The american code, ACI 318–95 is used in many countries to calculate the development length of deformed bars in tension. However, current design provisions of ACI 318–95 are based on empirical relationships developed from tests on normal strength concrete. The results of a series of tests on high-strength concrete, reported in the literature, from six research studies are used to review the existing recommendations in ACI 318–95 for design of splices and anchorage of reinforcement. It is shown that ACI 318–95 equations may be unconservative for some cases beyond 62 MPa (9 ksi).

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45

Kalhori, Hamid, Raheb Bagherpour, Mohammad Amir Akhlaghi, Sayed Mohsen Mirdamadi, and Mehdi Nasiri Sarvi. "LABORATORY TESTS ON THE STRENGTHENING OF WET-MIX SHOTCRETE LINING WITH THE USE OF NANOMATERIALS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 1 (2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.1.5.

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Adding nanomaterials to concrete extends the size range of constituent particles well into nano-scale dimensions, which could help the compacting of particles in cement-based materials. Regarding the differences between shotcrete and cast concrete, in this study, the properties of shotcrete with nano and micro-silica and nano-clay were experimentally studied. The micro and nanomaterials have been added at different percentages (6%, 9%, and 12%) to a shotcrete paste. The comparison was based on the uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and porosity tests of different specimens. The results indicated that the maximum increase in compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of shotcrete was related to 12% nano-SiO2, while for 12% nano-clay, all of these strengths were decreased at 28 days. The optimum percentage for shotcrete substitution by nano-clay was established to be 6%. Also, the application of the nanomaterials led to a decrease in the water absorption and porosity of shotcrete. Eventually, the results revealed that the improvement of mechanical properties by the introduction of the nanomaterials in shotcrete could be satisfactory.

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46

HIRABAYASHI, Hiroshi, Takayuki KAWAGUCHI, Shunzo KAWAJIRI, and Satoshi YAMASHITA. "Interrelationship between field vane shear strength and undrained shear strengths from laboratory tests." Japanese Geotechnical Journal 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgs.15.599.

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Hsueh, C. H. "Stresses in Multilayered Ceramics Subjected to Biaxial Flexure Tests." Materials Science Forum 606 (October 2008): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.606.79.

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Although standard test methods for biaxial strength measurements of ceramics have been established and the corresponding formulas for relating the biaxial strength to the fracture load have been approved by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Organization for Standardization, respectively, they are limited to the case of monolayered discs. Despite the increasing applications of multilayered ceramics, characterization of their strengths using biaxial flexure tests has been difficult because the analytical description of the relation between the strength and the fracture load for multilayers subjected to biaxial flexure tests is unavailable until recently. Using ring-on-ring tests as an example, the closed-form solutions for stresses in (i) monolayered discs based on ASTM formulas, (ii) bilayered discs based on Roark’s formulas, and (iii) multilayered discs based on Hsueh et al.’s formulas are reviewed in the present study. Finite element results for ring-on-rings tests performed on (i) zirconia monolayered discs, (ii) dental crown materials of porcelain/zirconia bilayered discs, and (iii) solid oxide fuel cells trilayered discs are also presented to validate the closed-form solutions. With Hsueh et al.’s formulas, the biaxial strength of multilayered ceramics can be readily evaluated using biaxial flexure tests.

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Akbari, Jalal, and Amirhossein Abed. "Experimental Evaluation of Effects of Steel and Glass Fibers on Engineering Properties of Concrete: Engineering Properties of Concrete." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 14, no. 54 (September 23, 2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.54.08.

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This paper experimentally investigates the effect of steel and glass fibers on the engineering properties of concrete. To achieve this, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% by volume fraction of steel and glass fibers are added in concrete mixtures with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios 0.35 and 0.45. For each ratio of water to cement, 21 cubic samples for compressive strength tests, 14 cylindrical samples for tension strength tests, and also 14 prismatic samples for three-point flexural strength tests were prepared. The experimental results show that adding 0.3% to 0.9% % steel fibers for concrete increases simultaneously the compressive, tension, and also flexural strengths in comparison with plain concrete. Adding glass fibers only between 0.3% to 0.6% increases the compressive strength. The results reveal that the best range for reinforcing concrete with steel fiber is 0.3% to 0.9 % and glass fiber is 0.3% to 0.6 % by volume fraction of fiber to improve the engineering strengths concrete. As a rule of thumb, the tension and flexural strengths of concrete could be explained as 8% and 13% of the compressive strength, respectively.

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Vodička, Jan, Vladimír Křístek, and Václav Ráček. "Strength Classes of Concrete versus Strength Classes of Fibre Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 249 (April 2016): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.249.112.

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Basic characteristics of each produced concrete and fibre reinforced concrete are characterized by the compression strength recorded by the standard sets of tests performed on cylinders and cubes. In addition, for the fibre reinforced concrete, the characteristic tensile strength at formation of microcracks and cracks of standard widths is required. Proofs of the referred characteristic tensile strength should be carried out also by the destructive tests on standard specimens including the methodology provided for their implementation.The rapid development of fibre reinforced concrete, accelerated by manufacturers of fibres and their interest to apply the fibre reinforced concrete in structural practice from where the beneficial effects of the tensile strength can be obtained, resulted in conclusion that there is currently no uniform methodology for evaluation of the tensile strength. Tensile strength studies are performed, for example, according to National standardization Committees and research institutes.At present, the two very different methodologies can be applied to test tensile characteristics of fibre reinforced concrete - MODEL CODE and the Czech national standard – ČSN P 73 2452. The results of the destructive tests, obtained in accordance with the mentioned methodologies are so different that the same strength class for the tested fibre reinforced concrete is not possible to be defined.The paper proves the diversity of methodologies to perform destructive testing, by which it is possible to obtain the tensile characteristics of fibre reinforced concrete needed to define the same strength class. Procedures for evaluation of tensile characteristics from results of destructive tests are also assessed. Significance of the obtained strengths from the point of view of objectivity for the practical application of the fibre concrete in the load-carrying structures are discussed.

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Chen, Yonglin, Shuai Li, and Gongyi Fu. "Tear strength of a laminated fabric for stratospheric airship under uniaxial and biaxial tests." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211001822.

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Envelopes are main structures of stratospheric airships. They are usually made of laminated fabrics and prone to tearing, so it is significant to study their tear strengths. This paper aims to investigate the tear strength of an envelope for stratospheric airships by uniaxial and biaxial tear tests. Three uniaxial tear specimens and 15 biaxial tear specimens under five different stress ratios (warp stress vs weft stress) were tested, and their tear strengths were measured. Two-dimensional digital speckle correlation method was used to obtain specimens’ strain contours. The test results show that the average tear strength of uniaxial specimens is 32.99 N/mm, over 20% higher than those of biaxial specimens, ranging from 25.50 N/mm to 27.25 N/mm. It reveals that weft stress reduces the tear strength; nevertheless, the stress ratios slightly affect the tear strength. Besides, the strain contours clearly show three zones in each specimen – the low-strain zone, the high-strain zone, and the medium-strain zone. Depending on the strain contours and previous research on imperfect composite materials, we inferred that the crack-tip stress concentration factor of a uniaxial specimen is lower than that of a biaxial specimen. It explains the difference in tear strength between uniaxial and biaxial specimens. These findings suggest using biaxial tear test to measure the tear strength of an SSA’s envelope.

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