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Academic literature on the topic 'Strength of materials – tables'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

1

Osakue, Edward, Lucky Anetor, and Kendall Harris. "An estimate of the pitting strength of steel materials." FME Transactions 49, no. 1 (2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2101001o.

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A single expression for estimating the nominal pitting strength of steel materials, based on surface hardness, is developed from first principles for a reliability of 99% at 107 load cycles. It requires the hardness values to be measured in Vicker's hardness scale. The expression may be used for any steel material processed by hot rolling, cold drawing, quenching and tempering or case-hardening. The formulation incorporates a nominal design factor at 99% reliability which is estimated from a probabilistic model based on the lognormal probability density function. Pitting strength estimates from the expression are compared with those of American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) estimates and data from other sources as indicated in Tables 3 and 4. The expression predicts lower values at low hardness but higher values at high hardness. The variance is between - 15.21% and 10.13% for through-hardened steels. For case-hardened steels, the variances range from 14.23% to 20.26% between the estimates and available data. These variances appear to be reasonable considering the many factors involved in pitting resistance. The main advantage of this study is that pitting strength of new steel materials may be estimated for initial design sizing without long and costly contact fatigue testing which of course is necessary for design validation. Also, the estimation method developed may be applied to other materials, metallic and non-metallic. Suggestions are made for estimating some pertinent pitting strength adjustment factors when considering field or service pitting strength.

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Canbula, Deniz, and Bora Canbula. "A Study of Photoneutron Reactions Using Statistical Analysis." East European Journal of Physics, no. 4 (December 6, 2022): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2022-4-08.

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The well-known inputs for determining the reaction cross section are nuclear level density (NLD) and -ray strength functions. In this work, effects of -ray strength functions and NLD models on photoneutron reactions of 76,77,78Se isotopes are analyzed by using the latest version of TALYS computer code. For -ray strength functions, macroscopic and microscopic options which are available in the TALYS, are used in the calculations. Kopecky-Uhl and Brink Axel -ray strength function models as macroscopic options, Hartree-Fock BCS tables, Hartree-Fock Bogolyubov tables and Goriely’s hybrid model as microscopic options are preferred. The statistical analysis is carried out to determine the -ray strength function that reproduces the experimental data quite well. And then, calculations of photoneutron cross section are redone by using the determined -ray strength function via the NLD models. The Constant Temperature Model (CTM), Back Shifted Fermi Gas Model (BSFGM) and Generalized Superfluid Model (GSM) are preferred to use in NLD calculations. The predictions are compared with each other and the available experimental data. EXFOR library is used to take all experimental data.

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Cong, Tianji, Madelon Hulsebos, Zhenjie Sun, Paul Groth, and H. V. Jagadish. "Observatory: Characterizing Embeddings of Relational Tables." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 4 (December 2023): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3636218.3636237.

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Language models and specialized table embedding models have recently demonstrated strong performance on many tasks over tabular data. Researchers and practitioners are keen to leverage these models in many new application contexts; but limited understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these models, and the table representations they generate, makes the process of finding a suitable model for a given task reliant on trial and error. There is an urgent need to gain a comprehensive understanding of these models to minimize inefficiency and failures in downstream usage. To address this need, we propose Observatory, a formal framework to systematically analyze embedding representations of relational tables. Motivated both by invariants of the relational data model and by statistical considerations regarding data distributions, we define eight primitive properties, and corresponding measures to quantitatively characterize table embeddings for these properties. Based on these properties, we define an extensible framework to evaluate language and table embedding models. We collect and synthesize a suite of datasets and use Observatory to analyze nine such models. Our analysis provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of learned representations over tables. We find, for example, that some models are sensitive to table structure such as column order, that functional dependencies are rarely reflected in embeddings, and that specialized table embedding models have relatively lower sample fidelity. Such insights help researchers and practitioners better anticipate model behaviors and select appropriate models for their downstream tasks, while guiding researchers in the development of new models.

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SARAÇOĞLU, Mustafa Halûk, Gökhan GÜÇLÜ, and Fethullah USLU. "Deflection analysis of functionally graded equal strength beams." European Mechanical Science 6, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1015629.

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In this study, equal strength cantilever and simply supported beams made of functionally graded material (FGM) whose material properties vary though the height direction were investigated. These equal strength cantilever FGM beams were loaded with uniformly distributed load and a point load at the tip and simply supported FGM beams were loaded with uniformly distributed loads. They have all variable cross-section and straight axis. For calculating equivalent material properties of FGMs, power law distribution and Mori-Tanaka model were used. A computer program was developed for the analysis of the problem. The dimensionless deflection values for cantilever beams and simply supported beams were obtained for different materials by the help of developed computer program. Obtained results are presented in the form of tables and graphs which may be useful for the researchers.

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Panda, Anton, Ema Nováková-Marcinčinová, Ľudmila Nováková-Marcinčinová, Tibor Krenický, and Tadeusz Zaborowski. "Production from PLA Materials Processed Vertically by FDM Method RP Technology." Key Engineering Materials 756 (September 2017): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.756.80.

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The article is focused on the aspects in samples production of sophisticated material – PLA - PolyLacticAcid, PLA plastic. The main part of the work focuses on experimental production and testing of PLA material - PolyLacticAcid plastic, printed on RepRap 3D device that works on the "open source" principle. The article presents the outcomes of test materials in the form of measurement protocols recorded in the software, the measured values in a static tensile test, marked down in tables and shown in work graphs. The article describes selected and carried out tests of mechanical properties of PLA plastics extruded in different directions in this case carried out vertically by FDM rapid prototyping method of two PLA materials such as pure without additives blended with blue dye. The tests are mainly focused on the determination of ultimate tensile strength. Based on the results obtained, the samples made of two PLA materials were compared in the end to establish which produced PLA material sample is stronger. There are outputs in the form of logs, charts and tables that provide information about the executed tests and comparisons, which were made by the authors.

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Motte, Robin, and Wim De Waele. "An Overview of Estimations for the High-Cycle Fatigue Strength of Conventionally Manufactured Steels Based on Other Mechanical Properties." Metals 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010085.

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Due to the time-consuming and costly nature of high-cycle fatigue experiments, correlations between fatigue strength and mechanical properties obtained through more simple and fast experiments can be interesting from an economic perspective. This review article aims to provide an overview of such relations established in the open literature from the 1980s to 2023 for conventionally manufactured steel grades. The majority of these models relate fatigue strength at a given fatigue life (often termed “fatigue limit” or “endurance limit”) to ultimate tensile strength, yield strength (both static and cyclic), hardness, elongation, reduction in area, and Charpy impact energy. Relations taking flaws such as nonmetallic inclusions into account are also discussed. Additionally, models predicting S–N curves are provided. The various estimations are presented in tables, together with the materials and test conditions for which they were established.

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Wasiana, M. Rizky Faisal Dermawan, and Iswanto Iswanto. "Analysis of Weld Joint Strength on Galvanized Material Using Rb-26 Electrode." Procedia of Engineering and Life Science 7 (March 13, 2024): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/pels.v7i0.1469.

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Practical work is a form of education and vocational implementation that is followed by students so that students can work directly in the business world as well as industry or fabrication. Practical work aims to prepare students to become productive human beings and can immediately work in accordance with their respective fields, students can also feel the atmosphere of production and can help deal with some problems- problems experienced by Engineering professionals inside the factory. Therefore, in welding, knowledge must accompany practice, in more detail it can be said that the design of building construction and machines with welded joints, must also be planned about welding methods. This method of inspection, welding material, and type of weld to be used, based on the function of the building parts or machines designed. Based on the definition of DIN (Deutch Industrie Normen) Galvanized Welded Broken Products is the best way to assemble or connect constructions and products made from iron. This welding method is specifically performed for galvanized materials. The iron welding process requires special preparation and skills. Based on the results of fieldwork practices that have been carried out in CV. Sumber Agung Widodo, The process of making panel tables is carried out into several stages, namely the hollow iron cutting, 45-degree galvanized angle cutting, iron plate cutting, elbow iron cutting, splicing by welding, frame painting, and mounting a series of panels to the finished panel table. The materials used are hollow iron, iron plate, elbow iron, iron paint, wheels. The tools used are ac current welding machines, grinders and elbow rulers. Stage

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Gnatowski, Adam, Agnieszka Kijo-Kleczkowska, Rafał Gołębski, and Kamil Mirek. "Analysis of polymeric materials properties changes after addition of reinforcing fibers." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 2833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-02-2019-0107.

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Purpose The issues concerning the prediction of changes in properties of polymer materials as a result of adding reinforcing fibers are currently widely discussed in the field of polymer material processing. This paper aims to present strengths and weaknesses of composites based on polymer materials strengthened with fibers. It touches upon composite cracking at the junction of a matrix and its reinforcement. It also discusses the analysis of changes in properties of chosen materials as a result of adding reinforcing fibers. The paper shows improvement in the strength of polymer materials with fiber addition, which is extremely important, because these types of composites are used in the aerospace, automotive and electrical engineering industries. Design/methodology/approach Comparing the properties of matrix strength with fiber properties is practically impossible. Thus, fiber tensile strength and composite tensile strength shall be compared (González et al., 2011): tensile (glass fiber GF) = 900 [MPa], elongation ΔL≈ 0; yield point (polyamide 66) = 70−90 [MPa], elongation Δ[%] = 3,5-18; tensile (polyamide 66 + 15% GF) = 80-125 [MPa], elongation Δ[%] ≈ 0; tensile (polyamide 66 + 30% GF) = 190 [MPa], elongation Δ[%] ≈ 0; yield point (polyamide 6) = 45-85 [MPa], elongation Δ[%] = 4-15; tensile (polyamide 6 + 15% GF) = 80-125 [MPa], elongation Δ[%] ≈ 0; tensile (polyamide 6 + 30% GF) = 95-130 [MPa] elongation Δ[%] ≈ 0. Comparison of properties of selected polymers and composites is presented in Tables 1−10 and Figures 1 and 2. The measurement methodology is presented in detail in the paper Kula et al. (2018). The increase in fiber content (to the extent discussed) leads to the increase in yield strength stresses and hardness. The value of yield strength for polyamide with the addition of fiberglass grows gradually with the increase in fiber content. The hardness of the composite of polyamide with glass balls increases together with the increase in reinforcement content. The changes of these values do not occur linearly. The increase in fiber content has a slight impact on density change (the increase of about 1 g/mm3 per 10 per cent). Findings The use of polymers as a matrix allows to give composites features such as: lightness, corrosion resistance, damping ability, good electrical insulation and thermal and easy shaping. Polymers used as a matrix perform the following functions in composites: give the desired shape to the products, allow transferring loads to fibers, shape thermal, chemical and flammable properties of composites and increase the possibilities of making composites. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are the effect of searching for new construction materials. Glass fibers show tensile strength, stiffness and brittleness, while the polymer matrix has viscoelastic properties. Glass fibers have a uniform shape and dimensions. Fiber-reinforced composites are therefore used to increase strength and stiffness of materials. Polymers have low tensile strength, exhibit high deformability. Polymers reinforced by glass fiber have a high modulus of elasticity and therefore provide better the mechanical properties of the material. Composites with glass fibers do not exhibit deformations in front of cracking. An increase in the content of glass fiber in composites increases the tensile strength of the material. Polymers reinforced by glass fiber are currently one of the most important construction materials and are widely used in the aerospace, automotive and electro-technical industries. Originality/value The paper presents the test results for polyethylene composites with 25 per cent and 50 per cent filler coming from recycled car carpets of various car makes. The tests included using differential scanning calorimetry, testing material hardness, material tensile strength and their dynamic mechanical properties.

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Ghodke, Prof Kiran. "Preparing Design Aids for Fe550 Steel for M25 Grade of using Concrete from SP-16." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 3445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60623.

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Abstract: The main purpose of this paper presentation is to develop design aids for Fe 550 grade of steel from sp 16 handbook. The design aids prepared will be in the form of tables which will benefit in the calculations of various components of concrete structures. To prepare design aids for FE550, you would need to focus on creating resources that cover various aspects related to structural design, specifically for materials like Fe550. Design aids typically include information on material strength, stressstrain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length, anchorage, deflection calculation, and general tables, explanations of the basis of preparation, and worked examples illustrating the use of the design aids.

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Ghodke, Prof Kiran. "Preparing Design Aids for Fe550 Steel for M20 Grade of Concrete Using SP-16." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 3646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60621.

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Abstract: The main purpose of this paper presentation is to develop design aids for Fe 550 grade of steel from sp 16 handbook. The design aids prepared will be in the form of tables which will benefit in the calculations of various components of concrete structures. To prepare design aids for FE550, you would need to focus on creating resources that cover various aspects related to structural design, specifically for materials like Fe550. Design aids typically include information on material strength, stressstrain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length, anchorage, deflection calculation, and general tables, explanations of the basis of preparation, and worked examples illustrating the use of the design aids.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

1

Fichtner, Frauke. "Identification and Variation of some Functionality Related Characteristics of Pharmaceutically Relevant Solid Materials and their Effect on Product Performance." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7462.

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Soutsos, Marios Nicou. "Mix design, workability heat evolution and strength development of high strength concrete." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308062.

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A literature survey of the properties and uses of high strength concrete, defined for this study as having a strength in excess of 60 N/tnm2, has shown that of prime need is a systematic, reproducible procedure for attaining high strength concrete. The "Maximum Density Theory", i.e. the requirement that the aggregate occupies as large a relative volume as possible, has been adopted as an approach to optimisation of the mix proportions. However, this does not consider the effect that the aggregate suIface area has on the requirement of excess paste for lubrication. To investigate the combined effect of void content and surface area, mixes with lower sand proportions than that required for minimum void content were tested for slump. The optimum sand proportion is the one that produces the highest slump, for a particular cement content. This procedure has been called: "The Modified Maximum Density Theory". Having thus optimised the cement and aggregate contents, partial cement replacement by mineral admixtures, at low water-cement ratios, has been investigated in order to assess: a) their contribution to long term strengths, b) their contribution to reducing the heat evolution of concrete mixes, and c) their effect on the workability of concrete. Condensed silica fume (at replacement levels of up to 15%) produced higher compressive strengths than ordinary Portland cement. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (at replacement levels of up to 30%) can be used without decreasing the 28-day strength. Replacement by 20% pulverised fuel ash resulted in a 15% decrease in the 28-day strength and equal strength to ordinary Portland cement concrete at ages beyond 56-days. Temperature measurements during hydration, under adiabatic conditions, have however shown that these replacement levels do not lower the temperature rise at a water-binder ratio of 0.26. The higher levels required for significant temperature reduction will also cause a significant reduction in the strength. To offset this ground granulated blast furnace slag (58%) and pulverised fuel ash (36%) in combination with 10% condensed silica fume 4 were used. These combinations reduced the temperature rise by more than 10°C while the reduction in the 28-day compressive strength was less than 15%. Partial cement replacement by pulverised fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag improved the workability and therefore allowed a reduction in the superplasticiser dosage required for a given slump. The use of condensed silica fume reduces the workability at low superplasticiser dosages, but it has a water-reducing effect above a certain superplasticiser dosage. Results from these studies have been used to formulate guidelines for the proportioning of materials for producing high strength concrete.

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Wang, Congwei. "On the strength of defective graphene materials." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9065.

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Graphene is the first 2D material consisting of carbon atoms densely packed into planar structures. Graphene oxide (GO) is the intermediate derivative of chemically-produced graphene, which retains 2D basal plane structures but is also decorated with functional groups along the basal plane and edges. This functionality allows self-assembly of planar sheets into a paper-like material. However, formations of both intrinsic defects within the sheet structures as well as larger scale extrinsic defects in the paper are expected to significantly degrade mechanical performance. Strength provides the most direct evidence of defect related mechanical behaviour and is therefore targeted for understanding defect effects in GO paper. Such evaluations are crucial both from a technological perspective of realizing designed functions and from a fundamental interest in understanding structure-mechanics in 2D nanomaterials. A complete strategy of performing mechanical testing at different length scales is thus reported to provide a comprehensive description of GO strength. Both conventional larger scale mechanical testing as well as novel smaller length scale evaluations, using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy as well as structural probing using synchrotron FT-IR microspectroscopy, were applied to GO materials. Results showed that large structural defects determined mechanical properties of GO papers due to stress concentration effects whereas smaller scale intrinsic effects were defined by interfacial defects and stress concentrations within sheets. Synchrotron FT-IR microspectroscopy provided molecular deformation mechanisms in GO paper, which highlighted the interaction between in-plane C=C and cross-linking C=O bonds. A comprehensive description of macroscopic GO paper using evaluations of strength at the range of length scales studied was attempted, with a good correlation between predictions and experimental observations. This thesis therefore provides a hierarchical understanding of the defects impact on the strength of graphene-based materials from the macroscale to the nanoscale.

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Bi, Wu. "Racking Strength of Paperboard Based Sheathing Materials." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1091059928.

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Stone, Robert Michael 1957. "Strength and stiffness of cellular foamed materials." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289577.

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The use of cellular foams as a core material in light-weight optical and structural systems is of considerable interest. Research and development of these systems, however, have been hampered by the lack of material property data and uncertainty in the use of various suggested material characterizations and the associated constants of proportionality. ASTM standards were researched and, for the most part, found inadequate for testing cellular foam materials. The compression, tension and shear test methods developed are presented, as well as the results from physical tests on closed-cell SXATM foam specimens. Based on the test results, material characterizations are presented. Additionally, a parametric study was performed to investigate the behavior of open and closed-cell foams. Twenty-one (21) finite element models were built and seventy (70) analyses were performed to study the effects of cell geometry. Based on the FEA results, material characterizations are presented for the cubic array and the tetrakaidecahedron geometry. The FEA results are compared with the characterizations proposed by Gibson and Ashby and the test results. The validity of the scaling laws are confirmed; however, the proposed constants of proportionality overestimate the modulii a minimum of 50%. New constants are presented for both open-cell and closed-cell foams, as well as additional insights into the effects of cell shape on Poisson's ratio.

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Violette, Melanie Glenn. "Time-dependent compressive strength of unidirectional viscoelastic composite materials /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Wen, Edward A. "Compressive strength prediction for composite unmanned aerial vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=959.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 117 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84).

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Branch, James. "Plastic properties of fresh high strength concrete." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842953/.

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This thesis describes the novel test techniques that were developed to measure the parameters associated with the plastic shrinkage, and subsequent possible plastic shrinkage cracking, of high strength concrete. The parameters measured during the first 24 hours after placing were the stress- strain relationship, negative pore pressure and free shrinkage strain development. The plastic behaviour of eight high strength concrete mixes was quantified and these mixes were then tested to assess their propensity towards plastic shrinkage cracking, using restrained ring tests. A review of the parameters associated with plastic shrinkage cracking was carried out. The general view was that as the particle size in a cement matrix gets smaller, then the negative pore pressures developed are greater and hence shrinkage increases. This meant that the presence of secondary cementing materials, of very small diameter, such as microsilica, in high strength concretes would explain their apparent susceptibility to plastic shrinkage cracking. Eight high strength concrete mixes were tested in exposed and sealed conditions. It was found that when tested in sealed conditions none of the parameters measured presented itself as the sole driving force behind plastic shrinkage or plastic shrinkage cracking. Also, when cured in sealed conditions, none of the mixes tested in the restrained ring test apparatus cracked. When tested in exposed conditions, the presence of wind had little effect on the stress-strain relationship of the mixes tested. However the presence of wind seemed to cause negative pore pressures to develop earlier than in the sealed samples and increased free shrinkage by 3 to 40 times depending on the mix. The samples that exhibited the highest free shrinkage strains, in exposed conditions, were the mixes that cracked when tested in the restrained shrinkage rings. The mixes that cracked all contained microsilica and these mixes did not crack when the same mixes were tested without microsilica. Polypropylene fibres were found to reduce the cracked area of the samples that cracked. The supplementary cementing materials used in this study were ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica and pulverised fuel ash.

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Case, Scott Wayne. "Micromechanics of strength-related phenomena in composite materials." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040447/.

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Young, Tyler Blaine. "Early-age strength assessment of cement-treated materials /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1779.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

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Young, Warren C. (Warren Clarence), 1923-, Budynas, Richard G. (Richard Gordon), and Sadegh Ali M, eds. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Budynas, Richard G. (Richard Gordon), Roark, Raymond J. (Raymond Jefferson), 1890-1966, and Knovel (Firm), eds. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Luk'yanov, Mihail. Collection of problems in strength of materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989326.

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Given objectives for all sections of the course "strength of materials", studied by students in accordance with the existing program for Russian universities. Along with the classical methods of assessing strength are the basic concepts of fracture mechanics and methods of calculations on strength, stiffness and stability of structures. Detailed solution of the task allows the subject to students of day and correspondence forms of training. The unconventional construction of the book are aimed at improving the learning material. Almost all tasks are accompanied by answers. In the Appendix to the book gives some reference materials: table of Standards, values, functions, A. N. Krylov and hyperbolic functions, as well as data relevant to the calculation of strength under cyclic stresses. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students in all specialties of railway transport, the study of mechanics of materials.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

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Alexander, J. M. Strength of materials. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1991.

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Bhaskar, K., and T. K. Varadan. Strength of Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06377-0.

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Singh, D. K. Strength of Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59667-5.

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Kozachenko, A. B. Strength of materials. Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1988.

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Mendes, Gustavo, and Bruno Lago. Strength of materials. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

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Rumpel, G., and H. D. Sondershausen. "Strength of Materials." In Dubbel Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, B1—B76. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3566-1_2.

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Lucas, George L., Francis W. Cooke, and Elizabeth A. Friis. "Strength of Materials." In A Primer of Biomechanics, 36–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8487-6_3.

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Chaskalovic, Joël. "Strength of Materials." In Mathematical and Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, 251–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03563-5_6.

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Nichols, Daniel H. "Strength of Materials." In Physics for Technology, 123–36. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351207270-7.

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Bozzuto, Carl. "Strength of Materials." In Boiler Operator's Handbook, 251–56. 3rd ed. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207368-9.

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LeVeau, Barney F. "Strength of Materials." In Biomechanics of Human Motion, 35–53. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003522775-2.

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Pilato, Louis A., and Michael J. Michno. "Composite Compressive Strength." In Advanced Composite Materials, 128–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-35356-1_8.

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Freiesleben Hansen, Per. "Tables." In The Science of Construction Materials, 276–305. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70898-8_8.

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Chawla, Krishan K. "Monotonic Strength and Fracture." In Composite Materials, 421–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74365-3_12.

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Chawla, Krishan K. "Monotonic Strength and Fracture." In Composite Materials, 377–403. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2966-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

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Seat, Han C., and Ian A. Watson. "Laser welding of magnetic materials." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.cmb7.

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Industrial sectors with interest in welding magnetic materials include the aerospace, electrical and defence industries [1]. The effects of CO2 laser welding and high temperatures (i.e. above the Curie temperature) on the magnetism of ferromagnetic materials were investigated. A 1.2 kW MFKP CO2 laser was used to weld the magnetic material at a constant power of 1 kW in the CW mode, for different welding translation velocities. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the magnetic field measurement system. This consisted of two orthogonal translation tables and an RS miniature Hall effect Sensor (HES), attached to an outlying platform from the larger translation table. The x-y motion was controlled via a microprocessor so that the HES was translated over the entire surface of the welded magnets (2 Alcomax magnets: 8% Al, 11.5% Ni, 21% Co, 4% Cu, Fe). The signal from the HES was signal conditioned and fed into a data acquisition card located in the PC. The magnetic field strength over the laser weld and surface of the specimen was measured before welding, immediately after welding and 3 days after welding. Figure 2 shows the spatial differences in the magnetic properties of the sample immediately after welding and Figure 3 the corresponding data 3 days after welding. The magnetisation of the weld pool and HAZ was reduced immediately after welding; 3 days later, during which the samples were isolated, magnetism recovered over the specimen except in the weld zone where it had been damaged and stayed unrecovered. A high translation velocity maximised the remagnetisation process and reduced the demagnetised zone and HAZ.

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Vargas, Pedro M. "Tensile Strength of a Girth Weld With a Low-Strength AWSR45 Buttering Layer." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71507.

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A four-metal connection, in which a carbon steel pipe is welded to duplex stainless steel pipe, is analyzed. The four metals are shown in Table 1. A106B and 2205 Duplex are the two different pipe materials, 2209 is the weld filler material, and AWSR45 is the buttering layer that is used to control the cracking susceptibility of the welded girth joint. (Butter and buttering refer to the welding of a layer of low strength material, AWSR45 in this case, and are commonly used terms within the welding community). Due to the lower strength of the AWSR45 material, the question arises whether this joint performance would affect pressure containment capacity and meet the B31.3 code (and API 1104) tensile strength requirements. Nonlinear FEA [1] was used to determine the girth weld joint pressure containment capacity and evaluate tensile strength requirements. This study found that: 1. The butter layer has no effect on burst capacity for typical weld dimensions.2. The acceptable butter layer may approach approximately 70% of the wall thickness for approximated real material properties. However, a full pipe cross-section test will be required to show that the weld joint has the necessary strength.3. If this is impractical, a lower butter limit of 25% of wall thickness would be necessary for the API-1104 recommended 1-inch wide tensile specimen to show that the weld joint has the necessary strength assuming approximated real material properties.4. Strains exceeding 50% in the soft AWRS45 layer are possible in the root, face or side bend test. This may cause tearing making the code requirements difficult to meet.5. The AWRS45 material must exhibit a smooth continuously increasing hardening behavior. If the soft AWRS45 layer exhibits lu¨der-band type tensile instabilities, the recommendations in this study may need to be revisited. In this study analyses is limited to the single-slope bevel and the double-slope bevel geometries recommended in [2] (See Figure 1). Any significant deviation from the specific materials and geometry may justify follow-up FEA analyses efforts prior to weld qualification. In particular, it may be possible to increase the allowable butter length for different weld geometries (e.g. J-bevel) than the two explored in this study. Also, for the full cross-section tensile case, additional 3-dimensional analyses may be needed to ensure that all possible modes of strain localization (e.g. non-axisymmetric deformation modes) have been addressd.

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Bausman, Anita R., A. Fitzgerald Waterland, and Dale A. Rice. "An Exploration of Achievable Tightness in ASME B16.5 Standard Flanges for Various Gasket Technologies." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65420.

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Many industrial plant sites have assembly torque tables for standard ASME B16.5 flanges as part of their internal procedures for bolted flanged joints. It is common for end-users to change gasket materials and gasket designs to reduce costs and/or improve reliability or as processes evolve and change. As environmental awareness and regulations continue to increase, it is important to understand the different levels of tightness that can be achieved from various gasket technologies. Gaskets do not seal equally at the same assembly load. All bolted flanged joints sealed with a gasket have some emissions rate, albeit some vanishingly small on very tight joints. The tightness parameter has an inverse relation to leakage; the tighter a joint, the less leakage it has. The less leakage, the less emissions result. Where emissions monitoring is intense, tighter gasket technologies are preferred. These tighter technologies are often more expensive. Where emissions are less a concern, river water as an example, more economical gasket selections are preferred. This paper explores gasket tightness performance of a number of materials and construction types common for industrial and power use. Material classes that will be explored include compressed fiber, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), flexible graphite (FG), and flexible vermiculite (FV). Construction types that will be explored include sheet materials, composites with metal inserts (flat or corrugated), grooved metal with soft facings (“kammprofile”), and spiral wound gaskets. For the purposes of comparison, an example assembly torque table will be used. The table includes ASME B16.5 Class 150 flanges, sizes ½” through 24”, using A105 carbon steel flanges and high strength A193 B7 fasteners. With a better understanding of the general capability of a gasket class — the end user can more quickly select gasket materials and constructions suitable for a particular application. This work follows and expands earlier work done with more limited flange sizes. [1]

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ElHor, Hassan H., Thomas A. May, and Mike L. Jurosek. "Sensitivity Analysis of Static Side Door Intrusion." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0974.

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Abstract This paper identifies the most important parameters that contribute to the strength of the door in a static intrusion, in order to satisfy the FMVSS 214 Standards. Side door intrusion requires the door to resist three stages of loading at several crash distances: initial (6″), intermediate (12″) and peak (18″). Thickness, shape and material of the side door beam are among the most important parameters considered in this study, latch and hinge strengths are also included. A sensitivity evaluation analysis is performed where the main objective is to investigate the sensitivity of those parameters to changes, and their impact on the structural performance of the side door and its resistance. The various results are presented in tables and graphs to show the effect of each of those parameters.

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Mahajan, Heramb P., Ian Jentz, and Tasnim Hassan. "Allowable Stress Development of Diffusion Bonded Alloy 800H for Section III." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21499.

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Abstract There is increased interest in the application of compact heat exchangers (CHXs) for nuclear service given their high thermal efficiency and compactness. CHXs are fabricated by joining a stack of etched plates with dense microchannels through diffusion bonding. Diffusion bonding material has basic mechanical properties that differ from a base material, requiring appropriate mechanical properties and allowable stresses for design. Existing nuclear code ASME Section III, Division 5 does not address diffusion bonded materials . Hence, there is a need to develop material properties and allowable stresses of diffusion bonded materials and weldments. In this paper, one candidate material, Alloy 800H, was selected for diffusion bonding trials. Preliminary results obtained from a series of tensile and creep tests suggest that the diffusion bonded material is weaker than the base metal 800H. These experimental data are used in determining recommended allowable stresses of the diffusion bonded 800H material. In this paper, tables of the strength reduction factors for various allowable stresses which includes Smt, So, St, Sy and Su for diffusion bonded Alloy 800H are presented. These reduction factors are applicable to CHX design. The Larson Miller Parameter (LMP) is used to extrapolate short term creep tests to longer creep life and lower temperatures, and estimate the onset of tertiary creep strain.

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Ash, Jason, and Jeffry Welsh. "Biaxial Strength Measurements of IM7/977-2 Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Using Tabbed Cruciform Specimens." In 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-1641.

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Keprate, Arvind, and R. M. Chandima Ratnayake. "Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Predicting Fatigue Strength Using Composition and Process Parameters." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18675.

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Abstract Accurate prediction of the fatigue strength of steels is vital, due to the extremely high cost (and time) of fatigue testing and the often fatal consequences of fatigue failures. The work presented in this paper is an extension of the previous paper submitted to OMAE 2019. The main objective of this manuscript is to utilize Artificial Intelligence (AI) to predict fatigue strength, based on composition and process parameters, using the fatigue dataset for carbon and low alloy steel available from the National Institute of Material Science (NIMS) database, MatNavi. A deep learning framework Keras is used to build a Neural Network (NN), which is trained and tested on the data set obtained from MatNavi. The fatigue strength values estimated using NN are compared to the values predicted by the gradient boosting algorithm, which was the most accurate model in the OMAE 2019 paper. The comparison is done using metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Explained Variance Score (EVS). Thereafter, the trained NN model is used to make predictions of fatigue strength for the simulated data (1 million samples) of input parameters, which is then used to generate conditional probability tables for the Bayesian Network (BN). The main advantage of using BN over previously used machine learning algorithms is that BN can be used to make both forward and backward propagation during the Bayesian inference. A case study illustrating the applicability of the proposed approach is also presented. Furthermore, a dashboard is developed using PowerBI, which can be used by practicing engineers to estimate fatigue strength based on composition and process parameters.

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Cravero, S., R. Bravo, L. Mantovano, and H. Ernst. "Material Behavior of Two High Grade Pipe Steels Under Different Triaxility Levels." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26068.

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Particular geometries and loading conditions may have important effects on the stress fields of a given component promoting complex triaxial stress states and modifying the hydrostatic stress level. The yield condition of a ductile material is represented by the von Mises stress. However, the triaxial stress states have important effects on material toughness and ductility. This work presents a study of the effects of stress concentrators (different triaxial stress states) on material rupture. The aim is to determine the effects of hydrostatic stresses on the strain at failure in two low alloy high strength mill steels employed in field well and linepipe applications. Cylindrical specimens with different notch radius were tested to obtain different hydrostatic to von Mises stress ratios during tensile tests (h = σh/σVM). The considered notch radii were 2.0, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.25 mm. The notched specimens were loaded in tension and applied load vs. reduction of transversal area data were recorded during the tests. Numerical simulations of the tensile tests allow reproducing the test in the numerical model and calculating the stress and strains fields during each stage of the applied loading. Finally, tables of strain at failure vs. stress triaxiality are obtained for both steels that allow determining the most appropriate material for critical applications.

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Adams, Aaron, Cameron Coates, Eugene Carlson, and Andrew Tiller. "Raster Angle and Infill Percentage Influence on Selected Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-113203.

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Abstract This work investigated the influence of raster angle and infill percentage on selected mechanical properties of two commonly used 3D Printed materials: Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) at room temperature. Their Elastic Modulus, Yield Strength, and Toughness were experimentally determined and compared for infill densities of 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and raster angles of 0/90, 45/45, and 30/60. The materials were printed using Fused Deposition Modeling per ASTM D638-22 standards, with a layer thickness of 0.3 mm, an initial layer speed of 35 mm/s, and an infill speed of 50 mm/s. The initial layer speed and infill speeds were 35 mm/s and 50 mm/s, respectively. The team concluded that PETG material, on average, outperformed HIPS when looking at Young’s Modulus of the printed samples. There are few instances where HIPS has a higher Young’s Modulus, i.e., 45-45 at infill 100%, 45-45 at infill 50%, and 30-60 at infill 100%. The PETG samples often exceeded the toughness of HIPS as well. As seen in the tables, there are a few cases in which HIPS has much higher toughness than the same raster and infill percentage as PETG. For instance, HIPS samples at 0-90 angles and infill percentages of 50% and 75%. Overall, the team concluded that PETG, on average, outperforms HIPS in both Young’s Modulus and toughness during the testing. PETG would be suitable for most situations, whereas HIPS would fail more often if substituted for PETG.

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Brown, Warren, and David Reeves. "An Update on Selecting the Optimum Bolt Assembly Stress for Piping Flanges." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26649.

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In order to minimize the likelihood of leakage from flanged piping joints, it is a good practice to maximize the initial bolt assembly stress. Present bolting guidelines (ASME PCC-1 [1]) outline the use of a percent of bolt yield across all flange sizes and classes to set the assembly stress level. These guidelines do indicate that aspects such as component strength and gasket stress should be considered, however the most common application of the approach is to use a standard percentage of bolt yield across all flange sizes and classes. This approach does allow for adjustment for differences in material yield strengths (carbon steel versus stainless steel) and raised face (RF) versus ring type joint (RTJ) flange configurations. It does not, however, adjust for the difference in strength between standard pipe flange sizes nor the actual gasket stress achieved across all flange sizes and classes. Since there is no assessment of flange strength, such an approach may cause failure of joint components. In addition, because the standard percentage of bolt yield technique does not look at gasket stress, it is prone to gasket leakage due to low stress or gasket destruction due to over-compression for some joints. In addition, some joints may require bolt loads well in excess of the standard value to develop an acceptable gasket stress level in order to prevent leakage. This paper is a continuation of the paper presented during PVP 2006 in Vancouver (Brown [2]), which examined the variables that must be considered and drew some preliminary conclusions regarding the use of flange stress limits in determining the maximum allowable bolt load for a given flange size. Subsequent to writing that paper, further investigation found that the code calculated flange stresses are a poor indicator of the maximum acceptable bolt load. The most practical measure of this load is obtained by using elastic-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the point of gross plastic deformation of the flange. This paper details the maximum bolt load limit results of elastic-plastic FEA on most sizes of standard ASME weld neck flange sizes. The practical application of this method is in the development of standard bolt assembly stress (or torque) tables for standard pipe flanges using a given gasket type. In addition, a new code equation and additional limits are developed, by comparison to the elastic-plastic FEA results, which allow the determination of the maximum assembly bolt load for non-standard weld-neck flanges and standard weld-neck flanges with different bores, materials or gaskets than used in the elastic-plastic FEA presented in this paper.

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Reports on the topic "Strength of materials – tables"

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Rahman, Shahedur, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, and Peter J. Becker. Improvement of Stiffness and Strength of Backfill Soils Through Optimization of Compaction Procedures and Specifications. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317134.

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Vibration compaction is the most effective way of compacting coarse-grained materials. The effects of vibration frequency and amplitude on the compaction density of different backfill materials commonly used by INDOT (No. 4 natural sand, No. 24 stone sand, and No. 5, No. 8, No. 43 aggregates) were studied in this research. The test materials were characterized based on the particle sizes and morphology parameters using digital image analysis technique. Small-scale laboratory compaction tests were carried out with variable frequency and amplitude of vibrations using vibratory hammer and vibratory table. The results show an increase in density with the increase in amplitude and frequency of vibration. However, the increase in density with the increase in amplitude of vibration is more pronounced for the coarse aggregates than for the sands. A comparison of the maximum dry densities of different test materials shows that the dry densities obtained after compaction using the vibratory hammer are greater than those obtained after compaction using the vibratory table when both tools were used at the highest amplitude and frequency of vibration available. Large-scale vibratory roller compaction tests were performed in the field for No. 30 backfill soil to observe the effect of vibration frequency and number of passes on the compaction density. Accelerometer sensors were attached to the roller drum (Caterpillar, model CS56B) to measure the frequency of vibration for the two different vibration settings available to the roller. For this roller and soil tested, the results show that the higher vibration setting is more effective. Direct shear tests and direct interface shear tests were performed to study the impact of particle characteristics of the coarse-grained backfill materials on interface shear resistance. The more angular the particles, the greater the shear resistance measured in the direct shear tests. A unique relationship was found between the normalized surface roughness and the ratio of critical-state interface friction angle between sand-gravel mixture with steel to the internal critical-state friction angle of the sand-gravel mixture.

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Ley, M., Zane Lloyd, Shinhyu Kang, and Dan Cook. Concrete Pavement Mixtures with High Supplementary Cementitious Materials Content: Volume 3. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-032.

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Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion, made up of particles that are collected through various methods. This by-product has been used successfully as a partial Portland cement replacement in concrete, but the performance predictions of fly ash in concrete have been difficult to predict, especially at high fly ash replacement rates. This study focuses on comparing the performance of concrete with a variety of fly ash mixtures as well as the particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash. The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, and isothermal calorimetry tests were used to measure the performance of concrete at 0%, 20%, and 40% fly ash replacement levels. The particle distribution of fly ash was measured with an automated scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the major and minor oxides from the chemical makeup of fly ash were measured for each mixture and inputted into a table. The particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash were compared to the performance of slump, unit weight, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, and surface electrical resistivity.

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Mannucci and Demofonti. L51882 Mill Test Techniques for Predicting Crack Arrest Ability in High Toughness Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011210.

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The cost for construction of new pipelines to meet the demand for natural gas can be justified by using high strength materials: however line safety requires steel properties that preclude catastrophic failures should the pipe wall be breached. Important problems faced in the eighties, come now again onto the table of the international scientific community driven directly by the incoming projects of future high productivity transmission lines, and need final solutions. The objective of this project, was to develop a simple laboratory testing method, that can be easily transferred and used in the mill practice, to provide a reliable measure of the ductile fracture toughness, expressed by the critical value of the Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOAc), for high grade/high toughness line pipe steel (grade API X80 and Charpy V shelf energy 200 J). Such parameter has been measured up to now by using the CSM Two Specimen CTOA Test Methodology (methodology developed in the frame of past PRCI sponsored project for gas pipeline steels in grade up to API X80 and with Charpy V shelf energy up to about 200 Joule).

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Thompson, A. W., I. M. Bernstein, and A. Voelkel. Fundamentals of Interfacial Strength in Composite Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198626.

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Vasudevan, Vijay K., and Jainagesh A. Sekhar. Lightweight, High-Strength, Age-Hardenable Nanoscale Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422041.

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Aksay, I. A., G. C. Stangle, D. M. Dabbs, and M. Sarikaya. Microdesigning of Lightweight/High Strength Ceramic Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238935.

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Thompson, A. W., and I. M. Bernstein. Fundamentals of Interfacial Strength in Composite Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226701.

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فائق صديق العبيدي, خالد. Strength of Materials in Quran And Sunna. Academic Journal of Scientific Miracles, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.19138/ejaz.37.4.

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Green, Brian H. Development of Soil-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374305.

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Pantsyrnyi, V., A. Shikov, and A. Nikulin. Process optimization for advanced high conductivity-high strength materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334204.

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