Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Street Vendors'

This study investigates ways in which migratory trajectories relate to the gradual insertion and eventual integration of immigrants. It therefore shows the contribution of social capital in the migration and insertion into the entrepreneurial city of the host country. The focus of the study is on immigrants of African origin. It is hypothesized that immigrants of different nationalities in South Africa use 
particular assets to engage in street vending as a way of insertion into their new environment. Data were obtained through a survey of two hundred and eight (208) respondents conveniently 
selected. The survey was carried out in five suburbs of Cape Town and as well as at some major road junctions where these vendors are found. The Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. The results showed that nationality was an important determinant of the migratory trajectories of immigrant vendors. Migration has been on the increase with the 
improvement in technology and globalization. In the same light, migration into South African cities mainly from the rest of Africa and Asia took an upward trend especially after the fall of Apartheid 
Regime and the advent of democracy in the nineties. Street vendors form part of these immigrants in South Africa. Many of them especially from other African countries find it a suitable means of 
survival. Faced with the difficulty of getting jobs in South Africa, immigrants resort to informal trading as a starting point for survival. They may change to other activities depending on certain variables like duration of stay, level of education, age, sex, marital status, social capital and networks. Coming from different socioeconomic, cultural and political backgrounds, these immigrants 
resort to different ways of migrating and forms of adaptation aimed at sustaining their livelihood in their new environments. Most studies in the field of migration and entrepreneurship focus on 
remittances by the migrants as well as their impact on both their place of departure and on the place of destination. Little attention is paid to the way they migrate and how they insert themselves in the entrepreneurial city.
 

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).
The fight for space between city administrators and street vendors working in city centers is one of the major controversies about street commerce. Trying to renew and upgrade their downtowns, city administrators of most urban areas have attempted to relocate street vendors from central areas to peripheries, from the streets to indoor public markets. That attempt has almost always found fierce opposition among street vendors, who claim that entering into contact with the greatest number of pedestrians is the key to successful street vending. Most scholars studying street vendors have not questioned such a proposition; on the contrary, they have somehow taken it for granted. Yet, a comparison of four street vendor groups -- two located in the most accessible areas and two in less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City -- revels that street vendors with a more limited access to customers can obtained better working conditions and economic results than others who are located in most accessible areas. The following factors explain the better results of the street vendors located in the less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City. First, street vendors located in the less accessible areas have easier access to storage space, more room for large stalls and are less likely to have their goods confiscated by the police.
(cont.) These advantages provide them the possibility to increase the scale of their commerce. Second, the possibility to increase the scale of their commerce and their limited competition for space function as an incentive to expand their network of suppliers to low-cost intermediaries -- in this specific case with intermediaries involved in smuggling -- and to develop street vendor organizations that support their product specialization. Having very low prices and working in specialized street markets, the street vendors located in the less accessible areas of downtown Mexico City attract customers despite their location. In contrast, the street vendors located in the most accessible areas because of their small-scale type of commerce and because they are located in areas where street vending is officially banned but unofficially tolerated they got involved in a competition for space that constrains their profits and lead the street vendors to augment their number to gain political baking. If the city government will not support street vendors located in the most accessible areas -- in particular, if it will not act to regulate competition for space of these street vendor groups -- street trading of smuggled products will remain the best alternative for Mexico City street vendors.
by Bruno Nazim Baroni.
M.C.P.

As one of the most impoverished provinces in South Africa with a high unemployment rate the Eastern Cape (Stats SA, 2011) was more suited for a study of this nature. In executing the research aims and objectives the study will be limited to focus specifically on one of the provinces cities, the Nelson Mandela Bay. The investigation will be focused on women street vendors mainly trading with fruits and vegetables, as well as other perishables. This industry was chosen because according to the Labour Force Survey (2000), there was an estimated 500,000 street traders operating in South Africa and more than 70 percent of them were found to be dealing in the trade of food items (Motala, 2002). The focus on women was driven by mainly by the fact that they constitute a majority of the street traders that are involed in the sale perishables/food items (Skinner, 2008).

This thesis presents the outcomes of a study on the socio-educational development of children of street vendors in Ghana. For many children in Ghana, the reality of childhood and a sound education is compromised by premature involvement in economic activities in order to augment the meagre incomes of their parents and guardians to survive. The research inquiry is guided by the main research question: What are the social and educational challenges in the development of the children of street vendors in Ghana? The study, specifically sought to explore the nature and prevalence of children of street vendors in Ghana; how the familial circumstances of children of street vendors affect their socio-educational development; how life on the street affect the socio-educational development of children of street vendors and what the implications of the findings are for stakeholders and policy makers in addressing the street child phenomenon. The study was conducted according to the qualitative research approach, guided by the interpretivist paradigm. A case study research design was utilized in investigating six street vendors and their six children who live and do their business on the streets for their stories and viewpoints as to how they experience the life on the street. I used in-depth interview, and observations to explore participants‘ understanding and interpretation of the phenomenon. The theoretical frameworks of Bronfenbrenner and Piaget facilitated data collection and reinforced the findings. Analysis revealed that children are on the street with their parents as a result of socio-economic problems (such as economic stagnation, urbanization, rural-to-urban migration, inadequate housing, high birth rates, and the absence of government assistance programmes) which have plagued the country for many years. Anecdotal evidence pointed out that children engaging in work is prevalent in Ghana and often constrains the choices and freedom of children and their human rights and socio-economic welfare. Findings further revealed that the extended families play an important role in supporting and maintaining family ties. It is argued that, when government provides social safety nets for poor families, especially for those in the urban informal sector the likelihood that they will engage their children in, street trade and vending will minimize.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Early Childhood Education
PhD
Unrestricted

Millions of people worldwide work outside the law as street vendors in order to earn a living. However, they often work in fear of police evictions and confiscations since their work is in many places considered illegal. In this context, formalization (steps towards legalization) is often portrayed as a model for empowerment that allows poor street vendors to improve their well-being. Formalization, as a model to manage street vending, is widely promoted by various international development organizations. While important, studies of formalization show that street vendors often resist state control, and the majority continues to work outside the law. The main research question guiding this study is: how does formalization of street vendors in Bogotá enable and/or hinder their well-being? To examine this question, this study uses an ethnographic approach and the concept of social control within the tradition of sociology of law. The data for this study was collected through ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2012 and 2014 in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Three groups were studied: vendors within the transitional zones (a formalization program), two rickshaw driver associations, and itinerant ice cream vendors. The main findings illustrate that although street vendors work outside the law, they do not operate in a state of chaos or anarchy. Quite the opposite, law and other forms of social control are present in their work. These practices of control often affect their well-being. Despite harsh working conditions, well-being according to them means more than economic survival, and often, street vendors strive to improve their lives and gain independence in their work. Another finding is that formalization is often directed toward the more established vendors and does not account for the fact that new individuals arrive on the streets every day trying to make a living. Often, the most vulnerable groups (immigrants, women, the newly unemployed) lack the time and knowledge to formalize or simply are not targeted in formalization programs. Without a deep understanding of how social control already operates, the state runs the risk of developing formalization initiatives that undermine the well-being of the most vulnerable groups. Thus, this study of everyday forms of social control provides empirically based insights into the ways law influences the lives of those working outside the law.
Un gran número de personas en el mundo trabajan en actividades no reguladas en la ley, tal es el caso de los vendedores ambulantes, los cuales se dedican al comercio informal con el fin de ganarse la vida. Las personas dedicadas a este tipo de actividades viven frecuentemente en condiciones de incertidumbre y de miedo, pues carecen de una licencia para operar; esto conlleva a constantes desalojos e incluso la confiscación de su mercancía por parte de la policía. La formalización de los vendedores ambulantes se ha vislumbrado como un modelo que permite mejorar su bienestar y ha sido ampliamente promovido por varias organizaciones internacionales de desarrollo, tales como el Banco Mundial, las Naciones Unidas y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Sin embargo estudios sobre formalización evidencian la resistencia por parte de los vendedores ambulantes a un control formal y en la mayoría de casos continúan desarrollando sus actividades sin regulación legal alguna. El presente estudio se plantea la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cómo la formalización (pasos para la legalización) de los vendedores ambulantes en Bogotá posibilita y/o impide su bienestar? Para responder esta pregunta se utiliza un enfoque etnográfico y el concepto de control social basado en la tradición de la sociología del derecho. Los datos utilizados en el presente estudio fueron recogidos a través de trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado entre 2012 y 2014 en Bogotá, Colombia. Tres grupos fueron estudiados: los vendedores dentro de las zonas de transición (un programa de formalización), dos asociaciones de bicitaxistas, y los vendedores ambulantes dedicados al comercio de helados. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que, a pesar de la informalidad en la que trabajan los vendedores ambulantes, estos no operan en un estado de caos o anarquía, por el contrario, la ley y otras formas de control social están presentes en su trabajo, aunque muchas veces estas mismas sean la causa la incertidumbre y de miedo en su quehacer diario. A pesar de estas condiciones, los trabajadores informales se esfuerzan por mejorar su calidad de vida y lograr mayor independencia, incentivados por su idea de bienestar, la cual va mucho mas allá de la simple supervivencia económica. Otro hallazgo es en relación con la formalización, la cual se dirige hacia los proveedores más establecidos y no tiene en cuenta el hecho de que nuevos individuos llegan a las calles todos los días buscando nuevas opciones para ganarse la vida. Tal es el caso de los inmigrantes, las mujeres, los nuevos desempleados, y en general los grupos más vulnerables, los cuales carecen de tiempo y conocimiento para formalizar su actividad o simplemente los programas de formalización no están en la práctica dirigidos hacia estos grupos. Sin una profunda comprensión de como opera el control social en la vida cotidiana de los vendedores ambulantes, las reformas legales corren el riesgo de implementar iniciativas de formalización que atentan contra el bienestar de los grupos más vulnerables de la sociedad. Por lo tanto, este studio, de las formas cotidianas de control social, proporciona una visión que está basada en la investigación empírica sobre las formas en las que el derecho influye en la vida de las personas que trabajan por fuera del marco legal.

The informal sector thrives in a context of high unemployment, underemployment, poverty, gender inequality and precarious work. It plays a significant role in such circumstances, especially in income generation and in contributing to the livelihood of those engaged in it. The study investigated the contribution of street vending to the livelihood of street vendors in Nkonkobe Municipality. The aim of the study was to investigate whether street vending has the potential to sustain the lives of those engaged in it. In order to reach its objectives, the study employed a qualitative research approach whereby a non-probability sampling design in the form of a purposive sampling method was adopted and considered appropriate for this study. In terms of data collection, the study made use of structured questionnaires as a data collection method whereby questionnaires were administered and distributed to 40 street venders. The Upper Bound Poverty Line (UBPL) was used as a measurement to assess whether the participants’ incomes were above the poverty datum line in order to determine the sector’s contribution to the traders’ livelihood. From this study, it was found that street vending has both positive and negative impacts with regard to the success and profit-earning potential of these traders. Thus, the study concluded that street vending is a vital community development tool and a major source of livelihood as it plays a very important socio-economic role in Nkonkobe and in South Africa in general. The sector provides a livelihood for a huge population mainly comprised of the poor and other impoverished groups of society.

Since China's shift to market socialism, many marginalized by this process work as informal street vendors where they reappropriate public space in order to survive―a practice at odds with urban authorities' modernizing agenda. In relation to these competing logics concerning public space's use value versus its exchange value, this dissertation examines the practices, experiences, and agency of informal street vendors working in Sanjingwuwei, an ordinary, yet rapidly gentrifying, neighborhood of Nanchang, capital and largest city of southeastern China's Jiangxi Province. After describing the growth of an informal economy in modern China and providing a history of street vending, I describe the everyday practices of vendors and their reappropriation of public space in Nanchang and the Sanjingwuwei neighborhood. I then provide the socio-demographic details of Sanjingwuwei’s vendors and use their voices to demonstrate how city image protection, a burgeoning informal sector, and the globalization of urban space bring challenges to their already precarious work in the streets. The dissertation concludes by linking the practices and agency of Nanchang’s vendors into a theoretical discussion concerning the agency of informal street workers. Despite daily attempts by the local state to remove them, this study shows how Nanchang's street vendors, continue to actively engaging in alternative forms of urban space-making through reappropriating of public space. Therefore, this dissertation shows how vendors challenge the city as a system by downscaling, slowing down, decommodifying, and ultimately, deglobalizing urban space to neighborhood-level through their reappropriation of public space.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
The informal economy has continued to increase in developing countries, giving jobs and income to marginalised groups, the majority being women. The rise of the informal sector is perpetuated by exclusionary social policies and the continued increase in unemployment. In Botswana, street food vending, the most visible form of the informal sector trading, has evolved to be a survivalist activity that women populate. Increasing poverty levels, gender inequalities, and high unemployment rates have resulted in poor urban women being vulnerable to the stresses and shocks caused by these factors. Street food vending is therefore pursued by women to mitigate their vulnerability. Additionally, street food vending allows for more flexible working hours, thus accommodating women’s community, household, and productive roles. Despite women’s substantial contribution to Botswana’s informal economy, the government has not done much to support them.

The growth of informal employment characterizes the urbanization process in the developing countries in the previous decades. China is in the fast lane of urbanization and there are signs of casual employment in Chinese cities in the recent decade. This study chooses a prevalent phenomenon, i.e., street vending, in Chinese cities to investigate the emergence and growth mechanisms of informal employment in Chinese cities since the economic reform. The city of Guangzhou is chosen for case study. There are two theoretical frameworks in explaining the growth of street vendors in other developing countries. First, they could be interpreted as the mismatch of job opportunities against the capacity in generating employment under specific development strategy (the dualist framework and ISI strategy); or street vending, along with other informal employment opportunities, is the efficient way of doing business (the neoliberal framework). The Chinese case is unique as the country is on the course of marketization while the state remains strong. What is the role of the strong state played in contributing to or refraining from the growth of street vendors; and how the lives of street vendors are in this particular context; are the two questions to be investigated. Empirical finding shows that the revival of street vendors in Chinese cities (the first generation of street vendors since economic reform) is facilitated by a series of reform policies initiated by the state, particularly the introduction and promotion of individual business. Street vendors relieved employment pressure, met the commodity shortages in the cities, and rejuvenated urban economy in China. The returnees and the peasants in the city suburb are two major groups practicing street vending, who made fortune out of it. The current wave of street vendors is resulted from the unexpected consequences of the state’s policies, including the state’s promotion on labor dispatching regulations to lower the labor price, the land centered urbanization pushing up the rent, the persistent rural urban disparity in generating urban-bound migration, the hukou system in inferiorizing the rural migrants to the locals, and the changing labor market as more young rural migrants emerge. Street vendors in the current wave could be differentiated into developmental street vendors, who drop the low-wage income to practice street vending; and survival street vendors, who are rejected by regular job markets but have to turn to street vending. The street vendors in the recent years tend to have higher income than some regular paid jobs. Survey on their operation, commuting and accommodation shows that they could maintain they live in the city and their vibrancy is due to the abundant cheap products, as the country is the world factory; and a large number of low and lower-middle income wage workers being their clients. This study concludes that the state contributes to the growth of street vendors in Chinese cities. The strong growth momentum on the growth of street vendors suggests the current antagonistic policies against street vendors need to be reviewed.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

The aim of this thesis is to explore a case of street and market vendors in urban Africa, who are members of a local network with transnational connections. The local network collaborates with a global network and a local policy institute with the purpose to strengthen capacity of street and market vendors. The thesis asks questions of membership experiences, processes behind agendas and implementation of capacity building for the vendors and perspectives on these capacity building efforts. Theories depart from contemporary globalization and focus on issues of transnational civil society networks and injustice. Specific theoretical contributions are drawn from Routledge and Cumbers (2009) global justice network-theory and Amartya Sen’s (2009) idea of justice. A qualitative case study was conducted in Accra, Ghana based on participatory observations and semi-structured interviews with street and market vendors and officials of both the collaborating network and policy institute. Membership experiences were understood to include capacity building effects and further concerned issues of knowledge, community and identity. Global and local factors combined and influenced the agenda and implementation of capacity building. Theoretical contributions were combined and useful in analysing the empirical case, and ethical considerations were fundamental to the research process.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-51).
Resistance to informal markets appears related to a growing desire to modernize among citizens of developing countries. These markets, in their indigenous, often chaotic, form, are viewed as symbols as poverty and backwardness.Their appearance is increasingly becoming undesirable to citizens seeking to replace the local with the global, redefining their identity in a globalizing world. Street markets provide a valuable amenity to the city and it is inequitable, imprudent and impractical to remove them because they fail to fit into a newly emerging notion of what urban public space should look/be/operate like. They have thrived, often despite strong opposition from the government, and now even some citizen groups, because they provide a necessary and efficient service. This thesis explores whether, instead of absolute rejection or resigned acceptance of these markets, good design offers a better solution. It inquires into Mumbai's structure and how the street vendors use civic space to inform a new design creating an equitable integration of the informal markets into the emerging modern paradigms of urban design. The thesis presumes that small-scale street markets are an essential and effective form of retail and explores design strategies that address the concerns raised in resistance to street markets while incorporating the needs of the vendors. It proposes that an external disinterested mediator might successfully bring the stakeholders to consensus by creating a common equitable and sustainable solution through effective conflict management and good design. I generalize from this case into how designers might take on conflict mediation roles through appropriate design, which helps re-conceive a solution to conflict that is considerate to the concerns of all involved parties.
by Sagree Sharma.
M.C.P.

The Big Issue is a not-for-profit organisation that gives homeless people the opportunity to reclaim ownership over their lives by selling a street magazine. The vendors must purchase the magazine from the Big Issue office before making sales, and may do so multiple times each day. The vendors hence face the economic problem of how to construct an order plan given multiple, costly opportunities to replenish. This paper solves the problem theoretically and conducts an experiment with actual Big Issue vendors which tests how their ordering behaviour departs from the optimal solution. The experiment reveals various types of orderers exist, and that some of these systematically perform worse than others. The results also suggest that ordering decisions are heavily influenced by an anchoring heuristic. The experiment ultimately aims to test the effectiveness of a policy recommendation in improving ordering behaviour by setting minimum order quantities and offering vendors a refund for unsold magazines. The effect of the policy is different for each behavioural grouping of vendors. Some vendors demonstrate improved behaviour, while others do not. Based on the results of the experiment, a policy is formulated that will improve the profits of some vendors, without impinging upon the profits of any other behavioural types. This policy is designed so that it is sympathetic to the non-economic goals of the Big Issue.
Discipline of Economics

Los Angeles stands as the largest city in the United States without comprehensive street vending regulation. Over the span of ten years, between 1984 and 1994, street vendor activists challenged Los Angeles to regulate street vending through the work of the Street Vendors Association. Within the same ten years, the city hosted the Olympics; the city introduced broken windows policing; immigration from the global south increased; and, a riot broke out. This thesis explores how Los Angeles’ ambition as a “city of the future” and its Mexican “past” impacted the politics of street vending during this span of time.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-152).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
This paper addresses the factors underlying the shift of public space management in Bogotá's historic center from one of neglect by presidentially appointed mayors to an aggressive public space recuperation campaign led by Bogotá's elected mayors from 1988 to the present. Faced with the high barriers to public space recovery -- the potential loss of needed political support from vendors, the excessively high cost of recuperation projects, and the power of vendor unions to obstruct their removal -- this thesis holds that three factors enabled the elected Bogotá mayors to recuperate public space. These are: (1) the democratization of the Bogotá Mayor's Office, (2) political and fiscal decentralization, and (3) the political-economic marginalization of traditionally obstructive Bogotá vendor unions. Field work was carried out in metropolitan Bogotá to determine the impact of the public space recuperation on vendors who were relocated by the Mayor's Office of Bogotá. When compared to data from the street, results of the randomized surveys illustrates improvements in working conditions, but lower income and fewer clientele for relocated street vendors. The study similarly documents how more benefits accrued to relocated vendors in markets that specialize in the sale of one product instead of more generalized markets. The conclusion points to the importance of public space recovery for the reinstatement of public order and for downtown economic revitalization. These benefits are described parallel to the disadvantages of the intensification of vendor-government conflict and the large-scale abandonment of costly markets by relocated street vendors.
by Michael G. Donovan.
M.C.P.

Micro-enterprise development has become one of the most important approaches to reduce poverty in the LDCs. Like other LDCs, in Ethiopia micro-enterprise development forms the major component in the promotion of broad based growth and improvement of the well-being of the poor by providing income generating opportunities. Accordingly, formalizing informal sector activities has become one of the priorities of micro-enterprise programs. The main aspect of micro-enterprise programs is the use of social capital as a substitute for collateral in providing credit and forming enterprise groups. Despite the significance of social capital in micro-enterprise programs in particular and the informal economy in general, its nature and potential contributions remain under-investigated in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine the configuration of social capital among the poor street vendors in Addis Ababa. The study has employed the network approach to social capital. Data were collected from 154 street vendors living in Addis Ababa. Multi-stage sampling procedures involving purposive and systematic random-walk techniques were used to draw samples. The study applies a mixed-methods research design. Accordingly, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through name and position generator surveys and in-depth interviews. While the quantitative data were analyzed through social network analysis procedures and statistical techniques, the data from interviews were transcribed, classified, and presented in a narrative form. Two-sample T-test, one-way-ANOVA, and OLS and Instrumental Variable regression models were used as statistical tools for the study. The results of the study reveal that homophily in religion and ethnic lines forms the strongest divide among street vendors’ personal networks followed by sex and marital status homophily. However, street vendors exhibit heterophilous networks regarding income, age, and occupation. Street vendors demonstrate dense, less effective, less efficient, and highly constrained network structures. They also exhibit greater proportion of strong ties in their personal networks. Street vendors have most of their relationships with people of lower occupational prestige. In addition, they have low access to high prestige positions, low resource heterogeneity, and low social capital volume. Comparisons of networks between gender and among ethnic groups show the presence of significant differences. Women’s network exhibits larger percentage of strong ties and more ethnic and religious homogeneity than men. Also, women exhibit small network size, less effective, and highly constrained networks. Network characteristics by ethnic group shows that the Gurages exhibit high proportions of strong ties and high levels of ethnic homophily but embedded in networks of diverse education, occupation, and income compared to the Amharas and the Oromos. Conversely, the Amharas have diverse ethnic and religious contacts and demonstrate relatively high proportions of weak ties than others. Structurally, while the Gurages exhibit large network size with dense and less effective networks; the Amharas display small network size and less dense networks. The overall heterogeneity index shows that the Gurages exhibit more heterogeneous networks than the Amharas and the Oromos. By examining network dynamics, the study also reveals significant changes in the number and nature of ties kept, ties lost, and new ties created over the phases of enterprise development. There have also been changes in network composition and structure over the three entrepreneurial phases. The study further investigated the effect of social capital in enterprise performance. Four separate regression models were fitted to predict the effect of relational, structural, and embedded resources dimensions of social capital on enterprise performance. After controlling the potential endogeneity problem of social capital, the estimation results revealed that the resources embedded in networks contribute positively to enterprise performance compared to the strength of ties and the structural constraint. Human capital measures, on the other hand, do not significantly predict enterprise performance. The implications of the outcomes of the study is that in providing credit and establishing enterprise groups, micro-enterprise programs should evaluate the trade-off between strong versus weak ties and homogeneity versus heterogeneity of networks. While religion, ethnicity, gender, and marital status homophily as well as strong family and friendship ties are worthwhile for credit delivery and forming enterprise groups, network heterogeneity is central for enterprise success. Overall, it is unlikely that social problems can be resolved without analyzing the social ties of individuals in particular and the community in general. Thus, it is imperative to conduct further studies in a broader scope to advance the significance of social capital for poor targeted development interventions in Ethiopia.

Micro-enterprise development has become one of the most important approaches to reduce poverty in the LDCs. Like other LDCs, in Ethiopia micro-enterprise development forms the major component in the promotion of broad based growth and improvement of the well-being of the poor by providing income generating opportunities. Accordingly, formalizing informal sector activities has become one of the priorities of micro-enterprise programs. The main aspect of micro-enterprise programs is the use of social capital as a substitute for collateral in providing credit and forming enterprise groups. Despite the significance of social capital in micro-enterprise programs in particular and the informal economy in general, its nature and potential contributions remain under-investigated in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine the configuration of social capital among the poor street vendors in Addis Ababa. The study has employed the network approach to social capital. Data were collected from 154 street vendors living in Addis Ababa. Multi-stage sampling procedures involving purposive and systematic random-walk techniques were used to draw samples. The study applies a mixed-methods research design. Accordingly, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through name and position generator surveys and in-depth interviews. While the quantitative data were analyzed through social network analysis procedures and statistical techniques, the data from interviews were transcribed, classified, and presented in a narrative form. Two-sample T-test, one-way-ANOVA, and OLS and Instrumental Variable regression models were used as statistical tools for the study. The results of the study reveal that homophily in religion and ethnic lines forms the strongest divide among street vendors’ personal networks followed by sex and marital status homophily. However, street vendors exhibit heterophilous networks regarding income, age, and occupation. Street vendors demonstrate dense, less effective, less efficient, and highly constrained network structures. They also exhibit greater proportion of strong ties in their personal networks. Street vendors have most of their relationships with people of lower occupational prestige. In addition, they have low access to high prestige positions, low resource heterogeneity, and low social capital volume. Comparisons of networks between gender and among ethnic groups show the presence of significant differences. Women’s network exhibits larger percentage of strong ties and more ethnic and religious homogeneity than men. Also, women exhibit small network size, less effective, and highly constrained networks. Network characteristics by ethnic group shows that the Gurages exhibit high proportions of strong ties and high levels of ethnic homophily but embedded in networks of diverse education, occupation, and income compared to the Amharas and the Oromos. Conversely, the Amharas have diverse ethnic and religious contacts and demonstrate relatively high proportions of weak ties than others. Structurally, while the Gurages exhibit large network size with dense and less effective networks; the Amharas display small network size and less dense networks. The overall heterogeneity index shows that the Gurages exhibit more heterogeneous networks than the Amharas and the Oromos. By examining network dynamics, the study also reveals significant changes in the number and nature of ties kept, ties lost, and new ties created over the phases of enterprise development. There have also been changes in network composition and structure over the three entrepreneurial phases. The study further investigated the effect of social capital in enterprise performance. Four separate regression models were fitted to predict the effect of relational, structural, and embedded resources dimensions of social capital on enterprise performance. After controlling the potential endogeneity problem of social capital, the estimation results revealed that the resources embedded in networks contribute positively to enterprise performance compared to the strength of ties and the structural constraint. Human capital measures, on the other hand, do not significantly predict enterprise performance. The implications of the outcomes of the study is that in providing credit and establishing enterprise groups, micro-enterprise programs should evaluate the trade-off between strong versus weak ties and homogeneity versus heterogeneity of networks. While religion, ethnicity, gender, and marital status homophily as well as strong family and friendship ties are worthwhile for credit delivery and forming enterprise groups, network heterogeneity is central for enterprise success. Overall, it is unlikely that social problems can be resolved without analyzing the social ties of individuals in particular and the community in general. Thus, it is imperative to conduct further studies in a broader scope to advance the significance of social capital for poor targeted development interventions in Ethiopia.

This thesis aims to describe in depth the Network of Provision Services to Public Space Users (REDEP), which is a new formalization program for street vendors in Bogota. The development of this study contributes to the research about street vending policies in Bogota, which have been studied little by the academy. To achieve a depth description of this program, this study approached three important aspects of the REDEP: the rationale behind its creation, its legitimation and its outcomes. In order to do this, this thesis has used Foucault’s concept of Discipline and the policy approach Aestheticization of Poverty described by Roy. In addition, Bogota’s street vending policies between 1990 and 2005 has been analyzed. Finally, 22 vendors working in REDEP’s kiosks and two officials working in REDEP’s management were interviewed. This thesis concludes that the creation of the REDEP has as main cause the negative perception of peddlers as threatening population to development of the Bogota as a “democratic” and ”equalitarian” city. Like other formalization initiatives, the program has aimed to formalize and discipline street vendors through the construction of kiosks and points of sale. REDEP’s outcomes according to vendor’s perceptions have not been completely positive in aspects like sales, working conditions and levels of participation.

This thesis aims to unpack the impact the legalization of street vending and the subsequent regulation had on sidewalk vendors. Although legalization occurred state-wide through Senate Bill 946 in September of 2017, the rules and regulations for vending were passed at a city-level, and I am focusing on the City of Los Angeles specifically. Through interviews with government officials, non-profit partners and advocates, and vendors from different parts of the City, I analyze information around the policy itself, its history, and the impact it has and is expected to have on vendors and their businesses. While vendors have been central to advocacy and the policy process, the creation of a permitting system in the City of Los Angeles has been less transparent. By interviewing stakeholders, relying on existing economic, political, and sociological literature, and gathering opinions from vendors themselves, I develop various policy recommendations to further empower vendors and integrate them into Los Angeles’ formal economy. I recommend a permitting model that is backward-mapped and stems from the needs of and feedback from vendors in order for it to be more aligned with the goals and needs of vendors themselves.

Studies on market trader activism in Africa routinely approach traders' claims-making practices from the perspective of the state's regime of signifying order, in relation to which opposition simply seeks to render itself “legible” (Scott 1998). In contrast, this dissertation contends that one must pay close attention to the multiple significations of order and disorder that exist in any social situation and which, through their continuous permeation, fuel transformations of normative plausibilities and, by extension, of the grounds for claims. With a grounding in the theory of the social and political quality of time, I show how the idea of coeval temporalities sensitises observers to the multiple sources of significations of order and disorder – particularly, with regard to subjects' relation to authority – and their creative adaptation in the moment of temporal convergence. The central marketplace of Accra, the capital of Ghana, provides the context for this study. My empirical analysis of this social arena that is closely connected to global flows of people, capital, consumer items and, inevitably, ideas, including those related to order and associated grounds of entitlement adds to the underappreciated theoretical strand the actor-centred process of translation that engenders creative adaptations between converging coeval temporalities.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
Socio-economic changes in the City of Polokwane have compelled many unemployed people to start street trading. Street trading is fraught with many challenges, such as lack of transportation, physical infrastructure, and access for funding, change of local municipality by-laws, lack of support and other related economic development issues. This study is concerned with the factors that hamper the development of street trading, economic growth and development in the City of Polokwane. The study tried to develop effective strategies that will enhance the capacity of street traders and change the perception of stakeholders to support street trading. In this study, a mixed research design was used to investigate the impact of street trading towards economic development in the area of the study. This study also used context-focus of the City of Polokwane as its springboard in engaging in this sometime daunting subject. Surely, with all the changes in the current socio- economic development, there is a need to review the impact of street trading towards economic development in the City of Polokwane. As stipulated in the study, the City of Polokwane should invest in training to enhance street traders` effectiveness so as to have an impact on the economic development in the city. To accelerate this process, the stakeholders should be encouraged to support street traders so as to improve the status of economic growth in the area.

The temporal dynamics of the city involve the presence of temporary elements that are unplanned and unexpected. Yet the presence of such elements is contrary to the attempts to achieve harmony and perfection of 'ideal city', and they become 'out of place' elements that need to be rejected. This thesis is about the rejection of street vendors as temporary elements in the city. The great increase of street vendors in many countries has inevitably changed the visual image of the cities. Their presence has continuously become the subject of debates, whether they should be maintained or banished from urban areas. However, there was a lack of evidence on the users' view regarding the street vendors as rejected urban elements. This research explores the users' evaluation towards the presence of street vendors in urban places in Jakarta, Indonesia through a preference approach. The objectives are to examine: 1) the extent to which the users perceive the street vendors as 'out of place' elements in urban places; 2) the change of the users' evaluation of street vendors as 'out of place' elements in urban places from day time to night time; and 3) the extent to which the presence of street vendors as 'out of place' elements contributes to the users' general evaluation of urban places. The methods combine open-ended questionnaire with a standardised rating scale to elicit the users' responses towards slides of urban scenes with street vendors. The research found that users' evaluation towards the presence of street vendors as 'out of place' elements is not absolute; the street vendors are not always perceived negatively by the users. In particular, the users' evaluation of street vendors as 'out of place' changed from day time to night time, and their presence were perceived as less 'out of place' at night time. The research confirmed the important role of street vendors as temporary elements in the users' general evaluation of urban environment. The findings provide some implications for planning process to incorporate the presence of street vendors in the cities. They suggest some possibilities to develop ways to make their presence' in place', rather than taking for granted that their presence is 'out of place'.

La ricerca esplora le attività lavorative svolte nell'economia informale concentrandosi sul settore della vendita ambulante. Il commercio ambulante informale è tradizionalmente diffuso e studiato nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Tuttavia, l'interesse per l'analisi di questa attività è recentemente aumentato anche nei paesi sviluppati. Nonostante ciò, gran parte della conoscenza del fenomeno proviene dalla vasta letteratura empirica sulle realtà del Sud del mondo. Molti studi condotti in questi paesi contribuiscono alla comprensione dell'informalità urbana in contesti concreti, in uno scenario di grandi trasformazioni socio-economiche generate dall'economia globalizzata. In particolare, studiosi urbani e post-coloniali esplorano l'informalità in numerosi contesti del Sud del mondo, sottolineando i confini sfumati tra la sfera formale e quella informale del settore, il rapporto tra le istituzioni e i lavoratori, così come i meccanismi e strategie di resistenza adottate dai lavoratori informali per reagire ai vincoli macro-strutturali. La letteratura sui paesi sviluppati, invece, esplora principalmente il fenomeno evidenziando le condizioni precarie e incerte dei lavoratori informali migranti. Tuttavia, poca attenzione è dedicata all'analisi delle sovrapposizioni tra la sfera formale e quella informale e ai modi in cui i lavoratori informali organizzano la loro vita lavorativa cercando di migliorare le loro condizioni di lavoro e sostituire garanzie formali loro negate. Per colmare tali lacune negli studi sull'informalità nel Nord del mondo, questa ricerca esplora il settore dei venditori ambulanti e le sue manifestazioni concrete concentrandosi sul caso di Milano. L'obiettivo è comprendere in che misura il contesto normativo formale e le dinamiche interazionali influenzino le condizioni di lavoro dei venditori ambulanti e i meccanismi di regolazione delle loro attività lavorative. Inoltre, dato il recente interesse per le interazioni tra i due poli dell'economia, la ricerca mira anche a esplorare le sovrapposizioni e le connessioni tra il settore regolare e quello irregolare per indagare se e come queste interazioni influenzino le attività lavorative. Un approccio etnografico è stato adottato per studiare le dinamiche di diversi mercati all'aperto di Milano. Il materiale empirico è stato raccolto durante un fieldwork condotto tra giugno 2020 e aprile 2021. Nello specifico, si è ricorso alla tecnica dell'osservazione partecipante e sono state raccolte 45 interviste qualitative con venditori ambulanti e 8 con testimoni privilegiati. Lo studio mostra un certo grado di fluidità e costanti interazioni tra il segmento regolare e quello irregolare del settore, le quali si traducono in routine di lavoro condivise e modelli di governance bottom-up che regolano la vita lavorativa in strada. In particolare, i risultati suggeriscono che molti lavoratori informali ricorrono quotidianamente al supporto dei venditori regolari, che si traducono in benefici, garanzie e protezioni che influenzano positivamente le loro condizioni di lavoro. Pertanto, a Milano, l'informalità è regolata da modelli di governance "ibridi", in cui sia gli attori statali che non statali concorrono a configurare le attività lavorative quotidiane.
The research explores the working activities performed in the informal economy focusing on the street vending sector. Informal street vending is traditionally widespread and studied in developing countries. Nevertheless, the interest in the analysis of this activity has recently increased also in developed countries. Despite that, much of the knowledge concerning the phenomenon comes from the vast empirical literature on the Global South realities. Many studies conducted in these countries contribute to the understanding of urban informality in concrete settings, in a scenario of great socio-economic transformations generated by globalised economy. Especially, urbanist and post-colonial scholars explore informality in many Global South realities emphasising the blurred boundaries between the formal and informal spheres of the sector, the relationship between the formal regulatory environment and workers, and the resistance mechanisms and strategies adopted by informal workers to react against macro-structural constraints. The literature on developed countries, on the other hand, mainly explore the phenomenon by highlighting the precarious and uncertain conditions of migrant informal workers. However, little attention is paid to the analysis of the formal-informal overlaps and how informal workers organise their working life on the streets to improve their working conditions and replace formal guarantees denied to them. In order to fill these gaps in the studies of informality in the Global North, this research explores the street vending sector and its concrete manifestations focusing on the case of Milan. The objective is to understand to what extent the formal regulatory environment as well as micro contextual and interactional dynamics affect the street vendors’ working conditions and mechanisms to regulate their working activities. Furthermore, given the recent interest in interactions among the two poles of the economy, the research also aims to explore the overlaps and connections between the regular and irregular sector sides to investigate whether and how these interactions affect working activities. An ethnographic approach has been used to study the dynamics of several Milan open-air markets. The empirical material has been collected during fieldwork lasted between June 2020 and April 2021. Thus, the research resort to participant observation as well as qualitative open-ended interviews with 45 street vendors and semi-structured interviews with 8 key informants. The study shows the great fluidity and interactions between the regular and irregular segments of the sector, which translate into shared working routines and bottom-up governance models that regulate the working life on the street. Particularly, the findings suggest that many informal workers resort to the support of licensed vendors to exploit daily benefits, guarantees, and protection, which positively affect their working conditions. Thus, in Milan, informality is enforced by a “hybrid” governance arrangement model, in which both state and non-state actors concur to regulate daily working activities.

This study investigates the challenges faced by street traders in Mnquma Local Municipality. The purpose is to examine the factors affecting street traders trading at N2 Mthatha Street at Butterworth in Mnquma Local Municipality. For this reason, it was necessary to study the literature on local economic development. The challenges facing street traders were also investigated and analysed in order to formulate recommendations for solving challenges facing street trading in Mnquma Local Municipality. In order to fulfil the objective of the study and to address the research problem faceto-face interviews were conducted with the street traders, municipal officials and Hawkers’ Association. The literature review and the interviews enabled the recommendation of possible answers to the problem. These recommendations would be valuable and, one hopes, will also be of assistance to the Mnquma Local Municipality. Findings of this study indicate that challenges faced by street traders in Butterworth include lack of financial support to start their businesses. Also, the fact that there is no water taps that can be used by the members of the public in the Central Business District (CBD) in Butterworth as well as street lights at night is one of the challenges. Recommendations were made with regard to support and assistance for street traders, environmental management and also a recommendation on business registration and licensing. The study concludes that if the Mnquma local municipality can implement all the proposed recommendations, all the factors raised by street traders as disturbing the functionality of their businesses particularly in Butterworth will be rectified.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Background: Street foods (SF) contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of adults and children in developing countries. They are inexpensive and a major source of income for a vast multitude. A major concern is the so-called ‘nutrition transition’, which has led to an increase in foods high in saturated fats, trans fats, sugar and salt, along with processed food items sold on urban community streets in developing countries. These foods contribute to nutritional disorders in the communities where consumed. South Africa’s stable unemployment rate, estimated at 25%, has further influenced business growth in the informal sector, particularly SF vending. As such, a well-developed SF-vending model (SFVM) could potentially address the challenges of unemployment and improve the nutritional status of poorer South Africans. Aim: To develop a sustainable SFVM for selling healthy and safe SF in the City of Cape Town enabling street vendors to make a decent living, and consumers to make healthy choices regarding food purchasing. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed mixed methodology (collecting qualitative and quantitative data). The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1a: Situation Analysis. This a SF-vendor survey which collected a) socio-demographic factors, b) vendors’ business operational models, c) food items sold, d) available facilities, e) challenges faced, f) certification, and g) nutrition knowledge using a validated questionnaire. An observational checklist capturing data on the appearance of vendors, their stalls, available equipment and type of food sold, supplemented this survey. Phase 1b: A consumer survey included collecting, a) socio-demographic factors, b) purchasing habits, c) consumption preferences, and d) nutrition knowledge using a validated questionnaire. Phase 2a: Semi-structured-interviews and focus group discussions with Environmental Health Officials and Economic Development Officials from the City of Cape Town were conducted to explore the existing -vending regulations and/or policies in the City of Cape Town and gain insight into the SF-vending operations from a regulatory perspective. Phase 2b: A document review was conducted to identify existing regulations and policies on SF vending. Phase 3: conducted in three steps: Step 1, data integration of the previous phases. Step 2, a participatory action research component checking the relevance, acceptability and practicability of identified themes and resulting components from Step 1. Step 3, development of the proposed SFVM using the findings of the previous two steps. Data Analysis: Quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS, 2010 Statistics version 23. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations were used to analyse data. Qualitative data were thematically analysed using the qualitative data software package Atlas ti 7.5.7.Results: Phase 1a: vendors in the Cape Town and surrounding areas work long hours up to seven days a week making a minimal income. Types of food items sold by vendors, their nutrition knowledge and hygiene practices were not ideal. A major lack in basic facilities existed. Phase 2a: SF consumers indicated spending a significant amount of their income on SF, and are open to buying healthier options should these be available. Phase 2a: government officials thought the SF-vending business should be guided by national legislature and provincial bylaws, and felt strongly about nutrition and health education for vendors and consumers. Phase 2b: thirteen regulations and bylaws applicable to SF vending were sourced. Phase 3: Data from the previous phases were integrated within a socio-ecological framework to develop the proposed SFVM. The components of this model are divided into four areas, i.e. a business component, food and nutrition component, hygiene component, and a vending cart. Conclusion: The four components in the proposed SFVM take into account various elements of the socio-ecological framework, i.e. intrapersonal/individual, interpersonal, the physical environment/community and the policy environment. This SFVM should be piloted, evaluated, adapted and before rolling it out on a large scale to test its effectiveness.

Increasing population pressure at the household level, increasing socio-economic disparities between people and communities, disparities between urban and rural areas, increasing unemployment, unequal land ownership, difficult rural life in general, and conflict in particular have resulted in livelihood vulnerability in the rural areas of Nepal. People are pursuing internal migration as a way of survival strategy among others to create livelihoods in the urban informal sectors. In this context the present study explores increasing rural-urban migration, increase in the informal sector activities and how that impacts on people’s livelihood in the urban areas of Nepal in general and Kathamndu in particular. It further looks at how the situation is linked to rural conflict and displacement in Nepal. Migrants street vendors, as the objects of this study, were selected from Kathamndu Metropolitan City, using purposive snowball sampling to get insights by the qualitative research methodology.

As theories provide certain ways of looking at the world or issues and are essential in defining a research problem, migration theories and livelihood approach are adopted to look at the issues to get insights how poor migrants are making a living in the urban informal sector in Kathmandu. Migration theories have been applied to look at the causes for increasing population in Kathmandu in general, and in the informal sector in particular. Livelihood approach has been adopted to look at the changes in access to assets in different circumstances. It has been looked at how street vendors are making a living and how they have changed the access to assets as compared to their previous occupation. These issues are explained on the basis of analytical framework, which was developed by reviewing migration theories and livelihood approach.

This study shows that the informal sector, including street vending activities in Kathmandu are increasing with increasing rural to urban migration. It has been found that with the increase in the number of street vendors in the urban areas in recent years, the situation is linked to rural conflict and displacement. This study also shows that street vending is an opportunity to rural poor for making a living in the urban areas. The livelihoods of migrant vendors, as compared with their previous occupation, have increased after getting involved in the street vending. Comparing access to assets before and after migration shows migrant vendors have improved their financial and human capital assets by getting better access to physical and political capital assets than before. However, with limited access to physical, financial and political capitals, rural societies have to depend on natural and social capitals for their livelihoods. Thus, there is difference in getting access to assets between urban and rural societies, and street vending in Kathmandu can be accounted as a resource rather than a problem.

However, there are confrontations between authorities and vendors over licensing, taxation and encroachment of public places and pavements. In spite of its crucial role for providing employment and livelihoods to both urban and rural poor, its economic importance is rarely recognized either in national poverty reduction strategies or in city governance initiatives. Urban authorities take it as an illegal and unproductive sector, and their response to street trading is, too often, harassment of traders and eviction, which causes conflict between authorities and vendors.

This study is aimed to assess the extent of street food vendor information and education on food safety. Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of street food vendors, within the City of Johannesburg, with regard to food hygiene and safety. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative research approach. Data was collected through face-to-face interviewing of street food vendors, with observations of general hygiene and cleanliness. Data was captured in Excel and imported into CDC Epi Info version 3.4.3 (2007) for analysis. Numerical data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and categorical data was analyzed using frequencies. Bivariate analysis was used to establish differences between regions with high and low proportions of street food vendors with regard to knowledge, practices and attitudes variables.

In the context of rapid urbanization, globalization, market liberalization, and growing flexibility of labor in the post-Fordist era, urban environments have seen economic opportunities and employment in the formal sector become increasingly less available to the vast majority of urban dwellers in both high-income and low-income countries. The intersectional forces of globalization, and neoliberalization have contributed to the ever-growing role of informal economic opportunities in providing the necessary income to fulfill household needs for individuals throughout the world and have also influenced social, cultural, and spatial organization of informal sector workers. Using a case study and ethnographic information from several regions of southern Ghana, this research examines the way in which informal sector food vendors in Ghana are imbedded in larger global food networks as well as how globalization is experienced by vendors at the ground level.

Engaging Space focuses on arranging as means to engage with space. The adaptive arrangements and spatial negotiations of street vendors provide the stimulus for my inquiry. Noticing the various ways vendors constantly engage spatially has led me to observe the ways spatial practices are adapted to suit various requirements. What might I learn, as an interior practitioner, from the spatial practices of street vendors? How might this be applied to an interior practice, to inform an understanding of adaptive methods to engage with space? Undertaking a practice of vendoring, the projects then become engaging spaces - exploring a practice of arranging to produce interiors.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la compréhension des nouvelles dynamiques urbaines liées aux activités commerciales dans les villes des Suds et tout particulièrement à Dakar. L’entrée privilégiée est celle des acteurs qui sont impliqués directement ou indirectement dans les activités commerciales. Compte tenu de la place importante qu’elles occupent dans l’économie et dans l’espace urbains et la multitude d’acteurs qu’elles mobilisent, ces activités offrent un cadre pertinent d’analyse des processus d’appropriation de l’espace et des mutations urbaines en cours. Cette thèse révèle que les activités commerciales s’insèrent dans l’espace dakarois sous de multiples formes : commerce de rue, marchés, centre commercial. Mais l’absence d’une politique cohérente d’aménagement de l’espace urbain établit le commerce comme un défi pour la gestion urbaine. Dans ce contexte, la décentralisation qui aurait pu contribuer au développement harmonieux de la ville, a, plutôt, exacerbé les clivages entre les collectivités de proximité, la mairie de Dakar et l’Etat central sur fond de rivalités politiques, nourries par les conflits d’intérêts privés mis en concurrence. Les opérations de déguerpissement érigées en mode de régulation de l’espace urbain par les collectivités locales ne sont pas parvenues à résoudre le problème de l’occupation des rues par les marchands. Ces derniers préfèrent rester dans la rue plutôt que de regagner les centres commerciaux construits par la mairie de Dakar pour les recaser. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à éclairer la notion d’espace public territoire privilégié des stratégies de survie quotidienne
This thesis aims to develop a better understanding of the new urban dynamics related to commercial activities in Dakar. It focuses on the identification of the stakes, the logics, and the actors’ game with a view of better understanding the processes of urban space appropriation and its management by multiple actors who are involved directly or indirectly in commercial activities in the Senegalese capital. As a matter of fact commercial activities offer a relevant analytical framework of the processes of space appropriation and urban changes in Dakar, given the important place they hold in urban economy and the multitude of actors they involve. In actuality, commercial activities occur in many forms in the city of Dakar: street trading, markets, shopping malls. They do play a role in space changes within the Senegalese capital. However, due to the lack of coherent policy on urban space, trading presents a challenge to urban management. In this context, whereas decentralization could have contributed to urban development, it has actually heightened tensions, with political rivalries in the background, between the city council of Dakar and the central State. At another level, the decamping operations that are taken as a mode of regulation of urban space by local authorities have failed to solve the problem of street occupancy by merchants

Women commonly sold goods on the streets of New Orleans throughout the city‘s colonial and antebellum history. Forming a significant presence among the city‘s market places, they sold various food items which included coffee, calas, and pralines. Perhaps the most popular of the African-American street vendors was the praline women. They attracted the attention of visitors as well as residents. Despite the popularity of these treats, the highly visible and enterprising praline vendors were simultaneously celebrated and caricatured by white observers who depicted them as mammy figures not only in store advertisements and logos, but also in everyday annotations.

This study deals with the management of street traders to boost the local economy of King William‟s Town. The purpose of the study is to conduct the research on how street traders can be managed to boost the local economy of King William‟s Town. The intention is to research the challenges they have and how to improve them. To be able to conduct the study, the researcher deemed it necessary to study existing literature on Local Economic Development. The way street traders are managed presently has been investigated and analysed in order to develop recommendations for solving the challenges facing street trading in King William‟s Town. The researcher conducted interviews in the form of face-to-face discussions and scheduled interviews with street traders, municipal authorities, and the iQonce Small Business Association. The literature review and interviews enabled the researcher to develop recommendations to solve the challenges. These recommendations will be helpful to the King William‟s Town municipality. The findings of this study reveal that there are challenges in the manner in which street trading is managed in King William‟s Town. Some of the challenges are a lack of a LED policy, poor infrastructure, failure to implement decisions, lack of financial support for street traders, and underutilisation of the budget. The researcher has made some recommendations in terms of support and assistance for street traders, the formulation of a LED policy, and plans and systems needed to be put in place for the management of street trading in King William‟s Town. The researcher summarises the study by claiming that if the proposed recommendations can be thoroughly implemented, there will be some improvement in the manner in which the street traders are managed.

Através do estudo do trabalho ambulante regularizado, a pesquisa discute as transformações na área central influenciadas pela espacialização dos circuitos de produtos que compõem o denominado \"comércio popular\". Cada circuito aciona uma rede de relações específicas, as quais podem existir na mais absoluta legalidade ou estarem ligadas ao contrabando, pirataria e falsificação. O mercado de produtos cuja oferta é criminalizada movimenta outro que transaciona \"mercadorias políticas\" - negociações de caráter político transformadas em valores monetários - tanto no âmbito das normas comerciais, quanto das que regulamentam a apropriação do território. A hipótese é que as negociações observadas no comércio ambulante constituem formas de gestão dos espaços da área central, as quais são compartilhadas entre o Poder Público e outros agentes. Por continuamente transitarem nas liminaridades do ilegal, ilícito e informal; elas caracterizam o território como uma \"zona de indeterminação\" entre o direito e o não-direito, a lei e a norma, o juízo e o arbítrio. Aborda-se a questão tendo como referência o caso de Campinas, cidade sede de uma região metropolitana localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo. A organização dos trabalhadores em ocupações nos espaços públicos - realizada pela Prefeitura desde os anos 1980 - resultou na construção de um imaginário sobre a atividade, no qual tem papel fundamental a negociação monetária da licença de uso. Para compreensão deste processo, foram analisadas especificamente as políticas de regulamentação adotadas de 2001 a 2004, período em que a regularização de novos espaços perpassou o debate sobre os sentidos da revitalização do centro. Os desdobramentos dessas políticas, captados nas falas dos entrevistados de 2005 a 2010, ajudaram a montar um quadro das negociações e a identificar a complexificação da população que vive da atividade. A convivência nas áreas regularizadas entre as dimensões clássicas e as reconfigurações do trabalho ambulante - provenientes do atual papel que a informalidade ocupa nos processos de acumulação - abre novas questões para a análise do chamado centro \"degradado\" e \"decadente\", locus do comércio popular.
Through the study of the regularized street trading, the research discusses the transformations in the central area influenced by the spatialization of products circuits that constitute the known \"popular trade\". Each circuit triggers a network of specific relationships which can exist in the strictest legality or be linked to smuggling, piracy and counterfeiting. The market of products whose bid is criminalized moves other which transacts \"political commodities\" - political negotiations converted into monetary values - both in the context of trade rules, as those which regulate the appropriation of the territory. The hypothesis is that the negotiations observed in the spaces of street trading constitute a form of downtown\'s territory management, which is shared between Public Power and other agents. By continually transiting in illegal\'s liminality, illicit and informal, they characterize the territory as a \"zone of indeterminacy\" between right and rightless, law and norm, judge and will. It is addressed taking Campinas as a reference, a regional metropolis located within the state of Sao Paulo. The organization of workers in public territory occupations - held by the Prefecture since the 1980s -resulted in the construction of an ideal about the activity, in which the license\'s monetary negotiation plays a key role. To understand this process, the regulatory policies adopted from 2001 to 2004 are analyzed specifically, during which the regularization of new territories pervaded the debate on the meanings of downtown\'s revitalization. The consequences of these policies, as captured in the words of those interviewed from 2005 to 2010, helped to set up a negotiating framework and to identify the complexification of the population which does this activity for a living. The living in the regularized areas between classical dimension and the reconfiguration of street trading from the current informality role in the process of accumulation opens new questions for analyzing the \"degraded\" and \"decadent\" downtown, locus of the popular trade.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal street trading is an aspect with which South Africa's ever growing cities need to cope. Since the earliest times, trade has played an important role in creating livelihoods for many people. In today's society - characterised by unemployment and underdevelopment - informal street traders have recognised that there is a gap in the market, and thus, by plying their trade they created a sustainable livelihood for themselves. It has to be admitted that town planning over the years neglected the role of the informal street trader, and not much was done by way of creating a city sphere to accommodate the street trader. In chapter two of this study the discussion addresses the historical role and activities of the informal street trader, and surveys aspects of legislation and racism that played a prominent role in previous times. Authorities did not regard informal trading in a positive light and many harsh steps were taken against street traders. This provides one of the reasons why no latitude was granted to informal street trading and why South Africa's existing efforts to accommodate informal street trade could at best be described as dismal. In chapter three the role and extent of informal trading in the economy is discussed. A study was made of the possible reasons why the informal street trade has emerged, and the contribution of the informal trade towards South Africa's Gross Domestic Product, is also dealt with. Today informal street trade is viewed as one of the ways by means of which to alleviate South Africa's existing employment crisis and accommodation of the informal street trade is seen as a top priority. When considering the phenomenon of informal street trading, it is impossible to ignore the people who are involved in this sector. They have created not only jobs for themselves, but a sustainable way of living. Chapter four attends to the characteristics of the informal street trader and also addresses the problems and challenges that these people have to face. Addressing these problems or challenges is not an easy task, and one of-the major problems in this respect has been the question of legislation. Informal street trading needs to be directed through laws and policies, aimed at addressing traders' needs and which are proactive in creating a positive trading environment. In chapters five and six the legislation and regulation of informal street trading in three of South Africa's major metropolitan cities - Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban - are reported. Chapter seven contains the conclusions of the study, followed by some policy recommendations. These are based on the findings made in the study on informal street trading, and could possibly enhance the proactive control and development of informal street trading.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Informele straathandel is 'n verskynsel wat volop in Suid-Afrikaanse stede voorkom. Handel is verantwoordelik vir die skep van werksgeleenthede en in vandag se samelewing, wat gekarakteriseer word deur armoede en werkloosheid, bied informele straathandel 'n uitweg aan menige persone om In bestaan te voer. Deur die jare het stadsbeplanning nie die nodige aandag aan die informele straathandelsektor gegee nie en meeste Suid-Afrikaanse stede kan nie hierdie tipe aktiwiteit suksesvol akkommodeer me. In hoofstuk twee van hierdie studie word daar ondersoek ingestel na die historiese agtergrond en aktiwiteite van die informele straathandelaar en word kwessies soos wetgewing en rasisme aangespreek. Owerhede het tydens die vorige bedeling nie die straathandel as 'n positiewe aspek van Suid-Afrika se groeiende stede beskou nie en sterk maatreels is teen straathandelaars gene em. Weens hierdie stappe en aksies, het dit gelei tot 'n stedelike omgewing wat nie straathandelaars vandag kan akkommodeer nie, en word dit ook as die rede beskou waarom huidige pogings tot die akkommodasie van straathandel nie as besonder suksesvol beskou kan word nie. In hoofstuk drie word die rol en mate waartoe informele straathandel tot die land se ekonomie bydra, bespreek. Die moontlike redes is ondersoek om die ontstaan van die informele straathandelsektor te identifiseer, en ook is gekyk na die bydraes wat die straathandel tot Suid-Afrika se Bruto Binnelandse Produk maak. Vandag word die informele straathandel as 'n moontlike oplossing vir armoede en werkloosheid in Suid- Afrika beskou en word die ontwikkeling van die sektor as 'n top prioriteit hanteer. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die mense wat betrokke is in informele straathandel. Hierdie deel van die bevolking was in staat om op 'n volhoubare manier werk vir hulself te skep. Hoofstuk vier stel ondersoek in na die kenmerke van die informele straathandelaars en kyk ook na die daaglikse probleme en uitdagings wat hierdie mense beleef. Om hierdie probleme en uitdagings te bowe te kom, is nie eenvoudig nie, maar die grootste probleem vir straathandelaars spruit voort uit wetgewing oor die sektor. Informele straathandel benodig rigtinggewende w.etgewing en beleid wat die sektor se behoeftes en probleme aanspreek en ook 'n positiewe omgewing vir die straathandelaars skep om in te werk. Hoofstukke vyf en ses stel ondersoek in na die bestaande wetgewing oor informele straathandel, soos dit aangetref word in drie van Suid-Afrika se grootste stede, Kaapstad, Port Elizabeth en Durban. In hoofstuk sewe word die gevolgtrekking en beleidsvoorstelle rondom die bevindings van die studie gemaak. Dit sal dan moontlik lei tot die bevordering en skep van 'n gunstige en pro-aktiewe omgewing waarbinne informele straathandel kan floreer.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2009.
Title from document title page (viewed on June 1, 2010). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 201 p., : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 184-199).

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to develop the content of a programme to increase the awareness of women in Duncan Village of I) the potential role of food micro-enterprises in the improvement of food security; 2) the consumer demand concerning the operations of food micro-enterprises; and 3) appropriate microenterprise training programmes available in the greater East-London area. This was based on an identified need for the inclusion of a module on food security in a comprehensive programme to prevent growth failure in 0 to 24-month-old children attending local government clinics in Duncan Village by improving the capacity of mothers or primary caregivers to care for their children. Food security is defined as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. The potential role of food micro-enterprises in the improvement of food security was established through a literature review. It was established that street foods contribute to individual food security by providing food where people work or congregate at cheap prices, thus increasing availability. It also helps in meeting energy and nutritional needs if safe, nutritious food is provided. The main method by which it increases an individual's access to food is by supplying an income to food micro-enterprise owners if they sell street foods. The consumer demand concerning the operations (including the products) of food micro-enterprises was determined through personal interviews with the customers and non-customers of food micro-enterprises in Duncan Village, using a structured questionnaire. One hundred and twenty-nine customers and 129 non-customers were selected using a combination of cluster and convenience sampling. Food microenterprises operating at the schools and on pavements in Duncan Village and at the taxi rank in East London were included. The results of this particular survey indicate that the consumer behaviour is influenced by the trade area where the customers purchase their food, the age and gender of the customers as well as the friendliness of the vendor. The product choice of consumers was mostly determined by taste, price and how filling the food is. There was general satisfaction with the operating times of, and the products sold by, food micro-enterprises. Street food consumers were least satisfied with the locations where the enterprises were situated. The dusty environment was given as a reason for dissatisfaction. Further, cleanliness of the food, the vendor and the environment were the main problems cited, especially by the non-customers. The appropriateness of micro-enterprise training programmes available in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village was determined by compiling a profile of food micro-enterprises, their owners and their business operations in Duncan Village; identifying the features of the ideal training programme for current and prospective food microenterprise owners in Duncan Village; investigating the supply of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area; and evaluating the appropriateness of the identified training programmes. The profile of food micro-enterprises in Duncan Village owned by women, included a profile of the owners, the enterprise itself as well as the business operations thereof. The data were gathered by means ofa personal interview (using a structured questionnaire) with the owners of food micro-enterprises. The enterprises included in the study were operated by women producing and trading processed foods from non-permanent structures at schools and on pavements in Duncan Village, as well as at the taxi ranks in East London. Systematic sampling techniques were used to select food micro-enterprises at the schools while all the enterprises at the pavements and at the taxi rank were included. This resulted in the inclusion of 41 food micro-enterprises. The results indicated that the profiles of these owners do not differ significantly from micro-enterprise owners operating in the informal sector elsewhere in South Africa. Furthermore, they indicated a clear need for training in all aspects regarding their business operations. The identification of the features of the ideal micro-enterprise training programme for the training of current and prospective female food micro-enterprise owners operating in Duncan Village was based on the profiles of street food consumers and food micro-enterprise owners, discussions with experts and on the literature. The identified features were used for the development of a framework to evaluate the appropriateness of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village. The supply of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area for food micro-enterprise owners was investigated using a structured questionnaire, completed during a personal interview with the training managers of the organisations. All governmental and non-governmental organisations in the area offering training programmes with the objective to motivate and enable persons to establish a microenterprise in the informal sector; or with the objective to enable established micro-enterprises to operate more efficiently within the informal sector, were included in the study population. These organisations were identified through snowball sampling and resulted in ten organisations and 17 programmes being included. Subsequently, the appropriateness of micro-enterprise training programmes available in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village was evaluated using the Evaluation Framework. The results indicate that only one programme, combining business management and cooking skills, could be rated as appropriate for current and prospective food microenterprise owners in Duncan Village. Five other programmes could be rated as moderately appropriate for particular groups. These programmes, with the exception of one, included business management skills and no cooking skills. The remaining programmes were rated as either not very appropriate or inappropriate for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village. It is concluded that a need for the mentioned awareness-creating programme exists. Furthermore, it is recommended that the programme developed in this research, be used as basis for the household food security module of the comprehensive programme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was die ontwikkeling van 'n program om die bewustheid van vroue in Duncan Village ten opsigte van 1) die bydrae wat voedsel mikro-ondernemings tot die verbetering van voedsel sekuriteit kan lewer; 2) verbruikers se behoeftes betreffende die bedrywighede van voedsel mikroondernemings; en 3) toepaslike mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen area te verhoog. Die behoefte om 'n module oor voedselsekuriteit in 'n omvattende intervensie program in te sluit, is reeds geïdentifiseer. Hierdie intervensie program het ten doeI om groeivertraging in 0 tot 24 maande oue kinders, wat munisipale klinieke in Duncan Village besoek, te voorkom deur die versorgingkapasiteit van hul moeders of primêre versorgers te verhoog. Voedselsekuriteit word gedefinieer as toegang deur alle mense, ten alle tye, tot genoegsame voedsel vir 'n aktiewe, gesonde lewe. Die potensiële rol wat voedsel mikro-ondernemings in die verbetering van voedselsekuriteit kan speel, is deur middel van 'n literatuuroorsig vasgestel. Daar is vasgestel dat die voedsel wat deur hierdie ondernemings verkoop word tot individuele voedselsekuriteit bydra deurdat dit goedkoop voedsel beskikbaar stel by plekke waar mense werk of andersins bymekaar kom. Indien veilige en voedsame voedsel voorsien word, kan dit help om energie- en voedingbehoeftes te bevredig. Die belangrikste metode waardeur dit 'n individu se toegang tot voedsel verhoog, is deur 'n inkomste aan die eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings te verskaf. Verbruikers se behoeftes betreffende die bedrywighede, insluitend produkte, van voedsel mikroondernemings is met behulp van gestruktureerde vraelyste tydens persoonlike onderhoude met die kopers en nie-kopers van voedsel van hierdie ondernemings, bepaal. Eenhonderd nege-en-twintig kopers en niekopers is onderskeidelik geselekteer deur 'n kombinasie van bondel- en geriefssteekproefneming te gebruik. Die voedsel mikro-ondernemings wat handel gedryf het by skole en op sypaadjies in Duncan Village, asook dié by die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen, is in hierdie steekproef ingesluit. Die resultate van hierdie opname toon aan dat verbruikergedrag bepaal word deur die gebied waar verbruikers hul kos koop, die geslag en ouderdom van die verbruiker, en die vriendelikheid van die verkoper. Verbruikers se produkkeuse word grootliks bepaal deur die smaak, koste en die vullingsvermoë van die voedsel. Verbruikers was oor die algemeen tevrede met die bedryfsure en die produkte van voedsel mikroondernemings. Hulle was egter die minste tevrede met die area waar die ondernemings bedryf word, hoofsaaklik vanweë die stowwerigheid van die omgewing. Nie-kopers in die besonder het die higiëne van die voedsel, die verkoper en die omgewing as hul grootste bronne van kommer bestempel. Die toepaslikheid van beskikbare mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village is geëvalueer deur die volgende stappe uit te voer: 'n Profiel van voedsel mikro-ondernemings, met inbegrip van die eienaars en die besigheidsaktiwiteite, is saamgestel. Die eienskappe van die ideale opleidingprogram vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village is geïdentifiseer, die beskikbaarheid van mikro-onderneming opleiding in die groter Oos Londen omgewing is ondersoek en die toepaslikheid van die geïdentifiseerde programme is geëvalueer. Die profiel van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village, het 'n profiel van die eienaars, die onderneming self en die besigheidbedrywighede ingesluit. Die data is ingesamel deur gestruktureerde vraelyste gedurende 'n persoonlike onderhoud met die eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings te voltooi. Die ondernemings wat in die studie ingesluit is, is bestuur deur vroue wat voedsel vervaardig en verkoop vanaf nie-permanente strukture by die skole en op die sypaadjies in Duncan Village, asook die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen. Sistematiese steekproefnemingmetodes is gebruik om die voedsel mikroondernemings by die skole te selekteer. Al die ondernemings wat vanaf die sypaadjies in Duncan Village en die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen bedryf is, is ingesluit. Een-en-veertig voedsel mikroondernemings is in die studie populasie ingesluit. Die resultate het aangedui dat die profiel van die eienaars nie wesentlik verskil het van dié van algemene mikro-onderneming eienaars in die informele sektor elders in Suid Afrika nie. Bykans alle eienaars het aangedui dat daar by hulle 'n behoefte bestaan vir opleiding in alle aspekte rondom die bestuur van hulle besighede. Die eienskappe van die ideale mikro-onderneming opleidingprogram vir huidige en potensiële eienaars (vroulik) van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village, is gebaseer op die profiele van die verbruikers en eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings, besprekings met kundiges op die gebied en relevante literatuur. Die geïdentifiseerde eienskappe is gebruik vir die ontwikkeling van 'n raamwerk om die toepaslikheid van mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen area te evalueer. Die beskikbaarheid van mikro-onderneming opleiding programme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing, vir voedsel mikro-onderneming eienaars, is met behulp van 'n gestruktureerde vraelys wat tydens 'n persoonlike onderhoud met die opleidingbestuurders van die organisasies voltooi is, ondersoek. Alle regerings- en nie-regerings organisasies in die omgewing wat opleidingprogramme met die doel om persone te motiveer en in staat te stel om 'n voedsel mikro-onderneming in die informele sektor te vestig, of om 'n gevestigde voedsel mikro-onderneming meer effektief te bedryf, aanbied, is in die studie populasie ingesluit. Tien organisasies en 17 programme is deur middel van sneeubal steekproefneming geïdentifiseer en ingesluit. Die toepaslikheid van beskikbare mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing is deur middel van die Evaluering Raamwerk geëvalueer. Die resultate het aangedui dat slegs een program wat ondernemingsbestuur- en voedsel voorbereidingsvaardighede gekombineer het, as toepaslik vir huidige en voornemende voedsel mikro-onderneming eienaars beskou kon word. Vyf ander programme kan as redelik toepaslik vir sekere groepe gesien word. Almal behalwe een van hierdie programme het ondernemingsbestuurvaardighede ingesluit, maar geen voedsel voorbereidingsvaardighede nie. Die oorblywende programme is as nie baie toepaslik of geensins toepaslik vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village geëvalueer. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar 'n behoefte bestaan vir die bogenoemde bewusmakingprogram. Daar word verder aanbeveel dat die program wat in hierdie navorsing ontwikkel is, as 'n basis vir die huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit module in die omvattende intervensie program gebruik word.

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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
This masters dissertation constitutes in a mapping with base in a field research carried in the streets of commercial center and adjacencies of the Aracaju city, capital of Sergipe state, located in Brazilian‟s Northeast. This is a study about the jingle and others social practices found in the day-by-day of streets by the streets sellers. There is a clear intention of consider the preg?o singed by sellers of the street how a jingle that is produced, transmitted and accepted in a means social, characterized how cultural manifestation study. Thus, this ethnography aims to observe the use of the jingle and other cultural practices carried out by street vendors, showing how they are produced, disseminated and consumed in everyday life, as a way to do it. These practices that occur in cities since ancient times continue to occur in all Brazilian cities, including the capital cities, although in some cases, some of them such as the jingle, they get more scarce. Specifically aimed at rescuing the memory of these cultural practices, considering them as "tactics" of practitioners, a resistance of street vendors, individuals, "ordinary" real "anonymous wanderers" in the face of pressure from a dominant force and uneven. In this perspective, the present study is based on the theories of Certeau (1990, 1996) and Coradini (1995) on daily life in the cities, seeking to demonstrate how street vendors engage in a "diverted", subversive, selling its products, creating and using the jingle and other similar relationships that are part of common culture, introducing itself as "ways of doing" that are appropriate or re-appropriated, consumed or accepted in joints over time and within the "anthropological urban spatiality
Esta disserta??o de mestrado se constitui em um mapeamento dos vendedores de rua baseado em uma pesquisa de campo realizada no centro comercial e adjac?ncias, da cidade de Aracaju, capital do Estado de Sergipe, situado na regi?o Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo sobre o jingle e outras pr?ticas sociais exercidas, no cotidiano das ruas, pelos vendedores ambulantes. Existe uma clara inten??o em considerar o preg?o cantado pelos vendedores de rua como um jingle que ? produzido, transmitido e aceito em um meio social, caracterizando-se assim como um estudo de manifesta??o cultural. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a observa??o do uso do jingle e outras pr?ticas culturais exercidas pelos vendedores de rua, evidenciando-se como as mesmas s?o produzidas, divulgadas e consumidas no cotidiano, como uma maneira de fazer. Estas pr?ticas que ocorrem nas cidades desde as ?pocas mais remotas continuam ocorrendo em todas as cidades brasileiras, incluindo as capitais, ainda que, em alguns casos, algumas delas como por exemplo o jingle, comecem a ficar mais escassas. Especificamente se objetivou o resgate da mem?ria dessas pr?ticas culturais, considerando-as como t?ticas dos praticantes, uma resist?ncia dos vendedores de rua, indiv?duos ordin?rios , verdadeiros andarilhos an?nimos , diante da press?o exercida por uma for?a dominante e desigual. Nesta pespectiva, o presente estudo se fundamenta nas teorias de Certeau (1990, 1996) e Coradini (1995) sobre o cotidiano nas cidades, procurando-se demonstrar como os vendedores de rua praticam de forma desviada , subversiva, a venda de seus produtos, criando e utilizando o jingle e outras opera??es de relacionamentos que fazem parte da cultura comum, se apresentando como maneiras de fazer , as quais s?o apropriadas ou reapropriadas, consumidas ou aceitas em articula??es atrav?s do tempo e inseridas na espacialidade antropol?gica urbana

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Diversas transformações têm ocorrido no cenário econômico internacional, repercutindo de maneira significativa sobre o mercado de trabalho, acarretando, dentre outros aspectos, um avanço das ocupações precárias e informais. No Brasil, os reflexos dessas transformações repercutem sobre o mercado de trabalho através do aumento do desemprego, e da queda da qualidade dos empregos, evidente no crescimento da participação dos trabalhadores no setor informal da economia. Em Salvador, o número de empregados sem carteira assinada tem crescido, caracterizando a precarização do emprego nessa área urbana. Geralmente, os trabalhadores informais executam serviços mais arriscados e perigosos, apresentando maiores incidências de acidentes de trabalho e outros problemas de saúde. Diante desse contexto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo compreender a construção dos significados e práticas culturais associados ao trabalho do vendedor ambulante - tradicionalmente inserido no setor informal da economia - além de suas ressonâncias no modo como esses trabalhadores interpretam e lidam com os possíveis riscos de acidentes e adoecimento. Trata-se de um estudo que apresenta uma abordagem socioantropológica e metodologia qualitativa. Participaram nove trabalhadores com quem foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, guiadas por roteiros semiestruturados, além de observação participante no centro da cidade e na praia, com registros em diário de campo. A perspectiva adotada está norteada pela antropologia interpretativa de Geertz, empreendendo-se um esforço para evidenciar o sistema simbólico que perpassa esse grupo social. Os resultados demonstram que o trabalho como vendedor ambulante é descrito como desgastante e extremamente discriminado, podendo se converter em fonte de sofrimento devido à desvalorização e descrédito social que o acompanha, configurando-se numa atividade que não resulta de uma escolha, mas de fatores como desemprego, baixa escolaridade e qualificação profissional. O processo de trabalho varia de acordo com o tipo de mercadoria comercializada. Há o reconhecimento de que esse trabalho pode trazer consequências para a saúde tanto em relação às doenças, destacando-se o câncer de pele e as micoses, quanto aos acidentes de trabalho, principalmente, os cortes, as quedas e as queimaduras. Pode-se identificar a presença de riscos tradicionais, vinculados às específicas formas de adoecimento e tipos de acidentes vivenciados; riscos invisíveis, expressos, fundamentalmente, na desvalorização social; e os riscos relacionados às violências, sejam elas físicas, psicológicas ou morais. Esse estudo contribui, portanto, para um maior conhecimento sobre o trabalho do vendedor ambulante, destacando os problemas que atingem esse grupo ocupacional, fornecendo elementos para a formulação de políticas públicas adequadas.

Inspirada na arte de fazer situacionista, por caminhos derivantes esta dissertação pretende acompanhar através de uma cartografia deambulante, os conflitos entre os vendedores ambulantes e o Estado, que tomam espaço no centro de Porto Alegre. Uma verdadeira guerra travada no cotidiano: de um lado, os ambulantes que taticamente, desde a conformação da cidade até hoje, montam e desmontam uma cidade ambulante por entre a sólida e robusta arquitetura urbana – aqui cartografados através da construção de mapas, enquanto: MaPopulação, MapArquitetura e MapAção; e de outro lado, as forças do Estado, que atuam estrategicamente no combate à cidade ambulante – aqui cartografados como: legislação, Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Movimento Legalidade, enquanto política pública. Encaremos historicamente os processos urbanos que atingiram os sujeitos vulneráveis na conformação das cidades, para acompanharmos as subjetividades que circunscrevem os ambulantes enquanto coletividade no cotidiano do Centro Histórico - que astutamente escapam às políticas espaciais impostas pelo Capitalismo através do Estado.
Inspired by the situacionist’ art of making, by derivative footpaths this dissertation intends to follow, through an itinerant cartography, the conflicts between the street vendors and the State, that take place in Porto Alegre’s city center. A real war in the everyday life: on one side, the street vendors that tactically, from the conformation of the city until now, every day assemble and dismantle an itinerant city through the solid and robust urban architecture - here mapped through the construction of maps, while: MaPopulation, MapArchitecture and MapAction; on the other side, the forces of the State, which act strategically in the fight against this itinerant city that the streets venders build - mapped here as: legislation, municipal secretariat of economic development and legality movement as public policy. We will realize in the historical background of the urbanization processes that affected the vulnerable individuals in the conformation of the cities, in order to follow the subjectivities that circumscribe the street vendors as a collectivity in the daily life of the Historical Center - that astutely escapes from the spaces’ politics imposed by Capitalism through the State.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-142).
Every day, the recurring scene of conflict between street vendors and municipal authorities can be found in virtually every major city around the world. Through licensing, zoning, or relocating, municipal governments devise numerous laws and ordinances to control street vendors in the urban environment. Unfortunately, aggressive regulatory approaches rarely can solve the problems at stake and street vendor management remains a vexing conundrum for many local governments in the developing countries. This paper uses the Taiwanese city of Hsinchu to analyze the reasons why the Hsinchu municipal government was able to successfully relocate street vendors into a thriving public market in one instance (the Zhu Lian market) while unable to replicate this success in another instance (the Guan Dong market). The review of literature illustrates that street vendor relocating processes face three major barriers: (1) ill-conceived location; (2) bureaucratic conformity; and (3) customer base loss. In these two cases, the street vendors shared similar geographical contexts and were both relocated in situ. However, only the ZL vendors managed to overcome other relocation barriers and create a successful market, the GD vendors failed. Field work was carried out in Hsinchu city Taiwan to find out the factors contributing to the success/failure of these two relocation processes. The conclusion shows street vendor organizations play a crucial role during the relocation process. They bond street vendors together and bridge diverse interests, establish their own social norms and etiquette. On the other hand, even though street vendor organizations may serve an efficient solution to address the relocation puzzle, the paper also points out the potential pitfalls of relying on strong vendor organizations in managing street vendors in the city. Under some circumstances, strong street vendor leaders may undermine the city government's administrative authority, and reconfigure the political structure of the city.
by Chia Yang Weng.
M.C.P.

Orientador: Angela Maria Carneiro Araújo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese trata dos trabalhadores de rua que ofertam produtos tecnológicos (máquinas digitais, games, pen drivers etc.) no camelódromo da rua Uruguaiana no Rio de Janeiro. Pretendeu-se responder a seguinte questão: será o camelô de tecnologia uma forma diferenciada de relação de trabalho informal de rua, na qual a lógica predominante é a do negócio (do lucro), da empresa (do capital) e não a do trabalhador (ligado a sobrevivência), na qual evidencia-se uma separação entre capital (donos dos meios e do dinheiro) e trabalho (força de trabalho contratada)?Nessa linha, serão atividades que agora passam a servir como veias de expansão do capital? Tivemos como objetivo geral desta pesquisa: explorar essa nova diferenciação presente nas formas de trabalho de rua na sociedade brasileira atual, ou seja, compreender o que é essa nova (re)configuração da rua. Esse fenômeno evidencia um tipo de atividade que sofre interferências diretas do mundo formal, reconfigurando-se e assumindo feições empresariais. Foram aplicados 42 questionários com estes camelôs
Abstract: This thesis deals with street workers that offer technological products (digital cameras, games, flash drivers etc.) in camelódromo of the Uruguayana in Rio de Janeiro. It was intended to answer the following question: Is the peddler of a differentiated form of technology for informal street work, which is the predominant business (profit), business (the capital) and not the employee (linked to survival), which is evident separation between capital (owners of the means and money) and work (labor contractor)? this line will be activities that now serve as the veins of capital expansion? Our aim of this research: to explore the new forms of differentiation in this street work in the current Brazilian society, ie, understand what is this new (re) configuration of the street. This phenomenon reflects a kind of activity that suffers direct interference of the formal world, reshaping itself and assuming business features. 42 questionnaires were applied to these vendors
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Many cities and towns in the Global South continue to experience the growth of the informal sector. There are a number of reasons which explain the growth of the informal sector. These include formal sector retrenchments, shortage of jobs in the formal sector and lack of skills. Street vendors are the most visible traders in the informal sector as compared to other kind of traders. In many cities, the spaces in which vendors conduct their trading is not allocated to them legally as they are seen as a nuisance or obstruction to commerce and the free flow of traffic. Against this background, this study examines the contestation for vending in the East London Central Business District (CBD) Eastern Cape, South Africa. It specifically explores social processes and vendor decision making when it comes to choosing (or claiming) a particular vending space, the legal instruments (by-laws) that either promote or constrain informal trading activities. Furthermore, it investigates the extent to which street vending contributes to the traders‟ income generation and sustainable livelihoods. This study uses a qualitative research design. Purposive sampling was used to select thirty informal traders. In-depth semi structured interviews were conducted with all thirty respondents In addition to the thirty respondents, five key informants were interviewed. The study found that street vending plays a major role in providing BCMM people with livelihood opportunities. Trading space in the CBD is strictly competitive and the spaces they acquire are too small for their businesses to expand to another level. Vendors face a lot of challenges but at the epitome of their challenges is the vending by- laws which the vendors view as a major constraint when it comes to operating smoothly in the streets. The study suggested that vending polices and by- laws be reviewed in order to derive a better socio- economic and functional environment for vendors.