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Journal articles on the topic '"street chemistry"'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Maison, Alice, Cédric Flageul, Bertrand Carissimo, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet. "Parametrization of Horizontal and Vertical Transfers for the Street-Network Model MUNICH Using the CFD Model Code_Saturne." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040527.

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Cities are heterogeneous environments, and pollutant concentrations are often higher in streets compared with in the upper roughness sublayer (urban background) and cannot be represented using chemical-transport models that have a spatial resolution on the order of kilometers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models coupled to chemistry/aerosol models may be used to compute the pollutant concentrations at high resolution over limited areas of cities; however, they are too expensive to use over a whole city. Hence, simplified street-network models, such as the Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH), have been developed. These include the main physico-chemical processes that influence pollutant concentrations: emissions, transport, deposition, chemistry and aerosol dynamics. However, the streets are not discretized precisely, and concentrations are assumed to be homogeneous in each street segment. The complex street micro-meteorology is simplified by considering only the vertical transfer between the street and the upper roughness sublayer as well as the horizontal transfer between the streets. This study presents a new parametrization of a horizontal wind profile and vertical/horizontal transfer coefficients. This was developed based on a flow parametrization in a sparse vegetated canopy and adapted to street canyons using local-scale simulations performed with the CFD model Code_Saturne. CFD simulations were performed in a 2D infinite street canyon, and three streets of various aspect ratios ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 were studied with different incoming wind directions. The quantities of interest (wind speed in the street direction and passive tracer concentration) were spatially averaged in the street to compare with MUNICH. The developed parametrization depends on the street characteristics and wind direction. This effectively represents the average wind profile in a street canyon and the vertical transfer between the street and the urban roughness sublayer for a wide range of street aspect ratios while maintaining a simple formulation.

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2

Lugon, Lya, Karine Sartelet, Youngseob Kim, Jérémy Vigneron, and Olivier Chrétien. "Nonstationary modeling of NO<sub>2</sub>, NO and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> in Paris using the Street-in-Grid model: coupling local and regional scales with a two-way dynamic approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 7717–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7717-2020.

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Abstract. Regional-scale chemistry-transport models have coarse spatial resolution (coarser than 1 km ×1 km) and can thus only simulate background concentrations. They fail to simulate the high concentrations observed close to roads and in streets, where a large part of the urban population lives. Local-scale models may be used to simulate concentrations in streets. They often assume that background concentrations are constant and/or use simplified chemistry. Recently developed, the multi-scale model Street-in-Grid (SinG) estimates gaseous pollutant concentrations simultaneously at local and regional scales by coupling them dynamically. This coupling combines the regional-scale chemistry-transport model Polair3D and a street-network model, the Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highway (MUNICH), with a two-way feedback. MUNICH explicitly models street canyons and intersections, and it is coupled to the first vertical level of the chemical-transport model, enabling the transfer of pollutant mass between the street-canyon roof and the atmosphere. The original versions of SinG and MUNICH adopt a stationary hypothesis to estimate pollutant concentrations in streets. Although the computation of the NOx concentration is numerically stable with the stationary approach, the partitioning between NO and NO2 is highly dependent on the time step of coupling between transport and chemistry processes. In this study, a new nonstationary approach is presented with a fine coupling between transport and chemistry, leading to numerically stable partitioning between NO and NO2. Simulations of NO, NO2 and NOx concentrations over Paris with SinG, MUNICH and Polair3D are compared to observations at traffic and urban stations to estimate the added value of multi-scale modeling with a two-way dynamical coupling between the regional and local scales. As expected, the regional chemical-transport model underestimates NO and NO2 concentrations in the streets. However, there is good agreement between the measurements and the concentrations simulated with MUNICH and SinG. The two-way dynamic coupling between the local and regional scales tends to be important for streets with an intermediate aspect ratio and with high traffic emissions.

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Takagi, Masahiro, Shigeyuki Sasaki, Koichiro Gyokusen, and Akira Saito. "Stemflow chemistry of urban street trees." Environmental Pollution 96, no. 1 (1997): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00005-5.

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4

Huang, Xianfeng, Congmin Li, and Zhixiang Zhuang. "Analysis of Height-to-Width Ratio of Commercial Streets with Arcades Based on Sunshine Hours and Street Orientation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041706.

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By extracting and simplifying the characteristics of commercial streets with arcades (Qilou) in Nanning, the tissue map of Qilou streets which reflects the urban morphology, including the road network form, block scale, building scale and other characteristics in a hot and humid area is obtained. In addition, the sunshine simulation is performed by using sunshine design software in an environment comprising streets with arcades to simulate street sunlight environments under various conditions. The relationship among street height-to-width ratio, sunshine hours, and street orientation angle is achieved by nonlinear fitting analysis. Then, a model is established to adjust the street height-to-width ratio based on sunshine requirement and street orientation. The finding indicated that when the street is north–south, it is suggested that the street height-to-width ratio is 0.95–1.13 to reduce sunshine hours effectively, and when the street is east–west, it is proposed that one side of the street should have a recessed space to improve the thermal conditions. The results of this study can serve as the specific guidelines that can be adopted in the redesign and reformation of commercial streets with arcades to achieve thermal comfort of Qilou streets in hot and humid areas.

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5

Kakosimos, Konstantinos E., Ole Hertel, Matthias Ketzel, and Ruwim Berkowicz. "Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) - a review of performed application and validation studies, and future prospects." Environmental Chemistry 7, no. 6 (2010): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en10070.

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Environmental context Trafficked streets are air pollution hot spots where people experience high exposure to hazardous pollutants. Although monitoring networks provide crucial information about measured pollutant levels, the measurements are resource demanding and thus can be performed at only few selected sites. Fast and easily applied street pollution models are therefore necessary tools to provide information about the loadings in streets without measurement activities. We evaluate the Operational Street Pollution Model, one of the most commonly applied models in air pollution management and research worldwide. Abstract Traffic emissions constitute a major source of health hazardous air pollution in urban areas. Models describing pollutant levels in urban streets are thus important tools in air pollution management as a supplement to measurements in routine monitoring programmes. A widely used model in this context is the fast and easy to apply Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). For almost 20 years, OSPM has been routinely used in many countries for studying traffic pollution, performing analyses of field campaign measurements, studying efficiency of pollution abatement strategies, carrying out exposure assessments and as reference in comparisons to other models. OSPM is generally considered as state-of-the-art in applied street pollution modelling. This paper outlines the most important findings in OSPM validation and application studies in literature. At the end of the paper, future research needs are outlined for traffic air pollution modelling in general but with outset in the research performed with OSPM.

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Kang, Bumjoon, Sangwon Lee, and Shengyuan Zou. "Developing Sidewalk Inventory Data Using Street View Images." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093300.

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(1) Background: Public sidewalk GIS data are essential for smart city development. We developed an automated street-level sidewalk detection method with image-processing Google Street View data. (2) Methods: Street view images were processed to produce graph-based segmentations. Image segment regions were manually labeled and a random forest classifier was established. We used multiple aggregation steps to determine street-level sidewalk presence. (3) Results: In total, 2438 GSV street images and 78,255 segmented image regions were examined. The image-level sidewalk classifier had an 87% accuracy rate. The street-level sidewalk classifier performed with nearly 95% accuracy in most streets in the study area. (4) Conclusions: Highly accurate street-level sidewalk GIS data can be successfully developed using street view images.

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7

Qi, Meng, and Steve Hankey. "Using Street View Imagery to Predict Street-Level Particulate Air Pollution." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 2695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05572.

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8

Oludare, Olupemi. "Street language in Dùndún Drum Language." African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/amj.v12i1.2429.

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Dùndún drum language is a practice of speech surrogacy employed by dùndún drummers in Yoruba culture. The dùndún drummers play sequences of melo-rhythmic patterns; a form of communication that employs musical and linguistic elements, comprehensible to listeners knowledgeable in the Yoruba language. Although these sequenced patterns are sourced from Yoruba everyday sentences and oral genres (proverbs, poetry, praise-chants, and idiomatic phrases), the drummers also embrace other social narratives. These include the popular linguistic expressions in public spaces referred to as “street language.” This is because the streets serve as spaces for social life, musical and cultural imaginaries, musical and language expressions, and identity. This street language, referred to as “ohùn ìgboro” in Yoruba, include slang (saje), slurs (òtè), neologies (ènà), satire (èfè), dance-drum patterns (àlùjó), and socio-political slogans (àtúnlò-èdè). This article explores the influence of street language on dùndún music. This article follows an ethnographic model, with an analysis of the content of the dùndún music and its associated texts. The article’s findings include the extent to which the two cultures have overlapped, and the various socio-cultural benefits of adopting the language of each other’s cultural practices. In the process, the article contributes to the debate on authenticity and social structure in Yoruba culture. The article emphasises the need for an integrated research approach of music and language and their interrelationship to street cultures in Nigeria.

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9

Kim, Youngseob, You Wu, Christian Seigneur, and Yelva Roustan. "Multi-scale modeling of urban air pollution: development and application of a Street-in-Grid model (v1.0) by coupling MUNICH (v1.0) and Polair3D (v1.8.1)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-611-2018.

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Abstract. A new multi-scale model of urban air pollution is presented. This model combines a chemistry–transport model (CTM) that includes a comprehensive treatment of atmospheric chemistry and transport on spatial scales down to 1 km and a street-network model that describes the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants in an urban street network. The street-network model is the Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH), which consists of two main components: a street-canyon component and a street-intersection component. MUNICH is coupled to the Polair3D CTM of the Polyphemus air quality modeling platform to constitute the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model. MUNICH is used to simulate the concentrations of the chemical species in the urban canopy, which is located in the lowest layer of Polair3D, and the simulation of pollutant concentrations above rooftops is performed with Polair3D. Interactions between MUNICH and Polair3D occur at roof level and depend on a vertical mass transfer coefficient that is a function of atmospheric turbulence. SinG is used to simulate the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) in a Paris suburb. Simulated concentrations are compared to NOx concentrations measured at two monitoring stations within a street canyon. SinG shows better performance than MUNICH for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. However, both SinG and MUNICH underestimate NOx. For the case study considered, the model performance for NOx concentrations is not sensitive to using a complex chemistry model in MUNICH and the Leighton NO–NO2–O3 set of reactions is sufficient.

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Li, Haiyan, Mingxiu Wang, Wenwen Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, and Xiaoran Zhang. "Fractional Characteristics of Heavy Metals Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in Sewer Sediment from Areas in Central Beijing, China." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9724128.

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To identify the distribution of heavy metals in sewer sediments and assess their potential harmfulness to the environment and human health, the occurrence of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the sewer sediment of six functional areas and two streets in an inner-city suburb of Beijing, China, was investigated by using a sequential extraction procedure. Results show that the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb vary between 50 and 175, between 80 and 180, between 0.75 and 2.5, and between 20 and 110 mg/kg, respectively, and Fe-Mn oxide fraction is significant for all metals in sampling areas. Pollution assessment shows that 1–2% of Cu at Chegongzhuang Street and 1–3% of Zn at Fuwai Street in the exchangeable fractions are of low risk. 10–25% of Cd at six functional areas indicates medium risk. 40–60% of Pb at Fuwai Street existing in the exchangeable fractions is of high to very high risk. The sum of these metals associated with exchangeable, carbonate bound, and Fe-Mn oxide fractions is quite high; however, these three fractions represent the proportion of heavy metals that can be remobilized by changes in environmental conditions.

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11

Kim, Minjoong J. "Sensitivity of Nitrate Aerosol Production to Vehicular Emissions in an Urban Street." Atmosphere 10, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040212.

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This study investigated the sensitivity of nitrate aerosols to vehicular emissions in urban streets using a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–chemistry model. Nitrate concentrations were highest at the street surface level following NH3 emissions from vehicles, indicating that ammonium nitrate formation occurs under NH3-limited conditions in street canyons. Sensitivity simulations revealed that the nitrate concentration has no clear relationship with the NOx emission rate, showing nitrate changes of only 2% across among 16 time differences in NOx emissions. NOx emissions show a conflicting effect on nitrate production via decreasing O3 and increasing NO2 concentrations under a volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regime for O3 production. The sensitivity simulations also show that nitrate aerosol is proportional to vehicular VOC and NH3 emissions in the street canyon. Changes of VOC emissions affect the nitrate aerosol and HNO3 concentrations through changes in the O3 concentration under a VOC-limited regime for O3 production. Nitrate aerosol concentration is influenced by vehicular NH3 emissions, which produce ammonium nitrate effectively under an NH3-limited regime for nitrate production. This research suggests that, when vehicular emissions are dominant in winter, the control of vehicular VOC and NH3 emissions might be a more effective way to degrade PM2.5 problems than the control of NOx.

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12

Shi, Zongbo, Mohammed Salim Alam, and Irina Nikolova. "Highlights from Faraday Discussion: Chemistry in the urban atmosphere, United Kingdom, April 2016." Chemical Communications 52, no. 59 (2016): 9162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc90296k.

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13

Alves, Emanuele Amorim, José Xavier Soares, Carlos Manuel Afonso, Jean-Paul C. Grund, Ana Sofia Agonia, Sara Manuela Cravo, Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto, Félix Carvalho, and Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira. "The harmful chemistry behind “krokodil”: Street-like synthesis and product analysis." Forensic Science International 257 (December 2015): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.042.

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14

Thacker, Paul D. "Can street sweepers clean the water?" Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 14 (July 2004): 265A—266A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040571h.

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15

Du, T. Z., C. H. Liu, and Y. B. Zhao. "Large-eddy simulation of pollutant dispersion from a ground-level area source over urban street canyons with irreversible chemical reactions." Advances in Science and Research 11, no. 1 (October 23, 2014): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-11-89-2014.

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Abstract. In this study, the dispersion of chemically reactive pollutants is calculated by large-eddy simulation (LES) in a neutrally stratified urban canopy layer (UCL) over urban areas. As a pilot attempt, idealized street canyons of unity building-height-to-street-width (aspect) ratio are used. Nitric oxide (NO) is emitted from the ground surface of the first street canyon into the domain doped with ozone (O3). In the absence of ultraviolet radiation, this irreversible chemistry produces nitrogen dioxide (NO2), developing a reactive plume over the rough urban surface. A range of timescales of turbulence and chemistry are utilized to examine the mechanism of turbulent mixing and chemical reactions in the UCL. The Damköhler number (Da) and the reaction rate (r) are analyzed along the vertical direction on the plane normal to the prevailing flow at 10 m after the source. The maximum reaction rate peaks at an elevation where Damköhler number Da is equal or close to unity. Hence, comparable timescales of turbulence and reaction could enhance the chemical reactions in the plume.

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Guo, James C. Y. "Street Stormwater Storage Capacity." Water Environment Research 72, no. 5 (September 2000): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x138210.

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17

Etling, Dieter. "An unusual atmospheric vortex street." Environmental Fluid Mechanics 19, no. 5 (January 5, 2019): 1379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-018-09654-w.

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18

Henry, Celia. "Government: Biotechnology product rule hits the street." Analytical Chemistry 69, no. 17 (September 1997): 523A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac971756s.

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19

Subashini, P., A. Sivaramchaitanya, P. Sivasai, J. V. V. L. Sai Teja, and A. Hemanshureddy. "Automatic Street Light System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8416.

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This project provides the simplest answer for power wastage. Conjointly the manual operation of the lighting system is totally replaced. In this project the LDR sensor is used to point a day/night time and also the microcontroller is used which is able to detect brightness of sunlight and the GSM module that acts on back side. The microcontroller Arduino board is employed as brain which is to manage the road lightweight system, The programming language used for developing the microcontroller is C language. The most important aim of the project is to avoid wasting the ability, by exploitation effectively we are able to save a lot of power, as we all know that there’s large scale shortage of power these days in everyplace especially in villages. So, to beat that shortage we are able replace the manual street lights system with the intelligent systems. therefore in future we are able to style more advanced technologies to avoid wasting power.

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20

Yuan, Chung-Shin, Su-Wen Cheng, Chung-Hsuang Hung, and Tai-Yi Yu. "Influence of Operating Parameters on the Collection Efficiency and Size Distribution of Street Dust during Street Scrubbing." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 3, no. 1 (2003): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2003.06.0008.

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21

Wu, Luolin, Jian Hang, Xuemei Wang, Min Shao, and Cheng Gong. "APFoam 1.0: integrated computational fluid dynamics simulation of O<sub>3</sub>–NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>–volatile organic compound chemistry and pollutant dispersion in a typical street canyon." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): 4655–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4655-2021.

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Abstract. Urban air quality issues are closely related to human health and economic development. In order to investigate street-scale flow and air quality, this study developed the atmospheric photolysis calculation framework (APFoam 1.0), an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code based on OpenFOAM, which can be used to examine microscale reactive pollutant formation and dispersion in an urban area. The chemistry module of APFoam has been modified by adding five new types of reactions, which can implement the atmospheric photochemical mechanism (full O3–NOx–volatile organic compound chemistry) coupled with a CFD model. Additionally, the model, including the photochemical mechanism (CS07A), air flow, and pollutant dispersion, has been validated and shows good agreement with SAPRC modeling and wind tunnel experimental data, indicating that APFoam has sufficient ability to study urban turbulence and pollutant dispersion characteristics. By applying APFoam, O3–NOx–volatile organic compound (VOC) formation processes and dispersion of the reactive pollutants were analyzed in an example of a typical street canyon (aspect ratio H/W=1). The comparison of chemistry mechanisms shows that O3 and NO2 are underestimated, while NO is overestimated if the VOC reactions are not considered in the simulation. Moreover, model sensitivity cases reveal that 82 %–98 % and 75 %–90 % of NO and NO2, respectively, are related to the local vehicle emissions, which is verified as the dominant contributor to local reactive pollutant concentration in contrast to background conditions. In addition, a large amount of NOx emissions, especially NO, is beneficial to the reduction of O3 concentrations since NO consumes O3. Background precursors (NOx/VOCs) from boundary conditions only contribute 2 %–16 % and 12 %–24 % of NO and NO2 concentrations and raise O3 concentrations by 5 %–9 %. Weaker ventilation conditions could lead to the accumulation of NOx and consequently a higher NOx concentration but lower O3 concentration due to the stronger NO titration effect, which would consume O3. Furthermore, in order to reduce the reactive pollutant concentrations under the odd–even license plate policy (reduce 50 % of the total vehicle emissions), vehicle VOC emissions should be reduced by at least another 30 % to effectively lower O3, NO, and NO2 concentrations at the same time. These results indicate that the examination of the precursors (NOx and VOCs) from both traffic emissions and background boundaries is the key point for understanding O3–NOx–VOCs chemistry mechanisms better in street canyons and providing effective guidelines for the control of local street air pollution.

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22

Bright, Vivien Bianca, William James Bloss, and Xiaoming Cai. "Urban street canyons: Coupling dynamics, chemistry and within-canyon chemical processing of emissions." Atmospheric Environment 68 (April 2013): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.056.

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23

Nie, Xiaoye, Yuyan Fan, Hong Gao, and Qiang Lin. "Study of Heavy Gas Pollutants’ Dispersion in Street Canyon Terrain." Processes 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101754.

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This study focused on heavy gas dispersion under the terrain conditions of street canyons. The effects of street aspect ratio and height ratio were investigated, and the influence of environmental wind speed in the typical ideal street canyon terrain was explored. The results indicated that the surrounding flow field distributions in street terrains were dominated by higher buildings. In addition, when the building height was held constant, the flow field was affected by the joint influence of the two isolated buildings. The interception effect of the street canyon on upstream pollutants declined with the decrease in the street canyon’s aspect ratio. In addition, when the height ratios were different, a large quantity of upstream pollutants accumulated on the windward side of higher buildings. The relative concentration per unit area inside the canyon was affected by the air circulation inside and outside the canyon and the size of the dispersion space. The increase in the environmental wind speed promotes the entry of pollutants into the street while aggravating the overall dispersion of the pollutants. Therefore, the emergence of the most unsafe wind speeds caused most of the pollutants to gather in the street canyons.

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24

Zgłobicki, Wojciech, Małgorzata Telecka, and Sebastian Skupiński. "Assessment of short-term changes in street dust pollution with heavy metals in Lublin (E Poland)—levels, sources and risks." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 34 (October 30, 2019): 35049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06496-x.

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Abstract Street dust forms as a result of the interaction of the atmosphere, lithosphere (pedosphere) and anthroposphere and can be regarded as an index of the condition of the environment in urban areas. At the end of the twentieth century, there was a significant decrease in heavy metal emissions in Europe, but not so intensive in Poland. The question arises: Is the intensity of pollution still decreasing? The study objective was to assess changes in street dust pollution with heavy metals in Lublin (E Poland) in the years 2013 and 2018. The sample collection sites (68) were located within streets with a varying intensity of motor traffic. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined in two dust fractions, 63–200 μm and < 63 μm, by means of an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The levels of street dust pollution with heavy metals, expressed both in absolute concentrations and geochemical indices, were lower in 2018 than those in 2013. The clearest decrease of concentration levels occurred within the main roads, in the 63–200 μm fraction for Cu and Cd, and in both fractions for Pb. The mean concentrations of the investigated metals, normalised to the background values, are in the following order for both fractions in 2013 and 2018: Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni. Metals form the following order for Igeo and EF: Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni. This order is slightly different for the ecological risk factor: Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Ni. In general, street dust in Lublin does not show contamination with Cr, Ni and Pb. Igeo and EF indices show moderate levels of pollution with Cu, Cd and Zn.

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25

Purwawinata, Noviardy Nurkasyfi Sukma. "Infulance Street Lightning Taxes, Parking Taxes, and Hotel Taxes on Karawang Regency Local Revenue in 2009-2018." INVENTORY: JURNAL AKUNTANSI 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/inventory.v5i1.7780.

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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p>The purpose of this research is: 1) to analyze the influence of the Street Lighting tax on the Local Revenue, 2) to analyze the influence of the Parking tax on the Local Revenue, 3) to analyze the influenceof the Hotel tax on the Local Revenue. The research object used in this study is the local revenue that derived from Street Lighting taxes,Parking taxes and Hotel taxes in 2009 – 2018. Based on the results of this study show that the Street Lighting tax has a positive and significant influence on local revenue in 2009 – 2018, this can be shown by the significant of the Street Lighting tax is 0,000 < 0,05. The analysis of this study indicates that Street Lighting taxes have an influence on local revenue. Parking tax Doesn’t Have any significant influence on local revenue in 2009 – 2018, this can be shown by the significant of the Parking tax is 0,212 >0,05. The analysis of this study indicates that Parking taxes Don’t have an influence on local revenue. Hotel tax has a positive and significant influence on local revenue in 2009 – 2018, this can beshown by the significant of the Hotel tax is 0,000 < 0,05. The analysis of this study indicates that Hotel taxes have an influence on local revenue.</p></div></div></div>

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26

Liu, Chun-Ho, and Dennis Y. C. Leung. "Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model." Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, no. 7 (January 2008): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62134-8.

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27

Zhong, Jian, Xiao-Ming Cai, and William James Bloss. "Coupling dynamics and chemistry in the air pollution modelling of street canyons: A review." Environmental Pollution 214 (July 2016): 690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.052.

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28

Iwatani, Toshiharu. "Field Force at Street Making Process-Scheduling." Tetsu-to-Hagane 97, no. 6 (2011): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.97.316.

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29

Longley, I. D., M. W. Gallagher, J. R. Dorsey, M. Flynn, K. N. Bower, and J. D. Allan. "Street canyon aerosol pollutant transport measurements." Science of The Total Environment 334-335 (December 2004): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.072.

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30

Rodríguez-Puerta, Francisco, Carlos Barrera, Borja García, Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez, and Angel M. García-Pedrero. "Mapping Tree Canopy in Urban Environments Using Point Clouds from Airborne Laser Scanning and Street Level Imagery." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093269.

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Resilient cities incorporate a social, ecological, and technological systems perspective through their trees, both in urban and peri-urban forests and linear street trees, and help promote and understand the concept of ecosystem resilience. Urban tree inventories usually involve the collection of field data on the location, genus, species, crown shape and volume, diameter, height, and health status of these trees. In this work, we have developed a multi-stage methodology to update urban tree inventories in a fully automatic way, and we have applied it in the city of Pamplona (Spain). We have compared and combined two of the most common data sources for updating urban tree inventories: Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds combined with aerial orthophotographs, and street-level imagery from Google Street View (GSV). Depending on the data source, different methodologies were used to identify the trees. In the first stage, the use of individual tree detection techniques in ALS point clouds was compared with the detection of objects (trees) on street level images using computer vision (CV) techniques. In both cases, a high success rate or recall (number of true positive with respect to all detectable trees) was obtained, where between 85.07% and 86.42% of the trees were well-identified, although many false positives (FPs) or trees that did not exist or that had been confused with other objects were always identified. In order to reduce these errors or FPs, a second stage was designed, where FP debugging was performed through two methodologies: (a) based on the automatic checking of all possible trees with street level images, and (b) through a machine learning binary classification model trained with spectral data from orthophotographs. After this second stage, the recall decreased to about 75% (between 71.43 and 78.18 depending on the procedure used) but most of the false positives were eliminated. The results obtained with both data sources were robust and accurate. We can conclude that the results obtained with the different methodologies are very similar, where the main difference resides in the access to the starting information. While the use of street-level images only allows for the detection of trees growing in trafficable streets and is a source of information that is usually paid for, the use of ALS and aerial orthophotographs allows for the location of trees anywhere in the city, including public and private parks and gardens, and in many countries, these data are freely available.

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Rodríguez-Puerta, Francisco, Carlos Barrera, Borja García, Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez, and Angel M. García-Pedrero. "Mapping Tree Canopy in Urban Environments Using Point Clouds from Airborne Laser Scanning and Street Level Imagery." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093269.

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Resilient cities incorporate a social, ecological, and technological systems perspective through their trees, both in urban and peri-urban forests and linear street trees, and help promote and understand the concept of ecosystem resilience. Urban tree inventories usually involve the collection of field data on the location, genus, species, crown shape and volume, diameter, height, and health status of these trees. In this work, we have developed a multi-stage methodology to update urban tree inventories in a fully automatic way, and we have applied it in the city of Pamplona (Spain). We have compared and combined two of the most common data sources for updating urban tree inventories: Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds combined with aerial orthophotographs, and street-level imagery from Google Street View (GSV). Depending on the data source, different methodologies were used to identify the trees. In the first stage, the use of individual tree detection techniques in ALS point clouds was compared with the detection of objects (trees) on street level images using computer vision (CV) techniques. In both cases, a high success rate or recall (number of true positive with respect to all detectable trees) was obtained, where between 85.07% and 86.42% of the trees were well-identified, although many false positives (FPs) or trees that did not exist or that had been confused with other objects were always identified. In order to reduce these errors or FPs, a second stage was designed, where FP debugging was performed through two methodologies: (a) based on the automatic checking of all possible trees with street level images, and (b) through a machine learning binary classification model trained with spectral data from orthophotographs. After this second stage, the recall decreased to about 75% (between 71.43 and 78.18 depending on the procedure used) but most of the false positives were eliminated. The results obtained with both data sources were robust and accurate. We can conclude that the results obtained with the different methodologies are very similar, where the main difference resides in the access to the starting information. While the use of street-level images only allows for the detection of trees growing in trafficable streets and is a source of information that is usually paid for, the use of ALS and aerial orthophotographs allows for the location of trees anywhere in the city, including public and private parks and gardens, and in many countries, these data are freely available.

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Kang, Joo-Hyon, Stephanie R. Debats, and Michael K. Stenstrom. "Storm-Water Management Using Street Sweeping." Journal of Environmental Engineering 135, no. 7 (July 2009): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2009)135:7(479).

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Gonzalez Olivardia, Franchesca G., Tomohito Matsuo, Hikari Shimadera, and Akira Kondo. "Impacts of the Tree Canopy and Chemical Reactions on the Dispersion of Reactive Pollutants in Street Canyons." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010034.

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Traffic-related air pollution in street canyons can cause health problems for pedestrians. In order to clarify the behavior of reactive pollutants, such as NOx and O3, in street canyons, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with a chemistry model and tree canopy model was developed, and then, a set of numerical experiments were performed to investigate the impacts of chemical reactions and aerodynamic effects of trees planted in a canyon. The results were compared with the observation data. Through the results of the numerical experiments designed to simulate a realistic urban street canyon, it was found that chemical reactions have a dominant impact on the NO/NO2 ratio and O3 concentration. While the tree canopy had little impact on the NO/NO2 ratio, it had a moderate impact on the flow field in the canyon and the amount of NOx and O3 in the canyon. In accordance with the aerodynamic effects of tree canopies, the local NOx concentration in the experiments increased and decreased by up to 51% and 11%, respectively. The current findings of this study demonstrate the utility of the proposed model for conducting air quality investigations in urban areas.

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Karimoune Fadjimata, Salifou, Souley Kallo Moutari, Sabiou Maman Attika, and Boukari Issiaka. "QUALITYCONTROL OF CLOXACILLIN SOLD IN NIAMEY CITY BYTHIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13114.

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The objective of this study is to control the quality by Thin Layer ChromatographyCloxacillin used in Niamey cityafter carrying out a prospective survey on antibiotics commonly used in health centers and at the same time purchased from street vendors. This quality control aimed to investigate on eleven samples distributed as following as: five samples are from pharmacies five samples are from street vendors and one sample is the specialty which is used as reference to check their active ingredient. The different reagents used in this research are: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37 %, acetone, distilled water, ethyl acetate and acetic acid. All samples migrated in proposed diluent. This shows that all samples contain the active ingredient substance of cloxacillin. The percentage of the active ingredient were calculated as per protocol of Clarkes analysis of drugs and poisons in chemistry guidelines. It varies from 96.87 to 97.91for the pharmacies and 97.91 to 104.17for the street vendors. According to the results of the different frontal reportspercentage, all of themmeet the standards required by the WHO which is 90 to 110 %. This technique can be used for practical work or tutorial and laboratories where drug quality control mechanism is not often checked.

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35

Stockman, Mark. "From nano-optics to street lights." Nature Materials 3, no. 7 (July 2004): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1169.

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Civiš, Svatopluk, Michal Střižík, Zbynk Jaňour, Jan Holpuch, and Zdenk Zelinger. "Wind Tunnel Simulation of Air Pollution Dispersion in a Street Canyon." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.1.243.

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Abstract Physical simulation was used to study pollution dispersion in a street canyon. The street canyon model was designed to study the effect of measuring flow and concentration fields. A method of CO2-laser photoacoustic spectrometry was applied for detection of trace concentration of gas pollution. The advantage of this method is its high sensitivity and broad dynamic range, permitting monitoring of concentrations from trace to saturation values. Application of this method enabled us to propose a simple model based on line permeation pollutant source, developed on the principle of concentration standards, to ensure high precision and homogeneity of the concentration flow. Spatial measurement of the concentration distribution inside the street canyon was performed on the model with reference velocity of 1.5 m/s.

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Caivano, José Luis. "Color and semiotics: A two-way street." Color Research & Application 23, no. 6 (December 1998): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199812)23:6<390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-#.

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38

Murakami, Michio, and Hideshige Takada. "Perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust in Tokyo." Chemosphere 73, no. 8 (November 2008): 1172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.063.

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39

Eckhardt, Greeg. "San Antonio Water System Market Street Pump Station." Journal - American Water Works Association 108 (August 1, 2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2016.108.0039.

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40

Magnusson, S., A. Dallman, D. Entekhabi, R. Britter, H. J. S. Fernando, and L. Norford. "On thermally forced flows in urban street canyons." Environmental Fluid Mechanics 14, no. 6 (April 3, 2014): 1427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-014-9353-4.

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Yavari, Morteza, Mohammad Rezaei Afkham, and Zeinab Dehghaninejad. "Investigating the Position of Color in the Urban Townscape (Case Study: Mashhad, Imam Reza Street)." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8360.

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Nowadays, we observe our cities turbulent and unorganized in respect to color. Inconsistent locating of the buildings along with each other, the use of inhomogeneous colors, and the lack of attention to the psychological properties of colors have created the spaces in cities that are not compatible with the spirit of human and we do not feel relaxation in them any longer. This article is an attempt to express the importance of color theme and how to handle and use it in the city. Imam Reza Street has taken a kind of visual contamination in urban townscape due to the lack of appropriate color harmony. Color inconsistency and heterogeneity in the street walls of this street has created turmoil in the urban townscape; by using appropriate color in the street townscape it can be made a coordinated and rhythmic view, and a general unity and solidarity can be created in the city and make a favorable, appropriate, and more lively townscape of the city. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and data collection is in the form of a library-field method. To select a field, a part of Imam Reza Street (between 15th Khordad Square to Basij Square) was selected and extracting colored layers of street was performed through the RGB system by the aid of Photoshop software; then by using the Kil Hong’s Matrix, the elements composing the color in the street were analyzed, and the criteria and solutions were presented for planning in respect of the correct use of color in the urban townscape; finally, some plans were locally performed on several samples of the images taken from the street to illustrate the desired plan.

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Mehriar, Melika, Houshmand Masoumi, Atif Bilal Aslam, Syed Mubasher Gillani, Tuba Suhail, and Ayesha Zulfiqar. "The Relations between Street Network Configuration and Travel Behavior in Pakistan; the Optimal Level of Street Connectivity for a More Active Mobility." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 11015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112211015.

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Urban sprawl is a particular pattern of the street network and land use. The relationship between street networks and sprawl has been discussed by urban scholars in developed and high-income countries. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the relationships between street connectivity and urban travel behavior, particularly among emerging markets. This paper aims to study correlations between urban mobility and street-length density as an indicator for assessing the compactness of an area by developing two hierarchical regression models and controlling for socioeconomic variables in two large Pakistani cities: Lahore and Rawalpindi. Moreover, this paper defines optimal cutoff values for street-length density and active transport. Finally, three chi-square tests were conducted to assess the differences between using different mode choices by people living in sprawled neighborhoods versus compact neighborhoods. Our findings confirm the use of different transport modes depending on the purpose of the trip (commuting or non-commuting), length of trip (within or outside the neighborhood), and starting point (sprawled neighborhood or compact area). We also find a positive correlation between street-length density around homes and commuting distance, the frequency of public transport use, and the use of private motor vehicles in commuting trips in the two cities. Street-length density around workplaces is correlated with commuting distance, the frequency of public transport use, and the use of private motor vehicles when socioeconomic variables (including age, daily activity, and monthly income) are controlled for in the two models. The behavior of Pakistani residents changes with a street-length density of 137 and 144.7 m/m2 for homes and workplaces, respectively, in terms of using active mobility.

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Labdaoui, Kahina, Said Mazouz, Mehdi Moeinaddini, Mario Cools, and Jacques Teller. "The Street Walkability and Thermal Comfort Index (SWTCI): A new assessment tool combining street design measurements and thermal comfort." Science of The Total Environment 795 (November 2021): 148663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148663.

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Waddell, Thomas G., and Thomas R. Rybolt. "The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Baker Street Burning." Journal of Chemical Education 75, no. 4 (April 1998): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed075p484.

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Karanasiou, Angeliki, Fulvio Amato, Teresa Moreno, Julio Lumbreras, Rafael Borge, Cristina Linares, Elena Boldo, Andres Alastuey, and Xavier Querol. "Road Dust Emission Sources and Assessment of Street Washing Effect." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 14, no. 3 (2014): 734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.03.0074.

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Yin, Jie, Qingming Zhan, and Muhammad Tayyab. "The Ventilation Path Assessment of Urban Street in Wuhan." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 30, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 2877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/130518.

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Biggart, Michael, Jenny Stocker, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, Michael Hollaway, David Carruthers, Jie Li, et al. "Street-scale air quality modelling for Beijing during a winter 2016 measurement campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 2755–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2755-2020.

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Abstract. We examine the street-scale variation of NOx, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-China) winter measurement campaign in November–December 2016. Simulations are performed using the urban air pollution dispersion and chemistry model ADMS-Urban and an explicit network of road source emissions. Two versions of the gridded Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC v1.3) are used: the standard MEIC v1.3 emissions and an optimised version, both at 3 km resolution. We construct a new traffic emissions inventory by apportioning the transport sector onto a detailed spatial road map. Agreement between mean simulated and measured pollutant concentrations from Beijing's air quality monitoring network and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) field site is improved when using the optimised emissions inventory. The inclusion of fast NOx–O3 chemistry and explicit traffic emissions enables the sharp concentration gradients adjacent to major roads to be resolved with the model. However, NO2 concentrations are overestimated close to roads, likely due to the assumption of uniform traffic activity across the study domain. Differences between measured and simulated diurnal NO2 cycles suggest that an additional evening NOx emission source, likely related to heavy-duty diesel trucks, is not fully accounted for in the emissions inventory. Overestimates in simulated early evening NO2 are reduced by delaying the formation of stable boundary layer conditions in the model to replicate Beijing's urban heat island. The simulated campaign period mean PM2.5 concentration range across the monitoring network (∼15 µg m−3) is much lower than the measured range (∼40 µg m−3). This is likely a consequence of insufficient PM2.5 emissions and spatial variability, neglect of explicit point sources, and assumption of a homogeneous background PM2.5 level. Sensitivity studies highlight that the use of explicit road source emissions, modified diurnal emission profiles, and inclusion of urban heat island effects permit closer agreement between simulated and measured NO2 concentrations. This work lays the foundations for future studies of human exposure to ambient air pollution across complex urban areas, with the APHH-China campaign measurements providing a valuable means of evaluating the impact of key processes on street-scale air quality.

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Laks, Suvi, Anna Pelander, Erkki Vuori, Elisa Ali-Tolppa, Erkki Sippola, and Ilkka Ojanperä. "Analysis of Street Drugs in Seized Material without Primary Reference Standards." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 24 (December 2004): 7375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac048913p.

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Stephens, Robert D. "Transformer fire Spear Street Tower One Market Plaza San Francisco, California." Chemosphere 15, no. 9-12 (January 1986): 1281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90402-9.

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Tanner, Peter A., Hoi-Ling Ma, and Peter K. N. Yu. "Fingerprinting Metals in Urban Street Dust of Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 19 (October 2008): 7111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8007613.

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