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1
Johnson, Sherri L. "Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and a shading experiment." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-040.
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The temperature of stream water is an important control of many in-stream processes. To better understand the processes and consequences of solar energy inputs to streams, stream temperature dynamics were examined before, during, and after experimental shading of a 150-m reach of a second-order stream in the Oregon Cascade Range. Maximum water temperatures declined significantly in the shaded reach, but minimum and mean temperatures were not modified. Heat budget calculations before shading show the dominance of solar energy as an influence of stream temperature. The influence of substrate type on stream temperature was examined separately where the water flowed first over bedrock and then through alluvial substrates. Maximum temperatures in the upstream bedrock reach were up to 8.6 °C higher and 3.4 °C lower than downstream in the alluvial reach. Better understanding of factors that influence not only maximum but minimum temperatures as well as diurnal temperature variation will highlight types of reaches in which stream temperature would be most responsive to changes in shading. Many apparent discrepancies in stream temperature literature can be explained by considering variation in the relative importance of different stream temperature drivers within and among streams and over time.
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Kristensen, P. B., E. A. Kristensen, T. Riis, A. J. Baisner, S. E. Larsen, P. F. M. Verdonschot, and A. Baattrup-Pedersen. "Riparian forest as a management tool for moderating future thermal conditions of lowland temperate streams." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2013): 6081–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-6081-2013.
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Abstract. Predictions of the future climate infer that stream water temperatures may increase in temperate lowland areas and that streams without riparian forest will be particularly prone to elevated stream water temperature. Planting of riparian forest is a potential mitigation measure to reduce water temperatures for the benefit of stream organisms. However, no studies have yet determined the length of a forested reach required to obtain a significant temperature decrease. To investigate this we measured the temperature in five small Danish lowland streams from June 2010 to July 2011, all showing a sharp transition between an upstream open reach and a downstream forested reach. In all stream reaches we also measured canopy cover and a range of physical variables characterizing the streams reaches. This allowed us to analyse differences in mean daily temperature and amplitude per month among forested and open sections as well as to study annual temperature regimes and the influence of physical conditions on temperature changes. Stream water temperature in the open reaches was affected by heating, and in July we observed an increase in temperature over the entire length of the investigated reaches, reaching temperatures higher than the incipient lethal limit for brown trout. Along the forest reaches a significant decrease in July temperatures was recorded immediately (100 m) when the stream moved into the forested area. In three of our study streams the temperature continued to decrease the longer the stream entered into the forested reach, and the temperature decline did not reach a plateau. The temperature increases along the open reaches were accompanied by stronger daily temperature variation; however, when the streams entered into the forest, the range in daily variation decreased. Multiple regression analysis of the combined effects on stream water temperature of canopy cover, Width/Depth ratio, discharge, current velocity and water temperature revealed that canopy cover and Width/Depth were the two variables responsible for the reduced temperature observed when the streams enter the forest. In consequence, we conclude that even relatively short stretches (100–500 m) of forest alongside streams may combat the negative effects of heating of stream water and that forest planting can be a useful mitigation measure.
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Murphy, Robert D., John A. Hagan, Bradley P. Harris, Suresh A. Sethi, T. Scott Smeltz, and Felipe Restrepo. "Can Landsat Thermal Imagery and Environmental Data Accurately Estimate Water Temperatures in Small Streams?" Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-048.
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Abstract The ability to monitor water temperature is important for assessing changes in riverine ecosystems resulting from climate warming. Direct in situ water temperature collection efforts provide point samples but are cost-prohibitive for characterizing stream temperatures across large spatial scales, especially for small, remote streams. In contrast, satellite thermal infrared imagery may provide a spatially extensive means of monitoring riverine water temperatures; however, researchers do not have a good understanding of the accuracy of these remotely sensed temperatures for small streams. Here, we investigated the utility of Landsat 8 thermal infrared imagery and both local and regional environmental variables to estimate subsurface temperatures in high-latitude small streams (2–30 m wetted width) from a test watershed in southcentral Alaska. Our results suggested that Landsat-based surface temperatures were biased high, and the degree of bias varied with hydrological and meteorological factors. However, with limited in-stream validation work, results indicated it is possible to reconstruct average in situ water temperatures for small streams at regional scales using a regression modelling framework coupled with publicly available Landsat or air temperature information. Generalized additive models built from stream stage information from a single gage and air temperatures from a single weather station in the drainage fit to a limited set of in situ temperature recordings could estimate average stream temperatures at the watershed level with reasonable accuracy (root mean square error = 2.4°C). Landsat information did track closely with regional air temperatures and we could also incorporate it into a regression model as a substitute for air temperature to estimate in situ stream temperatures at watershed scales. Importantly, however, while average watershed-scale stream temperatures may be predictable, site-level estimates did not improve with the use of Landsat information or other local covariates, indicating that additional information may be necessary to generate accurate spatially explicit temperature predictions for small order streams.
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Bourque, C. P. A., and J. H. Pomeroy. "Effects of forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in New Brunswick, Canada: an inter-catchment, multiple-year comparison." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-599-2001.
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Abstract. This paper presents a pre- and post-harvest comparison of stream temperatures collected in five neighbouring streams (sub-catchments) over a period of five years (1994-1998). The aim of the study was to determine whether land cover changes from clear cutting in areas outside forest buffer zones (applied to streams >0.5 m wide) might contribute to an increase in summer mean stream temperatures in buffered streams downslope by infusion of warmed surface and sub-surface water into the streams. Specific relationships were observed in all five forest streams investigated. To assist in the analysis, several spatially-relevant variables, such as land cover change, mid-summer potential solar radiation, flow accumulation, stream location and slope of the land were determined, in part, from existing aerial photographs, GIS-archived forest inventory data and a digital terrain model of the study area. Spatial calculations of insolation levels for July 15th were used as an index of mid-summer solar heating across sub-catchments. Analysis indicated that prior to the 1995 harvest, differences in stream temperature could be attributed to (i) topographic position and catchment-to-sun orientation, (ii) the level of cutting that occurred in the upper catchment prior to the start of the study, and (iii) the average slope within harvested areas. Compared to the pre-harvest mean stream temperatures in 1994, mean temperatures in the three streams downslope from the 1995 harvest areas increased by 0.3 to 0.7°C (representing a 4-8% increase; p-value of normalised temperatures <<0.05). The greatest temperature change occurred in the stream that had the greatest proportion of its upper catchment harvested (16.8%), which also had the highest calculated potential solar loading ( ~2749 MJ per stream cell). From the analysis it was determined that the thinning applied to the forest buffer of that stream, with a basal area removal of ~28%, was insufficient to cause significant change in the observed stream temperature. Similar effects were observed following a second harvest in 1997. In general, increases in mean stream temperature coincided with forest harvesting activities outside forest buffers, where conditions promoting stream warming were greatest. In this study, no clear relationship existed between forest buffer strip width (ranging from 30-60 m) and the level of stream warming observed at the monitoring stations. Keywords: terrain attributes, solar radiation, land cover, forest buffers, New Brunswick regulations, spatial modelling, DEM, forest covertypes
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Joughin, Ian R., Slawek Tulaczyk, and Hermann F. Engelhardt. "Basal melt beneath Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C, West Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 36 (2003): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816130.
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AbstractWe have used a recently derived map of the velocity of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C, West Antarctica, to help estimate basal melt. Ice temperature was modeled with a simple vertical advection–diffusion equation,“tuned” to match temperature profiles. We find that most of the melt occurs beneath the tributaries, where larger basal shear stresses and thicker ice favor greater melt (e.g. 10–20mm a−1). The occurrence of basal freezing is predicted beneath much of the ice plains of Ice Stream C andWhillans Ice Stream. Modeled melt rates for when Ice Stream C was active suggest there was enough meltwater generated in its tributaries to balance basal freezing on its ice plain. Net basal melt for Whillans Ice Stream is greater due to less steep basal temperature gradients. Modeled temperatures on Whillans Ice Stream, however, were constrained by a single temperature profile at UpB. Basal temperature gradients for Whillans branch 1 and Ice Stream A may have conditions more similar to those beneath Ice Streams C and D, in which case, there may not be sufficient melt to sustain motion. This would be consistent with the steady deceleration of Whillans Ice Stream over the last few decades.
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Munir, Tariq, and Cherie Westbrook. "Thermal Characteristics of a Beaver Dam Analogues Equipped Spring-Fed Creek in the Canadian Rockies." Water 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070990.
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Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are becoming an increasingly popular stream restoration technique. One ecological function BDAs might help restore is suitable habitat conditions for fish in streams where loss of beaver dams and channel incision has led to their decline. A critical physical characteristic for fish is stream temperature. We examined the thermal regime of a spring-fed Canadian Rocky Mountain stream in relation to different numbers of BDAs installed in series over three study periods (April–October; 2017–2019). While all BDA configurations significantly influenced stream and pond temperatures, single- and double-configuration BDAs incrementally increased stream temperatures. Single and double configuration BDAs warmed the downstream waters of mean maxima of 9.9, 9.3 °C by respective mean maxima of 0.9 and 1.0 °C. Higher pond and stream temperatures occurred when ponding and discharge decreased, and vice versa. In 2019, variation in stream temperature below double-configuration BDAs was lower than the single-configuration BDA. The triple-configuration BDA, in contrast, cooled the stream, although the mean maximum stream temperature was the highest below these structures. Ponding upstream of BDAs increased discharge and resulted in cooling of the stream. Rainfall events sharply and transiently reduced stream temperatures, leading to a three-way interaction between BDA configuration, rainfall and stream discharge as factors co-influencing the stream temperature regime. Our results have implications for optimal growth of regionally important and threatened bull and cutthroat trout fish species.
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Stott, T., and S. Marks. "Effects of plantation forest clearfelling on stream temperatures in the Plynlimon experimental catchments, mid-Wales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-95-2000.
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Abstract. Hourly stream temperatures monitored over 28 months, which spanned a 3 month period of environmentally sensitive plot-scale harvesting of 20 ha. (20%) of the Nant Tanllwyth catchment (0.89 km2) on the south side of the main stream in early 1996, resulted in a 0.58°C (p< 0.001) increase in monthly mean stream temperature. Over the same 28 month experimental period, there was no significant increase in the monthly mean air temperature recorded at a nearby automatic weather station. Monthly mean temperatures are highest in July and August in the year before and the year after the clearfelling, and one of the main effects of the clearfelling was to decrease the difference between the monthly mean stream and air temperatures. Despite the air temperatures being cooler in the post-clearfelling year, the stream temperatures still showed an increase in the summer months. Monthly mean maximum stream temperatures, also highest in July and August in the year before and the year after the clearfelling, showed a marked increase of 7.0°C: in July and 5.3°C in August from the pre- to the post-clearfelling years, while monthly mean minimum air temperatures actually showed a slight decrease for the same months. The likely effects on stream fauna are discussed, as are suggestions for, and likely effects of, buffer strips alongside the streams. Keywords: stream temperature; air temperature; ground surface temperature; clearfelling; Plynlimon
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Brown, Alastair. "Stream temperature velocity." Nature Climate Change 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2016): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3015.
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Ice, George G., Jeff Light, and Maryanne Reiter. "Use of Natural Temperature Patterns to Identify Achievable Stream Temperature Criteria for Forest Streams." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.4.252.
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Abstract Almost 90% of the streams listed on the EPA's nationwide database as water-quality impaired for temperature are in the Northwest. Historic records, monitoring of streams in federal wilderness areas in Oregon, and available data for least-impaired streams in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho show that many of these streams cannot achieve state temperature criteria. Forest management often is cited as a cause for increased stream temperature above state standards. The expectation that all forested streams should be below state targets has led to unnecessary listing of streams as impaired, wasting limited watershed protection resources. State water-quality programs should base water temperature criteria on natural patterns of stream temperature and on factors that have biological relevance to beneficial uses. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):252–259.
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Leach, J. A., and R. D. Moore. "Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 819–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-819-2014.
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Abstract. Stream temperature dynamics during winter are less well studied than summer thermal regimes, but the winter season thermal regime can be critical for fish growth and development in coastal catchments. The winter thermal regimes of Pacific Northwest headwater streams, which provide vital winter habitat for salmonids and their food sources, may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate because they can remain ice-free throughout the year and are often located in rain-on-snow zones. This study examined winter stream temperature patterns and controls in small headwater catchments within the rain-on-snow zone at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two hypotheses were addressed by this study: (1) winter stream temperatures are primarily controlled by advective fluxes associated with runoff processes and (2) stream temperatures should be depressed during rain-on-snow events, compared to rain-on-bare-ground events, due to the cooling effect of rain passing through the snowpack prior to infiltrating the soil or being delivered to the stream as saturation-excess overland flow. A reach-scale energy budget analysis of two winter seasons revealed that the advective energy input associated with hillslope runoff overwhelms vertical energy exchanges (net radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, bed heat conduction, and stream friction) and hyporheic energy fluxes during rain and rain-on-snow events. Historical stream temperature data and modelled snowpack dynamics were used to explore the influence of transient snow cover on stream temperature over 13 winters. When snow was not present, daily stream temperature during winter rain events tended to increase with increasing air temperature. However, when snow was present, stream temperature was capped at about 5 °C, regardless of air temperature. The stream energy budget modelling and historical analysis support both of our hypotheses. A key implication is that climatic warming may generate higher winter stream temperatures in the rain-on-snow zone due to both increased rain temperature and reduced cooling effect of snow cover.
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Leach, J. A., and R. D. Moore. "Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2013): 12951–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12951-2013.
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Abstract. Stream temperature dynamics during winter are less well studied than summer thermal regimes, but the winter season thermal regime can be critical for fish growth and development in coastal catchments. The winter thermal regimes of Pacific Northwest headwater streams, which provide vital winter habitat for salmonids and their food sources, may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate because they can remain ice-free throughout the year and are often located in rain-on-snow zones. This study examined winter stream temperature patterns and controls in small headwater catchments within the rain-on-snow zone at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two hypotheses were addressed by this study: (1) winter stream temperatures are primarily controlled by advective fluxes associated with runoff processes and (2) stream temperatures should be depressed during rain-on-snow events, compared to rain-on-bare-ground, due to the cooling effect of rain passing through the snowpack prior to infiltrating the soil or being delivered to the stream as saturation-excess overland flow. A reach-scale energy budget analysis of two winter seasons revealed that the advective energy input associated with hillslope runoff overwhelms the effects of energy exchanges at the stream surface during rain and rain-on-snow events. Historical stream temperature data and modelled snowpack dynamics were used to explore the influence of transient snow cover on stream temperature over 13 winters. When snow was not present, daily stream temperature during winter rain events tended to increase with increasing air temperature. However, when snow was present, stream temperature was capped at about 5 °C, regardless of air temperature. The stream energy budget modelling and historical analysis support both of our hypotheses. A key implication is that climatic warming may generate higher winter stream temperatures in the rain-on-snow zone due to both increased rain temperature and reduced cooling effect of snow cover.
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Mellina, Eric, R. Dan Moore, Scott G. Hinch, J. Stevenson Macdonald, and Greg Pearson. "Stream temperature responses to clearcut logging in British Columbia: the moderating influences of groundwater and headwater lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1886–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-158.
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Although the future timber supply in the northern hemisphere is expected to come from boreal and subboreal forests, little research has been conducted in these regions that examines the temperature responses of small, lake-headed streams to streamside timber harvesting. We examined the temperature patterns of two subboreal outlet streams in north-central British Columbia for 1 year before and 3 years after clearcut logging and found only modest changes (averaging 0.051.1°C) with respect to summer daily maximum and minimum temperatures, diurnal fluctuations, and stream cooling. A multistream comparative survey conducted in the same geographic region revealed that streams headed by small lakes or swamps tended to cool as they flowed downstream, and headwater streams warmed, regardless of whether or not timber harvesting took place. Stream cooling was attributed to a combination of warm outlet temperatures (promoted by the presence of the lakes) and cold groundwater inflows. A regression model revealed that summertime downstream warming or cooling in headwater and outlet streams could be predicted by upstream maximum summer temperatures and canopy cover. Lentic water bodies and groundwater inflows are important determinants of stream temperature patterns in subboreal forests and may subsequently moderate their responses to streamside harvesting.
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Letcher, Benjamin H., Daniel J. Hocking, Kyle O’Neil, Andrew R. Whiteley, Keith H. Nislow, and Matthew J. O’Donnell. "A hierarchical model of daily stream temperature using air-water temperature synchronization, autocorrelation, and time lags." PeerJ 4 (February 29, 2016): e1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1727.
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Water temperature is a primary driver of stream ecosystems and commonly forms the basis of stream classifications. Robust models of stream temperature are critical as the climate changes, but estimating daily stream temperature poses several important challenges. We developed a statistical model that accounts for many challenges that can make stream temperature estimation difficult. Our model identifies the yearly period when air and water temperature are synchronized, accommodates hysteresis, incorporates time lags, deals with missing data and autocorrelation and can include external drivers. In a small stream network, the model performed well (RMSE = 0.59°C), identified a clear warming trend (0.63 °C decade−1) and a widening of the synchronized period (29 d decade−1). We also carefully evaluated how missing data influenced predictions. Missing data within a year had a small effect on performance (∼0.05% average drop in RMSE with 10% fewer days with data). Missing all data for a year decreased performance (∼0.6 °C jump in RMSE), but this decrease was moderated when data were available from other streams in the network.
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MacDonald, Ryan J., Sarah Boon, James M. Byrne, Mike D. Robinson, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Potential future climate effects on mountain hydrology, stream temperature, and native salmonid life history." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 2 (February 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0221.
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Native salmonids of western North America are subject to many environmental pressures, most notably the effects of introduced species and environmental degradation. To better understand how native salmonids on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains may respond to future changes in climate, we applied a process-based approach to hydrologic and stream temperature modelling. This study demonstrates that stream thermal regimes in western Alberta, Canada, may only warm during the summer period, while colder thermal regimes during spring, fall, and winter could result from response to earlier onset of spring freshet. Model results of future climate impacts on hydrology and stream temperature are corroborated by an intercatchment comparison of stream temperature, air temperature, and hydrological conditions. Earlier fry emergence as a result of altered hydrological and thermal regimes may favour native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii) in isolated headwater streams. Colder winter stream temperatures could result in longer incubation periods for native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and limit threatened westslope cutthroat trout habitat.
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Cole, Elizabeth, and Michael Newton. "Influence of streamside buffers on stream temperature response following clear-cut harvesting in western Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 11 (November 2013): 993–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0138.
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Determining the effectiveness of different riparian buffers for mitigating forest-harvesting impacts on stream temperatures continues to be of interest throughout the world. Four small, low or medium elevation streams in managed western Oregon forests were studied to determine how the arrangement and amount of streamside retention strips (buffers) in clear-cut units influenced stream temperatures. Buffers included (i) no tree, (ii) predominantly sun-sided 12 m wide partial, and (iii) two-sided (Best Management Practice, (BMP)) 15–30 m wide buffers. Harvested units alternated with uncut units along 1800–2600 m study reaches. Impacts of harvesting on stream temperatures were determined by time series comparisons of postharvest and preharvest regressions. Trends for daily maximum and mean stream temperature significantly increased after harvest in no tree buffer units. Partial buffers led to slight (<2 °C) or no increased warming. BMP units led to significantly increased warming, slight, or no increased warming. Temperature responses in uncut units appeared to be linked to responses in upstream harvested units. In many instances, when harvested units exhibited significantly higher postharvest trends, lower trends were observed in the uncut units downstream. Stream temperature trends of 7 day moving maxima indicated warming through the no tree buffer units and some of the BMP units. Peaks in maxima were not maintained in downstream units. Stream temperature responses were related to buffer implementation and stream features, relating to cooling and warming.
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Stefan, Heinz G., and Eric B. Preud'homme. "STREAM TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION FROM AIR TEMPERATURE." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 29, no. 1 (February 1993): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01502.x.
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Roback, R. J., and R. P. Dring. "Hot Streaks and Phantom Cooling in a Turbine Rotor Passage: Part 2—Combined Effects and Analytical Modeling." Journal of Turbomachinery 115, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929301.
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This paper presents experimental documentation and analytical correlations demonstrating the effects of hot streak accumulation and phantom cooling on turbine rotor airfoil surface temperature. In particular, results are shown that quantify the impact of (1) a nonuniform temperature profile at the entrance of a turbine due to combustor-generated hot and cold streaks, and (2) cooling air discharged from the trailing edge of the upstream stator. In Part 1 of this paper, experimental results were shown for a range of controlling variables to identify where streak accumulation and phantom cooling were most likely to be strongest. These variables include streak-to-free-stream density ratio, streak injection location, and coolant-to-free-stream density and velocity ratios. In Part 2 of this paper, experimental results will be shown for the combined effects of hot streak and stator coolant on the adiabatic recovery temperature on the rotor. An analytical model is also developed to correlate the experimental results documented in Parts 1 and 2 of the paper.
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Du, Xinzhong, Greg Goss, and Monireh Faramarzi. "Impacts of Hydrological Processes on Stream Temperature in a Cold Region Watershed Based on the SWAT Equilibrium Temperature Model." Water 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041112.
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Variance in stream temperature from historical norms, which reflects the impacts from both hydrological and meteorological factors, is a significant indicator of the stream ecosystem health. Therefore, it is imperative to study the hydrological processes controlling stream temperature in the watershed. The impacts of hydrological processes on stream temperature in the cold region of Western Canada were investigated based on the previously developed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) equilibrium temperature model. The model was calibrated and validated for streamflow and stream temperature based on the observations and a global parameter sensitivity analysis conducted to identify the most important hydrological process governing the stream temperature dynamics. The precipitation and air temperature lapse rates were found to be the most sensitive parameters controlling the stream temperature, followed by the parameters regulating the processes of soil water dynamics, surface runoff, and channel routing. Our analysis showed an inverse relationship between streamflow volume and stream temperature, and different runoff components have different impacts on temporal regimes of stream temperatures. This study elaborates on the response of the stream temperature to changes in hydrological processes at the watershed scale and indicates that hydrological processes should be taken into account for prediction of stream temperatures.
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Kurylyk, B. L., K. T. B. MacQuarrie, D. Caissie, and J. M. McKenzie. "Shallow groundwater thermal sensitivity to climate change and land cover disturbances: derivation of analytical expressions and implications for stream temperature modeling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (May 26, 2015): 2469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2469-2015.
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Abstract. Climate change is expected to increase stream temperatures and the projected warming may alter the spatial extent of habitat for cold-water fish and other aquatic taxa. Recent studies have proposed that stream thermal sensitivities, derived from short-term air temperature variations, can be employed to infer future stream warming due to long-term climate change. However, this approach does not consider the potential for streambed heat fluxes to increase due to gradual warming of the shallow subsurface. The temperature of shallow groundwater is particularly important for the thermal regimes of groundwater-dominated streams and rivers. Also, recent studies have investigated how land surface perturbations, such as wildfires or timber harvesting, can influence stream temperatures by changing stream surface heat fluxes, but these studies have typically not considered how these surface disturbances can also alter shallow groundwater temperatures and streambed heat fluxes. In this study, several analytical solutions to the one-dimensional unsteady advection–diffusion equation for subsurface heat transport are employed to estimate the timing and magnitude of groundwater temperature changes due to seasonal and long-term variability in land surface temperatures. Groundwater thermal sensitivity formulae are proposed that accommodate different surface warming scenarios. The thermal sensitivity formulae suggest that shallow groundwater will warm in response to climate change and other surface perturbations, but the timing and magnitude of the subsurface warming depends on the rate of surface warming, subsurface thermal properties, bulk aquifer depth, and groundwater velocity. The results also emphasize the difference between the thermal sensitivity of shallow groundwater to short-term (e.g., seasonal) and long-term (e.g., multi-decadal) land surface-temperature variability, and thus demonstrate the limitations of using short-term air and water temperature records to project future stream warming. Suggestions are provided for implementing these formulae in stream temperature models to accommodate groundwater warming.
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Caissie, Daniel, Nassir El-Jabi, and André St-Hilaire. "Stochastic modelling of water temperatures in a small stream using air to water relations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-091.
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Stream water temperature is a very important parameter when assessing aquatic ecosystem dynamics. For instance, cold-water fishes such as salmon can be adversely affected by maximum summer temperatures or by those exaggerated by land-use activities such as deforestation. The present study deals with the modelling of stream water temperatures using a stochastic approach to relate air and water temperatures in Catamaran Brook, a small stream in New Brunswick where long-term multidisciplinary habitat research is being carried out. The first step in the modelling approach was to establish the long-term annual component (pattern) in stream water temperatures. This was possible by fitting a Fourier series to stream water temperatures. The short-term residual temperatures (departure from the long-term annual component) were modelled using different air to water relations, namely a multiple regression analysis, a second-order Markov process, and a Box-Jenkins time-series model. The results indicated that it was possible to predict daily water temperatures for small streams using air temperatures and that the three models produced similar results in predicting stream temperatures. The root mean square error (RSME) varied between 0.59°C and 1.68°C on an annual basis from 1990 to 1995, with the warmest year (1994) showing the highest RMSE. Although 1992 was an exceptionally cold summer (coldest in 30 years), good predictions of stream water temperature were obtained, with an RMSE of approximately 1.24°C. Of the three models, the second-order Markov process was preferred based on its performance and its simplicity in development.Key words: small stream, water temperature, model, stochastic, root mean square error, Markov process.
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Tronstad, Lusha, J. Joseph Giersch, Scott Hotaling, Lydia Zeglin, Oliver Wilmot, Rebecca J. Bixby, and Debra S. Finn. "Establishing a long-term monitoring network for assessing potential climatic refugia in cold alpine streams." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 40 (December 15, 2017): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2017.5581.
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Managing landscapes to maintain climate refugia is likely the best strategy to promote persistence of temperature-sensitive species with limited dispersal capacity. Rare, cold-stenothermic taxa occupy mosaic mountain stream networks due largely to hydrological source heterogeneity. We collected environmental and biological data from alpine streams in the Teton Range, Wyoming representing runoff from snowpack (N=3), glaciers (N=4) and subterranean ice (N=4), every summer from 2015-2017. We quantified differences in habitat among the streams according to a glaciality index that included bed stability, suspended solids, temperature and conductivity, and by comparing annual water temperature profiles for each stream. We measured to what degree macroinvertebrate and diatom assemblages varied by stream type. Abiotic and biotic characteristics appeared to differ among sources. Notably, streams fed by subterranean ice (icy seeps) maintained extremely low (mean <2°C) and stable water temperature. Rare, cold-stenothermic stonefly species (Zapada glacier and Lednia tetonica) were indicators for, although not exclusive to, icy seeps. Icy seeps and their sources may be refugia for temperature-sensitive taxa, as the subsurface ice is more insulated from warmer air temperatures.
Featured photo by Nicole Y-C on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/9XixVlnUCbk
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Joughin, Ian, Slawek Tulaczyk, Douglas R. MacAyeal, and Hermann Engelhardt. "Melting and freezing beneath the Ross ice streams, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 168 (2004): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830295.
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AbstractWe have estimated temperature gradients and melt rates at the bottom of the ice streams in West Antarctica. Measured velocities were used to include the effects of horizontal advection and strain heating in the temperature model and to determine shear heating at the bed. Our modeled temperatures agree well with measured temperatures from boreholes in regions of steady flow. We find that ice-stream tributaries and the inland ice account for about 87% of the total melt generated beneath the Ross ice streams and their catchments. Our estimates indicate that the ice plains of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Stream C (even when active) have large areas subject to basal freezing, confirming earlier estimates that import of water from upstream is necessary to sustain motion. The relatively low melt rates on Whillans Ice Stream are consistent with observations of deceleration over the last few decades and suggest a shutdown may take place in the future, possibly within this century. While there are pockets of basal freezing beneath Ice Streams D and E, there are larger areas of basal melt that produce enough melt to more than offset the freezing, which is consistent with inferences of relatively steady flow for these ice streams over the last millennium.
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Kohil, Ahmed, Hassan Farag, and Mona Ossman. "Mathematical modeling of a multi-stream brazed aluminum plate fin heat exchanger." Thermal Science 14, no. 1 (2010): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1001103k.
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The need for small size and lightweight heat exchangers in many applications has resulted in the development of many heat transfer surfaces. This type of heat exchanger is much more compact than can be practically realized with circular tubes. In this work a steady-state mathematical model that representing one of the plate fin heat exchangers enclosed in cold box of an ethylene plant has been developed. This model could evaluate the performance of the heat exchanger by predicting the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams when the inlet conditions are known. The model has been validated by comparing the results with actual operating values and the results showed good agreement with the actual data. Sensitivity analysis was applied on the model to illustrate the main parameters that have the greatest influence on the model calculated results. The sensitivity analysis showed that the hot stream outlet temperature is more sensitive to cold streams inlet temperatures and less sensitive to hot stream inlet temperature and thermal resistance (fouling), while the cold stream outlet temperature is more sensitive to cold streams inlet flow rate and less sensitive to fouling.
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Troia, Matthew J., Michael A. Denk, and Keith B. Gido. "Temperature-dependent performance as a driver of warm-water fish species replacement along the river continuum." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 3 (March 2016): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0094.
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Replacement of fish species by their congeners along gradients of stream size is common in warm-water streams, but the causative environmental factors driving this turnover are not fully understood. We used laboratory experiments to test for differences in temperature-dependent egg hatch success and age-0 food ration size for three congeneric cyprinids that differ in abundance along temperature–stream size gradients. Headwater species (Pimephales promelas and Pimephales notatus) had lower thermal optima and narrower thermal breadths for hatch success compared with a river mainstem species (Pimephales vigilax). Temperature sensitivity of ration size was lowest for P. promelas, intermediate for P. notatus, and highest for P. vigilax. Using an empirical stream temperature model, we predicted water temperatures and projected hatch success and ration size for 7974 stream segments in Kansas, USA. Projected hatch success from May to July and ration size from July to September generally matched abundance–stream size patterns, suggesting that increasing temperature along the river continuum may drive replacements among Pimephales species. Our findings combined with evaluations of timing and duration of spawning seasons will improve mechanistic understanding of species replacements along the river continuum.
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Roback, R. J., and R. P. Dring. "Hot Streaks and Phantom Cooling in a Turbine Rotor Passage: Part 1—Separate Effects." Journal of Turbomachinery 115, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929300.
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This paper presents experimental documentation and analytical correlations demonstrating the effects of hot streak accumulation and phantom cooling on turbine rotor airfoil surface temperature. Results are shown that quantify the impact of (1) a nonuniform temperature profile at the entrance of a turbine due to combustor-generated hot and cold streaks, and (2) cooling air discharged from the trailing edge of the upstream stator. In Part 1 of this paper, experimental results are shown for a range of controlling variables to identify where streak accumulation and phantom cooling were most likely to be strongest. These variables include streak-to-free-stream density ratio, streak injection location, and coolant-to-free-stream density and velocity ratios. In Part 2 of this paper, experimental results are shown for the combined effects of hot streak and stator coolant. An analytical model is also presented to correlate the experimental results.
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Mauger, Sue, Rebecca Shaftel, Jason C. Leppi, and Daniel J. Rinella. "Summer temperature regimes in southcentral Alaska streams: watershed drivers of variation and potential implications for Pacific salmon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 5 (May 2017): 702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0076.
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Climate is changing fastest in high-latitude regions, focusing our research on understanding rates and drivers of changing temperature regimes in southcentral Alaska streams and implications for salmon populations. We collected continuous water and air temperature data during open-water periods from 2008 to 2012 in 48 nonglacial salmon streams across the Cook Inlet basin spanning a range of watershed characteristics. The most important predictors of maximum temperatures, expressed as mean July temperature, maximum weekly average temperature, and maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), were mean elevation and wetland cover, while thermal sensitivity (slope of the stream–air temperature relationship) was best explained by mean elevation and area. Although maximum stream temperatures varied widely between years and across sites (8.4 to 23.7 °C), MWMT at most sites exceeded established criterion for spawning and incubation (13 °C), above which chronic and sublethal effects become likely, every year of the study, which suggests salmon are already experiencing thermal stress. Projections of MWMT over the next ∼50 years suggest these criteria will be exceeded at more sites and by increasing margins.
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Tronstad, Lusha M., J. Joseph Giersch, Scott Hotaling, Debra S. Finn, Lydia Zeglin, Oliver J. Wilmot, Rebecca J. Bixby, Alisha A. Shah, and Michael E. Dillon. "Assessing thermal tolerance of vulnerable alpine stream insects as part of a long-term monitoring project in the Teton Range, Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 41 (December 15, 2018): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2018.5661.
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Alpine streams are predicted to decline as air temperatures warm and their water sources dry. Stream temperatures are expected to increase as glaciers and permanent snowfields decrease in size. For aquatic insects that are cold-adapted and restricted to small, high elevation streams fed by glaciers or snowfields, warmer water temperatures could be lethal. Conversely, less water in streams may increase the likelihood of insects freezing during winter months. We measured the critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) – the highest non-lethal temperature an insect can survive, and supercooling temperature – the temperature at which an insect freezes, of three alpine stoneflies, Zapada sp., Lednia tetonica and Lednia tumana, collected in Grant Teton and Glacier National Parks. CTMAX and supercooling point varied among species and with stream source (glacier-fed, snowmelt-fed and icy seep) and population (seven populations). Supercooling temperature was lowest in an alpine tarn and highest in glacier- and snowmelt-fed streams. Zapada sp. had the lowest CTMAX of the three species. Stoneflies from icy seeps had lower CTMAX than individuals from glacier- or snowmelt-fed streams. Individuals that likely experience the coldest winter temperatures had the lowest supercooling temperature. Similarly, stoneflies that experienced warmer water temperatures also had higher CTMAX values. Investigating the thermal tolerances of alpine stoneflies allows us to predict how these insects may respond to future climate change scenarios.
Featured photo by Nicole Y-C on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/9XixVlnUCbk
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Kurylyk, B. L., K. T. B. MacQuarrie, D. Caissie, and J. M. McKenzie. "Shallow groundwater thermal sensitivity to climate change and land cover disturbances: derivation of analytical expressions and implications for stream temperature projections." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2014): 12573–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-12573-2014.
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Abstract. Climate change is expected to increase stream temperatures, and the projected warming may alter the spatial extent of habitat for coldwater fish and other aquatic taxa. Recent studies have proposed that stream thermal sensitivities, derived from short term air temperature variations, can be employed to infer future stream warming due to long term climate change. However, this approach does not consider the potential for streambed heat fluxes to increase due to gradual warming of shallow groundwater. The temperature of shallow groundwater is particularly important for the thermal regimes of groundwater-dominated streams and rivers. Also, other recent stream temperature studies have investigated how land surface perturbations, such as wildfires or timber harvesting, can influence stream temperatures by changing surface heat fluxes, but these studies have typically not considered how these surface disturbances can also alter shallow groundwater temperatures and consequent streambed heat fluxes. In this study, several analytical solutions to the one-dimensional unsteady advection–diffusion equation for subsurface heat transport are employed to investigate the timing and magnitude of groundwater warming due to seasonal and long term variability in land surface temperatures. Novel groundwater thermal sensitivity formulae are proposed that accommodate different surface warming scenarios. The thermal sensitivity formulae demonstrate that shallow groundwater will warm in response to climate change and other surface perturbations, but the timing and magnitude of the warming depends on the rate of surface warming, subsurface thermal properties, aquifer depth, and groundwater velocity. The results also emphasize the difference between the thermal sensitivity of shallow groundwater to short term (e.g. seasonal) and long term (e.g. multi-decadal) land surface temperature variability, and thus demonstrate the limitations of using short term air and water temperature records to project future stream warming.
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Mahlum, Shad K., Lisa A. Eby, Michael K. Young, Chris G. Clancy, and Mike Jakober. "Effects of wildfire on stream temperatures in the Bitterroot River Basin, Montana." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 2 (2011): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09132.
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Wildfire is a common natural disturbance that can influence stream ecosystems. Of particular concern are increases in water temperature during and following fires, but studies of these phenomena are uncommon. We examined effects of wildfires in 2000 on maximum water temperature for a suite of second- to fourth-order streams with a range of burn severities in the Bitterroot River basin, Montana. Despite many sites burning at high severity, there were no apparent increases in maximum water temperature during the fires. One month after fire and in the subsequent year, increases in maximum water temperatures at sites within burns were 1.4–2.2°C greater than those at reference sites, with the greatest differences in July and August. Maximum temperature changes at sites >1.7 km downstream from burns did not differ from those at reference sites. Seven years after the fires, there was no evidence that maximum stream temperatures were returning to pre-fire norms. Temperature increases in these relatively large streams are likely to be long-lasting and exacerbated by climate change. These combined effects may alter the distribution of thermally sensitive aquatic species.
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Brown, Lee E., and David M. Hannah. "Alpine Stream Temperature Response to Storm Events." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm597.1.
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Abstract Despite continued interest in meteorological influences on the thermal variability of river systems, there are few detailed studies of stream temperature dynamics during storm events. This paper reports high-resolution (15 min) water column and streambed temperature data for storm events of contrasting magnitude, duration, and intensity for three streams (draining glacier, snow, and groundwater sources) across an alpine river system during summers 2002 and 2003. The results demonstrate clear spatial and temporal differences in water column and streambed thermal responses to precipitation events and streamflow peaks. Analysis of all storms across the three sites showed a decrease in water column temperature for 75% of events, with significant negative relationships between stream temperature and precipitation magnitude, precipitation intensity, and stream discharge peaks. Temperature decreases of 10.4°C were recorded, but temperature increases were less marked at up to 2.3°C. Temperature response to precipitation was dampened with increasing depth into the streambed at all sites. Spatial and temporal differences in thermal response to storm events were controlled by precipitation and stream discharge peak characteristics (above) plus antecedent basin conditions, which together determine the nature and rapidity of hydrological response. In this steep alpine basin, stream temperature variability appears to be enhanced by quick routing of precipitation to the river channel (i.e., direct precipitation/channel interception, rapid surface flow over impermeable bedrock/thin alpine soils, and subsurface flow through highly weathered scree slopes). This research highlights the need for integrated hydrometeorological research of precipitation event–hydrological response–stream temperature interactions to advance understanding of runoff generation processes driving event-scale thermal dynamics in alpine and other river systems.
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Kreutzweiser, David P., Scott S. Capell, and Stephen B. Holmes. "Stream temperature responses to partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers of boreal mixedwood forest watersheds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 3 (March 2009): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-191.
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As part of a larger study to examine the operational feasibility, ecological benefits, and environmental impacts of partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers along boreal mixedwood forest streams, we determined the effects on summer stream temperatures. Three logged study reaches were compared with three reference reaches over two prelogging and two postlogging summers. Partial-harvest logging resulted in an average removal of 10%, 20%, and 28% of the basal area from riparian buffers at the three logged sites. At the two more intensively logged sites, there were small (<10%) reductions in canopy cover (P = 0.024) and no significant changes in light at stream surfaces (P > 0.18). There were no measurable impacts on stream temperatures at two of the three logged sites. At the most intensively logged site, daily maximum temperatures were significantly higher (∼4 °C) for about 6 weeks in the first summer after logging than in prelogging years or at the reference sites (P < 0.001). Temperature increases were attributed to a logging-induced temporary disruption of cool water inputs from ground disturbance in a lateral-input seep area. Our results indicate that partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers of boreal mixedwood forest streams can sustain effective canopy cover and mitigate logging-induced water temperature increases.
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Dzara, Jessica R., Bethany T. Neilson, and Sarah E. Null. "Quantifying thermal refugia connectivity by combining temperature modeling, distributed temperature sensing, and thermal infrared imaging." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 2965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2965-2019.
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Abstract. Watershed-scale stream temperature models are often one-dimensional because they require fewer data and are more computationally efficient than two- or three-dimensional models. However, one-dimensional models assume completely mixed reaches and ignore small-scale spatial temperature variability, which may create temperature barriers or refugia for cold-water aquatic species. Fine spatial- and temporal-resolution stream temperature monitoring provides information to identify river features with increased thermal variability. We used distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to observe small-scale stream temperature variability, measured as a temperature range through space and time, within two 400 m reaches in summer 2015 in Nevada's East Walker and main stem Walker rivers. Thermal infrared (TIR) aerial imagery collected in summer 2012 quantified the spatial temperature variability throughout the Walker Basin. We coupled both types of high-resolution measured data with simulated stream temperatures to corroborate model results and estimate the spatial distribution of thermal refugia for Lahontan cutthroat trout and other cold-water species. Temperature model estimates were within the DTS-measured temperature ranges 21 % and 70 % of the time for the East Walker River and main stem Walker River, respectively, and within TIR-measured temperatures 17 %, 5 %, and 5 % of the time for the East Walker, West Walker, and main stem Walker rivers, respectively. DTS, TIR, and modeled stream temperatures in the main stem Walker River nearly always exceeded the 21 ∘C optimal temperature threshold for adult trout, usually exceeded the 24 ∘C stress threshold, and could exceed the 28 ∘C lethal threshold for Lahontan cutthroat trout. Measured stream temperature ranges bracketed ambient river temperatures by −10.1 to +2.3 ∘C in agricultural return flows, −1.2 to +4 ∘C at diversions, −5.1 to +2 ∘C in beaver dams, and −4.2 to 0 ∘C at seeps. To better understand the role of these river features on thermal refugia during warm time periods, the respective temperature ranges were added to simulated stream temperatures at each of the identified river features. Based on this analysis, the average distance between thermal refugia in this system was 2.8 km. While simulated stream temperatures are often too warm to support Lahontan cutthroat trout and other cold-water species, thermal refugia may exist to improve habitat connectivity and facilitate trout movement between spawning and summer habitats. Overall, high-resolution DTS and TIR measurements quantify temperature ranges of refugia and augment process-based modeling.
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Malard, Florian, Alain Mangin, Urs Uehlinger, and J. V. Ward. "Thermal heterogeneity in the hyporheic zone of a glacial floodplain." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-079.
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We examined the thermal regime of surface and hyporheic waters at three kryal sites and four krenal streams within the channel network of a glacial floodplain. Temperature was continuously measured for 1 year in the surface stream and at sediment depths of 30 and 80 cm. The vertical pattern of water temperature was strongly influenced by the direction and intensity of surface water groundwater exchanges. At sites characterized by strong downwelling of surface waters, the thermal regimes of surface and hyporheic waters were virtually identical. In contrast, inputs of groundwater substantially increased mean summer temperatures in the hyporheic zone of the main kryal channel, decreased summer temperatures in the hyporheic zone of krenal streams, and elevated hyporheic temperatures of all stream types during winter. Groundwater from different sources had dramatically different effects on the seasonal regime of temperature in the hyporheic zone. Inflow of shallow alluvial groundwater had minimal effects on seasonal patterns of hyporheic temperature, whereas upwelling from deep alluvial and hillslope aquifers resulted in significant time lags and differences in seasonal amplitudes between surface and hyporheic temperatures. The unexpectedly high thermal heterogeneity of hyporheic waters presumably sustains biodiversity and stimulates ecosystem processes in this glacial floodplain.
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Abdrabboh, M., and G. A. Karim. "An Investigation of the Volatilization of Oil Sand Surfaces When Subjected to Parallel Hot Gaseous Streams." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231287.
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Preshaped rectangular sand slabs were subjected to hot oxidizing streams. The rate of mass loss due to fluid volatilization at constant stream temperature was established and correlated with time by a simple analytical expression that fitted the experimental data well. The correlation parameters showed that the ultimate extent of volatilization depends uniquely on the surrounding stream temperature. The time rate of mass loss was found to be a function of Reynolds and Schmidt numbers and the temperature of the heating stream.
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Macedo, Marcia N., Michael T. Coe, Ruth DeFries, Maria Uriarte, Paulo M. Brando, Christopher Neill, and Wayne S. Walker. "Land-use-driven stream warming in southeastern Amazonia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1619 (June 5, 2013): 20120153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0153.
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Large-scale cattle and crop production are the primary drivers of deforestation in the Amazon today. Such land-use changes can degrade stream ecosystems by reducing connectivity, changing light and nutrient inputs, and altering the quantity and quality of streamwater. This study integrates field data from 12 catchments with satellite-derived information for the 176 000 km 2 upper Xingu watershed (Mato Grosso, Brazil). We quantify recent land-use transitions and evaluate the influence of land management on streamwater temperature, an important determinant of habitat quality in small streams. By 2010, over 40 per cent of catchments outside protected areas were dominated (greater than 60% of area) by agriculture, with an estimated 10 000 impoundments in the upper Xingu. Streams in pasture and soya bean watersheds were significantly warmer than those in forested watersheds, with average daily maxima over 4°C higher in pasture and 3°C higher in soya bean. The upstream density of impoundments and riparian forest cover accounted for 43 per cent of the variation in temperature. Scaling up, our model suggests that management practices associated with recent agricultural expansion may have already increased headwater stream temperatures across the Xingu. Although increased temperatures could negatively impact stream biota, conserving or restoring riparian buffers could reduce predicted warming by as much as fivefold.
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Preall, Richard J., and Neil H. Ringler. "Comparison of Actual and Potential Growth Rates of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in Natural Streams Based on Bioenergetic Models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-138.
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A ratio of specific growth rate to predicted maximum growth rate was employed as an ecological growth coefficient (EGC) in identifying major determinants of growth for brown trout, Salmo trutta, in natural streams. The coefficient may be more useful than specific growth rate when comparing trout populations from streams having diverse characteristics, since it accounts for the quantitative effects of stream temperature and mean trout weight. The maximum growth rate was generated by translating Elliott's bioenergetic equations into computer models applicable to fish weighing 5–300 g and to stream temperatures of 3.8–21.7 °C. EQMAX is the simpler model and generates only maximum growth rate. TROUT estimates the maximum ration size, maximum growth rate, and a variety of bioenergetic parameters. The EGC for Age I + trout ranged from 60 to 90% in three central New York streams. A relatively low EGC (30–60%) observed for Age II + trout in one stream may have been due to the inefficiency of feeding on small invertebrates. Temperature appears to be a dominant feature governing trout growth in streams. The bioenergetic models may provide useful predictions of the effects of foraging on prey communities by brown trout.
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Hornbach, Daniel J. "Multi-Year Monitoring of Ecosystem Metabolism in Two Branches of a Cold-Water Stream." Environments 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8030019.
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Climate change is likely to have large impacts on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function, especially in cold-water streams. Ecosystem metabolism is affected by water temperature and discharge, both of which are expected to be affected by climate change and, thus, require long-term monitoring to assess alterations in stream function. This study examined ecosystem metabolism in two branches of a trout stream in Minnesota, USA over 3 years. One branch was warmer, allowing the examination of elevated temperature on metabolism. Dissolved oxygen levels were assessed every 10 min from spring through fall in 2017–2019. Gross primary production (GPP) was higher in the colder branch in all years. GPP in both branches was highest before leaf-out in the spring. Ecosystem respiration (ER) was greater in the warmer stream in two of three years. Both streams were heterotrophic in all years (net ecosystem production—NEP < 0). There were significant effects of temperature and light on GPP, ER, and NEP. Stream discharge had a significant impact on all GPP, ER, and NEP in the colder stream, but only on ER and NEP in the warmer stream. This study indicated that the impacts of temperature, light, and discharge differ among years, and, at least at the local scale, may not follow expected patterns.
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Westhoff, M. C., H. H. G. Savenije, W. M. J. Luxemburg, G. S. Stelling, N. C. van de Giesen, J. S. Selker, L. Pfister, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2007): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-125-2007.
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Abstract. Highly distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for a temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) fiber optic cable with a length of 1500 m is used to measure stream water temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m and a temporal resolution of 2 min. With the observations four groundwater inflows are found and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). They are used as input for the distributed temperature model presented here. The model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature along the whole stream is compared with the measured temperature at all points along the stream. It shows that proper knowledge of the lateral inflow is crucial to simulate the temperature distribution along the stream, and, the other way around stream temperature can be used successfully to identify runoff components. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge.
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Albek, Mine, and Erdem Albek. "Stream Temperature Trends in Turkey." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200700159.
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Johnson, Sherri L., and Julia A. Jones. "Stream temperature responses to forest harvest and debris flows in western Cascades, Oregon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, S2 (September 7, 2000): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-109.
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Stream temperature controls the rates of many biotic and abiotic processes and is influenced by changes in streamside land use practices. We compiled historic stream temperature data and reestablished study sites in three small basins in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades, Oregon, to reexamine the effects on and recovery of stream temperatures following removal of riparian vegetation. Maximum stream temperatures increased 7°C and occurred earlier in the summer after clear-cutting and burning in one basin and after debris flows and patch-cutting in another. Diurnal fluctuations in June increased from approximately 2 to 8°C. Stream temperatures in both basins gradually returned to preharvest levels after 15 years. The influence of the primary factor controlling stream temperatures, shortwave solar radiation, was amplified following removal of riparian vegetation, and conduction between stream water and nearby soils or substrates also appeared to be an important factor. Shifts in the timing of summer maxima and greater increases in early summer stream temperatures could impact sensitive stages of aquatic biota.
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Michel, Adrien, Tristan Brauchli, Michael Lehning, Bettina Schaefli, and Hendrik Huwald. "Stream temperature and discharge evolution in Switzerland over the last 50 years: annual and seasonal behaviour." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-115-2020.
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Abstract. Stream temperature and discharge are key hydrological variables for ecosystem and water resource management and are particularly sensitive to climate warming. Despite the wealth of meteorological and hydrological data, few studies have quantified observed stream temperature trends in the Alps. This study presents a detailed analysis of stream temperature and discharge in 52 catchments in Switzerland, a country covering a wide range of alpine and lowland hydrological regimes. The influence of discharge, precipitation, air temperature, and upstream lakes on stream temperatures and their temporal trends is analysed from multi-decadal to seasonal timescales. Stream temperature has significantly increased over the past 5 decades, with positive trends for all four seasons. The mean trends for the last 20 years are +0.37±0.11 ∘C per decade for water temperature, resulting from the joint effects of trends in air temperature (+0.39±0.14 ∘C per decade), discharge (-10.1±4.6 % per decade), and precipitation (-9.3±3.4 % per decade). For a longer time period (1979–2018), the trends are +0.33±0.03 ∘C per decade for water temperature, +0.46±0.03°C per decade for air temperature, -3.0±0.5 % per decade for discharge, and -1.3±0.5 % per decade for precipitation. Furthermore, we show that snow and glacier melt compensates for air temperature warming trends in a transient way in alpine streams. Lakes, on the contrary, have a strengthening effect on downstream water temperature trends at all elevations. Moreover, the identified stream temperature trends are shown to have critical impacts on ecological and economical temperature thresholds (the spread of fish diseases and the usage of water for industrial cooling), especially in lowland rivers, suggesting that these waterways are becoming more vulnerable to the increasing air temperature forcing. Resilient alpine rivers are expected to become more vulnerable to warming in the near future due to the expected reductions in snow- and glacier-melt inputs. A detailed mathematical framework along with the necessary source code are provided with this paper.
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Hébert, Cindie, Daniel Caissie, Mysore G. Satish, and Nassir El-Jabi. "Predicting Hourly Stream Temperatures Using the Equilibrium Temperature Model." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 07, no. 04 (2015): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.74026.
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Surfleet, Christopher, and Justin Louen. "The Influence of Hyporheic Exchange on Water Temperatures in a Headwater Stream." Water 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111615.
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A headwater stream in coastal California was used to evaluate the temperature response of effective shade reduction. Spatial distribution of stream water temperatures for summer low-flow conditions (<0.006 m3 s−1) were highly correlated with net radiation and advective heat transfers from hyporheic exchange and subsequent streambed conduction. Using a heat budget model, mean maximum stream water temperatures were predicted to increase by 1.7 to 2.2 °C for 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively, at the downstream end of a 300 m treatment reach. Effects on mean maximum stream water temperature changes, as water flowed downstream through a 500 m shaded reach below the treatment reach, were reduced by 52 to 30% from the expected maximum temperature increases under the 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively. Maximum stream water temperature change predicted by net radiation heating alone was greater than measured and heat-budget-estimated temperatures. When the influence of hyporheic water exchange was combined with net radiation predictions, predicted temperatures were similar to measured and heat-budget-predicted temperatures. Results indicate that advective heat transfers associated with hyporheic exchange can promote downstream cooling following stream water temperature increases from shade reduction in a headwater stream with cascade, step-pool, and large woody debris forced-pool morphology.
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Gardner, Beth, Patrick J. Sullivan, and Arthur J. Lembo, Jr. "Predicting stream temperatures: geostatistical model comparison using alternative distance metrics." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-025.
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The Beaverkill Watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A., shows evidence of high summer stream temperatures throughout critical trout habitat. Because habitat quality, as characterized by stream temperature, dramatically influences trout communities, it is important for biologists to identify and map these characteristics and to monitor how they change over time. Stream temperatures were recorded over time throughout the Beaverkill Watershed and were used to identify thermal refugia and areas of thermal stress. Seventy-two temperature loggers were placed throughout the watershed during the summer of 2000. Three geostatistical metrics for predicting temperature across the watershed were constructed and evaluated. The first metric utilized the shortest path between temperature loggers without using stream network information. A second metric used distances calculated along the stream network in both upstream and downstream directions. Our final metric was a modified network system in which the distances were weighted by stream order. Each metric was found to provide predictive capability, with added complexity improving the accuracy of represented stream temperatures.
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Mohseni, O., and H. G. Stefan. "Stream temperature/air temperature relationship: a physical interpretation." Journal of Hydrology 218, no. 3-4 (May 1999): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(99)00034-7.
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Dolinsek, Ivan J., Robert L. McLaughlin, James W. A. Grant, Lisa M. O’Connor, and Thomas C. Pratt. "Do natural history data predict the movement ecology of fishes in Lake Ontario streams?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 8 (August 2014): 1171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0294.
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Little is known about the movements of most stream fishes, so fisheries managers often rely on natural history data from the literature to make management decisions. Observations of over 15 000 individuals from 37 species across 3 years were used to evaluate four aspects of the reliability of literature data for predicting the movement behaviour of stream fishes: (i) water temperature when fish enter streams; (ii) reasons for moving into the streams; (iii) stream residence times of migrants; and (iv) relative use of lake and stream habitats. Comparisons of our data for arrival times in the streams, water temperature at arrival, and time spent in the streams were highly correlated with literature data, whereas relative use of the lake was not. Further, our detailed data revealed two novel findings: (1) in many species juveniles were also moving into streams, even in those species where adults were clearly spawning in the streams; and (2) adult-sized individuals were moving into streams for nonreproductive purposes. Our results suggest that fishery managers can confidently use natural history information to gain general insights into the movement ecology of fishes, but should also recognize that this information remains incomplete in important ways.
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Ficklin, D. L., B. L. Barnhart, J. H. Knouft, I. T. Stewart, E. P. Maurer, S. L. Letsinger, and G. W. Whittaker. "Climate change and stream temperature projections in the Columbia River basin: habitat implications of spatial variation in hydrologic drivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 8, 2014): 4897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4897-2014.
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Abstract. Water temperature is a primary physical factor regulating the persistence and distribution of aquatic taxa. Considering projected increases in air temperature and changes in precipitation in the coming century, accurate assessment of suitable thermal habitats in freshwater systems is critical for predicting aquatic species' responses to changes in climate and for guiding adaptation strategies. We use a hydrologic model coupled with a stream temperature model and downscaled general circulation model outputs to explore the spatially and temporally varying changes in stream temperature for the late 21st century at the subbasin and ecological province scale for the Columbia River basin (CRB). On average, stream temperatures are projected to increase 3.5 °C for the spring, 5.2 °C for the summer, 2.7 °C for the fall, and 1.6 °C for the winter. While results indicate changes in stream temperature are correlated with changes in air temperature, our results also capture the important, and often ignored, influence of hydrological processes on changes in stream temperature. Decreases in future snowcover will result in increased thermal sensitivity within regions that were previously buffered by the cooling effect of flow originating as snowmelt. Other hydrological components, such as precipitation, surface runoff, lateral soil water flow, and groundwater inflow, are negatively correlated to increases in stream temperature depending on the ecological province and season. At the ecological province scale, the largest increase in annual stream temperature was within the Mountain Snake ecological province, which is characterized by migratory coldwater fish species. Stream temperature changes varied seasonally with the largest projected stream temperature increases occurring during the spring and summer for all ecological provinces. Our results indicate that stream temperatures are driven by local processes and ultimately require a physically explicit modeling approach to accurately characterize the habitat regulating the distribution and diversity of aquatic taxa.
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Ficklin, D. L., B. L. Barnhart, J. H. Knouft, I. T. Stewart, E. P. Maurer, S. L. Letsinger, and G. W. Whittaker. "Climate change and stream temperature projections in the Columbia River Basin: biological implications of spatial variation in hydrologic drivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 5793–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-5793-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Water temperature is a primary physical factor regulating the persistence and distribution of aquatic taxa. Considering projected increases in temperature and changes in precipitation in the coming century, accurate assessment of suitable thermal habitat in freshwater systems is critical for predicting aquatic species responses to changes in climate and for guiding adaptation strategies. We use a hydrologic model coupled with a stream temperature model and downscaled General Circulation Model outputs to explore the spatially and temporally varying changes in stream temperature at the subbasin and ecological province scale for the Columbia River Basin. On average, stream temperatures are projected to increase 3.5 °C for the spring, 5.2 °C for the summer, 2.7 °C for the fall, and 1.6 °C for the winter. While results indicate changes in stream temperature are correlated with changes in air temperature, our results also capture the important, and often ignored, influence of hydrological processes on changes in stream temperature. Decreases in future snowcover will result in increased thermal sensitivity within regions that were previously buffered by the cooling effect of flow originating as snowmelt. Other hydrological components, such as precipitation, surface runoff, lateral soil flow, and groundwater, are negatively correlated to increases in stream temperature depending on the season and ecological province. At the ecological province scale, the largest increase in annual stream temperature was within the Mountain Snake ecological province, which is characterized by non-migratory coldwater fish species. Stream temperature changes varied seasonally with the largest projected stream temperature increases occurring during the spring and summer for all ecological provinces. Our results indicate that stream temperatures are driven by local processes and ultimately require a physically-explicit modeling approach to accurately characterize the habitat regulating the distribution and diversity of aquatic taxa.
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McCann, Erin L., Nicholas S. Johnson, and Kevin L. Pangle. "Corresponding long-term shifts in stream temperature and invasive fish migration." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 5 (May 2018): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0195.
Full textAbstract:
By investigating historic trapping records of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) throughout tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes, we found that upstream spawning migration timing was highly correlated with stream temperatures over large spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, several streams in our study exceeded a critical spring thermal threshold (i.e., 15 °C) and experienced peak spawning migration up to 30 days earlier than in the 1980s, whereas others were relatively unchanged. Streams exhibiting warming trends and earlier migration were spatially clustered and generally found on the leeward side of the Great Lakes where the lakes most affect local climate. These findings highlight that all streams are not equally impacted by climate change and represent, to our knowledge, the first observation linking long-term changes in stream temperatures to shifts in migration timing of an invasive fish. Earlier sea lamprey migration in Great Lakes tributaries may improve young of the year growth and survival but not limit their spatial distribution, making sea lamprey control more challenging.
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Rice, Joshua S., William P. Anderson, Jr., and Christopher S. Thaxton. "Urbanization influences on stream temperature behavior within low-discharge headwater streams." Hydrological Research Letters 5 (2011): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/hrl.5.27.
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