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Powell, Martin. "Seventy years of the British National Health Service: problem, politics and policy streams." Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000117.
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AbstractThe British National Health Service (NHS) celebrates its 70th birthday on 5 July 2018. This paper examines this anniversary through the lens of previous anniversaries, exploring two strands of political debates and NHS documents. It draws on the basic ‘multiple streams model’ of Kingdon that argues that an issue reaches the agenda when the policy window opens to allow the coupling of three independent streams – policy, problem and politics. It is found that there appears to be some discontinuity in the problem stream; some periods of relative consensus and sharp political differences in the politics stream; and sharp variations over time in the policy stream. While it is clear that there have been both continuities and discontinuities in the problem, politics and policy streams over the past 70 years, they have rarely come together to result in a policy that has taken it off the agenda.
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Smiley, Peter C., Kevin W. King, and Norman R. Fausey. "Public health perspectives of channelized and unchannelized headwater streams in central Ohio: a case study." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2010): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.160.
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Headwater streams constitute the majority of watersheds in the United States and many in the midwest have been channelized for agricultural drainage. Public health implications of water chemistry and aquatic insects within channelized and unchannelized headwater streams have not been explored. We sampled water chemistry and aquatic insects in two channelized and two unchannelized headwater streams in central Ohio from December 2005 until November 2008. Maximum concentrations of ammonium, nitrate plus nitrite, and chlorothalonil were greater in channelized streams. Nitrate plus nitrite and atrazine also exceeded drinking water standards more often in channelized streams. Maximum concentrations of simazine and the percentage of times it exceeded the drinking water standards were greater in unchannelized streams. The predicted hazard potential of nutrient and pesticide mixtures was greater in channelized streams. Mosquito abundance did not differ between stream types. Chironomid abundance was greater in channelized streams. Biting dipterans did not exhibit consistent abundance trends and only differed between stream types in the summer and fall. Our results suggest that if whole stream uptake of nutrients and pesticides is minimal in channelized headwater streams then nutrient and pesticide inputs from these streams may impact downstream drinking water sources. Our results also suggest channelized and unchannelized headwater streams are not serving as a significant source of mosquitoes.
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Finkenbine, J. K., J. W. Atwater, and D. S. Mavinic. "STREAM HEALTH AFTER URBANIZATION." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36, no. 5 (October 2000): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05717.x.
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Speechley, W. J., C. B. Murray, R. M. McKay, M. T. Munz, and E. T. C. Ngan. "A failure of conflict to modulate dual-stream processing may underlie the formation and maintenance of delusions." European Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (March 2010): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.05.012.
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AbstractBackgroundDual-stream information processing proposes that reasoning is composed of two interacting processes: a fast, intuitive system (Stream 1) and a slower, more logical process (Stream 2). In non-patient controls, divergence of these streams may result in the experience of conflict, modulating decision-making towards Stream 2, and initiating a more thorough examination of the available evidence. In delusional schizophrenia patients, a failure of conflict to modulate decision-making towards Stream 2 may reduce the influence of contradictory evidence, resulting in a failure to correct erroneous beliefs.MethodDelusional schizophrenia patients and non-patient controls completed a deductive reasoning task requiring logical validity judgments of two-part conditional statements. Half of the statements were characterized by a conflict between logical validity (Stream 2) and content believability (Stream 1).ResultsPatients were significantly worse than controls in determining the logical validity of both conflict and non-conflict conditional statements. This between groups difference was significantly greater for the conflict condition.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that delusional schizophrenia patients fail to use conflict to modulate towards Stream 2 when the two streams of reasoning arrive at incompatible judgments. This finding provides encouraging preliminary support for the Dual-Stream Modulation Failure model of delusion formation and maintenance.
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McNie, Pierce M., and Russell G. Death. "The effect of agriculture on cave-stream invertebrate communities." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 11 (2017): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16112.
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The impacts that land-use changes have on cave-stream fauna have not been considered widely in the investigations of land-use impacts on stream ecology. The present study examines how above-ground agriculture may influence cave-stream invertebrate communities. The invertebrate communities in four cave streams and their surface counterparts were sampled in 2014–2015, including two drained predominantly agricultural catchments and two drained forested catchments. These communities were examined alongside habitat and GIS land-use data to determine the relationship between above-ground land use and the stream communities. Invertebrate community composition and ecological health for surface streams was different between the agricultural and forest catchments. These differences were less pronounced within the cave-stream communities. Sedimentation was the principal agricultural stressor in the cave streams. The overall effects of agriculture were lower within the cave streams than on the surface; this is likely to be due to the reduced number of potentially deleterious stressors on cave streams.
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Meyer, Judy L. "Stream Health: Incorporating the Human Dimension to Advance Stream Ecology." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16, no. 2 (June 1997): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468029.
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Mao, Kelong, Jieming Zhu, Liangcai Su, Guohao Cai, Yuru Li, and Zhenhua Dong. "FinalMLP: An Enhanced Two-Stream MLP Model for CTR Prediction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 4 (June 26, 2023): 4552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i4.25577.
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Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is one of the fundamental tasks in online advertising and recommendation. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) serves as a core component in many deep CTR prediction models, but it has been widely shown that applying a vanilla MLP network alone is ineffective in learning complex feature interactions. As such, many two-stream models (e.g., Wide&Deep, DeepFM, and DCN) have recently been proposed, aiming to integrate two parallel sub-networks to learn feature interactions from two different views for enhanced CTR prediction. In addition to one MLP stream that learns feature interactions implicitly, most of the existing research focuses on designing another stream to complement the MLP stream with explicitly enhanced feature interactions. Instead, this paper presents a simple two-stream feature interaction model, namely FinalMLP, which employs only MLPs in both streams yet achieves surprisingly strong performance. In contrast to sophisticated network design in each stream, our work enhances CTR modeling through a feature selection module, which produces differentiated feature inputs to two streams, and a group-wise bilinear fusion module, which effectively captures stream-level interactions across two streams. We show that FinalMLP achieves competitive or even better performance against many existing two-stream CTR models on four open benchmark datasets and also brings significant CTR improvements during an online A/B test in our industrial news recommender system. We envision that the simple yet effective FinalMLP model could serve as a new strong baseline for future development of two-stream CTR models. Our source code will be available at MindSpore/models and FuxiCTR/model_zoo.
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Polat, Seda, and Taflan İmre Gündem. "Stream Processing Health Card Application." Journal of Medical Systems 36, no. 5 (November 30, 2011): 3215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9812-0.
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Reid, Scott, and Anita LeBaron. "Autumn electrofishing reduces harm to Ontario (Canada) stream fishes collected during watershed health monitoring." Conservation Evidence Journal 18 (January 1, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52201/cej18hjvu9134.
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Electrofishing surveys provide important information on watershed health, and the status of imperiled and recreationally important stream fishes. Concerns about the harmful effects of electrofishing on the endangered redside dace Clinostomus elongatus have resulted in restrictions on its use in sampling activities in the province of Ontario, Canada. However, the effectiveness of these restrictions is unproven. We undertook a paired sampling gear study in 2018-2019 to test whether an alternate gear (seine nets) or a change in electrofishing timing (autumn rather than summer) reduced harm to stream fishes. The study took place in streams located in the Greater Toronto Area. We found large differences in the frequency and magnitude of sampling-related mortalities between sampling gear and seasons. During individual surveys, electrofishing mortality never exceeded 9% in the summer or 4% in the autumn, while seining-related mortality reached 60% at two stream sites. Overall, autumn electrofishing resulted in mortality rates that were 5.6 and 15 times lower than summer electrofishing and summer seining. These results indicate that survival of Ontario stream fishes can be improved by delaying electrofishing until early autumn.
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Derose, Kelsey L., Charles F. Battaglia, Danny J. Eastburn, Leslie M. Roche, Theresa A. Becchetti, Holly A. George, David F. Lile, Donald L. Lancaster, Neil K. McDougald, and Kenneth W. Tate. "Riparian health improves with managerial effort to implement livestock distribution practices." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 3 (2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20024.
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Optimising the spatial distribution of free-ranging livestock is a significant challenge in expansive, grazed landscapes across the globe. Grazing managers use practices such as herding (i.e. droving), strategic placement of off-stream livestock drinking water and nutritional supplements, and strategic fencing in attempts to distribute livestock away from sensitive streams and riparian areas. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 46 cattle-grazed riparian areas and associated stream reaches embedded in rugged range landscapes to examine relationships between implementation of these management practices, stocking rate, and riparian health. We determined in-stream benthic invertebrate assemblages at each site to serve as an integrative metric of riparian health. We also collected information from the grazing manager on stocking rate and implementation of livestock distribution practices at each site over the decade before this study. Off-stream livestock drinking-water sources were implemented at just two sites (4.3%), indicating that this was not a common distribution practice in these remote management units. We found no significant relationship of riparian health (i.e. invertebrate richness metrics) with stocking rate (P ≥ 0.45 in all cases), or with the simple implementation (yes/no) of off-stream nutritional supplements, fence maintenance, and livestock herding (P ≥ 0.22 in all cases). However, we did find significant positive relationships between riparian health and managerial effort (person-days spent per year for each individual practice) to implement off-stream nutritional supplements and fence maintenance (P ≤ 0.017 in all cases). Livestock herding effort had an apparent positive association with riparian health (P ≥ 0.2 in all cases). Results highlight that site-specific variation in managerial effort accounts for some of the observed variation in practice effectiveness, and that appropriate managerial investments in grazing distributional practices can improve riparian conditions.
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Potent, Keith, Benjamin Levy, and Andrew Porritt. "Review of electronic discharge summaries from the general medicine, general surgery and mental health streams at a tertiary hospital: retrospective analysis of timeliness, brevity and completeness." Australian Health Review 44, no. 5 (2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19057.
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ObjectiveThis retrospective study identified and compared the performance of electronic discharge summaries (EDSs) from three hospital in-patient streams (surgical, medical and mental health) with Australian standards. MethodsAn audit was performed of 120 EDSs extracted from a tertiary hospital. Auditors evaluated each EDS using an adaptation of the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care’s EDS toolkit. ResultsEDSs from all in-patient streams were lengthy and most did not include information regarding discharge destination, patient education or recommendations. General Medicine EDSs were most timely, averaging within 1 day of discharge. ConclusionsKey areas of improvement remain for improving the timeliness, brevity and completeness of EDSs. Key areas identified for improvement include page length, discharge destination, alerts, patient education and recommendations. Variability in audit results between streams suggests the need for speciality-specific templates, standards and medical officer training. What is known about the topic?The literature suggests that an EDS is timely if it is completed within 2 days of discharge. A complete and brief EDS should also include key details of the care in two (or fewer) pages. What does this paper add?This paper evaluated 120 EDSs, compared them against a standard and stratified the EDSs according to three core clinical in-patient streams that produced them (surgical, medical and mental health). What are the implications for practitioners?Although broad guidelines for timeliness, brevity and completeness have been established for EDSs, each in-patient stream will require different standards. A hospital or health service should have established standards relevant to each in-patient stream. Before commencing a term in any of the three in-patient streams, medical officers who are to generate EDSs should be trained in the required standard. Training should highlight critical elements of a speciality stream to ensure EDS authors are aware of the nuances of the stream in which they are rotating. In addition, general practitioners should liaise with local hospitals to ensure ongoing dialogue and improvement of clinical handover documents.
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Bae, Mi-Jung, Jeong-Ki Hong, and Eui-Jin Kim. "Evaluation of the Impacts of Abandoned Mining Areas: A Case Study with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111132.
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Mining activities are among the most long-lasting anthropogenic pressures on streams and rivers. Therefore, detecting different benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the areas recovered from mining activities is essential to establish conservation and management plans for improving the freshwater biodiversity in streams located near mining areas. We compared the stability of benthic macroinvertebrate communities between streams affected by mining activities (Hwangjicheon: NHJ and Cheolamcheon: NCA) and the least disturbed stream (Songjeonricheon: NSJ) using network analysis, self-organizing map, and indicator species analysis. Species richness was lowest at sites where stream sediments were reddened or whitened due to mining impacts in NHJ and NCA. Among functional feeding groups, the ratio of scrapers was lower (i.e., NHJ) or not observed (i.e., NCA) in the affected sites by mining. The networks (species interactions) were less connected in NHJ and NCA than in NSJ, indicating that community stability decreased in the area affected by mining activity. We identified five groups based on the similarity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities according to the gradients of mining impacts using a self-organizing map. the samples from the reference stream (clusters 1 and 5), sites located near the mining water inflow area (cluster 4), sites where stream sediments acid-sulfated (cluster 2), and sites that had recovered from mining impacts (cluster 3). Among the 40 taxa selected as indicators defined from the five clusters in self-organizing map, only few (Physa acuta, Tipula KUa, and Nemoura KUb) indicator species were selected in each cluster representing the mining-impacted sites. Our results highlighted that the benthic macroinvertebrate community complexity was lower in streams affected by mining activity. Furthermore, the range of disturbed areas in the streams, where conservation and management plans should be prioritized, can be quantified by examining alterations in the benthic macroinvertebrate community.
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Tewari, Ankit, Prabhat Kumar Singh, and Shishir Gaur. "Engineered hyporheic zones: design and applications in stream health restoration – a review." Water Supply 22, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 2179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.366.
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Abstract Anthropogenic deterioration of streams and rivers has affected their surface-subsurface linkages. This has led to the degradation of hyporheic zones, a sensitive interface between a stream channel and its surrounding sediments, responsible for transforming pollutants, natural solutes and supporting benthic communities. Several authors have reported the influence of stream restoration measures on hyporheic exchanges and have called for the inclusion of hyporheic zone restorations in stream management. Engineered Hyporheic Zones (EHZ) are the creation of artificial transition areas due to induced hyporheic flows, brought about by some feature modifications done to the stream channel or its subsurface. These feature modifications and their implications have been investigated through lab experiments, outdoor flumes, modelling and field studies for several years. This paper attempts to summarize the endeavours made in the study of EHZ and its applications in water quality improvement and habitat restoration. A comprehensive review of up-to-date literature with specific focus on the influence of engineered structures on hyporheic exchanges is presented, followed by the comparison of preferences opted for different studies and their limitations. The paper ends with suggestive future scope in EHZ studies and its potential as a low cost alternative treatment technology for river restoration.
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Park, Jin Won, and Yong-Sik Cho. "Establishing Indicators and Stream Depletion Potential Index (SDPI) for Stream Health." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2015.15.2.285.
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Koepke, Jonathan. "URBAN STREAM RESTORATION AND APPLIED PRACTICES IN NORTHEAST ILLINOIS." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.13.
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INTRODUCTION: In-stream and watershed dynamics in urban and urbanizing areas have significant impacts on local property and infrastructure, as well as the quality of the stream itself including: water quality, habitat, physical characteristics, and biodiversity. As land development occurs, natural vegetation and exposed soils are converted to buildings, pavement and other impervious surfaces. This leads to increased runoff during storm events as well as decreasing the time that it takes that stormwater to reach streams, wetlands, and other stormwater storage and conveyance systems. These hydrologic changes in a watershed often occur at a rapid pace which results in rapid destabilization and degradation of streams and rivers. Rivers and streams are naturally dynamic systems. They naturally erode and reshape themselves based on changes to the watershed or the stream itself. Erosion and deposition are natural processes that have always been important components of stream systems and in and of themselves are not undesirable. When natural stream dynamics are rapidly accelerated, however, an entire series of negative impacts to the stream and the biological systems that are depended on the stream occur. Rapid destabilization of streams often leads to significant bank and bed erosion that negatively impact stream health and frequently leads to negative impact to property, buildings and structures, as well as public infrastructure. Past approaches to stream bank and bed stabilization often involved channelization, armoring, and other gray infrastructure techniques to protect public and private property in the effected reaches of streams and rivers without taking into account the overall stream system dynamics. Early stabilization efforts frequently led to other unintended consequences by accelerating the rate of bank and bed erosion in untreated reaches, inadvertent flooding, and other infrastructure impacts. The complex nature of stream dynamics and fluvial geomorphology when applied to urban stream systems and significantly modified watersheds require the need for detailed analysis of the morphology of the stream. Consideration of the complex factors and processes that make up fluvial morphology are critical when selecting practices or methods of stream restoration. Many agencies and cooperative partners work to accumulate and analyze case studies and detailed research in order to develop a method of evaluating and prescribing different stream restoration techniques based on the morphologic conditions in the stream reach (Lyn D.A., and Newton J.F., 2015). An accumulation of case studies, research, and scholarly work on stream restoration techniques and practices helps shape and inform designers across multiple agencies in order to effectively select and design restoration practices. Ultimately, in urban streams, the designer is working to establish a condition of dynamic equilibrium in the treated stream reach. Dynamic equilibrium is defined as a stream reach that is in balance with sediment transport, aggradation, degradation, and bank and bed erosion. When those characteristics are in balance based on the inputs of sediment within the watershed, the bed load and sediments the stream transports, and discharge rate and volume, then the stream is considered to be in a relatively stable state (FISRWG, 1998). The selection then of stream restoration and stabilization practices in urban areas is dependent on not only the reach being treated, but also on the overall watershed dynamics. In addition to the physics of the actual practices implemented, including resistance to shear stresses and velocity of the water flow within the stream channel being treated, the practices must also take into account the larger picture of stream dynamics including sediment delivery and transport, within the watershed and not just within the treated reach. Successful urban stream restoration and stabilization techniques mimic the structures found in more undisturbed systems through the utilization of similar materials in an engineered configuration. In many streams the use of a combination of hard and soft armorment and stabilization solutions including stone, woody debris materials, modern geosynthetic reinforcement devices and native vegetation to stabilize and naturalize stream channels, thereby provided enhanced habitat, better water quality, and protecting property and infrastructure.
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Gwos Nhiomock Serge Roger, Foto Menbohan Samuel, Nyame Mbia Donald-L’Or, Tchouapi Yvonne Laure, Biram A Ngon Eric Belmond, and Disso Eliane. "Biodiversity and water health status of four rivers in the East Cameroon region." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.3.0100.
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A study on the biodiversity and health status of the waters of four stream in the East Cameroon region was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019. Physicochemical parameters were measured following Rodier's recommendations, while benthic macroinvertebrates were collected following the multihabitat approach. The physicochemical analyses show that the waters of the streams in the East Cameroon region are well oxygenated (70.16%), slightly acidic (5.18 UC), with low values of nitrogen and phosphate compounds (0.48 mg/L) indicating low litter decomposition. A total of 12558 benthic macroinvertebrates were collected on the 4 streams studied and divided into 3 phyla, 5 class, 12 orders, 33 families and more than 56 genera and species. The largest number of organisms collected belonged to the class Hexapoda, which represented 58.87% of relative abundance, followed by Malacostraca (33.34%). The order Decapoda dominates with 33.34% relative abundance, followed by Dictyoptera with 27.55% relative abundance. These two orders are dominated by the families Atyidae and Blaberidae in the majority of the stream studied. The Shannon and Weaver (H') and Piélou equitability (J) indices show a high diversity of taxa in the stream studied, with the exception of station Sen3, where conditions seem to be very unfavourable for the development of benthic macroinvertebrates, as indicated by the physicochemical results. The Sörensen index reveals that the tax collected in the majority of the stations are inversely similar to those collected in the Sen3 station. In short, the stream of the East Cameroon region has a fairly rich and diversified population of benthic macroinvertebrates, thus testifying to the relatively good ecological quality of the water, despite the observation made at the Sen3 station, which shows the beginning of pollution of these waters.
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Mushi, Douglas. "Clostridium perfringens identifies source of pollution and reference streams in a tropical highland environment." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.192.
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Abstract Clostridium perfringens was analysed in soils from a tropical highland catchment and corresponding headwater streams at baseflow condition in order to understand the contribution of soils to the microbiological quality of stream water and the feasibility of using these streams as surrogate for negative control (reference streams). The concentrations of C. perfringens depended on the sample matrix. C. perfringens concentrations were significantly higher in the catchment soil than in the stream water (P < 0.05, n = 20). In addition, C. perfringens concentrations in the catchment soil remarkably predicted C. perfringens concentrations in the stream water (i.e., 82% of variations in C. perfringens concentrations in water were predicted by C. perfringens concentrations in soil; P < 0.05, n = 20). This suggests that the catchment soils contributed C. perfringens to the stream water. Despite the observed contamination, the concentrations of C. perfringens (geometric mean of 32 cfu/100 cm3) in the stream water was below the recommended safe level for tropical freshwater systems and extremely lower than that detected in anthropogenically influenced rivers. This concentration was defined as an acceptable level of disturbance, and a reference concentration that can serve as surrogate for negative control in the studied tropical environment.
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Kannan, Narayanan. "Stream Health Estimation for the Plum Creek Watershed." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010013.
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Overall health of a stream is one of the powerful indicators for planning mitigation strategies. Currently, available methods to estimate stream health do not look at all the different components of stream health. Based on the statistical parameters obtained from daily streamflow data, water quality data, and index of biotic integrity (IBI), this study evaluated the impacts on all the elements of stream health, such as aquatic species, riparian vegetation, benthic macro-invertebrates, and channel degradation for the Plum Creek watershed in Texas, USA. The method involved the (1) collection of flow data at the watershed outlet; (2) identification of hydrologic change in the streamflow; (3) estimation of hydrologic indicators using NATional Hydrologic Assessment Tool (NATHAT) before alteration and after alteration periods; (4) identification of the most relevant indicators affecting stream health in the watershed based on stream type; (5) preliminary estimation of the existence of stream health using flow duration curves (FDCs); (6) the use of stream health-relevant hydrologic indices with the scoring system of the Dundee Hydrologic Regime Assessment Method (DHRAM). The FDCs plotted together for before and after the alteration periods indicated the likely presence of a stream health problem in the Plum Creek. The NATHAT–DHRAM method showed a likely moderate impact on the health of Plum Creek. The biological assessments carried out, the water quality data monitored, and the land cover during pre- and post-alteration periods documented in a publicly available federal document support the stream health results obtained from this study.
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Kurniawati, Nawang, Agus Heruanto Hadna, and Bachtiar Dwi Kurniawan. "Muhammadiyah as Policy Entrepreneur in Policy Change Making of Oil and Gas Law." Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 6, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v6i1.29202.
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Muhammadiyah pursues a policy agenda by suing Law Number 21 of the Year 2001 regarding the oil and gas in 2012. Muhammadiyah acts as PE, bringing together three streams of MSA (problem stream, politic stream, and policy stream) to open the policy window and make the public issues (lawsuit) of the policy agenda. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the efforts of Muhammadiyah as a policy entrepreneur in policy change making towards oil and gas law. This research is used a descriptive qualitative method to describe the chronology of Muhammadiyah as a policy actor. The purposive sampling method was used for this study because it involved informants who understood the problem. This study also uses data collection techniques by interview, literature study, and documentation analyzed using Miles and Huberman's analysis technique. As the result of this research, Muhammadiyah came as an informal policy actor interested in pursuing policy ideas. The stream of a problem and political current rose as the most defining currents for Muhammadiyah to become a policy entrepreneur. The two streams succeeded in influencing the policy flow, and those were able to bring together three MSA. Hence, this lawsuit had implications for Migas's dissolution based on MK Decision Number 36/PUU-X/2012.
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Chatzidavid, David, Eleni Kokinou, Stratos Kokolakis, and Matina Karagiannidou. "Integrating Earth Observation with Stream Health and Agricultural Activity." Remote Sensing 15, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 5485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15235485.
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The overall health of streams, including their surrounding urban or agricultural areas, is inextricably linked to general ecological balance and public health (physical and mental well-being). This study aims to contribute to the monitoring of rural or suburban areas adjacent to streams. Specifically, low-cost and rapid ground and Earth observation techniques were used to (a) obtain a rapid assessment of stream soil and water patterns, (b) create a database of selected parameters for the study area that can be used for future comparisons, and (c) identify soil variability in agricultural fields adjacent to streams and determine soil zones that will enable the rational use of inputs (water, fertilisers, and pesticides). Robust techniques from related fields of topography, geology, geophysics, and remote sensing were combined using GIS for two selected areas (I and II) in Heraklion, central Crete (Greece) in the eastern Mediterranean. Our results indicate that area I (east of Heraklion) is under pressure only in its coastal part, most probably due to urbanisation (land change). The agricultural fields of area II (west of Heraklion) show normal values for the distribution of electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility and present spatial variability indicating intra-parcel zones. Intra-parcel variability of the conductivity and magnetic susceptibility should be considered in future cropping and environmental management.
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Chashoo, Hafsa Farooq, Adnan Abubakr, Monisa Malik, Farooz Ahmad Bhat, Bilal Ahmad Bhat, Irfan Ahmad Khan, Shazia Tariq, and Farah Hanief. "Assessing the Health of Dachigam Stream: A Water Quality Analysis." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 4 (April 17, 2024): 356–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i44122.
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As global populations rise and climate change impacts water cycles, the importance of water resources becomes increasingly critical for human sustenance. Streams, characterized by their unidirectional flow, are valuable systems for studying ecological phenomena across spatial and temporal scales. Maintaining good water quality is crucial for preserving biodiversity and ensuring individual and public health, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Analyzing water chemistry is a valuable tool for monitoring stream health, offering insights into pollutant levels and potential issues. This study assesses the spatiotemporal changes in water quality in the Dachigam stream in Kashmir, India. Data on various water quality parameters were collected over a year at six different sampling locations within the Dachigam National Park and surrounding areas up to the mouth of Dal lake. Parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and nutrient concentrations were analyzed to evaluate stream health and identify potential sources of pollution. Results revealed significant spatiotemporal variability was evident in the sampled parameters, revealing notable differences in element concentrations across various sites. There was an observable trend of increasing concentrations from upstream to downstream locations. The observed escalation in pollution levels from upstream to downstream sites underscores heightened anthropogenic impacts in the downstream regions.
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McDonald, Brook S., Gary W. Mullins, and Stuart Lewis. "Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Stream Health." American Biology Teacher 53, no. 8 (November 1, 1991): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4449370.
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Akidau, Tyler, Edmon Begoli, Slava Chernyak, Fabian Hueske, Kathryn Knight, Kenneth Knowles, Daniel Mills, and Dan Sotolongo. "Watermarks in stream processing systems." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 12 (July 2021): 3135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476311.3476389.
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Streaming data processing is an exercise in taming disorder: from oftentimes huge torrents of information, we hope to extract powerful and timely analyses. But when dealing with streaming data, the unbounded and temporally disordered nature of real-world streams introduces a critical challenge: how does one reason about the completeness of a stream that never ends? In this paper, we present a comprehensive definition and analysis of watermarks , a key tool for reasoning about temporal completeness in infinite streams. First, we describe what watermarks are and why they are important, highlighting how they address a suite of stream processing needs that are poorly served by eventually-consistent approaches: • Computing a single correct answer, as in notifications. • Reasoning about a lack of data, as in dip detection. • Performing non-incremental processing over temporal subsets of an infinite stream, as in statistical anomaly detection with cubic spline models. • Safely and punctually garbage collecting obsolete inputs and intermediate state. • Surfacing a reliable signal of overall pipeline health . Second, we describe, evaluate, and compare the semantically equivalent, but starkly different, watermark implementations in two modern stream processing engines: Apache Flink and Google Cloud Dataflow.
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Crosbie, Eric, Sara Perez, Adriana Rocha Camarena, Valentina Ochoa Vivanco, Gianella Severini, Patricia Gutkowski, Patricia Sosa, and Ernesto M. Sebrié. "The Perfect Storm: Applying the Multiple Streams Framework to Understand the Adoption of a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control-Based Policy in Mexico." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 7 (July 13, 2024): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070917.
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Background: The aim of this study was to document how Mexico adopted a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-based national tobacco control law. Methods: We analyzed publicly available documents and interviewed 14 key stakeholders. We applied the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) to analyze these findings. Results: Previous attempts to approve comprehensive FCTC-based initiatives failed due to a lack of political will, the tobacco industry’s close connections to policymakers, and a lack of health advocacy coordination. Applying the MSF reveals increased attention towards collecting and sharing data to frame the severity of the problem (problem stream). The expansion of a coordinated health advocacy coalition and activities led to increased support for desired FCTC policy solutions (policy stream). The election of President López Obrador and legislative changes led to a deep renewed focus on tobacco control (politics stream). These three streams converged to create a policy window to secure a strong FCTC-based initiative on the political agenda that was ultimately passed. Conclusions: The Mexican experience illustrates the importance of continued health advocacy and political will in adopting FCTC-based policies. Other countries should follow Mexico’s lead by collecting and sharing data through coordinating efforts in order to be prepared to seize political opportunity windows when strong political will is present.
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Kasahara, Tamao, and Alan R. Hill. "Effects of rifflestep restoration on hyporheic zone chemistry in N-rich lowland streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-199.
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Stream restoration projects that aim to rehabilitate ecosystem health have not considered surfacesubsurface linkages, although stream water and groundwater interaction has an important role in sustaining stream ecosystem functions. The present study examined the effect of constructed riffles and a step on hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in restored reaches of several N-rich agricultural and urban streams in southern Ontario. Hydrometric data collected from a network of piezometers and conservative tracer releases indicated that the constructed riffles and steps were effective in inducing hyporheic exchange. However, despite the use of cobbles and boulders in the riffle construction, high stream dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were depleted rapidly with depth into the hyporheic zones. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that these hyporheic zones were also nitrate sinks. Zones of low hydraulic conductivity and the occurrence of interstitial fines in the restored cobble-boulder layers suggest that siltation and clogging of the streambed may reduce the downwelling of oxygen- and nitrate-rich stream water. Increases in streambed DO levels and enhancement of habitat for hyporheic fauna that result from rifflestep construction projects may only be temporary in streams that receive increased sediment and nutrient inputs from urban areas and croplands.
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Echeverría-Sáenz, Silvia, Rocío Ugalde-Salazar, Meyer Guevara-Mora, Francisco Quesada-Alvarado, and Clemens Ruepert. "Ecological Integrity Impairment and Habitat Fragmentation for Neotropical Macroinvertebrate Communities in an Agricultural Stream." Toxics 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070346.
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The Volcán River watershed in the south Pacific of Costa Rica comprises forests, small urban settlements, cattle fields, and intensive agriculture (mostly pineapple and sugarcane). The ecological integrity and quality of its waters was assessed from 2011–2013 and 2018–2019 by means of physical–chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, temperature, DO, DBO, nitrate, total phosphorus, and pesticide residues) and benthic macroinvertebrate (MI) sampling in eight sites (Volcán, Cañas, and Ángel Rivers, and Peje and Maura streams), resulting in high ecological integrity in all sites except the Peje stream, which is polluted with nitrates and pesticides. Only in this stream was there a marked seasonal variation in the abundance of 16 MI families including Leptohyphidae, Leptophlebiidae, Philopotamidae, Glossossomatidae, and Corydalidae, among others, whose presence was limited exclusively to the dry season (December to April), disappearing from the stream in the rainy season, with corresponding peaks in nitrate (max 20.3 mg/L) and pesticides (mainly herbicides and organophosphate insecticides). The characteristics of the watershed, with large areas of forest and excellent water quality, allow for the re-colonization of organisms into the Peje stream; however, those organisms are incapable of development and growth, providing evidence of a contaminant-driven habitat fragmentation in this stream during the rainy season.
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Walsh, Christopher J., Matthew J. Burns, Tim D. Fletcher, Darren G. Bos, Peter Poelsma, Joshphar Kunapo, and Moss Imberger. "Linking stormwater control performance to stream ecosystem outcomes: Incorporating a performance metric into effective imperviousness." PLOS Water 1, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): e0000004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000004.
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Stormwater control measures, such as raingardens, tanks, or wetlands, are often employed to mitigate the deleterious effects of urban stormwater drainage on stream ecosystems. However, performance metrics for control measures, most commonly pollutant-load reduction, have not permitted prediction of how they will change stream ecosystems downstream. Stream ecosystem responses have more commonly been predicted by catchment-scale measures such as effective imperviousness (percentage of catchment with impervious cover draining to sealed drains). We adapt effective imperviousness, weighting it by a performance metric for stormwater control measures aimed at stream protection, the stream stormwater impact metric. Weighted effective imperviousness can serve as a predictor of stream response to stormwater control. We demonstrate its application in a before-after-control-reference-impact experiment aiming to test if stream health is improved by dispersed stormwater control measures. Trends in weighted effective imperviousness showed wide variation in degree of stormwater control achieved in the six experimental sub-catchments, despite similar effort in implementing control measures across the sub-catchments. Greater reductions in weighted effective imperviousness (on a log-scale, on which stream response is predicted) per unit effort were observed in smaller catchments with lower starting effective imperviousness. While implementation of control measures was sufficient to expect a stream response in at least two of the experimental sub-catchments, we did not achieve the reduction in effective imperviousness that we were aiming for. Primary limitations to success were the lack of available space in these established suburbs, particularly for final control measures near pipe outlets into streams, and a lack of demand for harvested stormwater. The use of the continuous variable, weighted effective imperviousness, to measure impact on streams, and the protracted period of SCM implementation that varied among catchments, required a new approach to modelling “before-after-control-impact” experiments, which has potentially broader application.
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Gašparović, Sanja, Ana Sopina, and Anton Zeneral. "Impacts of Zagreb’s Urban Development on Dynamic Changes in Stream Landscapes from Mid-Twentieth Century." Land 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050692.
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Urban streams constitute a valuable form of multi-functional blue and green infrastructure (BGI) and can support urban development to generate ecosystem, social, and economic benefits. In global cities, planning for BGI enhancement contributes to climate change adaptation, ecosystem restoration, community health and wellbeing, improved quality of life, etc. This research aims to assess the dynamics of stream landscape change in Zagreb as well as the influence of urban development on the blue and green landscape and related urban values. The analysis of landscape features and their planning is conducted at the level of the stream system of the whole city of Zagreb and at the level of two stream sequences by superimposing spatial data from cartographic sources. By developing an urban planning-social-ecological approach to evaluation, monitoring, and management, a quantitative and qualitative trend in stream landscape changes is identified and indicators for detecting areas of critical urbanization pressure are established. This research confirms the trend of negative changes in the urban BGI, evident in the present state (interruption of open streams, and the reduction, fragmentation, and disconnection of blue and green landscape), as well as in the planned neglect (plans for further stream closures and reduction in public green areas). Stream landscape potential is emphasized as one of the greatest urban assets for improving the system of BGI, and areas needed for their prioritization in urban planning measures, directed towards an increase in multiple landscape values, are determined.
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Belt, Kenneth T., Christina Hohn, Aiah Gbakima, and James A. Higgins. "Identification of culturable stream water bacteria from urban, agricultural, and forested watersheds using 16S rRNA gene sequencing." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.035.
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Bacteria present in water samples taken on a weekly basis, from June 2004 through June 2005, from three streams, were cultured on Coliscan® Easygel® agar plates. Colonies representative of a variety of colors and morphologies were subjected to amplification and sequencing of a 1000–1100 nt portion of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 528 colonies were sequenced; these categorized into 26 genera and 78 species. Of 175 dark blue/purple colonies presumed to be E. coli, sequence analysis indicated that 45 (25%) were actually other genera. For the urban stream Gwynns Falls Gwynns Run, E. coli was the most common genus/species encountered, followed by Klebsiella and Aeromonas. For Pond Branch, a stream located in a forested watershed, it was Serratia, followed by Yersinia and Aeromonas. For McDonogh (MCDN), a stream associated with Zea mays (corn) row crop agriculture, E. coli was the most frequently isolated genus/species, followed by Aeromonas and Enterobacter. ERIC-PCR genotyping of isolates from the most prevalent genera/species, indicated a high degree of diversity within-stream for E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Conversely, genotyping of Y. enterocolitica isolates indicated that some were shared between different streams.
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Lewis, David J., Dylan Voeller, Tina L. Saitone, and Kenneth W. Tate. "Management Scale Assessment of Practices to Mitigate Cattle Microbial Water Quality Impairments of Coastal Waters." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (October 6, 2019): 5516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195516.
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Coastal areas support multiple important resource uses including recreation, aquaculture, and agriculture. Unmanaged cattle access to stream corridors in grazed coastal watersheds can contaminate surface waters with fecal-derived microbial pollutants, posing risk to human health via activities such as swimming and shellfish consumption. Improved managerial control of cattle access to streams through implementation of grazing best management practices (BMPs) is a critical step in mitigating waterborne microbial pollution in grazed watersheds. This paper reports trend analysis of a 19-year dataset to assess long-term microbial water quality responses resulting from a program to implement 40 grazing BMPs within the Olema Creek Watershed, a primary tributary to Tomales Bay, USA. Stream corridor grazing BMPs implemented included: (1) Stream corridor fencing to eliminate/control cattle access, (2) hardened stream crossings for cattle movements across stream corridors, and (3) off stream drinking water systems for cattle. We found a statistically significant reduction in fecal coliform concentrations following the initial period of BMP implementation, with overall mean reductions exceeding 95% (1.28 log10)—consistent with 1—2 log10 (90–99%) reductions reported in other studies. Our results demonstrate the importance of prioritization of pollutant sources at the watershed scale to target BMP implementation for rapid water quality improvements and return on investment. Our findings support investments in grazing BMP implementation as an important component of policies and strategies to protect public health in grazed coastal watersheds.
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Yang, Tianhao, Qixin Wu, Yanling An, and Jiemei Lv. "Major ion compositions, sources and risk assessment of karst stream under the influence of anthropogenic activities, Guizhou Province, Southwest China." PeerJ 11 (May 18, 2023): e15368. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15368.
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To explore the influence of different types of anthropogenic activity on the rivers, we investigate the major ion composition, sources and risk assessment of the karst stream (Youyu stream and Jinzhong stream), which are heavily influenced by mining activities and urban sewage, respectively. The chemical compositions of the Youyu stream water, which is heavily influenced by mining activities, are dominated by Ca2+ and SO42–. However, the chemical compositions of the Jinzhong stream water, which is heavily influenced by urban sewage, are dominated by Ca2+ and HCO3–. The Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3– in Jinzhong stream are mainly derived from rock weathering, while the Youyu stream is affected by acid mine drainage, and sulfuric acid is involved in the weathering process. Ion sources analysis indicates that the Na+, K+, NO3–, and Cl– in the Jinzhong stream mainly derive from urban sewage discharge; but NO3– and Cl– of the Youyu stream mainly derive from agricultural activities, and Na+, K+ are mainly from natural sources. The element ratios analysis indicates the ratio of SO42–/Mg2+ in Youyu stream (4.61) polluted by coal mine is much higher than that in Jinzhong stream (1.29), and the ratio of (Na++K++Cl–)/Mg2+ in Jinzhong stream (1.81) polluted by urban sewage is higher than Youyu stream (0.64). Moreover, the ratios of NO3−/Na+, NO3−/K+, and NO3−/Cl− in the agriculturally polluted Youyu stream were higher than those in the Jinzhong stream. We can identify the impact of human activities on streams by ion ratios (SO42–/Mg2+, (Na++K++Cl–)/Mg2+, NO3−/Na+, NO3−/K+, and NO3−/Cl−). The health risk assessment shows the HQT and HQN for children and adults are higher in Jinzhong stream than in Youyu stream and the total HQ value (HQT) of children was higher than one at J1 in the Jinzhong stream, which shows that children in Jinzhong stream basin are threatened by non-carcinogenic pollutants. Each HQ value of F− and NO3− for children was higher than 0.1 in the tributaries into Aha Lake, indicating that the children may also be potentially endangered.
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Lind, Kimberly E., Mikaela Jorgensen, Chanelle Stowers, and Martyn Brookes. "HealthPathways: a detailed analysis of utilisation trends in the northern Sydney region." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 4 (2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20010.
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This study developed a model for using Google Analytics (GA) data to evaluate utilisation trends of the Sydney North HealthPathways portal. HealthPathways GA data merged with dates of page localisations and promotional events from March 2017 through June 2018 were analysed to evaluate engagement and use of HealthPathways, integration into clinical practice and how HealthPathways is used. Descriptive statistics and plots were generated for each clinical stream and page for the number of users per month (total, new and return users), mean time on page, navigation and search terms. The number of page views, new users and return users increased during the study period. Each clinical stream had between 26 and 2508 views, with a median of 199 views (interquartile range 84–461 views). Individual pages had 0–12388 total views. Return users visited seven times on average. Most usage occurred between mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Diabetes was the most frequently viewed and searched clinical stream, followed by palliative care. These streams had the greatest number of promotional events. Increasing use of and interaction with HealthPathways suggests that it is a useful tool to support clinical practice among northern Sydney primary care providers.
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Kakore, Blandina Genes, Md Mamun, Sang-Jae Lee, and Kwang-Guk An. "Land-Use Pattern as a Key Factor Determining the Water Quality, Fish Guilds, and Ecological Health in Lotic Ecosystems of the Asian Monsoon Region." Water 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172765.
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Land-use patterns influence water quality in lotic ecosystems worldwide; consequently, deteriorating water quality affects fish communities and composition and the ecological health of water bodies. This study aimed to evaluate how land use, stream order, and elevation regulate water quality and ecological health in 64 streams based on the following four land cover types: namely, forest, agriculture, urban upstream, and urban downstream regions. Spatial analysis revealed that urban downstream areas had higher nutrient concentrations [total phosphorus (TP) as follows: 117 µg/L; total nitrogen (TN): 5.57 mg/L] and organic pollutants [chemical oxygen demand (COD): 7.71] than other regions. Empirical analysis indicated that TP (R2 = 0.46) had a high relation with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) compared to TN (R2 = 0.23) and TN:TP (R2 = 0.20). Elevation, stream order, and monsoon season significantly impact nutrients, organic matter, suspended particles, ionic content, and algal chlorophyll concentrations. The index of biotic integrity (IBI) was significantly positively correlated with elevation (R2 = 0.387), indicating that forest streams (high elevation) had better water quality and ecological health than lower-elevation streams. The proportion of insectivore species shows a significant negative relationship with biological oxygen demand (BOD) (R2 = 0.123) and TP (R2 = 0.155). The multi-metric index of biotic integrity (IBI) model suggested that the ecological health of forest streams was in fair condition. In contrast, agricultural streams were in poor condition, and urban upstream and downstream were in very poor conditions. The outcomes of this study indicated that land-use patterns and elevation largely regulate the water quality and ecological health of the streams.
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Sharma, Neha, Rajesh Rayal, K. P. Chamoli, Pankaj Bahuguna, and Pratibha Baluni. "Observation on the Diversity of Riparian Vegetation in the Sahastradhara Stream from Doon Valley (Uttarakhand) India." Scientific Temper 13, no. 01 (June 25, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.1.05.
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The physical and ecological health of streams is both influenced by riparian vegetation. It helpsto maintain the balance of oxygen, nutrients, and sediments in the environment, as well asproviding habitat and food for micro and macrofauna. The purpose of this study was to add toour understanding of the riparian vegetation of the Sahastradhara stream in Doon Valley. Thestudied riparian zone of the Sahastradhara stream in Dehradun comprises a total of 69 plantspecies belonging to 41 different families. The Asteraceae family, with 13 species, dominatedthe riparian vegetation, followed by Euphorbiaceae (04 species), and Solanaceae (04 Species).
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Tribble, Dennis A. "Print-stream interfaces." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 66, no. 11 (June 1, 2009): 990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070593.
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Doehring, Katharina, Joanne E. Clapcott, and Roger G. Young. "Assessing the Functional Response to Streamside Fencing of Pastoral Waikato Streams, New Zealand." Water 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071347.
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In New Zealand, streamside fencing is a well-recognised restoration technique for pastoral waterways. However, the response of stream ecosystem function to fencing is not well quantified. We measured the response to fencing of eight variables describing ecosystem function and 11 variables describing physical habitat and water quality at 11 paired stream sites (fenced and unfenced) over a 30-year timespan. We hypothesised that (1) fencing would improve the state of stream ecosystem health as described by physical, water quality and functional indicators due to riparian re-establishment and (2) time since fencing would increase the degree of change from impacted to less-impacted as described by physical, water quality and functional indicators. We observed high site-to-site variability in both physical and functional metrics. Stream shade was the only measure that showed a significant difference between treatments with higher levels of shade at fenced than unfenced sites. Cotton tensile-strength loss was the only functional measurement that indicated a response to fencing and increased over time since treatment within fenced sites. Our results suggest that stream restoration by fencing follows a complex pathway, over a space-for-time continuum, illustrating the overarching catchment influence at a reach scale. Small-scale (less than 2% of the upstream catchment area) efforts to fence the riparian zones of streams appear to have little effect on ecosystem function. We suggest that repeated measures of structural and functional indicators of ecosystem health are needed to inform robust assessments of stream restoration.
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Greeves, Scott. "Tracking Trash: Understanding Patterns of Debris Pollution in Knoxville’s Urban Streams." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2023): 16747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416747.
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Urban streams and rivers often experience high levels of pollution from anthropogenic sources. Litter and plastic debris are of particular concern because they negatively impact ecosystem health, increase the risk of flooding, and limit human recreational opportunities. In the City of Knoxville, Tennessee, several urban streams are posted as impaired, with health and use advisories in place. Despite remediation efforts from local governance and charitable initiatives, urban stream pollution remains a pervasive issue in Knoxville. To support and inform local remediation actions and sustainable policy-making, this study seeks to model the relationship between meteorological and hydrological variables and anthropogenic debris pollution in three of Knoxville’s urban creeks. The study uses an innovative approach that includes the use of data from a local stream cleanup initiative. The results, which identify a number of significant relationships, are discussed as they relate to the locally specific context. The implications for local remediation actions and policy-making are discussed. Also, the limitations and directions for future study are presented.
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Hwang, Eun-A., In-Hwan Cho, Ha-Kyung Kim, Chen Yi, and Baik-Ho Kim. "The Relationship between Rainfall Pattern and Epilithic Diatoms in Four Streams of Central-Western Korea for Three Years (2013–2015)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054099.
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To study the effect of rainfall patterns on diatom communities in four major central western streams on the Korean Peninsula during the monsoon seasons of 2013 through 2015, we measured precipitation, environmental factors, and epilithic diatoms at 42 sites before (May) and after (August and September) each monsoon. The Mangyeonggang river and Sapgyocheon stream (SS) had a high percentage of low-permeability soil, and the stream had the highest proportion (49.1%) of surrounding land in urban areas. Precipitation and precipitation frequency was closely correlated with electrical conductivity and nutrients, and this was particularly evident in SS. Epilithic diatom abundance for the most abundant species as, Navicula minima, decreased in the stream in 2013 and 2014 and increased in 2015 when precipitation and precipitation frequency were low. This was not clearly distinguishable in the ecological characteristics of each watercourse’s indicator species, except in SS. The dynamic community index was highest in 2015 (ca. 5.50), and the annual changes in the index were clearly shown in SS. The precipitation pattern and the dynamic community index were negatively correlated (r = −0.026~−0.385), and the precipitation within 2 weeks (r = −0.480 for SS) before the second sampling and the frequency of 10 mm of precipitation were closely correlated in the stream (r = −0.450 for SS). The distribution of epilithic diatoms in the four watercourses is therefore affected by monsoon precipitation and precipitation frequency, and the dynamic community index is determined by soil characteristics and land use.
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Arena, Christopher M., John L. Galebach, Thomas M. Mandichak, J. Michael Engle, and Merrilee G. Anderson. "Identification of diatoms in a healthy Pennsylvania stream compared to three downstream sites impacted by Abandoned Mine Drainage." Fine Focus 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.1.1.29-38.
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Life in a healthy stream can be severely impacted by changes in pH and other water quality parameters. This study reveals differences in diatom diversity and water quality characteristics in a central Pennsylvania stream. One healthy site was compared to three nearby sites affected by abandoned mine drainage during a July sampling in 2013. Permanent slides were made and microscopically assessed for diatom identification. The healthy stream contained eleven diatom genera while the site most impacted by mine drainage showed only one diatom, Eunotia exigua. Data were analyzed for Shannon diversity index and species richness. Water samples showed differences in pH, aluminum, sulfate, and iron. This work demonstrates the use of diatoms as bioindicators of stream health.
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Varela, Will L., Neal D. Mundahl, Silas Bergen, David F. Staples, Jennifer Cochran-Biederman, and Cole R. Weaver. "Physical and Biological Stream Health in an Agricultural Watershed after 30+ Years of Targeted Conservation Practices." Water 15, no. 19 (October 2, 2023): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193475.
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Agricultural activities within watersheds can have negative effects on river ecosystems, but numerous conservation practices can be implemented that reduce soil erosion, increase water infiltration, slow runoff, and improve soil quality. Our study focused on analyzing overall stream health (instream and riparian physical, instream biological) at 56 stream sites within an agricultural watershed (83,000 hectares, 70% croplands, and rangelands) in southeastern Minnesota, USA, with a 30+-year history of targeted conservation practices to protect local water resources of importance for tourism and recreation. After implementation of >900 best management practices (BMPs) over the last 20 years in the study subwatersheds, only 20% of the stream sites examined exhibited good stream health, and 40% were in poor condition, based on a combination of instream and riparian factors and aquatic community integrity. Time since implementation, location, and total coverage of BMPs within the relatively large subwatersheds all may have contributed to the apparently limited effectiveness of these conservation management practices toward producing observable improvements in stream health to date. Many indicators of stream health (e.g., fine sediments, sediment embeddedness, fish biotic integrity) differed significantly among subwatersheds, but those differences could not be explained by differences in numbers or coverages of BMPs in those subwatersheds. Longitudinal stream health patterns were similar among subwatersheds (moderate health in headwaters, poor in mid-reaches, good in lower reaches), likely due, in part, to similarities in locations of spring discharges and channel instability. New rules protecting stream riparia, maintenance of existing BMPs, and future BMPs targeting remaining problem areas should lead to improving stream health in this large watershed.
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Zhao, Kai, Chang Xu, and Bailu Si. "Learning Visual Abstract Reasoning through Dual-Stream Networks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 15 (March 24, 2024): 16979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i15.29641.
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Visual abstract reasoning tasks present challenges for deep neural networks, exposing limitations in their capabilities. In this work, we present a neural network model that addresses the challenges posed by Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM). Inspired by the two-stream hypothesis of visual processing, we introduce the Dual-stream Reasoning Network (DRNet), which utilizes two parallel branches to capture image features. On top of the two streams, a reasoning module first learns to merge the high-level features of the same image. Then, it employs a rule extractor to handle combinations involving the eight context images and each candidate image, extracting discrete abstract rules and utilizing an multilayer perceptron (MLP) to make predictions. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed DRNet achieves state-of-the-art average performance across multiple RPM benchmarks. Furthermore, DRNet demonstrates robust generalization capabilities, even extending to various out-of-distribution scenarios. The dual streams within DRNet serve distinct functions by addressing local or spatial information. They are then integrated into the reasoning module, leveraging abstract rules to facilitate the execution of visual reasoning tasks. These findings indicate that the dual-stream architecture could play a crucial role in visual abstract reasoning.
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Mpangase, Senzo, and Ntokozo Amanda Xaba. "Understanding the impact of policy adherence and implementation on streams in the Umlazi River System." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 3 (April 30, 2022): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i3.1738.
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Although the national policy landscape is saturated with environmental and surface water management policies, there is limited evidence of successful policy implementation at a local level. This lack of policy adherence can have many economic, environmental, and public health effects in an area hence measure to improve adherence and implementation are essential. This study, therefore, looked at the lack of stream policy adherence and implementation by the government at Umlazi Township, which is the second biggest township in South Africa, with a population reported to be about half a million people. The study integrated three approaches: the Health Belief Model (HBM), Adaptive River Management, and Social-Ecological Model (SEM) to evaluate the scientific knowledge regarding river status, and uncertainty levels and finally evaluate the impact of policy implementation and evaluation on surface water quality management in the Umlazi area. Data was collected from local municipality workers and Sihlanzimvelo Initiative workers, as these two groups are primarily responsible for stream water management in the Umlazi Local. The data were thematically analyzed and revealed three main factors that contribute to the lack of policy adherence and implementation: citizens are not knowledgeable about on-stream management policy standards; policies on stream management are not implemented and enforced; and lastly, implementation and enforcement of these policies are perceived as difficult. Citizen environmental education and stream worker capacity building appear to be key in improving policy adherence and implementation in Umlazi streams.
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Yirigui, Lee, and Nejadhashemi. "Multi-Scale Assessment of Relationships between Fragmentation of Riparian Forests and Biological Conditions in Streams." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185060.
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Due to anthropogenic activities within watersheds and riparian areas, stream water quality and ecological communities have been significantly affected by degradation of watershed and stream environments. One critical indicator of anthropogenic activities within watersheds and riparian areas is forest fragmentation, which has been directly linked to poor water quality and ecosystem health in streams. However, the true nature of the relationship between forest fragmentation and stream ecosystem health has not been fully elucidated due to its complex underlying mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of riparian fragmented forest with biological indicators including diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish. In addition, we investigated variations in these relationships over multiple riparian scales. Fragmentation metrics, including the number of forest patches (NP), proportion of riparian forest (PLAND), largest riparian forest patch ratio (LPI), and spatial proximity of riparian forest patches (DIVISION), were used to quantify the degree of fragmentation of riparian forests, and the trophic diatom index (TDI), benthic macroinvertebrates index (BMI), and fish assessment index (FAI) were used to represent the biological condition of diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish in streams. PLAND and LPI showed positive relationships with TDI, BMI, and FAI, whereas NP and DIVISION were negatively associated with biological indicators at multiple scales. Biological conditions in streams were clearly better when riparian forests were less fragmented. The relationships of NP and PLAND with biological indicators were stronger at a larger riparian scale, whereas relationships of LPI and DIVISION with biological indicators were weaker at a large scale. These results suggest that a much larger spatial range of riparian forests should be considered in forest management and restoration to enhance the biological condition of streams.
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Su, He, Pei Wu, Jing Xue, Yongan Zhang, and Haijun Zhang. "Analysis of flow field characteristics and structure optimization of the split-stream rushing muffler for diesel engine." Noise Control Engineering Journal 68, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/37688.
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In order to analyze the flow field characteristics of the split-stream rushing muffler, a theoretical model describing the velocity of the split streams is established and verified by the tracer test. For this new-principle muffler, the acoustic performance and the relationship between the velocity drop of the airflow and the pressure field are analyzed, also the structure optimization of the muffler is carried out based on the orthogonal test. Finally, a new muffler is fabricated based on the designing theory of this type of muffler for a prototype of diesel engine, and the comparative analyses are conducted compared with its original muffler. The results show that the establishment and analysis of the theoretical model for velocity during the split-streams rushing process are correct. In the frequency range of 0â–“1000 Hz, the average transmission loss of split-stream rushing muffler is better than that of the original muffler. While the speed of airflow is reduced by split-streams rushing, a certain pressure loss is caused at the same time, which is about 50% of total pressure loss of the muffler, and the average fluid resistance coefficient of the split-stream rushing process is 0.91. Compared to the original muffler of the sample engine, the average insertion loss of the optimized new muffler is increased by 61.2%. At inlet air velocity of 30 m/s, the pressure loss is reduced by 16.8%. The results provide a potential for practical engineering application of this new split-stream rushing muffler in future.
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Kannan, Narayanan, Aavudai Anandhi, and Jaehak Jeong. "Estimation of Stream Health Using Flow-Based Indices." Hydrology 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5010020.
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Woznicki, Sean A., A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Dennis M. Ross, Zhen Zhang, Lizhu Wang, and Abdol-Hossein Esfahanian. "Ecohydrological model parameter selection for stream health evaluation." Science of The Total Environment 511 (April 2015): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.066.
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Esfahanian, Elaheh, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Mohammad Abouali, Fariborz Daneshvar, Ameli Renani Alireza, Matthew R. Herman, and Ying Tang. "Defining drought in the context of stream health." Ecological Engineering 94 (September 2016): 668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.110.
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Abouali, Mohammad, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Fariborz Daneshvar, and Sean A. Woznicki. "Two-phase approach to improve stream health modeling." Ecological Informatics 34 (July 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.04.009.
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Chiu, Grace, and Peter Guttorp. "Stream health index for the Puget Sound Lowland." Environmetrics 17, no. 3 (2006): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.744.
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Erdozain, Maitane, Karen A. Kidd, Lauren Negrazis, Scott S. Capell, David P. Kreutzweiser, Michelle A. Gray, and Erik J. S. Emilson. "Understanding the effects of forest management on streams and rivers: A synthesis of research conducted in New Brunswick (Canada) 2014–2018." Forestry Chronicle 98, no. 1 (November 2022): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2022-010.
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Forests play a major role in maintaining healthy streams and in providing ecosystem services such as clean drinking water, flood/drought protection and biodiversity, but studies have shown that some forestry operations can compromise these benefits. To assess whether current forest management practices impact stream ecosystems, a five-year study was conducted in J.D. Irving, Limited’s Black Brook Forestry District (New Brunswick, Canada) and in other watersheds with varying forest management intensity. This study was divided into two phases, with each addressing one main research question: 1) how different intensities of forest management affect the ecological health of headwater streams and, 2) whether the changes observed in headwater streams accumulate or dissipate in larger downstream rivers. A comprehensive approach to examining these research questions was taken by measuring multiple abiotic and biotic indicators to assess the integrity of stream ecosystems (sediments, water chemistry, insect communities, leaf decomposition, fish condition, mercury concentrations). The purpose of this paper is: 1) to synthesize the results of numerous scientific articles, and 2) to present the science and management implications in terms that regulatory and industrial forest managers can use to incorporate the lessons learned into their decision making. Results in Phase I show that streams in the most intensively managed catchments had greater inputs of terrestrial materials such as sediments, and these were incorporated into food webs, resulting in more terrestrial diets of aquatic consumers. The important stream function of leaf litter breakdown was negatively influenced by increased management intensity. Management practices related to roads warrant special attention, as roads tended to be more related to changes in stream indicators than tree removal. Additionally, results suggest that wet riparian areas were more sensitive to disturbance than drier riparian areas, which has implications for riparian buffer zone configurations. Regarding Phase II, some of the effects of forest management on small streams accumulated in larger downstream rivers (e.g., sediments, use of terrestrial resources by aquatic organisms), while others dissipated (e.g., water temperature, mercury contents). Interestingly, the impacts of forest management on streams were greater in the basin with tree removal but less silviculture than in the basin with more of both, suggesting that greater overall intensity of forest practices does not necessarily translate into greater environmental impacts, for example when considering partial versus clearcut harvesting. Overall, the study suggests that while current best management practices do not eliminate all effects, they do still offer good protection of biological integrity downstream.