Journal articles on the topic 'Straw barley'
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1
Capper, B. S., G. Sage, P. R. Hanson, and A. H. Adamson. "Influence of variety, row type and time of sowing on the morphology, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of barley straw." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960006874x.
Abstract:
SUMMARYLeaf proportions (LP) were determined in spring barley straws harvested at Cambridge in 1984 and 1985. Linear regression equations showed that a greater number of days to flowering increased LP whilst greater plant height decreased LP in spring barley straws. Plant height accounted for more than 70% of the variance in LP. By contrast, grain yield and stem diameter accounted for only a small percentage of the variance in LP. Straws from two-rowed winter barleys had slightly higher LP than six-rowed winter barleys but LP in winter and spring barleys were similar.Leaf blade and leaf sheath fractions of the straws had lower acid detergent fibre and lignin contents and were more digestible than the stem fractions. Linear regression equations of straw digestibility in spring barleys on LP, grain yields, days to flowering and plant heights showed that LP accounted for a higher percentage of the variance in digestibility in 1984 than the other characteristics. In 1985, when harvesting conditions were unusually wet, grain yield accounted for the highest percentage of the variance in straw digestibility.There were no differences in chemical composition and straw digestibility between two-rowed and six-rowed barleys, but winter barleys had higher straw digestibility than spring barleys. Date of sowing did not influence straw quality in two-rowed winter barleys.The ranking of two-rowed spring barleys for LP, chemical composition and digestibility suggested that varieties with consistently better straw quality could be identified.
2
Narasimhalu, P., D. Kong, and T. M. Choo. "Straw yields and nutrients of seventy-five Canadian barley cultivars." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-020.
Abstract:
Straw, grain, and total yields were compared among 32 two-row and 43 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars registered in eastern and western Canada, that were grown at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. Straw nutrients was determined in 1991. Two-row cultivars yielded more straw and less grain than six-row cultivars (P < 0.05). The total yield (i.e., total aboveground dry matter) of two-row cultivars was approximately equal to that of six-row cultivars. Straw of two-row cultivars contained more cell contents but less hemicellulose, total-N, Ca, Na, Mn, and Zn than six-row cultivars straw (P < 0.05). Straw yields were not different between eastern and western cultivars regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Eastern two-row cultivars showed higher grain yield and higher total yield than western two-row, and their straws contained less lignin and P than those of western cultivars. Straw of eastern six-row cultivars contained less Ca, but more Na and Mg than that of western six-row cultivars. Hulless barleys showed less grain yield and their straw contained less cellulose than covered barleys regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Two-row hulless cultivars yielded more straw than two-row covered barleys. Straw of six-row hulless barleys contained more cell contents, total-N, and minerals (except for Na and Mn) than that of six-row covered barleys. Key words: Barley cultivars, straw, yield, crude protein, fibre, minerals
3
Al-Saghier, O. A. S., and R. C. Campling. "Energy and protein supplements to straw-based diets for yearling cattle: effects on straw intake and digestibility." Animal Science 52, no. 1 (February 1991): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005717.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTA series of change-over experiments examined the intake and digestibility of straw-based diets in yearling dairy heifers. Voluntary intakes of straws given as the sole food to yearling dairy heifers were 1·28, 1·20 and 0·90 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight for barley, wheat and oat straws respectively, and the corresponding digestibility of organic matter was 0·47, 0·53 and 0·48. When supplemented with 2 kg rolled barley the intakes of straw did not alter, nor were they affected by replacing part of the rolled barley with an equal amount of soya-bean meal and thus increasing the dietary concentration of protein from about 50 to 110 g/kg DM. The use of molassed sugar-beet pulp in place of rolled barley reduced the intake of straw. Flaked maize promoted slightly higher intakes of straw than an equal amount of coarsely milled maize. Replacing rolled barley by lucerne hay reduced straw intake. It is estimated that, to provide sufficient energy and protein for a daily gain of 0·5 kg, heifer straw-based diets would require a supplement of 1·2 kg rolled barley and 0·8 kg soya-bean meal.
4
Wang, Bing, Yongang Li, Hongyu Si, Huiyuan Chen, Ming Zhang, and Tao Song. "Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons based on hulless barley straw and plain wheat straw obtained by H3PO4 activation." BioResources 13, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 5204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.5204-5212.
Abstract:
High specific surface area activated carbon was prepared by improving the process conditions of phosphoric acid activation and hulless barley straw and plain wheat straw as raw materials. The effects of the activation time on the pore structure and specific surface area of two types of activated carbon were investigated. The results revealed that soaking straws in the high concentrations of H3PO4 for 0.5 h to ensure complete soaking and then removing the straws from H3PO4 solution to activate was beneficial to the infiltration of H3PO4 in the raw material, and there was an increase in the surface area of activated carbon. The largest specific surface area of activated carbon prepared from plain wheat straw and hulless barley straw was 1524 m2/g and 1885 m2/g, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed that the higher cellulose content, higher hemicellulose content, and smaller fiber morphology in hulless barley straw compared with wheat straw were the main reasons for the more abundant pore structure and higher specific surface area of the activated carbon.
5
Tuah, A. K., E. Lufadeju, E. R. Ørskov, and G. A. Blackett. "Rumen degradation of straw 1. Untreated and ammonia-treated barley, oat and wheat straw varieties and triticale straw." Animal Science 43, no. 2 (October 1986): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002440.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe dry-matter degradation of 19 varieties of barley, 14 varieties of wheat, 11 varieties of oats and one variety of triticale straws, both untreated and ammonia treated were studied using the nylon-bag technique. There were significant differences between the untreated varieties of all the types of cereal straw studied with respect to dry-matter loss (DML) values. When the barley and wheat straws were treated with ammonia, the differences between the varieties were also significant although ammonia treatment tended to improve those with lower values to a greater extent than those with higher values. There were also significant differences between the DML values of the oat straws when they were treated with ammonia but only after 48-h incubation. There was a significant negative relationship between the 48-h DML values of the untreated oat straws and the improvement in the DML values with ammonia treatment (r = −0·65; P < 0·05). Grain yield, straw length and nitrogen concentration had no significant relationship with the DML values of the untreated straws. Barley and oat straws had generally higher DML than the wheat and triticale straws.
6
Ng'ambi, J. W. W., and R. C. Campling. "Effects of sodium hydroxide and of energy and protein supplements on the voluntary intake and digestibility of barley, oat and wheat straw by cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 2 (October 1991): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600065357.
Abstract:
SUMMARYThree change-over experiments with yearling cattle examined the effects on voluntary intake and digestibility of treating barley, oat and wheat straws with NaOH. Increases in intake due to the NaOH treatment were: with barley straw 31 %, oat straw 9% and with wheat straw 1 %, and the corresponding improvements in digestibility were 36, 13 and 24%. A further three experimentswith yearling heifers and steers measured the effects of supplements on the responsein feeding value to NaOH treatment of wheat straw. Increasing the daily supplement of rolled barley from 10 to 3·4 kg led to a decrease in voluntary intake of treated straw from 4·6 to 3·6 kg organic matter (OM), while including urea, to increase the concentrationof nitrogenin a beet pulp supplement from 19 to 24 gN/kg dry matter (DM), gave an increasein intakeof straw from 3·4 to 4·8 kg OM. Providing more than c. 15 gN/kg dietary DM did not lead to a significant increase in voluntary intake or digestibility. In a further experiment, isonitrogenous supplements of rolled barley and soyabean meal, or rolled barley and fishmeal, led to similar intakes and digestibilities of treatedstraw. The variation in response to NaOH treatment is discussed.
7
Mathison, G. W., R. Soofi-Siawash, E. K. Okine, J. Helm, and P. Juskiw. "Factors influencing composition and ruminal degradability of barley straw." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-012.
Abstract:
Chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradability characteristics for 25 and 40 genotypes of barley straw were measured for crops grown in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Straw from semidwarf genotypes contained more crude protein and less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than that from genotypes with medium straw length and effective ruminal degradability was 9% higher (P < 0.01). Straw from two-row genotypes contained 19% more crude protein (4.4 vs. 3.7%) and 3% less NDF (75.2 vs. 77.6%) than that from six-row genotypes and effective ruminal degradability was 6% higher (P < 0.01) when genotypes with medium-length straw only were considered. Genotypes with smooth awns had higher rates of degradation but contained less of the slowly degraded fraction than straw with rough awns when straws of medium straw length were compared (P < 0.05). Straw from hulless genotypes contained more (P = 0.006) NDF than that from covered varieties. Both ambient and soil temperature were positively related (P < 0.05) to effective ruminal degradability of straw, possibly because of associated greater leafiness when temperatures were higher and there was more light. It was concluded that it is possible to select barley genotypes that have superior straw nutritive value for ruminant animals. Key words: Barley, straw, degradability, cattle, genotype, environment
8
Mawuenyegah, P. O., L. Warly, T. Harumoto, and T. Fujihara. "Effect of ammonia treatment or protein supplementation on rumination behaviour in sheep given barley straw." Animal Science 64, no. 3 (June 1997): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800016040.
Abstract:
AbstractA study was conducted to compare the effects of ammoniation and protein supplementation of barley straw on rumination behaviour of sheep. Four wethers were allocated to four diets offered ad libitum in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. The diets were, untreated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 1), untreated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 2), ammonia-treated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 3) and ammonia-treated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 4). Animals were kept in metabolism crates throughout each 16-day experimental period and allowed free access to water and a mineralized salt lick. The first 11 days of each period were for adaptation to the harnesses and diets while the last 5 days were used for rumination studies. Animals given diets 3 and 4 had slower eating rates compared with those given diets 1 and 2. Rumination index and duration of each rumination period was lower for sheep consuming diets 3 and 4 than for those on diets 1 and 2 but not significantly so (P > 0·05). Rumination time per 100 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) intake was significantly lower (P < 0·01) for diets containing ammoniated straw. Animals given ammoniated straw diets also regurgitated fewer boluses per unit NDF intake than did those on untreated straw diets. The results showed that increased intake and digestibility, which is usually associated with ammoniated straws, was due to sheep doing less work per unit of time to break down straw for digestion. In this way, potentially digestible tissues within a given amount of straw is more readily exposed. The foregoing suggests that ammonia treatment results in less rumination so that ruminants given ammonia-treated straw diets do less work ruminating.
9
Hart, M. J., M. Kay, and E. R. Ørskov. "The nutritive value of varieties of wheat and barley straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023266.
Abstract:
The utilization of cereal straws are limited by their low nutritive value and bulkiness which prevents ruminants from consuming sufficient to meet their nutrient requirements. However, recently there has been interest in furthering the use of cereal straws as food for ruminants. The main objective of the present study was to provide information on the degradability of straw for cereal varieties recently included on the SAC recommended lists. A further objective was to examine the between farm variation in degradability of straw for individual cereal varieties and to assess how this may be affected by management practices in the field.Forty two samples of straw comprising three varieties of winter wheat, four varieties of winter barley and seven varieties of spring barley straw were collected from farms in and around the North East of Scotland. The potential degradabilities of the straw was measured using three different techniques; 1) the nylon bag technique (0rskov, 1985); 2) in vitro analysis, and 3) near infra red analysis (NIR).
10
Sedmihradská, Anežka, Michael Pohořelý, Petr Jevič, Siarhei Skoblia, Zdeněk Beňo, Josef Farták, Bohumír Čech, and Miroslav Hartman. "Pyrolysis of wheat and barley straw." Research in Agricultural Engineering 66, No. 1 (March 27, 2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/26/2019-rae.
Abstract:
Pyrolysing agricultural crop residues and other biomass constitutes a newer method of transforming often difficult, waste materials into a novel type of soil amendment/additive. Simultaneously, this process also makes it possible to exploit part of the energy released in the agricultural production. Biochar, viewed as the solid product of biomass pyrolysis, is a remarkable, porous material, rich in carbon. Two agricultural crop residues, such as wheat and barley straw, were selected for the experimental studies. The results indicate that the practical temperature for the production of biochar from the two explored materials occurs in the vicinity of 600 °C. Starting at this temperature, the biochar produced complies safely with the principal European Biochar Certificate standards (EBC 2012). Thus, for the wheat straw and barley straw – originated char, the content of the carbon amounts to 67.2 and 67.0 mass %, the atomic ratio H : C is as large as 0.032 and 0.026, and the specific surface area amounts to 217 and 201 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively.
11
Keno, Mulugeta Tilahun, Jane Wamatu, Ashraf Alkhtib, Taye Tolemariam, Solomon Demeke, and Geert Paul Jules Janssens. "Barley Straw Use for Animal Feed and Soil Mulch in Ethiopian Highlands Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 5879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115879.
Abstract:
Barley straw serves as livestock feed and mulch for soil and water conservation in the mixed barley-livestock systems of the Ethiopian highlands. High demand for barley straw biomass in the system creates competition between the two uses. This study aimed to identify the determinants of the utilization of barley straw for mulch and feed. Data on the production and use of barley straw were collected from 236 households using a structured questionnaire. Use of the straw for the purposes of soil mulch at three levels, 0–15% (marginal mulching), 15–35% (optimal mulching), 35–100% (over-mulching), was analyzed using a multinomial logit model. The optimal proportion of barley straw used as soil mulch was positively affected by the educational level of the household head, family size, distance between cropping land and homestead, number of equines in the household and amount of straw production. Female-headed households were more likely to mulch less than the optimal amount of barley straw. In general, the more the farmer’s exposure to formal extension, the less the proportion of barley straw used for soil mulching. This study provides guidance for the proportional utilization of barley straw. This will contribute to the design of appropriate biomass utilization strategies in barley-livestock farming systems.
12
Jafarpour, Mehrdad, Alireza Jalalizand, and Shahin Eghbalsaied. "High fiber media as the most efficient substrates for Pleurotus florida culture." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 3 (2011): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1103889j.
Abstract:
Implementation of agricultural residues for oyster mushroom culture has been accepted world-wide. In this study, we used wheat straw, barley straw, maize stem residue, and lawn residue as substrates coupled with wheat bran, rice bran and soybean powder as complements for the growth of P. florida. Wheat and barley straws which contained a high fiber and C/N ratio had the best growth period, fruiting body weight, yield, and biological efficiency. Assessment of substrate and complement combinations indicated that the lowest growth period was obtained from barley straw enriched with rice bran (24.67 day). However the highest fruiting body number (36.33), fruiting body weight (31.17 g), yield (1039 g), and biological efficiency (207.8 %) belonged to wheat straw complemented by either wheat or rice bran. In conclusion, the highest fruiting body weight, yield, and biological efficiency was achieved by implementation of composts in which high fiber substrates and complements were combined.
13
Ramanzin, M., L. Bailoni, and G. Beni. "Varietal differences in rumen degradation of barley, wheat and hard wheat straws." Animal Science 53, no. 2 (October 1991): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020055.
Abstract:
AbstractThe rumen dry-matter degradation of straw from nine varieties of barley, nine varieties of wheat and seven varieties of hard wheat was studied to provide further information on varietal differences and their relationships with agronomic characteristics.In all the cereals there were significant differences in in situ dry-matter disappearance between varieties. The range of differences was lower in hard wheat varieties compared with the other cereals. There were no significant correlations between straw degradability and plant height, days from sowing to heading and grain production and quality. Lignin concentration was significantly correlated to straw degradability (r = −0·937 in barley, −0·675 in wheat and −0·987 in hard wheat).Leaf had lower concentrations of lignin and higher degradability than stem in barley and wheat but the two fractions were similar in hard wheat straws. The differences in degradation between the most and the least degradable straw varieties of each cereal species were mainly due to differences in degradability of both the fractions whereas the role of leaf and stem proportions was of minor importance.
14
Ho, K. M., T. M. Choo, J. Rowsell, L. Guillemettte, G. Scheifele, and R. A. Martin. "Nordbec barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-155.
Abstract:
Nordbec is an early-maturing, six-rowed, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high yield, improved straw strength and resistance to powdery mildew. Nordbec is suitable for production in northern Ontario. Key words: Cultivar description, Hordeum vulgare L., early maturity, feed barley, high yield, short straw
15
KENNEDY, T. F., J. G. McDONALD, J. CONNERY, and G. PURVIS. "A comparison of the occurrence of aphids and barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000304.
Abstract:
SUMMARYWinter barley was sown by conventional-tillage (CT) and minimum-tillage (MT) cultivation over three seasons. Each cultivation treatment was split so that straw was incorporated into the soil during cultivation in one split, while the other did not receive straw. Aphid occurrences in autumn and incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in spring were compared. Similar investigations on winter wheat were made over a further three seasons. The method of cultivation affected the number of aphids on barley and wheat plants in autumn and on wheat heads in summer; MT had fewest aphids. Soil incorporation of straw during cultivation had a similar effect. Method of cultivation affected the incidence of BYDV disease, with MT having least infection. Straw-treated cereal plots had fewer aphids and less BYDV than no-straw plots. Aphids and virus reached damaging levels only in the first barley crop. In this season, MT barley had significantly fewer aphids (48% fewer) and significantly less BYDV (71% less) than CT. Straw-treated plots within the CT system had rather similar aphid infestation and BYDV incidence as no-straw plots. Barley grown in the MT system with straw added had significantly fewer aphids (68%) than in the case when no straw was added. Overall, aphids in autumn were significantly fewer on MT relative to CT cereals in three of the six seasons and significantly fewer on straw relative to no-straw plots in two seasons. Aphids on wheat heads in summer were significantly fewer in MT relative to CT plots in one of the three seasons. Aphids on heads were also significantly fewer on straw-treated plots within each system of cultivation in two seasons, while MT wheat with straw had significantly fewer aphids/head than those without straw in one season. BYDV was lower each season in MT barley and wheat when compared with CT crops. These differences were significant for two of the three seasons in which each crop was grown. There was a lower incidence of virus in straw-treated plots than in no-straw plots. This effect was significant for one of the three seasons in which barley and wheat were grown. Plant and tiller density did not differ significantly between MT and CT barley either with or without straw incorporation. Plant density of wheat in autumn was significantly lower for straw-treated plots relative to no-straw plots in one season. Wheat head density was lower for MT relative to CT in one season, while MT with straw had significantly fewer heads than CT plots with straw in two seasons. BYDV significantly reduced grain yield only in 2001/02 when incidence of the disease was high. Grain yield in 2001/02 was 0·95 t/ha (16%) greater for MT barley, due to less BYDV, than for CT. Straw-treated CT barley outyielded no-straw plots by 0·45 t/ha, while the comparable value for the MT system was 0·3 t/ha. The combined effect of MT plus straw had a 1·24 t/ha (21%) yield advantage over CT without straw.It is concluded that MT cereals sown at the same time as CT crops in autumn have a lower risk of aphid infestation and BYDV infection than CT crops. The soil incorporation of straw further enhances the beneficial impact of MT in reducing aphids and virus.
16
Kay, M., G. W. Reid, and E. R. Orskov. "The influence of straw quality and level of concentrate in a completely mixed diet on intake and growth rate in steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016962.
Abstract:
Results from a previous experiment with growing steers showed that straw from varieties of winter and spring barley or winter wheat supported different intakes and rates of gain. It was possible to identify those cereal straws most suitable for inclusion in low cost diets for beef cattle. The object of this work was to assess whether complete diets containing a minimum of 35% “good” straw could sustain a high rate of gain in finishing cattle. The trial used 45 Hereford cross steers that weighed 360 kg at the start. There were three types of straw examined; straw from the spring barley variety Corgi, untreated (UC) and ammonia treated (AC) together with ammonia treated winter wheat (AW) cv. Longbow;. Each straw type was included in a complete diet containing either 0.35 (L), 0.45 (M) or 0.55 (H) straw. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 0.03 anhydrous ammonia for 24 hours. The straw was processed through a tub grinder and the chopped material was transferred to a mixer wagon for diet preparation. All the diets contained fishmeal and urea and equal proportions of rolled barley and molassed sugar beet pulp substituted for the straw. The complete diets were offered ad libitum and the steers were weighed fortnightly until they were estimated to provide carcasses in MLC fat class 4L. Digestibility data for each diet was derived in a subsidary trial using cattle fed ad libitum. The digestibility coefficients for D11 were 0.67 UC; 0.68 AW; 0.69 AC and 0.66 H; 0.68 M; 0.70 L (S.E.D. ± 0.66).
17
Reid, G. W., E. R. Ørksov, and M. Kay. "A note on the effect of variety, type of straw and ammonia treatment on digestibility and on growth rate in steers." Animal Science 47, no. 1 (August 1988): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037168.
Abstract:
Forty Hereford cross steers of 350 kg live weight were allocated to 10 treatments in which straw was offered ad libitum. The straws comprised two varieties of winter barley (Gerbel (G) an Igri (I)), two varieties of spring barley (Corgi (C) and Golden Promise (GP)) and one variety of winter wheat (Norman (N)). Each straw was offered either untreated (with 20 g urea per kg added at feeding), or treated (with 30 g anhydrous ammonia). After 10 weeks the treatments were changed. The mean growth rates for steers receiving the untreated straws were 0·11, 0·13, 0·40, 0·20 and 0·27 kg/day and for treated straws were 0·36, 0·33, 0·61, 0·60 and 0·52 kg/day for G, I, C, GP and N respectively. The straw intakes for untreated straws were 3·4, 3·6, 5·2, 4·4 and 4·6 kg dry matter per day and for treated straws 4·7, 4·8, 5·9, 4·9 and 5·8 kg dry matter per day for G, I, C, GP and N respectively. Chemical and biological measurements were compared as predictors of voluntary intake of straw and growth rate in the steers. Biological measurements were very efficient in predicting performance of the steers while chemical measurements were much less valuable.
18
Mustafa, A. F., D. A. Christensen, and J. J. McKinnon. "In vitro and in situ evaluation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) hay and straw." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-092.
Abstract:
The in vitro and in situ nutrient degradabilities of fenugreek hay and straw relative to late-cut alfalfa hay and barley straw were determined. Results indicated that the nutritive value of fenugreek hay was comparable to late cut alfalfa hay while that of genugreek straw was lower than barley straw. Key words: Fenugreek, hay, straw
19
Mathison, G. W., H. Hsu, R. Soofi-Siawash, G. Recinos-Diaz, E. K. Okine, J. Helm, and P. Juskiw. "Prediction of composition and ruminal degradability characteristics of barley straw by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-011.
Abstract:
The usefulness of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of the nutritive value of straw was examined with 195 samples of barley straw. Excluding lignin, NIRS technique explained 84 to 94% of the variation in chemical components in the validation set. From 69 to 84% of the variation in ruminal degradability characteristics, excluding rate of degradation, was explained by NIRS. With the exception of neutral detergent fiber, accuracies of prediction were not improved when NIRS calibrations were based upon calibration sets containing straw only in contrast with when barley hay and barley silage were included with straw in the calibration set. We conclude that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a useful method for predicting chemical composition of straw and estimating its ruminal degradability characteristics. Key words: Barley, straw, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, in situ, degradability
20
Soon, Y. K. "Crop residue and fertilizer management effects on nutrient use and barley production." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-051.
Abstract:
Cereal straw has many potential on-farm and off-farm uses. If straw is to be removed from land, the practice should not adversely impact long-term crop production and soil quality. A 10-yr experiment was conducted on a Dark Grey Solod near Beaverlodge, Alberta (55°13′N, 119°20′W) to determine the effects of fertilizer and straw management on the yield of, and nutrient (N and P) use by, continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Four straw management treatments: (i) straw removal; (ii) straw ploughed in; (iii) straw disked in; and (iv) straw disked in plus a red clover (Trifoleum pratense L.) green manure disked in every fifth year, were superimposed on four fertilizer treatments. The fertilizer treatments were application of N and P: (i) banded at soil-test recommended rates (ST,b); (ii) broadcast and incorporated at soil-test recommended rates (ST,bi); (iii) banded at soil-test rates of N+ 25 kg ha−1 and P+ 10 kg ha−1 (ST+,b); and (iv) as in (iii) but broadcast-applied and incorporated (ST+,bi). The straw ploughed-in treatment tended to produce lower annual barley yield and N uptake (by 9 and 13%, respectively) than the other three residue treatments. Barley yield and utilization of N and P were unaffected by straw removal as compared to disking-in straw. Barley yield and N uptake were higher (by 12 and 17%, respectively) with N and P application at the higher rate. At the recommended rate, broadcast-and-incorporated application of fertilizers resulted in lower yields and nutrient use than banded-in application. Treatment effects on P uptake tended to be small. The green-manured treatment used less fertilizer N, resulted in less total barley grain production, and did not increase the amount of crop residues incorporated. It is concluded that grain yield and nutrient (N and P) use of a continuous barley cropping system, fertilized at recommended rates of N and P, were unaffected by straw removal. Key words: Crop residue management, continuous barley production, fertilizer N and P
21
Thomas, S. "Sugar beet pulp as a supplement to straw in diets for finishing cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017761.
Abstract:
When barley has been used as a supplement to straw in diets for finishing cattle the performance achieved has often been below target. A trial was made to measure whether substitution of sugar beet pulp, a fibrous source of energy, for barley in such diets would Improve performance. Forty-eight Frieslan-type steers weighing 370 kg were offered long, Spring barley straw (variety Doublet) ad libitum. The straw was either untreated or treated with ammonia. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 3% anhydrous ammonia for 21 hours. Supplementation of the straw was designed to give a daily live weight gain of 1 kg. Animals offered untreated straw received 5.5 kg per head daily of dry matter (DM) from supplementary concentrates whilst those offered ammonia-treated straw received 4.5 kg concentrate DM. Included in the concentrates was 0.23 kg DM from white-fish meal and 0.07 kg of a mineral/vitamin supplement. The animals offered untreated straw also received 0.09 kg per head daily of urea. The remainder of the concentrates consisted of either bruised barley, a mixture of equal parts of DM from bruised barley and dried molassed sugar beet pulp, or sugar beet pulp only.
22
Hassaan, Mohamed A., Antonio Pantaleo, Francesco Santoro, Marwa R. Elkatory, Giuseppe De Mastro, Amany El Sikaily, Safaa Ragab, and Ahmed El Nemr. "Techno-Economic Analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles Pretreatments for Biogas Production from Barley Straw." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195001.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the biogas production from mechanically treated barley straw and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the costs assessment and on the results of biogas production. The structural changes of mechanically pretreated barley straw were observed using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM. Additionally, both green ZnO NPs prepared from red alga (Antithamnion plumula) extract and chemically prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM, surface area, and EDX. The results revealed that the biogas production was slightly improved by 14.9 and 13.2% when the barley straw of 0.4 mm was mechanically pretreated with 10 mg/L of both green and chemical ZnO NPs and produced 390.5 mL biogas/g VS and 385 mL biogas/g VS, respectively. On the other hand, the higher concentrations of ZnO NPs equal to 20 mg/L had an inhibitory effect on biogas production and decreased the biogas yield to 173 mL biogas/g VS, which was less than the half of previous values. It was also clear that the mechanically treated barley straw of 0.4 mm size presented a higher biogas yield of about 340 mL/g VS, in comparison to 279 mL biogas/g VS of untreated biomass. The kinetic study showed that the first order, modified Gompertz and logistic function models had the best fit with the experimental data. The results showed that the nanoparticles (NPs) of the mechanically treated barely straw are a suitable source of biomass for biogas production, and its yields are higher than the untreated barley straw. The results of the cost-benefit analysis showed that the average levelized cost of energy (LCOE), adopting the best treatments (0.4 mm + 10 mg/L ZnO), is 0.21 €/kWh, which is not competitive with the other renewable energy systems in the Egyptian energy market.
23
MIR, P. S., Z. MIR, and J. A. ROBERTSON. "EFFECT OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS OR FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BARLEY STRAW OR ALFALFA HAY." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-016.
Abstract:
In vitro dry matter digestibilities of ground barley straw or alfalfa hay, supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) or their corresponding fatty acids (isobutyric, isovaleric and 2-methyl butyric acids), at 4% of substrate dry matter were determined. In vitro digestibilities were obtained after incubation in either rumen fluid or rumen fluid followed by pepsin in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Urea was added to the branched-chain fatty acid treatments so they were isonitrogenous with the amino acid treatments. Digestibility of barley straw was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation with all branched-chain fatty acids, when added either alone or in combination in both digestion systems. The greatest increase was from 34.8% for unsupplemented barley straw to 63.1% for barley straw plus all three branched-chain fatty acids. Valine did not improve digestibility of barley straw when incubated with either rumen fluid or rumen fluid followed by pepsin solution. Addition of isoleucine increased digestibility (P < 0.05) of barley straw in both systems, while leucine was effective only when samples were incubated in both rumen fluid and pepsin solution. However, all combinations of amino acids increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of barley straw in both systems. In vitro digestibility of alfalfa hay was increased (P < 0.05) only when valine and leucine were used together in either system. Incubating alfalfa hay in rumen fluid plus pepsin solution increased (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibilites for all treatments. The greatest increase was from 72.8% for control to 89.5% for the treatment receiving a combination of valine and leucine. Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain fatty acids, barley straw, alfalfa hay
24
Román-Gutiérrez, Alma Delia, Danae Duana-Ávila, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Eduardo Cerecedo-Saenz, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez, Adriana Rojas-León, and Patricia López Perea. "Reuse of Barley Straw for Handmade Paper Production." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 12691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912691.
Abstract:
The main objective of this work is supporting the use of sustainable solutions for the management and reuse of agricultural waste from the cereal harvest, such as oats, barley, and triticale, making sheets of artisan paper, innovating the process with the use of different proportions of cellulose obtained from straw residues. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained sheets showed that basis weight (66–96 g/m2), thickness (19–300 μm), burst strength (68.9–103.4 kPa), burst index (0.81–1.35 kPam2/g) and bulk (2.52–3.12 cm3/g), were adequate. Based on what can be observed in the SEM images, it is possible to infer that straw has the function of supporting the sheets using combinations of barley straw and recycled paper. The result of the IR analysis indicated that the sheet with an increase in hydroxyl groups was that obtained with barley straw. Therefore, the treatment was efficient. These results were corroborated by X-ray diffraction analysis, in which the percentage of crystallinity of the barley straw paper was 37.1%. Finally, the results obtained indicated that the crystallinity is better in the sheets containing large amounts of barley straw. The sheet with the highest percentage of crystallinity was that which was made using 100% of barley straw, showing a 37.1 percentage of crystallinity, followed by the sheet made of 100% recycled paper, having a value of 34.4%.
25
Zając, T., A. Oleksy, A. Stokłosa, A. Klimek-Kopyra, and J. Macuda. "Vertical distribution of dry mass in cereals straw and its loss during harvesting." International Agrophysics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0072-0.
Abstract:
Abstract The study aimed at evaluating the distribution of mass in the straw of cereal species and also at assessing the straw yield and its losses resulting from the amount of the stubble left in the field. It was found empirically that the wheat culms are composed of five internodes, and in barley, triticale and oats of six. The highest straw mass per 1 cm was found in the second internode in both forms of wheat and winter triticale, whereas barley and oats gathered the highest weight in the first internode. In the southern part of Silesia species and forms of cereals differed in the straw yield, which can be arranged as follows, from the highest: winter wheat > spring wheat, winter triticale, winter barley, and oats > spring barley. Due to the specific distribution of dry matter in each of internodes of both wheat forms - winter and spring, they loose less stubble mass (22 and 24%, respectively), comparing to other cereals, especially spring barley, which loose 31% yield of straw in the stubble of 15 cm height.
26
Goodchild, A. V., F. Jaby El-Haramein, and T. T. Treacher. "Predicting the voluntary intake of barley straw with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026581.
Abstract:
In developing countries, straws, stovers and stubbles provide a large proportion of the nutrient intake of ruminants. Cereal breeders working for these countries need a rapid test to predict the nutritional value of straw. An important component of nutritional value of straw is voluntary intake (Goodchild et al. 1992). Voluntary intake (DMT) is usually measured in samples of straw weighing 100 kg or more: in contrast, only a few plants weighing tens of grams are available for each genotype in the early stages of breeding. Indirect methods of estimating voluntary intake, like in vitro gas production, are available but relatively costly. For these reasons, and because selecting for grain yield and stem stiffness has been a priority in developed countries, breeders have tended to ignore straw quality.
27
Ørskov, E. R., G. W. Reid, and M. Kay. "Prediction of intake by cattle from degradation characteristics of roughages." Animal Science 46, no. 1 (February 1988): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610000307x.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTFive different straws consisting of two varieties of winter barley, two varieties of spring barley and one variety of winter wheat were chosen due to differences in degradation characteristics determined by using nylon bags incubated in the rumen of cattle and describing the straw using the equation: p = a + b (1 – e–ct). To increase variation in degradability, batches of the same straws were also treated with anhydrous ammonia in a sealed oven.The straws were subsequently offered ad libitum to groups of steers given a daily supplement of 1·5 kg concentrate and untreated straws were supplemented with urea. The dry-matter intake (DMI) of the straws varied from 3·4 to 5·7 kg/day, the digestible DMI from 1·4 to 3·5 kg/day and growth rate from 106 to 608 g/day.By using multiple regression of a, b, c from the exponential equations characterizing degradability of the straw, the correlation coefficients with DMI, digestible DMI and growth rate were 0·88, 0·96 and 0·95 respectively.
28
Alimon, A. R., E. Owen, B. J. Hosking, and G. Rios. "Effect of rates of offer and treatment with sodium hydroxide or ammonia on intake, digestibility and selection of barley straw by goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011168.
Abstract:
Wahed and Owen (1986) showed that intake of untreated barley straw increased by up to 40% when the amount offered was increased to allow goats to refuse 50% of the amount offered instead of the 15-20% used in conventional ad libitum intake trials. The increase was attributed to greater opportunity to select the more digestible parts of the straw. The present experiment was made to see whether similar responses occur if digestibility of the straw is increased by alkali treatment.Thirty-six individually-fed Saanen-type castrates weighing 31-65 kg were used in a 3x2 (3 straw types, 2 rates of offer) factorial design experiment. Goats were blocked according to weight (M) and allocated randomly within block to one of 6 treatments. They were offered untreated barley (var. Triumph) straw (S), ammoniated barley straw (NH3-S) or NaOH-dip-treated barley straw (NaOH-S) at either 20 g DM per g M daily (L) or 50 g DM/kg M.d (H). Straw was ammoniated on 25th August 1987 by the Stack Method (Sundstol and Coxworth, 1984) using aqueous ammonia (35 g NH3/kg straw DM). The stack was opened 30 days later. NaOH-dip-treatment (Sundstol, 1981) involved dipping in a solution containing 15 g/kg NaOH and 7 g/kg urea. Straw was dipped daily and allowed to mature 3-4 d before feeding. Goats were supplemented with concentrates (g/kg DM: milled barley, 600; soya bean meal, 180; fish meal, 180; mineral mix, 40) at 18 g DM/kgM 0.75.d. They were fed twice daily (0800 and 1600 h), offered water ad libitum and individually penned with sawdust bedding.
29
Wiśniewska, Sylwia K., Jakub Nalaskowski, Edyta Witka-Jeżewska, Jan Hupka, and Jan D. Miller. "Surface properties of barley straw." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 29, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7765(02)00178-9.
30
Rode, L. M., K. D. Jakober, H. Kudo, and K. J. Cheng. "Utilization of barley straw, chemically treated with ammonium sulfite, anhydrous ammonia or urea, by ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a95-117.
Abstract:
Straw treated with anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulfite, urea or left untreated was examined in a series of feeding experiments to determine the relative efficacy of the treatments to improve the nutritive value of barley straw. In exp. 1, diets containing ammonia- and ammonium sulfite-treated barley straw were more digestible (P < 0.05) than diets with untreated straw. In exp. 2, average daily gain (ADG) and voluntary feed intake (VFI) were greatest for heifers fed ammonia-treated straw, followed by heifers fed urea-treated straw, and then by heifers fed ammonium sulfite-treated straw. Heifers fed untreated straw had the lowest ADG and VFI (P < 0.05). Although ammonium sulfite treatment improved straw digestibility, the relatively low VFI resulted in ADG lower than for animals fed other treated straw. The low VFI was attributed to the high level of sulfur in the diet. Anhydrous ammonia and urea were found to be the most effective chemicals for improving the nutritive value of barley straw. Although ammonium sulfite was as effective an anhydrous ammonia in improving digestibility of straw, it cannot be recommended because the application rates, necessary for effective treatment, resulted in depressed feed intake. Key words: Urea, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulfite, straw, digestibility, cattle
31
White, Ethel M. "Straw and grain production in spring barley cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079284.
Abstract:
SummaryGrain and straw yields of a range of spring barley cultivars were assessed in field experiments conducted from 1981 to 1983 in Northern Ireland. Mean straw yields varied between 2·75 t/ha in Inga and 1·94 t/ha in Golden Promise over the 3-year period. Both grain and straw yields varied from year to year, with straw production being more consistent for individual cultivars than grain yield. High grain yields were not associated with high straw yields, straw to grain ratios varying between 0·72 in Midas and 0·51 in Corgi. Neither grain yield nor straw length were good predictors of straw yield of cultivars. The role for and assessment of straw yield in cultivar evaluation is discussed.
32
Haigh, J. M., M. E. King, B. J. Keeling, and D. M. Inglis. "The Intake and Performance of Pregnant Ewes In-Wintered on Straw-Based Diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017360.
Abstract:
Limited work has been carried out on straw feeding to pregnant ewes. The present study aimed to assess intake and performance of ewes when fed diets based on either barley or pea straw.One hundred and forty mule ewes were randomly allocated to basal diets of pea or barly straw 15 weeks prior to lambing and allowed access to straw prior to housing to allow diet familiarisation. Pregancy diagnosis was performed at 75-80 days of gestation using real time ultrasound scanning. All in-lamb ewes were housed and grouped according to predicted foetal load. Ewe liveweight and condition was assessed at housing, 6 and 4 weeks prior to lambing and immediately after lambing.Straw was available ad libitum and was supplemented with 400 g/day distillers dark grains. From 6 weeks prior to lambing whole barley with an inclusion of 15% fishmeal was fed twice daily up to a level of 600 g/day for ewes carrying twins and triplets and 400 g/d for ewes carrying singles.
33
Islam, M. R., E. Owen, D. I. Givens, and A. R. Moss. "Effects of variety, sowing date and fertilizer nitrogen on botanical fractions of oat straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200594289.
Abstract:
Sheep and goats are capable of selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, if offered barley straw generously i.e. allowing the animals to refuse about half the amount offered (Wahed et al., 1990). Recent results (M.R. Islam, unpublished results, Reading University) indicate sheep to be capable of selecting when offered oat straw generously. Factors affecting the botanical composition of straws will therefore affect their nutritive value, especially for small ruminants. The increasing use of oat and naked oat grain for humans will mean greater production of oat straw in the future. However, little is known of how agronomic factors affect the botanical fractions of oat straw. In the present study, straw was generated as part of an agronomic experiment sown in autumn 1993 at ADAS High Mowthorpe.
34
Islam, M. R., E. Owen, D. I. Givens, and A. R. Moss. "Effects of variety, sowing date and fertilizer nitrogen on botanical fractions of oat straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031998.
Abstract:
Sheep and goats are capable of selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, if offered barley straw generously i.e. allowing the animals to refuse about half the amount offered (Wahed et al., 1990). Recent results (M.R. Islam, unpublished results, Reading University) indicate sheep to be capable of selecting when offered oat straw generously. Factors affecting the botanical composition of straws will therefore affect their nutritive value, especially for small ruminants. The increasing use of oat and naked oat grain for humans will mean greater production of oat straw in the future. However, little is known of how agronomic factors affect the botanical fractions of oat straw. In the present study, straw was generated as part of an agronomic experiment sown in autumn 1993 at ADAS High Mowthorpe.
35
Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Francesc X. Espinach, Pere Mutjé, and Fabiola Vilaseca. "Biobased Composites from Biobased-Polyethylene and Barley Thermomechanical Fibers: Micromechanics of Composites." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244182.
Abstract:
The cultivation of cereals like rye, barley, oats, or wheat generates large quantities of agroforestry residues, which reaches values of around 2066 million metric tons/year. Barley straw alone represents 53%. In this work, barley straw is recommended for the production of composite materials in order to add value to this agricultural waste. First of all, thermomechanical (TMP) fibers from barley straw are produced and later used to reinforce bio-polyethylene (BioPE) matrix. TMP barley fibers were chemically and morphologically characterized. Later, composites with optimal amounts of coupling agent and fiber content ranging from 15 to 45 wt % were prepared. The mechanical results showed the strengthening and stiffening capacity of the TMP barley fibers. Finally, a micromechanical analysis is applied to evaluate the quality of the interface and to distinguish how the interface and the fiber morphology contributes to the final properties of these composite materials.
36
Varvikko, T., and J. E. Lindberg. "Estimation of microbial nitrogen in nylon-bag residues by feed15N dilution." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (September 1985): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850132.
Abstract:
1. Rapeseed (Brussicu nupus), barley grain, ryegrass (Loliurnperenne) and barley straw were labelled with15N as an internal marker. The dilution of15N was used to estimate microbial N (RMN15N) in the feed residues in nylon bags incubated in the rumen for 5, 12 and 24 h. For comparative purposes, diaminopimelic acid (DAP) content of the residues was also determined and rumen microbial N (RMNDAP-N) in the feed residues calculated using DAP as a bacterial marker. The influence of two bag pore sizes (20 μm and 40 μm) with different sample sizes (1 g and 5 g respectively) was also studied.2. For all feeds, the average disappearance of15N was faster than that of total N, the difference between N and15N disappearance being marked with barley, ryegrass and barley straw. The disappearance of microbially corrected dry matter (DM; correction calculated from the15N values) was, accordingly, always faster than the uncorrected DM disappearance. Except for the bag pore/sample size effect for N disappearance, significant (P < 0.01–0.001) feed, pore/sample size and incubation-time effects were always found for the disappearance values.3. Errors (%) resulting from the microbial contamination (calculated from the15N values) in N-loss measurement with rapeseed, barley, ryegrass and barley straw, at 5, 12 and 24 h in 20 μm bags were respectively: –1.8, –3.9, –0.9; –3.8, –22.4, –3.8; –7.2, –4.1, –2.9; –164.5, –146.3, –204.6. In 40 μm bags the corresponding errors were respectively: –4.4, –1.2, –0.7; –26.1, –10.5, –3.9; –13.2, –6.4, –5.5; –221.2, –310.1, –1284.6.4. The largest residual proportions of RMN15N, RMNDAP-Nand DAP-N (% of total N) were found in barley straw, followed by barley, ryegrass and rapeseed, in that order. RMN15N(g/kg residual DM) followed the descending order: barley, ryegrass, straw, rapeseed. RMNDAP-N, (g/kg residual DM) and DAP (mg/kg residual DM) followed the descending order: barley, ryegrass, rapeseed and barley straw. Feed, pore/sample size and incubation-time effects were always significant (P < 0.001).5. With 40 μm bags RMN15Nvalues of barley, ryegrass and barley straw (expressed as % of total N or g/kg residual DM) were substantially higher than those of RMNDAP-NWith 20 μm bags the RMN15Nand RMNDAP-Nvalues were generally quite close for these feeds. With rapeseed residues, RMN15Nwas clearly lower than RMNDAP-Nwith 20 μm bags, but only small differences were found with 40 μm bags.6. A more diverse microbial colonization of feed samples was indicated in the 40 μm bags compared with the 20 μm bags. It was also noticed, consequently, that in most cases larger error resulted from the microbial contamination in 40 μm bags.
37
Soldatkina, L. M., and M. A. Yanar. "Adsorption of cationic dyes on barley straw modified by citric acid: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp13.02.197.
Abstract:
The adsorption performance of cationic dyes (methylene blue and malachite green) on barley straw modified by citric acid has been studied. Barley straw modified by citric acid is a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent, however the effectiveness of the adsorbent towards cationic dyes have not yet been examined. Accordingly, kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic aspects of the cationic dyes adsorption from aqueous solution were studied in order to evaluate the citric acid modified barley straw efficiency. The modified barley straw was characterized versus unmodified matter using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). FT-IR analysis showed that modification of barley straw using citric acid allowed us to increase the number of carboxyl groups on the straw surface. Adsorption studies were conducted on a batch process, to study the effects of contact time, concentration of cationic dyes, and temperature. The results of kinetic experiments showed that adsorption process attained equilibrium within 120 and 90 min for methylene blue and malachite green, respectively, and equilibrium time for both the cationic dyes was temperature independent. The adsorption kinetics of the cationic dyes was well described by the pseudo-second order model. The equilibrium data are analyzed by the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms. The experimental data of adsorption indicated more conformity with the Langmuir isotherm model for methylene blue and malachite green adsorption on the modified straw. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters calculated at 293–333 K showed that the adsorption of methylene blue and malachite green on the modified straw was endothermic. Negative results of ∆Go-values (between −32.1 and −24.6 kJ mol−1) indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous at all the tested temperatures. Desorption of methylene blue and malachite green from the exhausted adsorbent was estimated using water and aqueous solutions of hydrochloric and acetic acids. Desorption efficiency follows the order: HCl > CH3COOH > H2O. The study has revealed that citric acid modified barley straw is an effective adsorbent and can be used as an alternative for more costly adsorbents used for cationic dyes removal from wastewater.
38
Rabee, Alaa Emara, Amr A. Sayed Alahl, Mebarek Lamara, and Suzanne L. Ishaq. "Fibrolytic rumen bacteria of camel and sheep and their applications in the bioconversion of barley straw to soluble sugars for biofuel production." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): e0262304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262304.
Abstract:
Lignocellulosic biomass such as barley straw is a renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional feeds and could be used as bioenergy sources; however, low hydrolysis rate reduces the fermentation efficiency. Understanding the degradation and colonization of barley straw by rumen bacteria is the key step to improve the utilization of barley straw in animal feeding or biofuel production. This study evaluated the hydrolysis of barley straw as a result of the inoculation by rumen fluid of camel and sheep. Ground barley straw was incubated anaerobically with rumen inocula from three fistulated camels (FC) and three fistulated sheep (FR) for a period of 72 h. The source of rumen inoculum did not affect the disappearance of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD). Group FR showed higher production of glucose, xylose, and gas; while higher ethanol production was associated with cellulosic hydrolysates obtained from FC group. The diversity and structure of bacterial communities attached to barley straw was investigated by Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing of V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The dominant genera were RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, Butyrivibrio, Succiniclasticum, Selenomonas, and Streptococcus, indicating the important role of these genera in lignocellulose fermentation in the rumen. Group FR showed higher RC9_gut_group and group FC revealed higher Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, and Butyrivibrio. Higher enzymes activities (cellulase and xylanase) were associated with group FC. Thus, bacterial communities in camel and sheep have a great potential to improve the utilization lignocellulosic material in animal feeding and the production of biofuel and enzymes.
39
Jobidon, Robert, J. Robert Thibault, and J. André Fortin. "Effect of straw residues on black spruce seedling growth and mineral nutrition, under greenhouse conditions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-197.
Abstract:
The potential allelopathic (phytotoxic or beneficial) effect of barley, oat, and wheat straw mulches was evaluated on growth, mineral nutrition, and mycorrhizal status of black spruce seedlings, under greenhouse conditions. The various straws did not affect spruce seedling height growth over a 2-month growth period. The newly formed fine roots of treated and control seedlings were mycorrhizal. Oat and wheat straw significantly enhanced foliar phosphorus content, as compared with the control. All treatments significantly depressed foliar manganese content, indicating that the straws could exert a detrimental effect on manganese uptake. Therefore, it is suggested that monitoring the status of manganese in planted spruce seedlings when using allelopathic cover straw mulches be used as a method for preventing the establishment of weed species.
40
Stehr, Katelyn R., Stephanie A. Terry, Gabriel O. Ribeiro, Robert J. Gruninger, Gregory B. Penner, John McKinnon, Darryl Gibb, and Tim A. McAllister. "Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of finishing beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0071.
Abstract:
Effect of calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of barley straw and salt on rumen fermentation, microbiota, digestibility, growth, and carcass quality of cattle was assessed. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square metabolism experiment was conducted using eight heifers fed a wheat finishing diet with barley silage (B-SIL), barley straw (B-S), or 5.0% CaO-treated barley straw (CaOS) with or without NaCl (CaOS-NS). Growth over 115 d was assessed using 75 individually housed steers fed the above diets and an additional diet (I-CaOS), where CaO was added to straw just before feeding. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.08) of diet on rumen fermentation, digestibility, or carcass quality, although CaO decreased (P < 0.001) maximum pH and retained Na was decreased (P < 0.05) by CaOS-NS. Rumen bacterial abundance was altered (P ≤ 0.05) by diet. The average daily gain (ADG) of B-SIL and CaOS-NS steers was 14.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than BS and CaOS steers, whereas the gain:feed of CaOS-NS steers was 14.2% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than B-S and CaOS steers. Steers fed I-CaO had similar ADG and gain:feed to other treatments. CaO-treated straw without NaCl could replace barley silage in wheat diets, without compromising digestibility or growth in steers.
41
Płoszyński, Michał, and Bogdana Runowska-Hryńczuk. "The influence of Avadex BW on the yield and chemical composition of spring barley variety 'Aramir', with different NPK fertilization." Acta Agrobotanica 33, no. 1 (2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1980.011.
Abstract:
The combined influence of two doses of herbicide Avadex BW (3 and 6 l/ha) and three levels of NPK fertilization on spring barley variety 'Aramir' was studied in a pot experiment. Only with the highest NPK dose, and only during the initial stage of vegetation the herbicide showed the phytotoxicity toward barley. Avadex BW manifested no significant effect on the yields of ,grain and straw. Increasing doses of N~P brought about significant yield increases of above-ground parts during shooting stage, and of the grain and straw in the final yield. Fertilization gave much more evident qualitative changes in barley than the herbicide. The latter increased Ca content in the straw and decreased that of potassium in the straw and grain.
42
Jenkyn, J. F., O. J. Stedman, G. V. Dyke, and A. D. Todd. "Effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 1 (February 1989): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084148.
Abstract:
SummaryFive experiments in harvest years 1980–2 tested the effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley. Inoculating plots with rhynchosporium-infected straw increased the rate of disease development and greatly decreased seedling growth but inoculating plots with wheat straw or sterilized barley straw had no effect. In 1982, plots inoculated with infected straw gave less grain than uninoculated plots, but in all years fungicide sprays applied in winter or early spring had mostly small effects on grain yield that were only poorly related to their effects on leaf blotch and seedling growth.
43
Tekeste, Negasi, Kindnew Dessie, Kahsay Taddesse, and Assen Ebrahim. "Evaluation of Different Substrates for Yield and Yield Attributes of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in Crop-livestock Farming System of Northern Ethiopia." Open Agriculture Journal 14, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010030.
Abstract:
Background: In Tigray region of Ethiopia there is high rate of malnutrition which is severely affecting productivity of households. Cultivation of edible mushrooms can help to diversify income and mitigate malnutrition in the region. Aim: A laboratory experiment was carried out at Aksum University, northern Ethiopia aimed at evaluating the yield and yield attributes response of oyster mushroom to five types of substrates namely cotton seed hull, teff straw, barley straw, sesame stalk and sawdust. Methods: The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results: Findings of the experiment revealed that the type of substrate significantly (P≤0.05) affected days to mycelium invasion, days to pinhead formation, days to fruiting bodies formation and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. Cotton seed hull was fastest in days to mycelium invasion with 15.66 days although in statistically parity with teff straw, barley straw and sesame stalk. Besides, cotton seed hull gave shortest days to pinhead formation, and days to fruiting bodies formation with 20.33 and 22.33 days respectively. The highest yield of 2170.33 gm kg-1 of substrate was obtained at cotton seed hull followed by barley straw which gave 1486.90 gm kg-1 of substrate and Teff straw which gave 1264.74 gm kg-1 of substrate. Conclusion: The experiment highlighted that cotton seed hull and barley straw can be used for mushroom production in the study area.
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Capper, B. S., E. F. Thomson, S. Rihawi, A. Termanini, and R. Macrae. "The feeding value of straw from different genotypes of barley when given to Awassi sheep." Animal Science 42, no. 3 (June 1986): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018109.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTBarley straw constitutes up to half of the dry-matter intake of Awassi sheep in areas of Syria where the rainfall is 200 to 350 mm. The genotype of barley planted could therefore, through the nutritive value of its straw, significantly affect flock production levels. Selection of suitable barley genotypes may have greater economic potential as a means of improving roughage feeding quality in these areas than chemical or physical processing.The voluntary intake and digestibility of the unsupplemented straw of three genotypes of barley was evaluated with Awassi castrated male sheep. The voluntary organic-matter (OM) intakes of handharvested Beecher, Arabic Abied and ER/Apam straw were 22·2, 34·7 and 27·0 g/kg M0·75 per day and OM digestibility coefficients were 0·39, 0·44 and 0·42. The factors affecting voluntary intake and digestibility appeared to be the proportions of leaf and stem. Beecher straw had less leaf and more stem than the other two genotypes. The chemical composition and in vitro cellulase digestibility of the leaf indicated that it had a higher potential feeding value than stem.ER/Apam appears to be an example of a genotype which under dry environmental conditions combines higher barley grain yields with more acceptable straw feeding value than several other genotypes evaluated.
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Fondevila, M., C. Castrillo, J. Gasa, and J. A. Guada. "Effect of ammonia treatment of barley straw on the dynamics of its degradation in the rumen." Animal Science 57, no. 03 (December 1993): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800042739.
Abstract:
AbstractTwo experiments were designed to examine the effects of ammonia treatment of barley straw on rumen environmental conditions for fibre degradation, and to determine the effect of treatment on the soluble and insoluble fractions of straw. In experiment 1, rumen pH, and ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen of sheep receiving untreated (US1) or ammonia-treated (TS1) straw were recorded. Also, both straws were incubated in the rumen of both groups of animals. There were no significant differences (P> 0·05) within rumen parameters, except for butyrate proportion, which was higher (P< 0·01) with TS1. Dry matter and neutraldetergent fibre disappearances of TS1 were higher (P< 0·001) than those of US1 at all the incubation times. Degradation of both straws in US1-fed sheep was not smaller, and in some periods of incubation was even greater, than in TS1-fed animals. In experiment 2, samples of untreated (US2) and treated (TS2) straw were incubated in wethers offered a mixture (50:50) of alfalfa hay and straw. Samples of US2 and TS2 were soaked in autoclaved rumen fluid to measure their solubility. It was clear that, although treatment increased the soluble fraction of US2 and TS2 by 52 and 65 g/kg respectively, from 0 to 72 h of incubation, increasing the differences between straws from 45 to 58 g/kg in that period, actual microbial action on the treated roughage was the more important factor, accounting for a difference between US2 and TS2 of 131 g/kg after 72 h incubation.
46
Zając, Tomasz, Agnieszka Synowiec, Andrzej Oleksy, Jan Macuda, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, and Franciszek Borowiec. "Accumulation of biomass and bioenergy in culms of cereals as a factor of straw cutting height." International Agrophysics 31, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0041.
Abstract:
Abstract Cereal straw is an important biomass source in Europe. This work assessed: 1) the morphological and energetic characteristics of culms of spring and winter cereals, 2) the energy deposited in the different aboveground parts of cereals, 3) losses of energy due to different cutting heights. The straw of winter and spring cereals was collected from arable fields during the seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11 in southern Poland. Detailed biometric measurements of culms and internodes were performed. The losses of straw biomass and energy were assessed during simulation of cutting the culm at different heights, up to 50 cm. Longer and heavier culms were developed by winter wheat and triticale and oat. Cutting of straw up to 10 cm did not lead to significant losses in straw yield. The total amount of energy in the culms was as follows: triticale > winter wheat > oat > spring wheat > winter barley > spring barley. Cutting the culms above 20 cm led to significant differences in terms of biomass energy between cereal species. The smallest losses of energy were recorded for spring and winter barley. Oat and barley accumulated the highest energy in grains.
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Alawa, J. P., G. Fishwick, J. J. Parkins, R. G. Hemingway, and T. C. Aitchison. "Influence of energy source and dietary protein degradability on the voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw by pregnant beef cows." Animal Science 43, no. 2 (October 1986): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002385.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThree experiments, designed as three simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares (21-day feeding periods), were conducted using pregnant beef cows. Diets were based on barley straw given ad libitum together with 1·7 kg dry matter (DM) of either molassed sugar-beet pulp (MSBP) (experiment 1), unmolassed sugarbeet pulp (USBP) (experiment 2), or rolled barley (BARLEY) (experiment 3). In the respective experiments, MSBP, USBP and BARLEY were given either alone, to provide about 200 g crude protein (CP) per day (CONTROL) or were supplemented with urea (U), untreated soya-bean meal (SBM) or formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (FT-SBM) to provide a further 200 g CP per day. The contrasting dietary treatments in the three experiments provided intakes of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ranging from 16 to 388 g/day.All protein supplements improved overall straw DM intakes, the improvement being significant for U only (P < 0·01). A linear relationship between the daily intake of RDP (g) and straw DM (kg) was obtained. The regression equation was:DM intake = 5·03 + 0·0035 × RDP (R2 = 0·703; residual s.d. 0·561; d.f. 35; P < 0·001).All protein supplements also improved the apparent digestibility of straw organic matter (OM) (P < 0·05) and the metabolizable energy (ME) obtained from straw (P < 0·01). Blood urea was increased due to supplementation with urea (P < 0·001), SBM (P < 0·01) and FT-SBM (P < 0·05). Supplementation with BARLEY appeared to improve straw DM intake over MSBP and USBP but this was not reflected in improved ME intake from straw.
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Smith, T., J. W. Siviter, and R. J. Merry. "Further comparisons of energy and protein sources for growing cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 3 (June 1985): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600044233.
Abstract:
SummarySpring-barley straw or maize silage were the major components in mixed diets of compound and forage fed to yearling dairy heifers. With straw, rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, soya-bean meal, protected soya-bean meal, whey + urea or Ewoplua (a product made from whey and rich in lactosyl urea). With maize silage the rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, whey + urea or Ewoplus.When straw was included in the diet fishmeal and protected soya-bean meal increased live-weight gain, and all the supplements increased nitrogen retention. When maize silage was fed, only fishmeal increased live-weight gain although all the supplements increased digestibility. Concentrations of rumen NH3-N were increased by all the supplements, when fed with straw, and also by maize silage when fed without an N supplement or with fishmeal. Small changes were noted in total and molar proportions of VFA.Calculated ME intakes suggested a more efficient use of energy for growth from maize silage than from straw, except when the straw diet was supplemented with fishmeal.
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Keno, Mulugeta Tilahun, Taye Tolemariam, Solomon Demeke, Jane Wamatu, Ashraf Alkhtib, and Geert P. J. Janssens. "Effect of Barley Variety on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Body Weight Gain and Carcass Characteristics in Fattening Lambs." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061773.
Abstract:
Twenty lambs (18 ± 0.22 kg initial weight) were blocked by weight and individually assigned into pens to evaluate the effects of barley straw variety on digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics. The following four treatments were tested: (1) a local barley straw (as control), (2) HB1963 (high grain and straw yields), (3) Traveller (high straw yielder), and (4) IBON174/03 (high grain yielder). A concentrate (50:50 wheat bran and noug seed cake) was offered constantly (300 DM g), whereas the straw was offered ad libitum. The digestibility trial lasted 22 days (15 days to adapt to dietary treatments and 7 days for sampling). The growth performance trial lasted 90 days. At the end, all of the lambs were slaughtered, and their carcasses were evaluated. The IBON174/03 variety had a higher (p < 0.05) intake of organic matter and crude protein, a higher dry matter and organic matter digestibility than the control, and a faster growth than the control. The feed-to-gain ratio was similar among treatments. The slaughter and empty body weights of lambs in the IBON174/03 group were higher than the control variety (p < 0.05). The present study showed that the feeding value of barley straw can differ substantially between varieties and therefore must be considered in the choice of a barley variety.
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Antoniou, T., and M. Hadjipanayiotou. "The digestibility by sheep and goats of five roughages offered alone or with concentrates." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 3 (December 1985): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600059578.
Abstract:
SUMMARYThe digestive efficiency, rumen fermentation pattern, nitrogen balance, water intake and urine excretion were compared using four mature vasectomized Chios rams and four Damascus goats for each of five roughages (barley, lucerne or sudax hay, barley straw and leaves and twigs of acacia) offered alone or with concentrates (1:1 ratio), at approximately the maintenance energy level.There were no species differences in the apparent digestibility of nutrients when the roughages were offered alone except for the significantly higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), and gross energy (GE) of straw by goats. Sheep exceeded goats significantly in the digestibility of D.M., OM, GE and crude protein (CP) of lucerne hay plus concentrate and of CP when barley hay or sudax hay were supplemented with concentrate.Compared with sheep, goats tended to consume more D.M. per kg W0·75 and drink less water and excrete less urine, but significant differences for water were obtained only with barley straw plus concentrate and for urine with barley hay and acacia.Daily protein retention (g/kg W0·75) was consistently lower in goats than sheep but significant difference was obtained with acacia and with lucerne hay or straw plus concentrate. These results would suggest that Damascus goats require more protein for maintenance than sheep.Compared with sheep, goats had significantly higher rumen NH3·N concentration with both acacia diets but lower with lucerne hay.Total VFA concentration tended to be higher in sheep with all diets, but significance was observed only with barley hay although rumen pH was lower (acacia diets) or similar compared with goats. The molar proportion of acetic was significantly higher in sheep than goats with barley hay plus concentrate. Goats exceeded sheep significantly in the proportion of propionic with straw, of butyric with both barley hay and sudax hay plus concentrate diets, and of isobutyric with barley hay or acacia plus concentrate; with the other diets goats tended to have higher proportions of butyric and isobutyric.