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Journal articles on the topic 'Stratigraphie – Iran'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Soltan, Basim H. "Petrology and stratigraphy of pre-Cambrian Hormuz Series outcrops in Jabal Sanam structure - the oldest surface rocks in Iraq." BASRA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 38, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 497–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.29072/basjs.202039.

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Detailed geological field investigations have been done at Jabal Sanam structure Southern Iraq. More than 150 rock and mineral represented samples were collected, and 130 thin sections of these samples were prepared and examined microscopically. An accurate mineralogical study of these rocks by analysis of 15 samples with the X-ray diffraction technique was achieved. A large number of sedimentary rocks were distinguished through field observations and petrographic studies, such as gypsum, limestone, dolomite, red and green marl, sedimentary ironstones, chert, and salts. Various types of igneous and metamorphic rocks such as dolerite, schist, slate, and metamorphic sediments were found as beds or fragments intruded with the evaporite rocks of Jabal Sanam. Distinct mineralizations of hematite, pyrite, and dolomite minerals were observed in these successions. It was noted also, that these rocks were subjected to varied geological processes of different degrees that affected their original rock characteristics such as diagenesis, metamorphism, deformation, and dissolution processes. A petrological, stratigraphic, and tectonic correlation has been made with similar structures spread through the region (Iran and Arabian Peninsula) in the light of their composition which, in general; consists of infra-Cambrian evaporates of Hormuz Series. This study supports the previous geological studies on this salt structure, shows a great similarity between the rocks of Hormuz Series Complex and those of Jabal Sanam, which may be considered in terms of stratigraphy and petrology as equivalent rock units. Thus, these rocks may be suggested as the oldest rocks exposed above the earth’s surface in Iraq
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2

Abd, Omnia, and Najah Abd. "Seismic Sequence Stratigraphic Model and Hydrocarbon Potential of Yamama Formation in Al-Fao Area, Southeastern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 57, no. 1A (January 31, 2024): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1a.6ms-2024-1-17.

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One key step when interpreting seismic reflection data is sequence stratigraphy, which has improved with well logs and seismic data. By analyzing the different layers of sediment and rock, we can better understand the geologic history of an area and make more accurate predictions for hydrocarbon exploration. The current research focuses on interpreting seismic lines from the 2D seismic surveys conducted in the Al-Fao area and data from wells in the Siba gas field to construct a stratigraphic model within the Yamama Formation, to identify hydrocarbon traps and determine the most promising zones for hydrocarbon exploration. Yamama Formation is divided into two main units representing transgressive and regressive facies deposited in highstand system tract. Six seismic facies were identified (wavy, mound shape, oblique parallel, sigmoid, chaotic, and parallel), which reflected the deposition of Yamama Formation in a ramp setting with a gentle slope. Instantaneous phase attribute was utilized, which focused on the lateral changes of seismic facies and provided detailed information about the architecture of Yamama Formation depositional basin. The results of the seismic attributes analysis included identifying carbonate buildups and progradation stacking patterns with the presence of direct hydrocarbon indicator. Three main seismic stratigraphic indexes representing potential stratigraphic traps have been identified. These three stratigraphic features reflect the facies of shoal carbonate sediments in the last depositional cycle of Yamama Formation (Highstand). The stratigraphic model showed the best image of the depositional environment of Yamama Formation that corresponds with the seismic data interpretation and identifies the promising hydrocarbon traps.
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3

Soltani, B., H. Rahimpour-Bonab, and M. Ranjbaran. "Regional Stratigraphic correlation and comparison of the Oligo-Miocene deposits in Dezful (SW Iran) and Kirkuk (N and NE-Iraq) embayments." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 15, no. 3 (June 25, 2013): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10260.

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4

SAEIN, ALI FARZIPOUR, and ZAHRA TAJMIR RIAHI. "Controls on fracture distribution in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks from the Isfahan region, Iran." Geological Magazine 156, no. 06 (May 25, 2017): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000346.

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AbstractIn this study, relationships between fracture patterns, lithology, thickness, diagenetic processes and grain size are evaluated within Cretaceous sediments in two sections of Dizlu and Kolah Ghazi of Isfahan. This study area was selected based on its outcrops of different rock units and its well-developed tectonic fractures. The fracture patterns within stratigraphic units of these sections are studied using geometrical and statistical analyses. This study finds that variable fracture spacing and fracture spacing ratios can be affected by lithology, thickness, grain size of sediments and diagenetic processes. A study of fracture stratigraphy based on fracture pattern evaluation within different cropped-out sedimentary rocks can be used to improve understanding of the same types of sedimentary rock units below the surface or throughout other sedimentary basins. Consequently, this could improve information regarding storage and fluid flow pattern throughout sedimentary rocks in different regions, even for subsurface purposes.
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5

Al-Hadidy, Aboosh, Adnan Mahdi, Doaa Fadhil, and Mustafa Theyab. "The Lower Silurian (Hot Shale) Source Rocks of Western Iraq: Depositional Model and Stratigraphic Distribution." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1A (January 31, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1a.3ms-2023-1-15.

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The Hoseiba Member, an Early Silurian basal mature hot shale of the Akkas Formation (Silurian) consists of about 80% of the Paleozoic hydrocarbon potential system, it is organic-rich with total organic carbon up to 16% as the main source for the Paleozoic gas resources in Iraq. The hot shale is the main source of rocks that are penetrated in deep wells in the western Iraqi desert such as Akkas-1, Qaim-1, and Khleisia -1, which are distributed due to paleo uplift in the restricted regional basin in the west, south, and northwest Iraqi desert and wedged to north thrust zone in Ora area of extreme northern Iraq, Ora subbasin to Aljezira NW and in the west where the approved source rocks of ‘Hot shale” Akkas -Widyian subbasin (Rephrase). The Hoseiba Member, basal hot shale in the Akkas Formation in Iraq and their correlative units are extended within neighboring countries Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Oman, and south Turkey. Qualitative and quantity of Hot Shales source rocks Silurian are Excellent in Akkas well -1 (0.95-16.62%) TOC in Akk-1 Akkas sub-basin west Iraq and an average thickness (30 m.) with 1-9.94% TOC in Kh-1 Al-Jezira sub-basin NW Iraq. The hot shale distribution was controlled by the Caledonian uplift that created paleo-high in northern Iraq and moderately deep to the northwest, and deep depression deposition in west and south desert Iraq. The hot shale expulsion and migration of hydrocarbon are controlled by the underlying main reservoir of the Khabour Formation K1 sandstone ember by block faulting
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6

Al-Hadidy, Aboosh H. "Paleozoic stratigraphic lexicon and hydrocarbon habitat of Iraq." GeoArabia 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 63–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia120163.

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ABSTRACT The crystalline Proterozoic Basement does not crop out in Iraq, but is interpreted from seismic and geophysical potential data to range in depth from about 6–10 km in western Iraq, to 12–15 km in the Zagros Mountains, in eastern Iraq. The Cambrian and Lower Ordovician sedimentary successions of Jordan and Saudi Arabia (including the Middle Cambrian Burj carbonates) are interpreted to extend into Iraq based on seismic data and regional correlations. The entire Paleozoic succssion is about 3–4 km thick. The Ordovician-Permian succession in Iraq consists of ten formations that are here described in a lexicon format. For each formation, the type and reference sections in outcrop or/and subsurface are reviewed (as defined by the original authors or herein), and further documented by including subsurface data (electrical logs and biostratigraphic studies). The Ordovician-Permian formations (and their members) are here placed chronostratigraphically according to the “Geological Time Scale GTS 2004” (and standard global Ordovician stages) and the Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphic framework. The ten formations are: (1) the Early?, Middle and Late Ordovician Khabour Formation (with from base-up seven informal members K7 to K1); (2) the Silurian Akkas Formation (with the proposed lower Hoseiba and upper Qaim members); (3 and 4) the Late Devonian Pirispiki Red Beds Formation and enclosed Chalki Volcanics; (5) the Late Devonian (Famennian) and early Carboniferous (early Tournaisian) Kaista Formation; (6) the Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Ora Formation; (7) the Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean) Harur Limestone Formation; (8) the Visean-Serpukhovian Raha Formation (proposed here); (9) the late Carboniferous-early Middle Permian Ga’ara Formation; and (10) the late Middle and Late Permian Chia Zairi Formation (in outcrop consisting from base-up of the informal Dariri, Satina Anhydrite and Zinnar members). The Late Devonian-early Carboniferous succession, comprising the Pirispiki, Chalki, Kaista, Ora, Harur and Raha formations, is here proposed to comprise the Khleisia Group. The Paleozoic succession of Iraq is hydrocarbon-prospective in the western part of the country, and particularly in the Western Desert near Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria. The source-rock component of the petroleum system consists of several potential organic-rich shales including the regionally widespread Silurian Akkas “hot shale”. In the Akkas-1 well, two hot shale units have a combined thickness of 61 m (210 ft) and total organic carbon (TOC) values that reach 16.6%. Several reservoirs and seals present exploration targets in the Western Desert of Iraq. In the Akkas field, light (specific gravity of 42° API), sweet oil and gas (no H2S) were discovered in 1993 in the Akkas and Khabour formations, respectively. The Akkas reservoir occurs in the upper Qaim Member of the Silurian Akkas Formation and consists of sandstones that have a porosity of 6.5% and permeability of 0.2 mD. The Khabour reservoir occurs in the Upper Ordovician K1–K4 members and consists of sandstones with a fracture porosity of up to 7.6% and permeability of 0.13 mD. In North Iraq the carbonates of the Permian Chia Zairi and Triassic Mirga Mir formations correlate to gas reservoirs in the Khuff Formation of Arabia and the Dalan and Kangan formations of Iran, and may therefore be prospective. Southern Iraq, along the Kuwait and Saudi Arabian border, may also be prospective; however, no wells have been drilled into the deep Paleozoic succession in this vast region.
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7

Davoudzadeh, M., and K. Weber-Diefenbach. "Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, and Tectonics of the Tertiary of Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 205, no. 1 (July 7, 1997): 33–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/205/1997/33.

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8

Sakhavati, Behnam, Mostaa Yousefirad, Mahmoud Reza Majidifard, Ali Solgi, and Zahra Maleki. "Age of the Gachsaran Formation and equivalent formations in the Middle East based on Foraminifera." Micropaleontology 66, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.66.5.06.

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The Gachsaran Formation from the Fars Group has a vast extent in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar (Dam Formation). It extends from the Zagros Folded Belt Zone in the south of Iran to the north of Iraq, and even to northeast Syria (Fatha Formation). In order to eliminate the ambiguities of the proposed age and cover the regional information misplacements in cases where biostratigraphy studies can be effective, surface outcrops of these deposits were investigated in three stratigraphic sections near the border of Iran and Iraq, in the area behind the mountains of the Lurestan region (Posht-e-Kuh arc). According to similar results obtained in two other sections, the age of the Gachsaran Formation in the studied region is considered to be Early Miocene (Late Burdigalian). Comparison of the results of this study with biostratigraphic studies from other parts of the Middle East, which includes 16 study areas, shows that the Gachsaran Formation in Iran and its equivalent formations (Fatha and Dam) in neighboring countries have an age range of early Miocene (Aquitanian–Burdigalian) and even Burdigalian. This age has been determined by comparing the biological contents of the Gachsaran Formation with valid official biozones, as well as the presence of the index fossil Borelis melo curdica, to cover the information gap in the area. Isotopic studies of these sections in the region show that the maximum age of these sediments is early Miocene (Burdigalian), and this confirms the results of biostratigraphic studies.
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9

Daneshian, Jahanbakhsh, Zahra Saleh, Rudy Swennen, and Hossein Mosaddegh. "Porosity development in central Alborz Upper Jurassic deposits (N-Iran): sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis and mechanical stratigraphy." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 300, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2021/0975.

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10

Hairapetian, Vachik, Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour, Leonid E. Popov, Peep Männik, and C. Giles Miller. "Silurian stratigraphy of Central Iran – an update." Acta Geologica Polonica 67, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 201–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2017-0014.

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AbstractThe Silurian biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and facies of Central Iran including the Kashmar (Boghu Mountains), Tabas (Derenjal Mountains, Ozbak-Kuh), Anarak (Pol-e Khavand) and Kerman regions is reviewed and updated. The current state of knowledge of the Silurian in the Zagros Basin, Alborz, Kopet-Dagh and Talysh regions, as well as in a few areas scattered across the Sabzevar Zone, and the Sanandaj-Sirjan terranes is also reviewed. Silurian volcanism in various parts of Iran is briefly discussed. The end of the Ordovician coincided with a widespread regression across Iran synchronous with the Hirnantian glaciation, and only in the Zagros Basin is there a continuous Ordovician-Silurian transition represented by graptolitic black shales of the Sarchahan Formation. In the Central-East Iranian Platform marine sedimentation re-commenced in the early to mid Aeronian. By the Sheinwoodian, carbonate platform depositional environments were established along its north-eastern margin. In other parts of Iran (e.g., Kopet-Dagh and the Sabzevar Zone), siliciclastic sedimentation continued probably into the late Silurian. The Silurian conodont and brachiopod biostratigraphy of Central Iran is significantly updated facilitating a precise correlation with the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, as well as with key Silurian sections in other parts of Iran. The Silurian lithostratigraphy is considerably revised and two new lithostratigraphical units, namely the Boghu and Dahaneh-Kalut formations, are introduced.
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11

Bruton, David L., Anthony J. Wright, and Mir Alireza Hamedi. "Ordovician Trilobites from Iran." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 271, no. 5-6 (November 24, 2004): 111–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/271/2004/111.

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12

Moghaddam, H. V., and H. Torabi. "Biofacies and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligocene succession, Central Basin, Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2004, no. 6 (June 8, 2004): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2004/2004/321.

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13

Awadeesian, Awadees M. R., Sameer N. A. Al-Jawad, Salih M. Awadh, and Mjeed M. Al-Maliki. "CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHICALLY BASED RESERVOIR MODEL FOR CENOMANIAN CARBONATES, SOUTHEASTERN IRAQ OILFIELDS." Iraqi Geological Journal 51, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.51.2.1ms-2018-12-23.

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The Cenomanian – Turronian sedimentary succession in the south Iraq oil fields, including Ahmadi, Rumaila, Mishrif and Khasib formations have undergone into high-resolution reservoir-scale genetic sequence stratigraphic analysis. Some oil-wells from Majnoon and West-Qurna oil fields were selected as a representative case for the regional sequence stratigraphic analysis. The south Iraqi Albian – Cenomanian – Turronian succession of 2nd-order depositional super-sequence has been analyzed based on the Arabian Plate chronosequence stratigraphic context, properly distinguished by three main chrono-markers (The maximum flooding surface, MFS-K100 of the upper shale member of Nahr Umr Formation, MFS-K140 of the upper Mishrif carbonates, and MFS-K150 of the lower Khasib shale member).Three 3rd-order genetic mega-sequences were embraced between the cited chrono-markers. The markers have been considered as regional key-surfaces for the Late Albian – Cenomanian to Early Turonian and Late Turonian to Early Coniacian stratigraphy of the south Iraqi oil fields. Eight 4th-order genetic meso-sequences (MS1 to MS8) have been established, comprising multiple 5th-order high-frequency (HF) lithofacies cycles, successively arranged in the mega-sequences without disturbance. MFS-K135 (this study), MFS-K140, MFS-K150 and Seven successive regional chrono-markers [MFS-K120, MFS-K125 (this study), MFS-K130, and MFS-K160 of upper Khasib shale member] started from lower Ahmadi shale member, identify these meso-sequences. Associated fifteen key-surfaces (K121, K122, K123, K124, K125, K126, K127, K128, K129, K131, K132, K133, K134, K141 & K142) have been described as well. The meso-sequence 1 signifies Ahmadi lithofacies buildups, whereas; the other meso-sequences represent Mishrif lithofacies buildups. The Rumaila carbonates come across the first HST-unit of the meso-sequence 2. The meso-sequence 8 represents the Khasib carbonate facies buildups. The depositional super-sequence is terminated by type-1 sequence boundary SB-K150 at the top of the Mishrif Formation, created by maximum regression (MR). The study declares 15 reservoir syn-layers and 9 non-reservoir layers; each is essentially characterized by HF-single-lithofacies-cycle and lateral continuity pattern. This syn-layer model can be used as sequence steering technique for carbonates heterogeneity aspects, in the south Iraqi oil fields to control fluid dynamics in primary and secondary development projects.
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14

Koehrer, Bastian, Thomas Aigner, Holger Forke, and Michael Pöppelreiter. "Middle to Upper Khuff (Sequences KS1 to KS4) outcrop-equivalents in the Oman Mountains:Grainstone architecture on a subregional scale." GeoArabia 17, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 59–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia170459.

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ABSTRACT The upper part of the Saiq and lower part of the Mahil formations in the Oman Mountains represent outcrop time-equivalents to the highly prolific, hydrocarbon-bearing subsurface Middle and Upper members of the Khuff Formation (K4-K1 reservoir intervals). In this study, four outcrops sections on the northern flank of the Oman Mountains (Al Jabal al-Akhdar region) are sedimentologically documented and integrated with the sequence-stratigraphic scheme initially developed at the Saiq Plateau reference section. The focus of this study is the description of the distribution and textural variation of grainstones as potential reservoir facies on a subregional (ca. 60 x 40 km) scale. Stratigraphic cross-sections are constructed based on two sequence-stratigraphic orders: (1) one second-order supersequence (DS2 18) that provides a well-constrained general framework and (2) four third-order depositional sequences (KS1-KS4), within which subtle temporal and spatial variations of grainstones occur. From these correlations predictive rules and correlation lengths of shoal bodies are extracted. The presence of Khuff grainstones is strongly governed by stratigraphic position. Thicker and more abundant grainstones are present during the early transgressive (KS4) and late regressive (KS1) portions of the supersequence. Thinner and less abundant grainstones are present during the late transgression (KS3 and lower KS2) and early regression (upper KS2). They are absent around the second-order zone of maximum flooding (middle KS2). High lateral continuity of correlated cycle sets is observed, suggesting the absence of significant tectonic activity of the area during the Late Permian and Early Triassic. Integrated litho-, bio-and sequence stratigraphy provides a robust framework for correlation on a regional scale (ca. 700 km). The Oman Mountains area shows a more distal facies pattern on the Khuff platform compared with other Khuff reservoir sections in the region. This is especially evident around KS2 maximum flooding with muddy foreshoal and offshoal deposits in contrast to mainly oolitic shoal deposits in the Musandam (UAE) and offshore Fars (Iran) area.
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15

Rivandi, Batool, Mohammad Vahidinia, Mehdi Nadjafi, Asadollah Mahboubi, and Abbas Sadeghi. "Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of Paleogene Deposits in Central Kopet-Dagh Basin (NE of Iran)." Journal of Geological Research 2013 (September 15, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/892198.

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In this paper, the biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of marine Paleogene deposits from the Kopet-Dagh basin (NE of Iran) are described. Particularly the absence of Morozovella genus is discussed. In addition, the Paleocene/Eocene boundary has been studied in detail using the record of planktonic and larger benthic foraminifera. This boundary is located probably within a thin red horizon (~10–15 cm) representing a paleosoil. Close to this boundary is located the base of the calcareous test dissolution interval, with the dominance of agglutinated benthic foraminifera and with a sudden decrease in the richness of benthic foraminiferal species. Biostratigraphic studies led to the identification of 33 genera of larger benthic foraminifera and 5 genera of planktonic foraminifera. Petrographical studies indicate that these sediments, consisting of four carbonate lithofacies (15 subfacies), may have been deposited on a shallow carbonate platform (ramp type). These lithofacies have been deposited in open marine, shoal, lagoon, and tidal flat environmental conditions. Sequence stratigraphic analysis led to the identification of four third-order depositional sequences. The interpreted sea-level curve in the Kopet-Dagh basin can be correlated with Paleocene-Eocene global curves, with a sea-level fall in the latest Paleocene, followed by a sea-level rise in the earliest Eocene.
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16

Anan, Haidar Salim. "PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TETHYIAN AGGLUTINATED BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS SPIROPLECTINELLA." Geological Behavior 6, no. 1 (2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2022.38.47.

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Thirty three small diagnostic benthic foraminiferal species of the Textulariid genus Spiroplectinella are common in the Late Cretaceous-Neogene rocks from many Tethyan localities: North Atlantic (USA, Mexico, Caribbean), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador), Europe (North Sea, Norway, Spain, France, Poland, Czech, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkmenistan), North Africa (Tunisia, Egypt), Southwest Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, UAE, Iran, Pakistan) and Indian Ocean (Australia, Antarctic Basin). These diagnostic species are: Spiroplectinella adamsi, baudouiniana, carinata, chicoana, costata, cretosa, dalmatina, dentata, deperdita, desertorum, elongata, esnaensis, excolata, hamdani, henryi, israelski, jarvisi, knebeli, laevis, longa, nuttalli, paleocenica, paracarinata, pectinatiforma, plummerae, praelonga, richardi, rossae, semicomplanata, sigmoidina, subhaeringensis, wilcoxensis and wrightii. The paleontology, stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeographic distribution of them in the Tethys are presented.
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17

Jafarbeigloo, Fatemeh, Mahmoudreza Majidifard, Bahaeddin Hamdi, Afshin Asghari, and Mehran Arian. "Biostratigraphy of the Upper Devonian Khoshyeilagh Formation in NE Iran based on conodonts and other faunas." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 24, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2021.1.02.

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The Khoshyeilagh Formation located in the northeast of Iran yielded seven conodont species and sub-species and 19 macro- and microfossil taxa that allow recognition of two conodont biozones and one biozone based on calcareous microfossils. The latest Frasnian age (the Upper rhenana to linguiformis zones) is attributed to the topmost strata with Icriodus alternatus. Its replacement with I. cornutus indicates the Famennian (Lower triangularis to Lower crepida zones) corresponding to the Umbellina Zone. The fossil assemblages identified in the Khoshyeilagh Formation represent a shallow marine environment with a tropical climate at the time of deposition. The fossil species from the Khoshyeilagh Formation and the sedimentary basins in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Poland, and Russia reveal a close connection between the Iranian plateau and the northern parts of Gondwana in the Late Devonian. The biofacies and lithofacies analyses show a sea-level decline at the end of Frasnian, followed by a considerable sea-level drop, as in other regions of the world. After a short time, in the Famennian, the deepening occurred in some parts of the area and the open marine facies (bioclast spicule wackestone-packstone) were deposited. This study is the first attempt to determine the Frasnian-Famennian boundary based on conodont assemblages and other fossil species such as umbellulids, tentaculites, and ostracods. The distribution of these species is interpreted in sedimentological, stratigraphic, sequence stratigraphy, and the global eustatic context. Keywords: biofacies, conodont, Frasnian-Famennian boundary, Late Devonian, NE Iran.
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18

Riehl, S., E. Asouti, D. Karakaya, B. M. Starkovich, M. Zeidi, and N. J. Conard. "Resilience at the Transition to Agriculture: The Long-Term Landscape and Resource Development at the Aceramic Neolithic Tell Site of Chogha Golan (Iran)." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532481.

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The evidence for the slow development from gathering and cultivation of wild species to the use of domesticates in the Near East, deriving from a number of Epipalaeolithic and aceramic Neolithic sites with short occupational stratigraphies, cannot explain the reasons for the protracted development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. The botanical and faunal remains from the long stratigraphic sequence of Chogha Golan, indicate local changes in environmental conditions and subsistence practices that characterize a site-specific pathway into emerging agriculture. Our multidisciplinary approach demonstrates a long-term subsistence strategy of several hundred years on wild cereals and pulses as well as on hunting a variety of faunal species that were based on relatively favorable and stable environmental conditions. Fluctuations in the availability of resources after around 10.200 cal BP may have been caused by small-scale climatic fluctuations. The temporary depletion of resources was managed through a shift to other species which required minor technological changes to make these resources accessible and by intensification of barley cultivation which approached its domestication. After roughly 200 years, emmer domestication is apparent, accompanied by higher contribution of cattle in the diet, suggesting long-term intensification of resource management.
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19

Zhang, Leifu, Wenqi Zhang, Yong Li, Benbiao Song, Dawang Liu, Ya Deng, Jiacheng Xu, and Yuning Wang. "Sequence Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Reservoir Characteristics of the Middle Cretaceous Mishrif Formation, South Iraq." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2023): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061255.

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The Cenomanian–Early Turonian Mishrif Formation is a great contributor to oil production in Iraq. Integrating petrographic, mineralogical, and wireline logging data from 52 wells, this study provides an improved understanding of the sequence stratigraphy, depositional evolution, and reservoir characteristics of the Mishrif Formation in the Mesopotamian Basin, south Iraq. Five types of facies associations are classified: lagoon, shoal, rudist bioherm, shallow marine, and deep marine. Such a classification allows convenient differentiation and interpretation of wireline logs. A sequence stratigraphic framework including five third-order sequences (Mhf 1 to Mhf 5) for the Mishrif Formation is established mainly using wireline logging data of close-distance wells, with the aid of cores and thin sections. Two end-member depositional evolution stages are recognized, from clinoform-like progradational shoal complexes in Mhf 1 within a shallow marine environment, to tidal channels in Mhf 2–3 within a lagoon environment. For Mhf 4–5, abrupt changes in facies associations from north to south indicate the development of an intra-shelf basin where organic-rich mudstones directly overlie the shallow marine grainstone shoals and lagoonal wackestones. Reservoir characteristics and compartmentalization are directly controlled by the sequence stratigraphic framework. Sequence boundaries are featured by wackestones and mudstones overprinted by cementation; they are regionally correlatable and work as regional barriers. Shoal complexes in Mhf 1 and tidal channels in Mhf 2–3 are the main reservoir units. Mudstones and wackestones are intra-reservoir baffles and become more frequently developed towards the south, reflecting the increasing water depth towards south. The characterization of the tidal channels, clinoform-like shoals, and intrashelf basinal deposits in the current study could benefit later development of the Mishrif Formation.
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Carrasco, Jose, Morteza Taherpour-Khalilabad, Jafar Taheri, Maryam Ahmadi-Kooshki, and Mahmoud Majidifard. "First record of Gitolampas subrotundus (Cotteau, 1856) (Echinoidea) from the Late Paleocene of Iran." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 80, no. 2 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1902001c.

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In this paper we present the first record of well preserved specimens of Gitolampas subrotundus (Cotteau, 1856) from the Late Paleocene of Iran (Jorasan Razavi county, northeast Iran). the detailed biostratigraphic and calcareous nannofossils investigations were carried out on a stratigraphic section in Chehel Formation. this study extends the palaeogeographical distribution of Late Paleocene echinids along the northern tethyanmargins. the investigated fossiliferous section is compared with coeval strata from other european regions.
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Zadeh, Hamid Reza Jafari, Iraj Maghfouri Moghaddam, Mohsen Aleali, and Zahra Maleki. "Stratigraphy of the Thanetian rotaliids limestone, northern Lorestan, Iran - Lorestan, SW Iran." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 25, no. 3 (November 26, 2022): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2022.3.02.

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In this research, biostratigraphy of the Taleh Zang Formation, located in northern Lorestan, SW Iran, is discussed. The benthic foraminiferal contents of the upper Paleocene successions were examined in a carbonate platform setting in the context of European standard zonation (Shallow Benthic Zones). The co-occurrence of Glomalveolina levis (Hottinger) and Miscellanea miscella (d’Archiac & Haime) characterizes Zone SBZ 4, indicating a Thanetian age. Based on biofacies analysis and faunal associations, with emphasis on benthic foraminifera and coralline red algae, tidal flat and marginal marine environment exposed to salinity fluctuations (short-term salinity fluctuations or fully marine conditions), dominated by small benthic Foraminifera (Kathina) with slightly mesotrophic conditions, are determined for the deposition of the Poshte Jangal section. The highly translucent, shallowest part of the inner shelf dominated by representatives of Miscellanea and Opertorbitolites. The biotic assemblages representing warm tropical waters with oligotrophic conditions were observed in Palganeh and Pasan sections. Keywords: Taleh Zang Formation, Paleocene, Foraminifera, Biostratigraphy, Thanetian.
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Wendt, Jobst, Jörg Hayer, and Alireza Karimi Bavandpur. "Stratigraphy and depositional environment of Devonian sediments in northeast and east-central Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 206, no. 3 (November 21, 1997): 277–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/206/1997/277.

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Davoudzadeh, M., and K. Weber-Diefenbach. "Contribution to the Paleogeography, Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Upper Paleozoic of Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 175, no. 2 (November 4, 1987): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/175/1987/121.

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Al-Husseini, Moujahed I. "MIDDLE EAST GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2010: Early Cambrian Asfar Sequence." GeoArabia 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1501137.

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ABSTRACT This paper is the first in a series dedicated to the Phanerozoic Cambrian Period, and Neoproterozoic Ediacaran and Cryogenian periods, as represented in the Middle East Geologic Time Scale (ME GTS, see enclosed Chart). It introduces the term Asfar Sequence to represent a regional Early Cambrian time-rock unit, consisting mainly of continental quartz-rich arkosic sandstone, shale and siltstone, which attain a thickness of at least 750 m in Jordan and more than 700 m in Oman. The term “Asfar”, meaning yellow in Arabic, was chosen because it is the standard color for sandstone in ME GTS. To describe its stratigraphy, four representative formations are reviewed in lexicon format: Salib Arkosic Sandstone of Jordan, Siq Sandstone of Saudi Arabia, Amin Formation of Oman and Lalun Sandstone of Iran. The stratigraphic geometry of the lower boundary of the Sequence varies considerably by locality. In some regions in Iran it is conformable above the shales of the Zaigun Formation. In other regions, such as western Jordan, it is an onlap surface over Proterozoic and/or Lower and Middle Cambrian paleohighs, or a pronounced angular unconformity (e.g. central and southern Saudi Arabia). The paleo-relief represented by the unconformity surface, in many regions, forms a regional peneplain (e.g. central and eastern Jordan) implying erosion; in other paleohigh regions, the Sequence is absent by non-deposition. The age of the base Asfar Sequence is estimated at ca. 530 Ma, based on radiometric data and depositional rates in basinal areas. The top boundary of the Sequence, in Iran, Jordan, and northern and northeastern Saudi Arabia, is represented by a sequence boundary (or its correlative unconformity), above which marine, fine-grained siliciclastics and carbonates of late Early to early Mid-Cambrian age were deposited: Mila Formation in Iran, and Burj Formation in Jordan and Saudi Arabia, implying an age older than ca. 510 Ma in GTS 2004. In Oman, however, continental rather than marine deposition (Miqrat and coeval Mahwis formations) continued above the unconformity in ?Middle Cambrian. For the purpose of regional correlations it is proposed that the Angudan Unconformity of Oman be taken as the name for the basal boundary of the Sequence and the Burj Sequence Boundary for its top.
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Bahrammanesh, Maryamnaz, Lucia Angiolini, Anselmo Alessandro Antonelli, Babak Aghababalou, and Maurizio Gaetani. "Tournaisian (Mississippian) brachiopods from the Mobarak Formation, North Iran." GeoArabia 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 129–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1603129.

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ABSTRACT Following detailed stratigraphic work on the Mississippian marlstone and bioclastic limestone of the Mobarak Formation of the Alborz Mountains in North Iran, forty-eight of the most important brachiopod taxa are here systematically described and illustrated. The ranges of the taxa are given along the Abrendan and Simeh Kuh stratigraphic sections, located north of Damgham. The examined brachiopod species date the base of the Mobarak Formation to the Tournaisian, in absence of age-diagnostic foraminifers. Change in brachiopod settling preferences indicates a shift from high energy, shallow-water settings with high nutrient supply in the lower part of the formation to quieter, soft, but not soppy substrates, with lower nutrient supply in the middle part of the Mobarak Formation. Brachiopod occurrence is instead scanty at its top. The palaeobiogeographic affinity of the Tournaisian brachiopods from North Iran indicates a closer relationship to North America, Western Europe and the Russian Platform than to cold-water Australian faunas, confirming the affinity of the other biota of the Alborz Mountains. This can be explained by the occurrence of warm surface-current gyres widely distributing brachiopod larvae across the Palaeotethys Ocean, where North Iran as other peri-Gondwanan blocks acted as staging-posts.
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Alavi, Mehdi, and M. A. Mahdavi. "Stratigraphy and structures of the Nahavand region in western Iran, and their implications for the Zagros tectonics." Geological Magazine 131, no. 1 (January 1994): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800010475.

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AbstractSeveral rock stratigraphic successions, metamorphosed and non-metamorphosed, are found to be similar and/or identical with each other across the so-called ‘Main Zagros Thrust’. Stratigraphic successions form thin allochthonous sheets carried from northeast to southwest by numerous low-angle thrust faults of either ductile to brittle-ductile type or brittle type. Similarities in lithic and faunal characteristics of the stratigraphic units and in the style of structural deformation across the ‘Main Zagros Thrust’ imply that either the suture between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian lithospheric plates is not located in the Nahavand region or, if it is, it must be buried under several thrust sheets.
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Mehdi Hadi, Mehdi, and Felix Schlagintweit. "COMMENTS ON “NEW BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND MICROFACIES ANALYSIS OF EOCENE JAHRUM FORMATION (SHAHREKORD REGION, HIGH ZAGROS, WEST IRAN). A CARBONATE PLATFORM WITHIN THE NEO-TETHYS OCEANIC REALM” BY BABAZADEH AND CLUZEL [BSGF (2023)]." Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, no. 20 (2) (April 6, 2024): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.03.

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Babazadeh & Cluzel (2023) studied two stratigraphic sections from the Eocene deposits of the southwest of Shahrekord region (Zagros region, Iran). According to the biostratigraphic ranges of larger benthic foraminifera, the authors suggested in total three assemblage zones assigned to the Ypresian-Bartonian and Bartonian. In a previous contribution, Babazadeh (2022) described three new species of agglutinated conical foraminifera from the Eocene biostratigraphic framework in the Mahallat region of central Iran. It is demonstrated herein that the identified larger benthic foraminifera in both publications need reassessment with respect to taxonomy and biostratigraphic outcomes.
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Davoudzadeh, M., and K. †. Schmidt. "Contribution to the Paleogeography, Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Cretaceous and Paleocene of Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 169, no. 3 (January 22, 1985): 284–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/169/1985/284.

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Hinsch, Ralph, and Bernhard Bretis. "A semi-balanced section in the northwestern Zagros region: Constraining the structural architecture of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kirkuk Embayment, Iraq." GeoArabia 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia200441.

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ABSTRACT The Mountain Front Flexure or Fault (MFF) of the Zagros Mountains separates the foreland or foothills area from the morphological apparent mountain belt. Across this feature the regional elevations of Mesozoic to Neogene stratigraphic horizons substantially rise towards the mountain belt. Thin-skinned and thick-skinned structural styles have been proposed for this rise in other parts of the Zagros region. In our study area, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), we integrated surface and subsurface data and constructed a (semi-) balanced cross-section across the MFF. The section features duplex structures in the deeper subsurface, related to a deeper Palaeozoic and a shallower Triassic decollement horizon. On a smaller scale, layer-parallel shortening and intense deformation is observed in the incompetent lithologies, leading to an incipient disharmonic folding. Restoration of the section reveals a distinct imbalance between shortening in the upper part of the stratigraphic section (approximately 4 km or 16% on top Jurassic level) to the lower part (approximately 20 km or 49% on top Permian level). The imbalance can only be equalised on a regional section if the shortening is transferred from the lower to the higher decollement levels, which is connected to folds and thrusts in the foothills area. Based on observations from the mechanical stratigraphy, geometric relationships in map and cross-section, as well as morphological considerations, we argue that the origin of the MFF in the area of the considered section is related to active roof duplexes rather than basement-involved thrusting.
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Senowbari-Daryan, Baba, and Michael Link. "Heterastridium (Hydrozoa) from the Norian of Iran and Turkey." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 314, no. 4-6 (December 6, 2019): 81–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/2019/0097.

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31

Insalaco, Enzo, Aurélien Virgone, Bruno Courme, Jérémie Gaillot, Mohammad Kamali, Ali Moallemi, Masoud Lotfpour, and Saeed Monibi. "Upper Dalan Member and Kangan Formation between the Zagros Mountains and offshore Fars, Iran: depositional system, biostratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture." GeoArabia 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 75–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia110275.

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ABSTRACT To better constrain the spatial and stratigraphic distribution of the depositional facies, a synthesis of outcrop and subsurface data for the depositional system of the Upper Dalan Member and Kangan Formation in the Zagros to the offshore Fars area was carried out. The areas that were studied in detail are the Kuh-e Surmeh and Kuh-e Dena sections of the Zagros Mountains, Iran, and their equivalent in the offshore Fars subsurface. The observations and interpretations based on these sections were then integrated with the regional subsurface descriptions, interpretations and models, and related to the Upper Khuff system across the region. The synthesis of the core descriptions and the Zagros outcrop facies data, together with integration of published data resulted in the definition and characterisation of 16 principal facies associations that were used to interpret the depositional environment. Qualitative comparisons of Upper Khuff sections and subsurface cores across the Zagros area, offshore Fars and Middle East Gulf region, showed that this classification of depositional facies is applicable at a larger regional scale and useful in rapid regional comparisons and correlations of the Upper Khuff depositional systems. The large range in documented facies types reflects the great variety in depositional systems and sub-systems that were present across the Khuff platform. The range also shows the temporal evolution of the Khuff environments and palaeoecological conditions from the Permian to the Triassic. The general importance of microbial facies is highlighted and a variety of microbial facies are defined. These microbial events provide reservoir and regional scale isochronous marker horizons that are correlatable over large distances. These microbial facies are associated with periods of poor oxygenation and restriction, but nevertheless can occupy a range of environments from intertidal to mid-to outer-ramp settings. Several significant stratigraphic surfaces were picked and correlated based on the detailed core descriptions, the bio- and ecostratigraphic analysis, wireline logs, stratigraphic stacking patterns and the regional understanding of other Upper Dalan-Kangan/Upper Khuff sections in the region. The correlations in cored wells for the Upper Dalan cycles are supported by a well-constrained biostratigraphic framework. Four large third-order stacking cycles (Cycle IV to Cycle I) were defined on the basis of cycles bounded by surfaces representing baselevel and accommodation potential minima. The correlations and stratigraphic analysis suggest that the major stratigraphic trends and large-scale stratigraphic architecture are relatively isopachous (“layer-cake”) at the production scales, a function of the almost flat platform geometry. At a larger scale, significant changes in thickness occur: either thickening towards palaeodepocentres or thinning with onlap towards palaeohighs. At this large-scale, progradation of the oolite shoals occurred during the late highstands in the large accommodation areas. However, on the topographic palaeohighs and platform tops, the main stratigraphic locations of the oolite shoal are in the trangressive and maximum accommodation zones of the cycles. Integrating the facies and stratigraphic interpretations, conceptual depositional models have been constructed for the main stratigraphic intervals. From these interpretations and models it is evident that there were significant changes in platform type/geometry, facies organisation and climate from Cycle VI through to Cycle I. At a large scale the Late Permian depositional setting of the Upper Khuff was organised into a platform profile that gently deepened from the south with a platform-top interior zone, a platform-top edge zone, an intrashelf low, and then rose again in the north with palaeohighs around Kuh-e Surmeh and Kuh-e Dena (structurally-controlled basement highs). There was however a major change in the platform profile in the Early Triassic which had a monoclinal ramp platform geometry which opened to the north to deeper-marine conditions with the absence of effective palaeohigh barriers. These two large-scale palaeogeographic profiles controlled the overall distribution of facies belts across the platform. This change in platform profile was coincident with other events within the lowest part of the Kangan Formation (Triassic Khuff Formation of the Arabian Plate) at the Permian-Triassic Boundary, including: (1) major facies changes on the platform tops with the appearance of thrombolites and associated microbial grainstones; (2) major facies changes in the northern shelf edge areas where there is a change from shallow-water high-energy grainy facies to deeper-water mid-ramp muddy facies; (3) change in pattern of relative stratigraphic thickness; and (4) appearance of high gamma-ray shales in the eastern Zagros subsurface area. These events are all consistent with a major flooding across the Permian-Triassic Boundary causing: (1) drowning of palaeohighs; (2) encroachment of anoxic waters into the intrashelf lows; (3) termination of bioaccumulations at the shelf edges; (4) flooding the platform tops with more grainy facies, and developing microbial facies across the shelf; and (5) the quasi-synchronous end-Permian mass extinction. Based on the stratigraphic distributions of the biostratigraphically significant fauna and flora, age determinations are interpreted for the main stratigraphic intervals between the Lower Dalan to top Dalan (Lower Khuff to Permian Upper Khuff). Palaeoecologically, five biofacies types have been defined based on the faunal and algal content, the foraminiferal diversity, their sedimentological context and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. This generalised classification is applied to the depositional models developed from the sedimentological analysis and has enabled a validation of the depositional schemes by identifying palaeoenvironmental trends which are not always clear from the sedimentological analysis alone. The analysis of the biofacies distribution has allowed the subdivision of the Upper Dalan Member (Permian Upper Khuff) into six different ‘palaeoecological systems’ that correspond to characteristic faunal assemblages and biofacies sets. The main characteristics of the six palaeoecological systems, and their lateral variability, have been documented. The limits of the defined intervals correspond to important sequence stratigraphic events and markers at various stratigraphic scales. This relationship allowed the integration of ecostratigraphic events to the previously defined sequence stratigraphical framework based on the sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis, and hence confirms and refines the stratigraphic correlations. A synthesis of stratigraphic, depositional and diagenetic facies, lithological, isotopic, spectral gamma-ray wireline logs and palaeoecological data suggests that there is no major stratigraphic gap between the KS3 and the KS2 stratigraphic intervals, and hence between the Permian and Triassic periods. In the numerous subsurface sections, and outcrop investigations in the Zagros, no evidence for a major unconformity/disconformity or stratigraphic surface is associated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary; furthermore the extinction of Permian fauna occurs within a grainstone body. The faunistic analysis shows that the Permian Fauna Extinction (PFE) event generally occurs within a strongly calcite-cemented and microbially mediated ooid grainstone rich in intraclasts in the lower part of the KS2 sequence. Above the PFE event is a thin Permian azoic interval, followed by the Triassic faunal recovery and associated with the Early Triassic thrombolitic microbial event. In the Zagros area the PFE occurs within pyrite-bearing muds under poorly oxygenated conditions. The outcrop data also show a similar pattern with a thin azoic interval occurring between the last Permian taxa and the first Triassic taxa. In the Zagros outcrops there is a general muddying (deepening-upwards) from the Upper Permian to the Lower Triassic. The analysis suggests there is a low (third) order transgression between upper KS3 stratigraphic interval (Upper Permian) and the KS2 stratigraphic interval (Lower Triassic), and that the ‘Permian-Triassic oceanic event’ is located in the late third-order TST.
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Hashemi Ghandali, Forootan, Mohsen Aleali, Vali Ahmad Sajjadian, and Davood Jahani. "Depositional environment, and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation (Zagros Basin, SW Iran)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 304, no. 3 (July 8, 2022): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2022/1071.

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Davoudzadeh, M., G. Lensch, and K. Weber-Diefenbach. "Contribution to the Paleogeography, Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Infracambrian and Lower Paleozoic of Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 172, no. 2 (June 16, 1986): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/172/1986/245.

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34

Gaetani, Maurizio, Lucia Angiolini, Katsumi Ueno, Alda Nicora, Michael H. Stephenson, Dario Sciunnach, Roberto Rettori, Gregory D. Price, and Jafar Sabouri. "Pennsylvanian–Early Triassic stratigraphy in the Alborz Mountains (Iran)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 312, no. 1 (2009): 79–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp312.5.

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35

Abdi, Kamyar. "Taxt‐i Sangīn der Oxus‐Tempel: Grabungsbefund, Stratigraphie und Architektur. By Boris A. Litvinskij and Igor R. Pičikjan. Archäologie in Iran und Turan, Band 4. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien‐Abteilung, Aussenstelle Teheran. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2002. Pp. xii + 124 + 33 figs. + 32 pls. € 31." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 64, no. 3 (July 2005): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/491557.

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36

Sharafi, M., M. Ashuri, A. Mahboubi, and R. Moussavi-Harami. "Stratigraphic application of Thalassinoides ichnofabric in delineating sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Mid-Cretaceous), Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran." Palaeoworld 21, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2012.06.001.

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37

Al-Fandi, Ezzat, Mohammed Al-Abbasi, and Zaid Malak. "Porosity Evolution and Sequence Stratigraphy of Khasib Formation (Late Turonian-Coniacian) in Selected Oilfields, Central Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 2E (November 30, 2023): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.17ms-2023-11-22.

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The evolution of porosity and sequence stratigraphy study of the Khasib Formation (Late Turonian-Coniacian) in two wells, in central Iraq were conducted. In the first well EB-X, the Khasib Formation sequences are confined to a depth of 2182-2285 m, with a thickness of about 103 meters, and in the second well Hf-Y, the Khasib Formation sequences are confined to a depth of 2941-2860 meters, with a total thickness of 81 meters. The lithology of the formation is predominantly dark chalky limestone rich in planktonic fossils, with a few thin layers of black shale. The formation lithology progressively shifts higher to shaley limestone rich in planktonic fossils and Calcispheres. On the other hand, the depositional environment of the formation was established by diagnosing six mudstone submicrofacies, five wackestone submicrofacies, and a packstone microfacies, which indicate the formation depositional settings in deep marine environments. Furthermore, the formation is split into three zones based on porosity values: A, B, and C, which are characterized by productive reservoir rock, low-yielding reservoir rock, and medium-productive reservoir rock, respectively. The Khasib formation sequences formed during the Late Turonia to Early Coniacian. As a result, the overall sedimentation period reached 3.1 million years, and the stratigraphic sequence is of the third order.
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Salim Anan, Haidar. "PALEONTOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF FORTY-ONE CAMPANIAN-NEOGENE TETHYAN PLANKTIC AND BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENERA AND SPECIES OF ANAN C- SUBORDERS GLOBIGERININA AND ROTALIINA." Geosciences Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gsrj.02.2023.73.79.

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This study represents the third part of the erected assemblage of planktic and benthic foraminiferal genera and species of Anan, which related to the Suborders Globigerinina and Rotaliina, after the first and second parts which belongs to the taxa of the Suborders Textulariina, Miliolina and Lagenina (Anan, manuscripts). In this study, eight Plummerita planktic foraminiferal species were erected from Egypt (Misr), Tunisia, Italy, Spain, Caribbean (P. haggagae, P. hodae, P. kellerae, P. premolisilvae, P. elkefensis, P. caribbeanica, P. spainica, P. tunisica), and more one species of Turborotalia (T. semicunialensis). Moreover, thirty-three Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species were erected from fifteen localities from Northern Tethys (USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Spain, France, Poland, Italy), and Southern Tethys (Chile, Argentina, Tunisia, Egypt, UAE, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan). Three of the identified Rotaliid species are believed here to be new: Orthokarstenia striata, Pleurostomella waeli and Woodella jawdati.
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Al-Qayim, Basim, Shireen Hussein, and Fouad M. Qader. "Integrated stratigraphic study of the Cretaceous petroleum-potential succession, Sulaimani area, Kurdistan, Iraq." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A GeoKurdistan II, Special issue (June 16, 2016): 391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10493.

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Hadi, Mehdi, Nazire Ozgen-Erdem, Derya Sinanoglu, Suman Sarkar, and Azam Zareh. "Distribution of Alveolina assemblages in the Ypresian (Ilerdian-Cuisian) successions from Iran and Turkey (central and western Tethys): biostratigraphic implications for regional correlation." Micropaleontology 66, no. 1 (2020): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.66.1.02.

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Benthic foraminiferal assemblages dominated by Alveolina species from the Ypresian (Ilerdian-Cuisian) are studied herein from numerous localities of Iran and Turkey. From these successions, highly diversified assemblage of 58 alveolinid species are identified along with their detailed biostratigraphical application, which resulted in the recognition of eight shallow benthic zones (SBZ5-SBZ12). Our findings are based upon the distribution ranges of Alveolina from the Ilerdian-Cuisian sediments in Iran (Central Tethys) that are considered to have a strong affinity with their coeval fauna in Turkey (Western Tethys). In this study, the wide expansion ranges of Alveolina permit us to achieve a high-resolution biostratigraphy and apply the shallow benthic zones of the peri-Mediterranean region (Western Tethys) to the Ilerdian-Cuisian successions in Iran (Central Tethys). Nevertheless, the distribution of some Alveolina species, even the zonalmarkers consisting of Glomalveolina lepidula, Alveolina ellipsoidalis, A. pisiformis, A. laxa, A. subpyrenaica, A. varians, A. fornasinii and A. canavarii are found occurring at younger stratigraphic levels in Iran and/or Turkey than in the western European shallow marine deposits.
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Riehl, Simone, Mohsen Zeidi, and Nicholas J. Conard. "Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran." Science 341, no. 6141 (July 4, 2013): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236743.

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The role of Iran as a center of origin for domesticated cereals has long been debated. High stratigraphic resolution and rich archaeological remains at the aceramic Neolithic site of Chogha Golan (Ilam Province, present-day Iran) reveal a sequence ranging over 2200 years of cultivation of wild plants and the first appearance of domesticated-type species. The botanical record from Chogha Golan documents how the inhabitants of the site cultivated wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and other wild progenitor species of modern crops, such as wild lentil and pea. Wild wheat species (Triticum spp.) are initially present at less than 10% of total plant species but increase to more than 20% during the last 300 years of the sequence. Around 9800 calendar years before the present, domesticated-type emmer appears. The archaeobotanical remains from Chogha Golan represent the earliest record of long-term plant management in Iran.
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42

Mette, Wolfgang. "Upper Permian and lowermost Triassic stratigraphy, facies and ostracods in NW Iran - implications for the P/T extinction event." Stratigraphy 5, no. 2 (2008): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.05.2.06.

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Ostracod faunas from Upper Permian to Lower Triassic shelf deposits of Northwestern Iran were investigated with respect to their stratigraphical range, palaeoecology and extinction patterns. Faunal changes caused by sea level rise are recorded in the lower Dzhulfian, lower and upper Dorashamian. The global End-Permian mass extinction event is recorded in NW Iran by a complete ostracod faunal turnover in the uppermost Dorashamian (C. meishanensis – H- praeparvus Zone) and disappearance of the deep neritic communities. The lithofacies and micropalaeontological data show that there was no shelf anoxia in Northwest and Central Iran during the P/T Boundary (PTB) interval and earliest Triassic. Ostracod extinction patterns in Iran indicate that the Late Permianmass extinction was not directly effected by the onset of shelf anoxia. According to quantitative palaeobiogeographical results faunal exchange of neritic ostracods in the Palaeo- and Neotethys was very limited during the Late Permian. Occurrences of closely related species at the PTBand in the lowermost Triassic of Iran (Sandandaj-Sirjan region), Taurus and South China however, suggest that these regions were connected by shelf migration routes during this time interval.
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43

I. Al-Juboury, Ali, Marwan Al-Eisa, and Aboosh H. Al-Hadide. "Stratigraphic sequence of late Paleozoic era in Iraq." Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 28, 2002): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/earth.2002.43830.

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44

Al-Muhamed, Rafed, Mazin Al Shaoosh, and Nagham Al Hawi. "Tectonostratigraphic Framework and Depositional History Pattern of the Cretaceous Successions Period in Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1A (January 31, 2023): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1a.9ms-2023-1-21.

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Twenty oil wells were selected to study the tectonostratigraphic of the Cretaceous in southern Iraq, in order to develop a comprehensive description of the petroleum system in the region. That was conducted through an interpretation of the technical reports and the available information of the wells, which include sedimentary, stratigraphy, tectonic reports, and oil reservoir studies of the Cretaceous. Stratigraphically, a third order cycle was identified in the Cretaceous succession in southern Iraq, which also comprises seven and half cycles of the fourth order. Eight genetic stratigraphic sequences were also identified, as well as eight maximum flooding surfaces. The concept of the tectonostratigraphic boundary (TSB) and the tectonostratigraphic unit (TSU) has been adapted in this study. In the present study, the Cretaceous period in southern Iraq considers one tectonostratigraphic system (TSS) consisting of four main tectonostratigraphic categories. Each category consists of a set or group of secondary tectonostratigraphic units; these are TSU1A, TSU1B, TSU1C, TSU1D-TSU2A, TSU2B-TSU3A, TSU3B, TSU3C-TSU4A, TSU4B, and TSU4. These units are separated by five tectonostratigraphic boundaries presented from TSB1 to TSB5 by Sulaiy, Shuaiba, Mauddud, Khasib, lower part of Tanuma, and Shiranish. The lateral extensions of the TSUs that are close to the passive margin (northeast part of the study area) are hydrocarbon reservoirs. The lateral extensions TSUs that are far from the passive margin (southwest part of the study area) are hydrocarbon generator source. The intermediate unite is characterized as both a generator source and reservoir hydrocarbon. Vertically, the TSUs are characterized by improved reservoir properties with reduced depth due to the lack of compressional tectonic force, which leads to forming a good primary porosity. The transfer from north to south of the study area represents a trend of improvement in reservoir characteristics for the same reason as mentioned previously. Finally, the TSB represents a source generator hydrocarbon more than a reservoir.
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45

Myzban, Adyan A., Mohanad H. Al-Jaberi, and Methaq K. Al Jafar. "Microfacies Analysis and Depositional Environments of Lower Sa’adi Formation, Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2C (September 30, 2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2c.8ms-2022-08-21.

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The Sa’adi Formation is a part of the late Cretaceous period in the Santonian-Campanian stage that represents a potential hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir across many oilfields in the Mesopotamian Basin, South of Iraq. The Formation was divided into two main parts as a stratigraphy sequence. It consists of chalky limestone with argillaceous limestone in the upper part and limestone with marly limestone in the lower part. The lower part is considered an important stratigraphic unit marked by petroleum shows. Thus, current research constructs the depositional environment, evaluates the reservoir, and predicts the best zones with good reservoir quality. The microfacies analysis was carried out on thirty-five thin sections to reveal the primary depositional environment, and well logs data were used to evaluate the petrophysical properties of the lower Sa’adi Formation. Four microfacies appeared related to the carbonate ramp, which identified the depositional system track from mid to inner ramp. These are; mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and grainstone. Twelve sub-microfacies were identified and interpreted in the lower Sa’adi Formation. These are pelagic lime mudstone to benthic foraminiferal-argillaceous wackestone in middle ramp experienced burial diagenesis and syngenetic diagenesis with intra-fossil pores. The results characterize the bioclast echinoderms, bivalves, and algae packstone to grainstone in inner ramp (open marine and shoal environments) experienced marine pore-water diagenesis, meteoric freshwater dissolution, and burial diagenesis. Shoal facies with open marine facies are the best favorable microfacies in the lower Sa’adi Formation. Diagenesis processes were represented by dissolution that improved the porosity and permeability with higher reservoir quality in the inner ramp; besides that, it was recognized that cementation and micritization reduced the reservoir quality in the middle ramp.
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46

SCHLAGINTWEIT, FELIX, FRANCISCO SÁNCHEZ-BERISTAIN, HYAM SALEH DAOUD, and KOOROSH RASHIDI. "ACANTHOCHAETETES FISCHERI N. SP. (CORALLINE DEMOSPONGE) FROM THE UPPER PALEOCENE (THANETIAN) OF IRAQ (KURDISTAN REGION) AND IRAN (SISTAN SUTURE ZONE)." Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, no. 18 (2) (January 21, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.02.

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The new coralline demosponge Acanthochaetetes fischeri n. sp. is described from the upper Paleocene (Thanetian) of Iraq (Kurdistan Region, Khurmala Formation) and Iran (Sistan Suture Zone). The genus Acanthochaetetes Fischer is a long-ranging genus known from the Upper Jurassic (A. foroiuliensis), through Upper Cretaceous (e.g., Coniacian A.? krumbachensis) and Eocene (A. eocenica) to Recent. A. fischeri n. sp. is the first record from the Paleocene following the K-Pg mass-extinction, thereby closing the gap within the Santonian-Eocene interval. It occurs in platform-margin/upper slope depositional settings associated with coralline algae, corals, and echinoids.
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47

Leven, E. Ja, and M. N. Gorgij. "Fusulinids and stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and Permian in Iran." Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 19, no. 7 (December 2011): 687–776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869593811070021.

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48

Hairapetian, Vachik, and Elahe Namnabat. "Danburite Crystals from Iran." Rocks & Minerals 98, no. 6 (November 2, 2023): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2023.2235981.

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49

Shehab, Mayssa, Fahad Al-Najm, and Mohammed Al-Kaabi. "Image Log Facies and Lost Circulation of the Dammam Formation in Rumaila Oil Field, Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1C (March 31, 2023): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1c.10ms-2023-3-21.

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One of the most useful logging tools for identifying losses and fractures is Formation Micro Imager. Drilling through the Dammam Formation is typically associated with substantial nonproductive time due to severe and often entire drilling fluid losses. The majority of remedy this problem require time for preparation, placement or setting. Combining between conventional well log and FMI log associated with drilling data, a special study of the shallow Dammam carbonate formation penetrate by wells is accomplished. For a better understanding of the loss mechanism, Image log study was highlighted to imagine the loss zones and as such adapt data to advance loss prevention or cure future scenario. Five images and conventional logs available data associated with drilling operation documents were applied to suggest best subsurface stratigraphic facies in order to knowledge sediment environment of Dammam Formation. Five image log facies were identified as representing the different environments within the different depths, large, fine vugs, carbonate layers, laminate interrupt and laminate. The stratigraphy succession reveals shallowing upward from deep water represented by laminate facies to more disturbed water signified by vuggy large facies. There are six internal picks zone according to GR log sign D90 at the top of Rus Formation, D80, D70, D65, D60, D50 and D40. It has been clear that nearly severe or complete losses events limit intensively in D60 and D65 based on logs interpretation analysis associated with drilling data.
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50

Anan, Haidar Salim. "BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PROTEROGENESIS OF VERNEUILINA FAUNA FROM THE SOUTHERN TETHYS." Geological Behavior 6, no. 2 (2022): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2022.76.79.

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The Campanian-Ypresian (C-Y) fauna in the Southern Tethys (ST) include rich small benthic foraminifera (SBF) reveals significant biostratigraphic changes during the C-Y transition. A progressive evolutionary trend within the Verneuilina lineage allowed to establish the Campanian V. iraqensis Total Range Zone (TRZ), and three successive zones in the Maastrichtian-Ypresian, namely: the Maastrichtian V. aegyptiaca Interval Range Zone (IRZ), the Paleocene V. laevigata IRZ, and the Ypresian V. luxorensis TRZ, which may correlate with the standard planktonic foraminifera zones: Globotruncana aegyptiaca IRZ to Acarinina pentacamerata PRZ, and span about 23 M.Y. (75-52 Ma). On the other hand, a minor difference in the test morphology and differences in the stratigraphic ranges of the members of the genus Verneuilina are recognized as being of decisive specific value. For that, the Proterogenesis Rule can be applied here on the Late C-Y six species of the genus Verneuilina, and these are: Verneuilina aegyptiaca and V. karreri, V. laevigata and V. luxorensis. Another two species are believed here as new: Verneuilina iraqensis and Verneuilina jordanica. The identified species were recorded from many localities in the ST (Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Pakistan), and one of them are recorded in Spain, in the Northern Tethys (NT).
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