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Academic literature on the topic '“Stratigraphic” method'

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Published: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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Mai, Hoàng Đảm, and Thị Thắm Nguyễn. "Biostratigraphic characteristics and correction of the boundary between Miocene and Oligocene sediments in the northern Malay - Tho Chu basin." Petrovietnam Journal 5 (July 4, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47800/pvj.2022.05-03.

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Stratigraphic study in oil and gas wells is dependent on the research method and the characteristics of the collected samples, such as sample types and spaces between samples, that is why the stratigraphic boundary of the wells may fluctuate in a certain sedimentary range. Therefore, when re-evaluating the hydrocarbon potential or expanding the petroleum exploration targets of an area, we need to study additional evidence and geological events to correct the stratigraphic boundary of the well and correlate regional stratigraphy. These studies often use biostratigraphic and seismic stratigraphic methods. This paper provides evidence on biostratigraphy to correct the stratigraphic boundary between Miocene and Oligocene sediments in the northern Malay - Tho Chu basin and compares them with the general stratigraphy of the Malay basin. The research results determined that the top of the Oligocene sediment after correcting is higher than what was specified in the previous studies based on marker fossil findings in a palynomorph abundance cycle; and there are similar biostratigraphic characteristics between the studied area and the Malay basin.
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Chernykh, V. V. "Zonal biochronological method for solving long-living problems of general stratigraphy." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 23, no. 6 (December 29, 2023): 935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2023-23-6-935-949.

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Research subject. Problematic issues of general stratigraphy are considered, including the Karpinsky principle, the unification of autonomous zonal biochronological scales (BCS), the basics of stratigraphic classification, the relation of zonal biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic units. Materials and methods. The existing standard solutions to the above issues are analyzed. An attempt is made to reveal the logical sources of contradictions and to pave ways for a consistent synthesis. Results. The necessity for a successful solution of these issues to abandon the identification of the biochronological scale and the geological section is shown. From the recognition of the zone as the smallest subdivision of the biochronological scale, the linearity of the zonal subdivisions of the scale follows, which makes it a correct tool for performing basic stratigraphic operations – section subdivision and correlation of the boundaries of stratigraphic units. Strict differentiation of the scale from a section studied using this scale makes it possible to fulfill all the requirements of the Karpinsky principle regarding dividing horizons with mixed fauna. The same condition underlies the creation of a stratigraphic classification, which must be preceded by a clear separation of the material (“mapped”) stratigraphic units of the Earth’s crust and units of chronological scales, which are used for their correlation. Placing them in a single “dualistic” stratigraphic classification cannot give a satisfactory result. The creation of autonomous zonal scales should be preceded by the definition of the biozones of the species used to build these scales, according to the normative (standard) zonal scale for a given stratigraphic interval. Taking into account the minimum dimension of the zonal subdivisions of the standard scale, the zones of autonomous scales distinguished by this method correspond to a whole number of normative zones, and, therefore, the boundaries of the stratozones established on the autonomous scales, in this case, will certainly coincide with any boundaries of the stratozones, distinguished on the normative scale. This procedure makes it possible to perform the unification of autonomous zonal BCSs based on different groups of fossils. Zonal BCS performs correlation functions, zonal units are a tool for chronological identification of remote geological objects, including the boundaries of chronostratigraphic units, although not being included in their hierarchy. Conclusions. A biochronological scale is a model of the biochronological calculation of geological time and cannot be identical to what it models. Differentiation of the scale from a section studied using this scale is an indispensable condition that precedes and ensures the successful solution of long-living problems of general stratigraphy.
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Prather, Bradford E., Oriol Falivene, and Peter M. Burgess. "Stratigraphic analysis of XES02: Implications for the sequence stratigraphic paradigm." Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 934–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2022.008.

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ABSTRACT Sequence stratigraphy has the potential to provide a consistent method for integrating data, correlating strata, defining stratigraphic evolution, and generating quantifiable predictions. However, the consistent application requires a precise definition of concepts, stratigraphic units, bounding surfaces, and workflow. Currently no single generally accepted approach to sequence stratigraphic analysis exists, nor are there any robust tests of models and methods. Applying conventional sequence stratigraphic analysis to strata from an analog laboratory experiment (eXperimental EarthScape02, XES02) with known boundary conditions and chronology provides some initial robust testing of the models and methods. Despite stratigraphic architectures apparently consistent with those expected within the sequence stratigraphic paradigm, blind-test applications yield: 1) deducted erroneous base-level curves, 2) systems-tract classification mismatches, 3) disconnected systems-tracts type and actual base level, 4) time-transgressive basin-floor fans, and 5) missing systems tracts. Stratigraphic forward models using base-level curves derived from Wheeler diagrams cannot match the timing, redeposited-sediment volume, and depositional environments observed in the XES02 experiment. These mismatches result from common Wheeler diagram construction practice, producing poorly resolved base-level minima timing and base-level fall durations, hence inaccurate fall rates. Consequently, reconstructions of controlling factors based on stratal architectures remain uncertain, making predictions similarly uncertain. A reasonable path forward is to properly acknowledge these uncertainties while performing stratigraphic analysis and to address them through multiple scenario analysis and modeling.
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Meng, Peng, Li Liu, Xiaoming Sun, Yuqiao Gao, and Xiyu Qu. "An application of micropaleontology-sequence stratigraphy method in stratigraphic division." Frontiers of Earth Science in China 1, no. 2 (May 2007): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-007-0020-7.

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Xiao, Zheng. "Application of Seismic Stratigraphic Slice Continuous Browsing Technology to Delicately Characterize River Sedimentary Microfacies." International Journal of Energy 2, no. 3 (May 23, 2023): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ije.v2i3.8808.

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On the basis of understanding the regional tectonics characteristics and stratigraphic sedimentary characteristics of the study area, the sequence stratigraphic framework within the region is gradually studied by applying the principle of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, and G4 oil formation is divided into three sets of sand formations, namely, G4 upper, G4 middle, and G4 lower sand formations, and divided into small layers in detail. Through comprehensive analysis of lithofacies, logging facies, and seismic facies, the sedimentary facies of the G4 oil formation are comprehensively analyzed. The main sedimentary facies type of the G4 oil formation is the delta front facies belt, and the most important sedimentary microfacies in the delta front facies belt are underwater distributary channel sedimentary microfacies. Using seismic sedimentology methods, make stratigraphic slices of each sub layer of the G4 oil formation, and use the rapid browsing method of stratigraphic slices to trace river sand in detail.
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Reilly, Mark, Suzanne Hurter, Zsolt Hamerli, Claudio L. de Andrade Vieira Filho, Andrew LaCroix, and Sebastian Gonzalez. "An integrated approach to the Surat Basin stratigraphy." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18073.

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The stratigraphy of the Surat Basin, Queensland, has historically been sub-divided by formation and unit nomenclature with a few attempts by other authors to apply sequence stratigraphy to existing formation boundaries. At a local- to field-scale, lithostratigraphy may be able to represent stratigraphy well, but at regional-scale, lithostratigraphic units are likely to be diachronous. To date, this lithology-driven framework does not accurately reflect time relationships in the sub-surface. An entirely new integrated methodological approach, involving well tied seismic data and sequence stratigraphic well-to-well correlations compared with published zircon age dates, has been applied to hundreds of deep wells and shallower coal seam gas wells. This method sub-divides the Surat Basin stratigraphy into defendable 2nd order to 3rd order sequence stratigraphic cycles and has required the use of an alpha-numeric sequence stratigraphic nomenclature to adequately and systematically label potential time equivalent surfaces basin-wide. Correlation of wells is the first step in building models of aquifers and coal seam gas fields for numerical simulation of fluid flow, which is necessary for responsible resource management. Lithostratigraphic correlations will overestimate the extent and hydraulic connectedness of the strata of interest. The result may be fluid flow models that do not represent a realistic pressure footprint of the flow. The present sequence stratigraphic method more accurately reflects the disconnectedness of sub-surface coals and sandstones (aquifers) on a field-to-field scale, adjacent field-scale, and basin-wide scale. It forms the basis for improved and more representative modelling of the sub-surface.
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Ji, Da Wei, Ji Li, and Guang Dong Lu. "Application of Wavelet Transform in High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic Division." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.823.

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In this paper, the method and effect of logging curves wavelet transform in high-resolution sequence division are discussed, taking the middle oil sequence stratigraphic of DU-432 oil well in north-Songliao basin as an example. Using Wavelet Transform to GR logging curves, the relationship between logging curve signals and depth is transformed to the relationship between the depth and the scale domain, so that the wavelet curves in different scale are obtained. Then the relationship between the periodic oscillation characteristics of the wavelet curves under the best optimal scale factor and the sequence. Comparing the Sequence Stratigraphic Division by wavelet transform with the manual division, Results show that the Division by Sequence Stratigraphic wavelet transform is more objective and more effective and the Division provides a new way to high-resolution sequence stratigraphy.
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Lai, Fu-qiang, Zhao-Hui Huang, Zhang-xiong Zhu, Shao-hua Xu, Wei-xu Xia, and Han Luo. "Monte Carlo CLEAN Spectral Analysis Method for Detecting the Stratigraphic Cycles Based on High-resolution Electrical Image Log Data." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 22, no. 4 (December 2017): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg22.4.325.

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This paper performs a Monte Carlo CLEAN (MC-CLEAN) spectral analysis with high-resolution electrical image log data and interpret the high-resolution formation sequence by investigating the cycles in the sediments. Firstly, in order to perform a spectral analysis with high-resolution electrical image log data, the background conductivity log curve was extracted from the borehole image. Secondly, the MC-CLEAN spectrum analysis method was used to isolate all the peaks of the logging signal. Then the 95% significance level of the CLEAN spectrum was calculated to identify the true period of the formation by Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the MC-CLEAN spectral analysis method was applied in the two shale intervals from Lower Pannonian interval of Vienna basin to identify the stratigraphic cycles. The analysis results showed that the identified cycles in the sedimentary record good matched the Milankovitch cycles. This paper provided a new approach of identifying stratigraphic cycles and interpreting high-resolution sequence stratigraphy.
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Edwards, Jonathan, Florent Lallier, Guillaume Caumon, and Cédric Carpentier. "Uncertainty management in stratigraphic well correlation and stratigraphic architectures: A training-based method." Computers & Geosciences 111 (February 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.10.008.

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Maravelis, Angelos G., Jake Breckenridge, Kevin Ruming, Erin Holmes, Yuri Amelin, and William J. Collins. "Re-assessing the Upper Permian Stratigraphic Succession of the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia, by CA-IDTIMS." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110474.

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High precision Chemical abrasion-isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (CA-IDTIMS) U-Pb zircon results from tuff marker beds that are interstratified within the Upper Permian deposits of the northern Sydney Basin add constraints on the timing of sediment deposition, and afford a better understanding of the regional stratigraphy. The results indicate a magmatic influence during the deposition of the sediments, with episodic events spanning at least from 255.65 ± 0.08 to 255.08 ± 0.09 Ma. The zircon data suggest that the studied sedimentary rocks and tuffs have accumulated simultaneously over a short time interval, which contrasts with current stratigraphic models that suggest a much greater period of deposition and stratigraphic thickness. Therefore, an updated stratigraphic correlation of the basin is suggested, which combines the presently defined Lambton, Adamstown, and Boolaroo sub-groups into a single Lambton sub-group. This updated correlation framework is stratigraphically and geochronologically constrained and provides a more precise exploration model for the northern Sydney Basin. This case study highlights the valuable contribution of the CA-IDTIMS method in intrabasinal correlations of sedimentary successions, when integrated with a robust sedimentological framework, to minimize the stratigraphic uncertainties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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Calvès, Gérôme. "Tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until Feb., 18, 2010, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25475.

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Calvès, Gérôme. "Tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25475.

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This study describes the tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea during the Cenozoic.  Compilation of regional knowledge and subsurface observations has in this thesis provided new interpretations and insights into the records present along this passive margin.  The first is the rifting period (80-65 Ma) and the identification of a syn-rift volcanic sequence, comparable to other volcanic rifted margins.  This is followed by the record of a drift sequence (~65 Ma to present day), composed of extensive carbonate platforms and an infill sequence of siliciclastic deposits.  The analysed drift sequence (sink) is partly the result of the erosion of the hinterland (source) characterised by the India-Eurasia continent-continent collision.  Influence of regional climate and/or tectonic forces on the accumulation rate in the sink was tested, but not conclusive as the study area (Upper Indus Fan) covers only a limited part of the sedimentary record of the Indus Fan.  The thermal regime of the western margin of India is sparsely sampled, but once analysed, allows the definition of first order constraints on multiple rifting events.  The post-rift subsidence of the margin is slow and anomalous for >28 m.y. after break-up, potentially in relation with vigorous asthenospheric convection and a sharp ocean-continent boundary.  Past and present fluid flow is recorded in the sedimentary sequence of the Upper Indus Fan.  The first is related to gas hydrate occurrence and is the result of the migration of fluids by a plumbing system to the shallow subsurface, expressed by bottom-simulating reflections crosscutting stratal reflections.  A longer term fluid migration is recorded in this basin by the longest lived (~22 m.y.) mud volcano field recorded to date.
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Lampshire, Laura Dermody. "Crustal structures and the Eastern extent of the Lower Paleozoic Shelf Strata within the Central Appalachians : a seismic reflection interpretation /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020628/.

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Burton, Andrew Joseph. "Seismic imaging methods applied to Devonian carbonate reef environments of western Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ42356.pdf.

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O'Neal, Ryan J. "Seismic and well log attribute analysis of the Jurassic Entrada/Curtis interval within the North Hill Creek 3D seismic survey, Uinta Basin, Utah : case history /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2017.pdf.

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Weisenburger, Kenneth William. "Reflection seismic data acquisition and processing for enhanced interpretation of high resolution objectives." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74518.

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Reflection seismic data were acquired (by CONOCO, Inc.) which targeted known channel interruption of an upper Pennsylvanian coal seam (Herrin #6) in the Illinois basin. The data were reprocessed and interpreted by the Regional Geophysics Laboratory, Virginia Tech. Conventional geophysical techniques involving field acquisition and data processing were modified to enhance and maintain high frequency content in the signal bandwidth. Single sweep processing was employed to increase spatial sampling density and reduce low pass filtering associated with the array response. Whitening of the signal bandwidth was accomplished using Vibroseis whitening (VSW) and stretched automatic gain control (SAGC). A zero-phase wavelet-shaping filter was used to optimize the waveform length allowing a thinner depositional sequence to be resolved. The high resolution data acquisition and processing led to an interpreted section which shows cyclic deposition in a deltaic environment. Complex channel development interrupted underlying sediments including the Herrin coal seam complex. Contrary to previous interpretations of channel development in the study area by Chapman and others (1981), and Nelson (1983), the channel has been interpreted as having bimodal structure leaving an"island" of undisturbed deposits. Channel activity affects the younger Pennsylvanian sediments and also the unconsolidated Pleistocene till. A limit to the eastern migration of channel development affecting the the Pennsylvanian sediments considered in this study can be identified by the abrupt change in event characteristics.
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Miller, Steven B. "Application of complex trace attributes to reflection seismic data near Charleston, South Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50058.

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Complex trace attribute analysis has been applied to 24-fold VIBROSEIS reflection data acquired on the Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston, S. C., to yield an expanded interpretation of a Mesozoic basin concealed beneath Coastal Plain sediments. Complex trace attributes express the seismic trace in terms of a complex variable and emphasize different components of the original seismogram. Attributes derived from synthetic seismograms of thin beds are used to interpret the patterns observed on the real data. Complex trace attributes derived from the original seismic trace complement the interpretation of a Mesozoic basin originally imaged by conventional data. The combination of single-sweep recording and use of complex trace attributes is believed to support an interpretation of a transition from basin border conglomerates into finer-grained siltstones nearer to the center of the basin.
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Titus, Willard Sidney III. "Development and application of some quantitative stratigraphic techniques to the Coos Bay coalfield, a Tertiary fluvio-deltaic complex in southwestern Oregon." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3730.

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A computer technique for interpreting geophysical logs of drill-holes in quantitative lithologic terms has been developed and tested on the deposits of the late Eocene Coaledo Formation, a well-studied fluvio-deltaic complex in southwestern Oregon. The technique involves the use of induced and natural gamma logs for separation of coal and claystone from coarse-grained detrital rocks and the use of the ratio of resistivity and natural gamma responses (defined here as the "grain size index") to divide the coarse elastic rocks into a series of textural classes corresponding to the Wentworth-Odden particle size scale.
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O'Brien, Jennifer Ann. "Jurassic biostratigraphy and evolution of the Methow Trough, southwestern British Columbia." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558073.

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Gehring, Iris. "Volcanostratigraphy using geophysical methods on La Fossa di Vulcano (S-Italy)." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964401533.

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Books on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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W, Bally A., ed. Atlas of seismic stratigraphy. Tulsa, Okla., U.S.A: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1987.

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Heigold, Paul C. Seismic reflection and seismic refraction surveying in northeastern Illinois. Champaign, Ill. (615 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign 61820): Illinois State Geological Survey, 1990.

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Lowrie, Allen. Seismic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon traps: Louisiana onshore and offshore. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1994.

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Leetaru, Hannes E. Seismic stratigraphy, a technique for improved oil recovery planning at King Field, Jefferson County, Illinois. Champaign, Ill: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1996.

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Reymond, Benoît. Three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico (West Cameron 3D seismic data). [Lausanne]: Section des sciences de la terre, Institut de géologie et paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, 1994.

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Geological Survey (U.S.) and Geological Survey (U.S.). Office of Energy and Marine Geology, eds. Maps and cross sections depicting the shallow seismic stratigraphy of the continental shelf and slope off Georgia from interpretation of high-resolution seismic-reflection data. Woods Hole, MA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Bader, Kurt. Der mittelfränkische Grundgebirgsrücken südlich Nürnberg: Geologischer Rahmen, geophysikalische Untersuchungen und Ergebnisse von Forschungsbohrungen. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe und den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2001.

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Tucci, Patrick. Delineation of subsurface stratigraphy and structures by a single channel, continuous seismic-reflection survey along the Clinch River, near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hartford, Conn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Stearns, Richard Gordon. One-dimensional gravity calculation and Paleozoic structure and plutons at Reelfoot Scarp. Washington, D.C: Division of Radiation Programs and Earth Sciences, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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J, Potter Christopher, ed. Structure of the Reelfoot-Rough Creek rift system, fluorspar area fault complex and Hicks dome, southern Illinois and western Kentucky: New constraints from regional seismic reflection data. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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De Smedt, Philippe, Charles French, Timothy Kinnaird, Tonko Rajkovača, Aleksandar Milekić, Petros Chatzimpaloglou, Jeroen Verhegge, et al. "An integrated geoarchaeological approach to the investigation of multi-period prehistoric settlements – the case of Neolithic Drenovac." In Advances in On- and Offshore Archaeological Prospection, 191–200. Kiel: Universitätsverlag Kiel | Kiel University Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.38072/978-3-928794-83-1/p20.

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A multi-method geoarchaeological investigation was performed to reconstruct multi-phase Neolithic settlement. Invasive and non-invasive surveys showed potential for providing archaeological and environmental landscape data in this complex setting. Large-area geophysical surveys showed potential for deriving stratigraphic information.
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Murakami, Satoshi. "A Stratigraphic Classification Estimation Method by the D-Layer Neural Networks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 3–9. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9219-5_1.

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Lai, Fu-qiang. "High-Frequency Stratigraphic Cyclicity Identified Based on Blackman-Tukey Correlogram Analysis Method." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 389–97. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4850-0_50.

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Li, Shuijiang, Quanbin Wan, Haorong Yan, and Hong Pan. "Seepage Analysis of Drainage Decompression in Sloping Basement." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 389–400. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_33.

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AbstractThe accidents of bottom floor cracking occur on underground structure due to uplift pressure. Especially in the southern rainy area, super large buildings on slope with high underground water level are in a complex seepage field and it is hard to deal with. In order to solve this problem, a residential district in Guangzhou as an example is analyzed through multiple stratigraphic level of 2D finite element method to the most dangerous conditions of the seepage field. The more reasonable and economic drainage decompression measures, " relief well + sand cushion", are put forward, which can meet the requirement of decompression. Finally, the monitoring data further validate the rationality of the method.
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Balamurali, Mehala, and Katherine L. Silversides. "LSTM-Based Deep Learning Method for Automated Detection of Geophysical Signatures in Mining." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 163–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_14.

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AbstractThe mining of stratified ore deposits requires detailed knowledge of the location of orebody boundaries. In the Banded Iron Formation (BIF) hosted iron ore deposits located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia the natural gamma logs are useful tool to identify stratigraphic boundaries. However, manually interpreting these features is subjective and time consuming due to the large volume of data. In this study, we propose a novel approach to automatically detect natural gamma signatures. We implemented a LSTM based algorithm for automated detection of signatures. We achieved a relatively high accuracy using gamma sequences with and without added noise. Further, no feature extraction or selection is performed in this work. Hence, LSTM can be used to detect different signatures in natural gamma logs even with noise. So, this system can be introduced in mining as an aid for geoscientists.
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Murakami, S. "A stratigraphic classification estimation method by Artificial Neural Networks for Geotechnical Information Database." In Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies, 1204–7. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003299127-172.

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Al-Helal, Anwar, Yaqoub AlRefai, Abdullah AlKandari, and Mohammad Abdullah. "Subsurface Stratigraphy of Kuwait." In The Geology of Kuwait, 27–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16727-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter reviews the subsurface stratigraphy of Kuwait targeting geosciences educators. The lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the reviewed formations (association of rocks whose components are paragenetically related to each other, both vertically and laterally) followed the formal stratigraphic nomenclature in Kuwait. The exposed stratigraphic formations of the Miocene–Pleistocene epochs represented by the Dibdibba, Lower Fars, and Ghar clastic sediments (Kuwait Group) were reviewed in the previous chapter as part of near-surface geology. In this chapter, the description of these formations is based mainly on their subsurface presence. The description of the subsurface stratigraphic formations in Kuwait followed published academic papers and technical reports related to Kuwait’s geology or analog (GCC countries, Iraq and Iran) either from the oil and gas industry or from different research institutions in Kuwait and abroad. It is also true that studies related to groundwater aquifer systems also contribute to our understanding of the subsurface stratigraphy of Kuwait for the shallower formations. The majority of the published data were covered the onshore section of Kuwait. The subsurface stratigraphic nomenclature description is based on thickness, depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy, the nature of the sequence boundaries, biostratigraphy, and age. The sedimentary strata reflect the depositional environment in which the rocks were formed. Understanding the characteristics of the sedimentary rocks will help understand many geologic events in the past, such as sea-level fluctuation, global climatic changes, tectonic processes, geochemical cycles, and more, depending on the research question. The succession of changing lithological sequences is controlled by three main factors; sea-level change (eustatic sea level), sediment supply, and accommodation space controlled by regional and local tectonics influences. Several authors have developed theoretical methods, established conceptual models, and produced several paleofacies maps to interpret Kuwait’s stratigraphic sequence based on the data collected over time intervals from the Late Permian to Quaternary to reconstruct the depositional history of the Arabian Plate in general and of Kuwait to understand the characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs.
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Urban, Matthias. "Evidence and Methods for Investigating Substratal Languages." In Linguistic Stratigraphy, 25–44. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42102-0_3.

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Miall, Andrew D. "Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy." In The Geology of Stratigraphic Sequences, 15–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03380-7_2.

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Miall, Andrew D. "Basin Mapping Methods." In Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis, 245–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24304-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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An, Fuli, Xin Chen, Dengyi Xiao, Xiaoliang Li, Cong Ma, Bo Peng, Bo Zhao, et al. "Integration of Static and Dynamic Data in Sequence Analysis and Its Application in Oilfield B, Middle East." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211625-ms.

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Abstract The sequence stratigraphic framework based on the combination of core, lithofacies and logging curve cycles, sometimes hardly reflect the lithology and sedimentary changes between wells, and is inconsistent with seismic data and production performance. Through the integrated research of core, well logging, seismic data and reservoir engineering, this paper proposed an update method. The new method can effectively solve the geological challenges in exploration and development and provide a reliable geological basis for efficient production of the oilfield. This method includes the following 3 steps, (1) identify the sequence stratigraphic boundary integrated the core and lithofacies analysis, and establish the well correlation sequence stratigraphic framework. (2) According to seismic and geological calibration, realize mutual constraint between wells and seismic and robust the sequence stratigraphic framework. (3) The sequence stratigraphic framework is optimized by using production dynamic data, which could grab the sequence stratigraphic framework more consistent with the deposition law. The isochronous sequence stratigraphic framework established by this method in B oilfield of the Middle East truly restores the structural characteristics of the progradational strata of the main production layer in B oilfield, and the sequence boundaries match well between drilling data and seismic data. Under the control of the isochronous sequence stratigraphic configuration, the ambiguous results of the previous division in sublayers according to the lithological isopach were updated, which solved the problems of diachronous oil layer and disordered oil-water relationship in this oilfield. This study also provides an effective isochronous sequence stratigraphic unit for reservoir prediction in exploration and development. Compared with the previous sequence stratigraphy research method in this area, the new method has two major advantages, (1) It complements the shortage of uncertain between wells and increases the accuracy for uncored interval. Furthermore, this method establishes a real isochronous sequence stratigraphic framework. 2) Combined with production dynamic data, the challenge of diachronous sublayers and confusion of oil-water relationship in the research results are avoided.
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Li, Chengbo, Qingrong Zhu, and Baishali Roy. "Seismic super resolution method for enhancing stratigraphic interpretation." In Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/image2022-3749351.1.

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Yang, Bei, Yijia Wu, Maolin Xiao, and Yongcheng Mu. "Logging permeability calculation method based on stratigraphic imaging." In SEG Integration of Geophysics, Geology, and Engineering Workshop, Chengdu, China, 26–28 June 2023. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/igge2023-12.1.

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Gou, Patrick, Raja Azlan Raja Ismail, Florence Yuen, Nadia Zulkifli, Randy Peter Hee, Paul van der Vegt, Benard Ralphie, and Fazideen Hassan. "Deciphering the Record of the Sun-Earth Dance in Well Logs: The Extra-Terrestrial Imprint and its Application to High-Resolution Stratigraphy and Well Correlation in South Furious Field, Offshore North Sabah." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31567-ms.

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Abstract South Furious is an oilfield in the Inboard Belt offshore North Sabah with oil production since 1979. The field is heavily faulted and compartmentalized, making it structurally complex and challenging for development. It is believed that the field has a low recovery factor, despite having a relatively large oil in-place volume reported. Its highly-heterogenous Stage IVA reservoir with thin sand-shale intercalations, and poor seismic imaging quality make stratigraphic interpretation and well correlations highly uncertain. Recognizing the limitations of conventional methods for well correlation in South Furious, SEA Hibiscus decided to take a quantitative approach on the existing well logs itself, particularly the gamma ray (GR) curve. This data-driven approach is a shift from the unsuccessful model-based method. Cyclostratigraphic analysis using CycloLog works on the principle that extra-terrestrial forces described by the Milankovitch Cycles have a huge influence on sedimentation processes, and its record are preserved in the well logs that we acquire while drilling, although not always obvious without the proper quantitative approach. This high-resolution stratigraphic method allows the detection of cyclic signals in facies-sensitive wireline logs (e.g., gamma ray), including subtle ones, and at resolutions that are equivalent to 4th to 6th Order stratigraphic cycles. Utilizing the Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (INPEFA), geological breaks or events are quantitatively and objectively identified. Cyclostratigraphic and climate stratigraphy concepts as described by Perlmutter and Matthews (1990) and Nio (2005) form the basis of this analysis, which is an evolution of traditional sequence stratigraphic concepts. Results from the 10 pilot wells in South Furious show dramatic improvements in the stratigraphic correlation resolution, particularly in the deeper/older sections, allowing correlations to be made across different fault block segments, previously nearly impossible. With the ongoing inclusion of more wells to the cyclostratigraphic study and future plans to integrate independent chemostratigraphic data, a more robust stratigraphic framework for the field would be established. Results from the current study prove that the cyclostratigraphic method allows objective, quantitative and data-driven stratigraphic well correlations to be made from a systematic and quantitative review of existing well logs, without additional rock sampling or measurement, and in a cost-effective manner. Geoscientists should always be receptive to new ways of working, including utilizing data and techniques that have origins outside mainstream geoscience.
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Alyaev, Sergey, Adrian Ambrus, Nazanin Jahani, and Ahmed H. Elsheikh. "Sequential Multi-Realization Probabilistic Interpretation of Well Logs and Geological Prediction by a Deep-Learning Method." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0112.

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The majority of geosteering operations rely on traditional shallow sensing logging tools as sources of information. Many such operations rely on stratigraphic-based steering when the logs from the drilled well are matched to logs from an offset well by modifying the lateral shape of stratigraphy. The match of the logs indicates a plausible interpretation, but due to the scarcity of log data in many situations, this interpretation is not unique. In manual workflows maintaining several likely interpretations is not realistic and in automated workflows, multiple interpretations are seldom used. We describe a deep neural network (DNN) that outputs a selected number of stratigraphic interpretations using a single evaluation of the input log data in two milliseconds. The input data defined prior to training consists of one or several log pairs consisting of one current lateral and one offset-well log. For each of the interpretations, the DNN also estimates the respective probability and can be configured to produce likely ahead-of-data predictions of the geology, which are based on the data mismatches and the likelihood of geological configurations with respect to the training dataset. The described probabilistic interpretation and prediction is enabled by the supervised training of a mixture density DNN (MDN) with a stable multiple-trajectory-prediction loss function. In this paper, we apply the MDN for the sequential interpretation of well logs. We use the interpretations and the probabilities from the previous interpretation step as starting points for the probabilistic interpretations and predictions for the current step. We avoid the curse of dimensionality by discarding the unlikely starting points. The batchable MDN evaluation enables tracking of hundreds of solutions while still maintaining sub-second performance, compared to minute(s) reported in other recent papers. The performance of the method is verified on synthetic test data as well as the realistic well data from the Geosteering World Cup 2020 (based on the Middle Woodford formation, located in the South Central Oklahoma Oil Province in the United States) and stratigraphic configurations provided by geologists. In all cases, the method manages to capture likely interpretations. At the same time, the accuracy of predictions deteriorates for the configurations which were not typical for the training dataset.
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Xiao, Dengyi, Guangcheng Hu, Qunli Qi, Min Zhao, Hanzhou Fan, Li Wang, Xin Chen, et al. "Reservoir Characteristics and Integrated Method to Illustrate Mishrif Stratigraphic Prospect in Western UAE." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211646-ms.

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Abstract As a unique stratigraphic prospect of UAE, the carbonate Mishrif Formation in NN Field is composed of 15-25 m thick rudist grainstone that formed in a shoal environment. The effective reservoir is bounded by inter-shoal packstone-wackestone. Combination of porous reservoir and non-porous baffles indicate high heterogeneity caused by rapid changes in deposition. Current exploration and drilling proposal are precluded due to the ambiguous understanding on reservoir anisotropy and dim-identification from seismic due to the thin reservoir thickness. To mitigate the challenge from reservoir identification, Mishrif whole core was collected and the following analysis performed: thin section description, porosity and permeability (RCA), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury injection (MICP). The subsurface analysis of the Mishrif reservoir was augmented with litho-facies identification, sedimentary facies recognition, and diagenetic history. Paleogeography was integrated with sequence stratigraphy to predict possible reservoir distribution. Sequence stratigraphy focused on identifying the 4th order sequence interfaces such as first flooding surface (FFS), maximum flooding surface (MFS), and sequence boundaries (SQ). Subsequently, the paleogeomorphology of oil-bearing zone was conducted, and a method using two crucial sequence surfaces was optimized after comparing impression and residual thickness methods. Meanwhile, to quantitatively characterize this set of oil-bearing units, AVO and Pre-stack inversion was implemented to predict reservoir distribution and fluid habitat. The integrated study revealed that the Mishrif reservoir quality is controlled by original depositional facies and diagenetic processes. The rudist grainstone was shoal-related with deposition on a paleo-geographic high and originally high porosity and excellent pore-connectivity. The subsequent fresh water leaching and dissolution contributed to improvement of pore structure. In contrast, the inter-shoal limestone contains higher micrite deposited in slightly deeper water, due to lower porosity it resisted the weathering procedure. To overcome the challenge of thin reservoir thickness, selection of key surfaces which are used to construct the paleo-geographic configuration would be quite crucial. And the identification of such surfaces only from seismic would be of high uncertainty. Finally, the dual-interface method was adopted to delineate the paleogeomorphology of oil-bearing zone. This illustration of paleogeography displayed high similarity to the reservoir quantitatively derived from AVO and Pre-stack inversion, which improved reservoir prediction. This integrated method from core-based reservoir recognition, sequence-driven paleogeography, as well as quantitative AVO and Pre-stack inversion provides new insight to study heterogeneous carbonates and reduce uncertainty for thin reservoir prediction.
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Lin, Niantian. "Method Of Transformation Between Reflector Dip Angle And Stratigraphic Dip Angle." In 6th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.215.sbgf092.

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Lee, S. H., H. Tchelepi, and L. F. DeChant. "Implementation of a Flux-Continuous Finite Difference Method for Stratigraphic, Hexahedron Grids." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/51901-ms.

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Zuo, Z. H., Y. Y. Chuai, G. W. Wang, X. J. Sun, and T. J. Zhang. "A New Method of Fault Identification based on Stratigraphic Inclination Coherence Analysis." In 85th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition - Workshop Programme. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202410989.

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Daynac, N. "Emphasis of High Order Stratigraphic Sequences Enabled by the Relative Geological Time Modelling Method: Application to Fractured Thin Reservoirs in a Pre-Salt Gas Field, Offshore Netherlands." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216614-ms.

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Summary The author describes the method and results of a global and automated approach for seismic interpretation (Pauget et al, 2009), applied to a pre-salt gas field of the Dutch Cleaver Bank High platform, offshore Netherlands. A sequence stratigraphic framework called ‘Relative Geological Time (RGT) model’ is built from the seismic data to emphasize structural and stratigraphic features. Basin and reservoir characterizations are thus enabled by RGT-derived advanced attributes, rock physics modelling, Wheeler diagrams and sub-sample stratal slicing. Several fault networks related to different tectonic phases are emphasized, key stratigraphic surfaces are delineated, and major facies trends of the pre-salt reservoir level are discriminated. Those outputs are finally used to assess the impact of fault networks and subsequent subsidence on the eustasy-controlled thin beds succession. The author ultimately demonstrates the potential of the global RGT modelling method to revise hydrocarbon fields and identify pre-salt siliciclastic carbon storage sites.
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Reports on the topic "“Stratigraphic” method"

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Todd, B. J., C. F. M. Lewis, and G. D. Hobson. Resurrection of 1967 single-channel seismic reflection data and isopach map of sediments in central and eastern Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, and Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, U.S.A. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331498.

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In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the seismostratigraphy revealed by legacy seismic reflection profiles (i.e., analogue paper records) provides insight to the history of glaciation and deglaciation, sediment deposition and lake level history. Digital recovery and analysis of Great Lakes legacy seismic data is a cost-effective method to generate the offshore broad scale surfaces pertinent to the surficial framework geology layer required as input by three-dimensional stratigraphic studies. This Open File describes the digital recovery of 1566 km of recently discovered single channel seismic reflection data collected in central and eastern Lake Erie in the summer of 1967. A legacy isopach map of sediment thickness, based on the 1967 data, has also been resurrected.
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Robinson, Judith, Robert Mackley, Mark Rockhold, Timothy Johnson, and Piyoosh Jaysaval. Geophysical Methods for Stratigraphic Identification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1684643.

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Robinson, Judith, Robert Mackley, Mark Rockhold, Timothy Johnson, Jonathan Thomle, Christian Johnson, and Piyoosh Jaysaval. Geophysical Methods for Stratigraphic Identification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1810384.

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Knight, R. D., and H. A. J. Russell. Quantifying the invisible: pXRF analyses of three boreholes, British Columbia and Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331176.

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Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology collects geochemical data at a fraction of the cost of traditional laboratory methods. Although the pXRF spectrometer provides concentrations for 41 elements, only a subset of these elements meet the criteria for definitive, quantitative, and qualitative data. However, high-quality pXRF data obtained by correct application of analytical protocols, can provide robust insight to stratigraphy and sediment characteristics that are often not observed by, for example, visual core logging, grain size analysis, and geophysical logging. We present examples of geochemical results obtained from pXRF analysis of drill core samples from three boreholes located in Canada, that demonstrate: 1) Definitive stratigraphic boundaries observed in geochemical changes obtained from 380 analyses collected over 150 m of core, which intersects three Ordovician sedimentary formations and Precambrian granite. These boundaries could not be reconciled by traditional visual core logging methods. 2) Significant elemental concentration changes observed in 120 samples collected in each of two ~120 m deep boreholes located in a confined paleo-glacial foreland basin. The collected geochemical data provide insight to sediment provenance and stratigraphic relationships that were previously unknown. 3) Abrupt changes in the geochemical signature in a subset of 135 samples collected from a 151 m deep borehole intersecting Quaternary glacial derived till, sands, and ahomogeneous silt and clay succession. These data provide a platform for discussion on ice sheet dynamics, changes in depositional setting, and changes in provenance. Results from each of these studies highlights previously unknown (invisible) geological information revealed through geochemical analyses. A significant benefit of using pXRF technology is refining sampling strategies in near real time and the ability to increase sample density at geochemical boundaries with little increase in analysis time or budget. The data also provide an opportunity to establish a chemostratigraphic framework that complements other stratigraphic correlation techniques, including geophysical methods. Overall, data collected with pXRF technology provide new insights into topics such as spatial correlations, facies changes, provenance changes, and depositional environment changes.
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O'brien, J. Jurassic Stratigraphy of the Methow Trough, southwestern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120689.

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Mort, A. Controls on the distribution and composition of gas and condensate in the Montney resource play. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329790.

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The Montney resource play has evolved from a peripheral conventional play to one of the most important hydrocarbon-producing unconventional resource plays in North America and has remained resilient throughout the economic challenges of recent years. Despite maturing as a resource play as a result of more than 15 years of unconventional development and research there are still aspects of the play that are not fully de-risked and prediction of fluid quality remains haphazard due to the complex interplay of geological and engineering factors. Among these are the delineation of structural and stratigraphic barriers and conduits, identification of enigmatic source rocks, which defy traditional methods, evaluating effects of fluid migration and the difficulty in predicting phase behavior in a tight, but open system. This study uses a combined approach leveraging geochemical tools combined with spatial and stratigraphic analysis in an attempt to improve current understanding of these issues.
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Varela, Phillip. Chaco Culture National Historical Park: Paleontological site monitoring protocol. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304460.

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Hundreds of paleontological sites have been located and documented in Chaco Culture National Historical Park (CHCU) since 2005, the beginning of dedicated park-based paleontological surveying at the park. A paleontological resource inventory was published for CHCU in 2019, providing a baseline for paleontological resource monitoring. A paleontological site monitoring protocol has now been prepared in order to most effectively manage and monitor the abundant Upper Cretaceous paleontological resources found here. The first part of the protocol contains supporting background information; a discussion of measurable objectives for monitoring, park programs, and management; definitions of different kinds of significant specimens and various management actions; field methods; and what to do if a new site is discovered. This is followed by descriptions of the park?s paleontological localities. CHCU is divided into twelve Paleontological Management Areas (PMAs). Apart from two PMAs representing park outliers where no fossils have been reported, each PMA includes several paleontological localities, which in turn contain one or more sites. Several aspects of each locality are reported, including management priority level, stratigraphy, a brief description, ease and method of access, constituent sites, and management recommendations such as recommended actions and frequency of monitoring. This is followed by a summary of localities rated as high, medium, and low priority. Images of forms for paleontology site monitoring, paleontological sites, paleontological localities, and paleontology impact reports are provided as appendices; editable versions may be obtained from the park.
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Campbell, K., D. Broxton, and J. Spaw. Status of image analysis methods to delineate stratigraphic position in the Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/137563.

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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331871.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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