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Lessenger, Margaret A., and Timothy A. Cross. "An Inverse Stratigraphic Simulation Model – Is Stratigraphic Inversion Possible?" Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 6 (December 1996): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400606.
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Inversion is a systematic method of determining values of process parameters of a forward model that allow a match between observed and modeled data. Historically, geologists have considered the stratigraphic record to be nonunique. That is, geologists have assumed that it is impossible to determine values for and separate stratigraphic process variables such as eustasy, tectonics and sediment supply that operated to form the stratigraphic record. If stratigraphic data are nonunique, then inversion of stratigraphic data is impossible. In an influential paper. Burton et al. (1987) argued that inversion of stratigraphic data using a stratigraphic forward model is not possible. The purpose of this study was to determine if inversion of stratigraphic data using a stratigraphic forward model is theoretically possible. In this study, we designed a stratigraphic inverse simulation model using a forward stratigraphic model capable of simulating realistic temporal and spatial distributions of fades tracts and stratigraphic surfaces. For numerical optimization, we used a gradient descent method that minimizes errors in the least squares sense. We tested this inverse model on synthetic stratigraphic data which act as a proxy for real-world stratigraphic data, to test multiple aspects of the inverse model. In these experiments, we inverted synthetic stratigraphic data for eustasy, sediment supply, tectonic subsidence, lithosphere flexural rigidity, and initial basin topography. Results from these inversion experiments establish that inversion of stratigraphic data is theoretically possible. We determined limits of convergence, degrees of parameter separatability, nonuniqueness of data, and types of data necessary for inversion. Results suggest that using distributions of facies tracts and stratigraphic surfaces within a genetic sequence stratigraphic framework is necessary for inversion. Results from inverse model experiments also suggest that nonuniqueness of these data types with respect to stratigraphic process parameters such as eustasy, tectonics, sediment supply and depositional topography is bounded. Moreover, the bounds of nonuniqueness are quite small. The next phase of our research is to first test an inverse algorithm that is more appropriate for stratigraphic inversion, and then to test an inverse stratigraphic model using a real stratigraphic data set.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Stratigraphic Forward Modeling Assists Carbonate-Reservoir Characterization." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0922-0060-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202775, “Application of Stratigraphic Forward Modeling to Carbonate-Reservoir Characterization: A New Paradigm From the Albion Research and Development Project,” by Jean Borgomano, Aix-Marseille University, and Gérard Massonnat and Cyprien Lanteaume, TotalEnergies, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Improving carbonate-reservoir prediction, field development, and production forecasts, especially in zones lacking data, requires novel reservoir-modeling approaches, including process-based methods. Classical geostatistic modeling methods alone cannot match this challenge, particularly if subtle stratigraphic architectures or sedimentary and diagenetic geometries not directly identified as properties with well data control the reservoir heterogeneity. Stratigraphic forward-modeling approaches can provide pertinent information to carbonate-reservoir characterization. The complete paper describes a modeling package tested and calibrated with high-resolution stratigraphic outcrop models. It allows valid prediction of carbonate facies associations mimicking the spatial distribution mapped along the Urgonian platform transects. Background Classical carbonate-reservoir characterization protocols rely mainly on 3D geostatistical models based on well data, allowing the realization of 3D numerical grids of reservoir properties. These geostatistic property models are supported by deterministic geological interpretations such as stratigraphic well correlations that are commonly based on sequenced stratigraphic concepts and carbonate sedimentological interpretations. The stratigraphic framework obtained from these deterministic interpretations has a critical effect on further static and dynamic reservoir models because it constrains the spatial stationarity of the geostatistic property simulations or imposes discrete flow units or barriers. These deterministic carbonate sequence stratigraphic and associated sedimentological interpretations, however, introduce significant biases, uncertainties, and imprecisions in reservoir models and furthermore are not validated by process-based modeling approaches as one should expect from any scientific protocol. This lack of validation represents a fundamental scientific gap in classical reservoir-characterization work flows that is generally avoided in other scientific domains such as physics by iterations combining experimentation and process-based models to verify deterministic interpretations and hypothesis. The paradox is that this virtuous scientific method is applied at the ultimate stage of the reservoir flow modeling with the classical “flow history matching,” implying the following strong hypothesis (Fig. 1a): If the dynamic model obtained from the upscaled static model matches the dynamic history and the flow records of the studied field and carbonate reservoir, then the geological model, including the deterministic stratigraphic and sedimentary interpretations, is validated. Reservoir flow and dynamic behavior certainly are controlled by initial geological conditions, but those are not dependent on flow processes. According to fundamental scientific principles, geological interpretations and deterministic models must be validated by geological process-based models. To fill this scientific gap in the presented carbonate-reservoir characterization approach, the authors introduce process-based stratigraphical and sedimentological models that are calibrated on pertinent, well-studied outcrop analogs.
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Otoo, Daniel, and David Hodgetts. "Porosity and permeability prediction through forward stratigraphic simulations using GPM™ and Petrel™: application in shallow marine depositional settings." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 2075–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2075-2021.
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Abstract. The forward stratigraphic simulation approach is applied to predict porosity and permeability distribution. Synthetic well logs from the forward stratigraphic model served as secondary data to control porosity and permeability representation in the reservoir model. Building a reservoir model that fits data at different locations comes with high levels of uncertainty. Therefore, it is critical to generate an appropriate stratigraphic framework to guide lithofacies and associated porosity–permeability simulation. The workflow adopted for this task consists of three parts: first, there is simulation of 20 scenarios of sediment transportation and deposition using the geological process modelling (GPM™) software developed by Schlumberger. Secondly, there is an estimation of the extent and proportion of lithofacies units in the stratigraphic model using the property calculator tool in Petrel™. Finally, porosity and permeability values are assigned to corresponding lithofacies units in the forward stratigraphic model to produce a forward stratigraphic-based porosity and permeability model. Results show a forward stratigraphic-based lithofacies model, which depends on sediment diffusion rate, sea-level variation, sediment movement, wave processes, and tectonic events. This observation is consistent with the natural occurrence, where variations in sea level, sediment supply, and accommodation control stratigraphic sequences and therefore facies distribution in a geological basin. Validation wells VP1 and VP2 showed a notable match after a comparing the original and forward stratigraphic-based porosity models. However, a significant discrepancy is recorded in the permeability estimates. These results suggest that the forward stratigraphic modelling approach can be a practical addition to geostatistical-based workflows for realistic prediction of porosity and permeability.
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Bianchi, Valeria, Troy Smith, and Joan Esterle. "Stratigraphic forward model of Springbok Sandstone sedimentation controlled by dynamic topography." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15106.
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After a long history of conventional gas exploration, the eastern Surat Basin in Queensland has developed as an active regional exploration target for coal seam gas, hosting large gas reserves. Interest in understanding basin fill mechanisms for petroliferous basins has grown in response to their economic significance. The Surat Basin is characterised by sedimentary successions with geometric complexity due to difficulty in correlation of coal splitting, interburden facies, and overburden channel belts. The uncertainty increases away from well control, in particular towards the centre where the basin is sparsely drilled. The forward modelling in LECODE (landscape evolution climate ocean and dynamic earth) is an innovative geomorphic and stratigraphic forward modelling code capable of simulating surface evolution and clastic sedimentary processes in 3D through geological time. This numerical tool can be used to test geological scenarios and predict the associated grain size distribution and sediment dispersal as a high-resolution synthetic stratigraphic record. This work focuses on a stratigraphic forward model developed for the Springbok Formation (Late Jurassic) within the Surat Basin. The simulated stratigraphy matches with models proposed by companies, highlighting a depocenter trending northwest–southeast. The formation is divided in two units: lower Springbok, defined by a fining-upward sequence and characterised by high-accommodation space and overfilling processes; and upper Springbok, described as an overall fining-upward sequence, with locally coarsening-upward wedge (conformable with the Weald Sandstone). The 3D basin simulation forecasts high heterogeneity of depositional geometries and stratal termination in depocentral and marginal areas.
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Dalman, Rory A. F., and Gert Jan Weltje. "SimClast: An aggregated forward stratigraphic model of continental shelves." Computers & Geosciences 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.05.014.
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Li, Jingzhe, Piyang Liu, Shuyu Sun, Zhifeng Sun, Yongzhang Zhou, Liang Gong, Jinliang Zhang, and Dongxing Du. "Sedapp v2021: a nonlinear diffusion-based forward stratigraphic model for shallow marine environments." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 4925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4925-2021.
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Abstract. The formation of stratigraphy in shallow marine environments has long been an important topic within the geologic community. Although many advances have been made in the field of forward stratigraphic modeling (FSM), there are still some areas that can be improved in the existing models. In this work, the authors present our recent development and application of Sedapp, which is a new nonlinear open-source R code for FSM. This code uses an integrated depth–distance related function as the expression of the transport coefficient to underpin the FSM with more alongshore details. In addition to conventional parameters, a negative-feedback sediment supply rate and a differentiated deposition–erosion ratio were also introduced. All parameters were implemented in a nonlinear manner. Sedapp is a 2DH tool that is also capable of running 1DH scenarios. Two simplified case studies were conducted. The results showed that Sedapp not only assists in geologic interpretation but is also an efficient tool for internal architecture predictions.
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Peton, Nicolas, Clément Cancès, Didier Granjeon, Quang-Huy Tran, and Sylvie Wolf. "Numerical scheme for a water flow-driven forward stratigraphic model." Computational Geosciences 24, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10596-019-09893-w.
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Salles, T., C. Griffiths, and C. Dyt. "Aeolian Sediment Transport Integration in General Stratigraphic Forward Modeling." Journal of Geological Research 2011 (September 8, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/186062.
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A large number of numerical models have been developed to simulate the physical processes involved in saltation, and, recently to investigate the interaction between soil vegetation cover and aeolian transport. These models are generally constrained to saltation of monodisperse particles while natural saltation occurs over mixed soils. We present a three-dimensional numerical model of steady-state saltation that can simulate aeolian erosion, transport and deposition for unvegetated mixed soils. Our model simulates the motion of saltating particles using a cellular automata algorithm. A simple set of rules is used and takes into account an erosion formula, a transport model, a wind exposition function, and an avalanching process. The model is coupled to the stratigraphic forward model Sedsim that accounts for a larger number of geological processes. The numerical model predicts a wide range of typical dune shapes, which have qualitative correspondence to real systems. The model reproduces the internal structure and composition of the resulting aeolian deposits. It shows the complex formation of dune systems with cross-bedding strata development, bounding surfaces overlaid by fine sediment and inverse grading deposits. We aim to use it to simulate the complex interactions between different sediment transport processes and their resulting geological morphologies.
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Matthews, Robley K., and Moujahed I. Al-Husseini. "Orbital-forcing glacio-eustasy: A sequence-stratigraphic time scale." GeoArabia 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1503155.
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ABSTRACT This essay provides further explanation of the mathematical details of orbital forcing and glacio-eustatic modeling (Parametric Forward Modeling, PFM) aspects and applications. A slight tune-up of the Earth’s eccentricity calculations (LA04 of Lasker et al., 2004) produces a near-perfect repeat of 14.58 million-year period and allows PFM to predict the glacio-eustatic component of sea-level fluctuation throughout the Phanerozoic. Generalities of an exploratory grid search of the parameter space of the model are reviewed and repetitive peak sea levels and low sea levels are noted in context of the Arabian Orbital Stratigraphy (AROS) terminology and time scale. Emphasis on the straton (405,000 year “tuning fork” of stratigraphic time) will lead to improvements in sequence-stratigraphic methods and results.
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Shi, Mingzhi, and Hui Cao. "An ATEM 1D inversion based on K-Means clustering and MLP deep learning." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 19, no. 4 (July 29, 2022): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxac050.
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Abstract Traditional geophysical inversion methods rely on an assumption of prior knowledge, starting from the establishment of the initial model and ending with the model being modified many times. This iterative process makes the forward modelling results move increasingly closer to the observed data. However, each inversion step requires multiple forward calculations, which consumes considerable time and computing resources. This is the greatest obstacle to real-time inversion at present. Airborne transient electromagnetic (ATEM) response data are collected in a time-channel manner. The different stratigraphic structures reveal different time-varying electromagnetic response laws. In this paper, deep learning technology is used to advance the ‘model correction-forward iteration’ step in the geophysical inversion process to the data preprocessing stage, to better adapt to the specialty of ATEM, improve the efficiency of the inversion and shorten the inversion time. In this method, a sample set composed of a ‘stratigraphic texture model—ATEM response’ is established, the K-Means clustering technique of unsupervised learning is used to complete the sample tag attachment, and the multilayer perceptron (MLP) deep learning network with supervised learning is used to complete the multiclassification tasks. Then, the sample sets are input into the deep learning network for training to build the inversion from the input response data to the output of the stratigraphic model. Finally, the inversion flow is verified with test set samples. The prediction results are consistent with the simulated data, and the inversion, from the test data to the prediction model, is implemented efficiently.
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Boyden, Patrick, Paolo Stocchi, and Alessio Rovere. "Refining patterns of melt with forward stratigraphic models of stable Pleistocene coastlines." Earth Surface Dynamics 11, no. 5 (September 28, 2023): 917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023.
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Abstract. The warmest peak of the Last Interglacial (ca. 128–116 ka) is considered a process analogue and is often studied to better understand the effects of a future warmer climate on the Earth's system. In particular, significant efforts have been made to better constrain ice sheet contributions to the peak Last Interglacial sea level through field observation of paleo relative sea level indicators. Along tropical coastal margins, these observations are predominantly based on fossil shallow coral reef sequences, which also provide the possibility of gathering reliable U-series chronological constraints. However, the preservation of many Pleistocene reef sequences is often limited to a series of discrete relative sea level positions within the interglacial, where corals suitable for dating were preserved. This, in turn, limits our ability to understand the continuous evolution of paleo relative sea level through an entire interglacial, also affecting the possibility of unraveling the existence and pattern of sub-stadial sea level oscillations. While the interpretation of lithostratigraphic and geomorphologic properties is often used to overcome this hurdle, geological interpretation may present issues related to subjectivity when dealing with missing facies or incomplete sequences. In this study, we try to step back from a conventional approach, generating a spectrum of synthetic Quaternary subtropical fringing reefs for a site in southwestern Madagascar (Indian Ocean). We use the Dionisos forward stratigraphic model (from Beicip-Franlab) to build a fossil reef at this location. In each model run, we use distinct Greenland and Antarctica ice sheet melt scenarios produced by a coupled ANICE–SELEN glacial isostatic adjustment model. The resulting synthetic reef sequences are then used test these melt scenarios against the stratigraphic record. We propose that this sort of stratigraphic modeling may provide further quantitative control when interpreting Last Interglacial reef sequences.
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Shi, Xiaodong, Wei Zhang, Liquan Mao, and Shougang Liu. "Application of Seismic Attribute Analysis Technology Guided by Model Forward Modeling in L29 Area." E3S Web of Conferences 478 (2024): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447801010.
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Taking the SaErTU and Putaohua oil layers in the L29 well area of LHP oilfield in the northern Songliao Basin as the research object, In response to the difficulty of interference between thin interbedded sand and mudstone and strong reflection between strata, which have a significant impact on fine prediction of sand bodies, a stratigraphic model is established based on the geological characteristics of the target layer to eliminate the impact of stratigraphic reflection; Then add a thin layer of sand body to its interior, establish a thin interlayer model, and obtain a geological model that is more in line with the actual situation of the target layer. Using forward simulation, analyze the seismic response characteristics of sand bodies, extract 30 seismic attributes from 4 categories: amplitude statistics, composite seismic trace statistics, sequence and frequency spectrum statistics, and calculate the correlation between cumulative sandstone thickness and seismic attributes, and select a sensitive seismic attribute set;By combining sedimentary and drilling data, the seismic attribute with the highest sensitivity to the target layer is selected. The multi-level dimensionality reduction and gradual improvement of seismic attribute selection methods using “model forward modeling, attribute analysis, relevant optimization, and drilling implementation” can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of thin interbedded sand bodies and greatly reduce the risk of oilfield exploration and development.
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Anne, M. Schwab, W. Homewood Peter, S. P. van Buchem Frans, and Razin Philippe. "Seismic forward model of a Natih Formation outcrop: the Adam Foothills Transect (northern Oman)." GeoArabia 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia100117.
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ABSTRACT The platform carbonates of the Natih Formation (Albian-Turonian) are hydrocarbon reservoirs throughout the Middle East. This study uses a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic model built from the Natih outcrops of the Adam Foothills Transect, in northern Oman, as the basis for the construction of synthetic seismic sections along the Natih outcrops. The model covers the seaward progression from a proximal carbonate platform to a distal intrashelf basin. Three third-order depositional sequences had been identified and correlated across the outcrops, and facies were mini-core plugged for petrophysical data measurement, which were then used to construct an impedance model from the stratigraphic model. This impedance model was used to construct synthetic seismic sections with a zero phase Ricker wavelet at varying peak frequencies (80 Hz, 60 Hz and 40 Hz). The high-frequency synthetic seismic identified seismic characteristics of specific depositional environments, notably the organic-rich intrashelf basin, the platform margin and the platform interior. These seismic characteristics were very subtle on the lower frequency data, but could nonetheless be identified. A seismic line passing through a nearly analogous setting in the subsurface Natih was used to try and identify the characteristics observed on the synthetic seismic data. Many of the synthetically-produced characteristics were found on the industry seismic, which shows that this method is a good way of using the detail of the outcrop to help with predictions on the lower frequency/resolution seismic.
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Swanson, Travis, David Mohrig, Gary Kocurek, Benjamin T. Cardenas, and Matthew A. Wolinsky. "Preservation of Autogenic Processes and Allogenic Forcings in Set-Scale Aeolian Architecture I: Numerical Experiments." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 8 (September 4, 2019): 728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.42.
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Abstract A reduced-complexity aeolian dune stratification model is developed and applied to explore the role of dune morphodynamics in the creation of synthetic sections of aeolian stratigraphy originating from three sets of environmental forcing: 1) steady wind transport capacity, 2) steady bed aggradation and variable wind transport capacity, and 3) steady wind transport capacity and bed aggradation. In each scenario, the forward motion of initial, highly disorganized dunes generates a significant record exclusively containing autogenic signals that arise from early dune growth, deformation, and merging. However, continued dune growth scours deeply, and shreds all records of early dunes. Afterward, dunes self-organize into quasi-stable groups. Forward motion of dune groups creates, truncates, and amalgamates sets and co-sets of cross-strata, quickly forming a second, significantly more robust stratigraphic record, which preserves a comingling of signals sourced from ongoing autogenic processes and each scenario's specific set of environmental forcings, the allogenic boundary conditions of the sand sea. Although the importance of self-organization on modeled aeolian stratification is clear in the few presented scenarios, self-organization may be throttled via variability in environmental forcings, as thoroughly documented in a companion paper (Cardenas et al., this issue). Therefore, additional work is warranted because this numerical experiment only begins to sample possible sets of environmental forcing, boundary conditions, and initial conditions, geomorphic responses, and consequential preservation possible in the presented surface-stratigraphic bedform modeling framework.
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Frery, E., M. Ducros, L. Langhi, J. Strand, and A. Ross. "Integrated 3D basin and petroleum systems modelling of the Great Australian Bight." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16133.
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3D stratigraphic, structural, thermal and migration modelling has become an essential part of petroleum systems analysis for passive margins, especially if complex 3D facies patterns and extensive volcanic activity are observed. A better understanding of such underexplored offshore areas requires a refined 3D basin modelling approach, with the implementation of realistically sized volcanic intrusions, source rocks and reservoir intervals. In this study, an integrated modelling workflow based on a Great Australian Bight case study has been applied. The 244800-km2 3D model integrates well data, marine surveys, 3D stratigraphic forward modelling and 3D basin modelling to better predict the effects of 3D facies variations and heat flow anomalies on the determination of the source rock-enriched intervals, the source rock maturity history and the hydrocarbon migration pathways. Plausible sedimentary sequences have been estimated using a stratigraphic forward model constrained by the limited available well data, seismic interpretation and published tectonic basin history. We also took into account other datasets to produce a thermal history model, such as the location of known volcanic intrusion, volcanic seamounts, bottom hole temperature and surface heat flow measurements. Such basin modelling integrates multiple datatypes acquired in the same basin and provides an ideal platform for testing hypotheses on source rock richness or kinetics, as well as on hydrocarbon migration timing and pathways evolution. The model is flexible, can be easily refined around specific zones of interest and can be updated as new datasets, such as new seismic interpretations and data from new sampling campaigns and wells, are acquired.
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tone, P. Feathers, T. Aigner, L. Brown, M. King, and W. Leu. "STRATIGRAPHIC MODELLING OF THE GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90009.
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The Gippsland Basin is an asymmetric graben which initially formed during the break-up of Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cretaceous. During continental rifting the basin was filled by volcano-clastics of the Strzelecki Group. The overlying alluvial sediments of the Golden Beach Group represent a second phase of rift fill associated with the Tasman Sea rift. Following continental break-up in the Campanian, the Latrobe Group was deposited as a transgressive sequence of marine and coastal plain sediments. Thermal subsidence from the Oligocene to Recent was accompanied by the deposition of marine marls and limestones of the Lakes Entrance Formation and Gippsland Limestone.A north-south cross-section through the basin, based on regional seismic data and nine exploration wells, has been used to study the tectonic, thermal and basin-fill history. A detailed basin subsidence history based on a crustal rifting model was constructed, constrained by stratigraphic data and palaeo-water depth estimates at well locations. The history of sedimentation was then modelled by a Shell proprietary package, using the subsidence history and published eustatic sea level variations. This numerical model is based on a forward time-stepping scheme using semi-empirical algorithms to define the facies deposited. The gross basin architecture of the Gippsland Basin is successfully reproduced by the model. In addition the model details the timing and extent of marine incursions in the Golden Beach Group and the eustatic control on facies patterns in the Latrobe Group.The method has potential for predicting the sedimentary facies in undrilled parts of the Gippsland Basin and in frontier areas in general.
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Ding, Xuesong, Tristan Salles, Nicolas Flament, and Patrice Rey. "Quantitative stratigraphic analysis in a source-to-sink numerical framework." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 6 (June 28, 2019): 2571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2571-2019.
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Abstract. The sedimentary architecture at continental margins reflects the interplay between the rate of change of accommodation creation (δA) and the rate of change of sediment supply (δS). Stratigraphic interpretation increasingly focuses on understanding the link between deposition patterns and changes in δA∕δS, with an attempt to reconstruct the contributing factors. Here, we use the landscape modelling code pyBadlands to (1) investigate the development of stratigraphic sequences in a source-to-sink context; (2) assess the respective performance of two well-established stratigraphic interpretation techniques: the trajectory analysis method and the accommodation succession method; and (3) propose quantitative stratigraphic interpretations based on those two techniques. In contrast to most stratigraphic forward models (SFMs), pyBadlands provides self-consistent sediment supply to basin margins as it simulates erosion, sediment transport and deposition in a source-to-sink context. We present a generic case of landscape evolution that takes into account periodic sea level variations and passive margin thermal subsidence over 30 million years, under uniform rainfall. A set of post-processing tools are provided to analyse the predicted stratigraphic architecture. We first reconstruct the temporal evolution of the depositional cycles and identify key stratigraphic surfaces based on observations of stratal geometries and facies relationships, which we use for comparison to stratigraphic interpretations. We then apply both the trajectory analysis and the accommodation succession methods to manually map key stratigraphic surfaces and define sequence units on the final model output. Finally, we calculate shoreline and shelf-edge trajectories, the temporal evolution of changes in relative sea level (proxy for δA) and sedimentation rate (proxy for δS) at the shoreline, and automatically produce stratigraphic interpretations. Our results suggest that the analysis of the presented model is more robust with the accommodation succession method than with the trajectory analysis method. Stratigraphic analysis based on manually extracted shoreline and shelf-edge trajectory requires calibrations of time-dependent processes such as thermal subsidence or additional constraints from stratal terminations to obtain reliable interpretations. The 3-D stratigraphic analysis of the presented model reveals small lateral variations of sequence formations. Our work provides an efficient and flexible quantitative sequence stratigraphic framework to evaluate the main drivers (climate, sea level and tectonics) controlling sedimentary architectures and investigate their respective roles in sedimentary basin development.
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Burgess, Peter M., and David J. Emery. "Sensitive dependence, divergence and unpredictable behaviour in a stratigraphic forward model of a carbonate system." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 239, no. 1 (2004): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2004.239.01.06.
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Griffiths, C. M., and E. Paraschivoiu. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORWARD STRATIGRAPHIC MODELLING OF EARLY CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTATION ON THE LEVEQUE AND YAMPI SHELVES, BROWSE BASIN." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97008.
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Early Cretaceous clastic sedimentation on the Leveque and Yampi Shelf areas of the Browse Basin has been brought sharply into focus recently as a result of exploration success at Gwydion and Cornea. The changing nature of clastic sedimentation patterns in the shallow-to-deep marine environments during C. delicata to upper S. areolata times is of increasing exploration interest. This study was designed to address the following questions: Could the conceptual geological model discussed by Spry and Ward (1997) generate potential reservoir sands in the region from Leveque-1 to Yampi-1?What would be the geometry and depositional environment of such sands?SEDSIM is a three-dimensional stratigraphic forward modelling program developed at Stanford University. The program models sediment erosion, transport, and deposition, and predicts clastic sediment distribution on a given bathymetric surface. SEDSIM was used to simulate one million years of deposition on the Leveque and Yampi Shelves from approximately 145 Ma. The model illustrates the use of 3D stratigraphic forward modelling in illustrating and testing stratigraphic play fairway concepts and the development of sedimentation patterns. Reprocessed seismic data from Seismic Australia were used together with a depth-converted near Base Cretaceous surface provided by Woodside Offshore Petroleum. Input data include; a high resolution relative sea-level curve, an understanding of wind and wave directions throughout the modelled period, tectonic movements throughout the modelled area, the nature of the underlying strata, sediment input points, and grain-size distributions. The simulation clearly shows the development of linear shelfal sands on the C. delicata flooding surface during the following regression. Further work will extend the study to early M. australis times.
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Zi-Zhao, Cai, Zhang Fa-Wang, Xu Wei, and Chen Li. "Prediction on Water-flowing Fractured Region Based on 3D Simulation Technology." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010349.
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Caving zone and fractured zone both appear in the Changzhi Basin in China as the a large number of coal are mined from the area. Based on ore cluster mining and on GIS (Geographic Information System) technology, in the paper, it combines the 3-D (three dimensional) simulation technology and adopts the spacial interpolation method to develop the 3-D stratigraphic model of the studied region, the 3D stratigraphic model and the division idea which is applicable for the study region are obtained. The virtual drilling technology is applied to obtain precise stratigraphic data and calculate the heights of the caving zone and fractured zone of Changzhi Basin, their relative locations to the overlying aquifer and the water-flowing fractured region of influence based on computer-simulated data are both analyzed. In addition, it also puts forward the concept of effective water-flowing fractured rate, which lays a solid foundation for further study on the heterogeneous evolution of the spatial structure of regional aquifers after the coal mining which also can provide a data support for future studies on the heterogeneous evolution features of water-bearing media.
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Rosli, Redwan, Michael C. Poppelreiter, and Siti Nur Fathiyah Jamaludin. "A Review of Stratigraphic Foward Models (Sfm) for Carbonate Platform." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22343.
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Stratigraphic forward modelling (SFM) is a numerical method that simulates the key factors that control depositional processes. A few models have been developed over years for different geological environment (fluvial, turbidite and carbonate). The model for carbonate system is particularly more complex compared to others. This is due to fact that carbonate system is controlled by the interplay between carbonate productivity, eustasy, subsidence/uplift. Carbonate platform’s morphology also strongly influenced by hydrodynamic factors (Wind and Waves). SFM has been used to test the hypothesis on factors that controlled the evolution of carbonate platforms. This technique also a reliable tool for hydrocarbon exploration and development. SFM has been used to predict carbonate facies distribution, petrophysical properties, and architecture of carbonate platforms. In this review paper, four SFMs namely CARB3D+, GPM CARBONATE, DIONISOS, SEDPAK are discussed.
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Sgattoni, Giulia, and Silvia Castellaro. "Combining single-station microtremor and gravity surveys for deep stratigraphic mapping." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): G77—G88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0757.1.
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Any stratigraphic reconstruction by means of surface geophysical methods is affected by the nonuniqueness of data inversion and by the resolution-depth trade-off. The combination of different geophysical techniques can reduce the number of degrees of freedom of the problem. We have focused on two low-impact single-station geophysical techniques: microtremor and gravity. These have been used by previous authors for stratigraphic mapping only by comparing the results independently. We suggest a procedure to combine microtremor and gravity data into a unique subsoil model and explore to what extent their combined use can overcome their individual weaknesses and constrain the final result. We apply the procedure to the Bolzano sedimentary basin, Northern Italy, to derive a 3D bedrock model of the basin. We use microtremor data to map the ground resonance frequencies and derive an initial 3D bedrock depth model by assuming a [Formula: see text] profile for the sediment fill. Then, we define a density model for rock and sediments and perform 3D gravity forward modeling. We then perturb the [Formula: see text] and density models and find the parameters that best fit the observed gravity anomalies. Data uncertainties are examined to explore the significance of the results. Joint use of the two techniques successfully helps interpret the stratigraphic model: Ground resonance frequencies guarantee the spatial resolution of the bedrock geometry model, whereas gravity data help constrain the frequency to depth conversion.
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Yaoning, Liu, Liu Shucai, Li Maofei, Liu Xinming, and Guo Weihong. "A Study on Transient Electromagnetic Interpretation Method Based on the Seismic Wave Impedance Inversion Model." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0047.
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Abstract A comprehensive transient electromagnetic interpretation method based on seismic wave impedance inversion has been proposed according to the advantages of seismic and transient electromagnetic exploration methods to mitigate of hidden water inrush disasters in coalmines. Combined seismic wave impedance inversion results and resistivity logging data, the method was used to establish a geo-electric model. The stratigraphic horizon and the stratigraphic electrical characteristics were determined by the wave impedance inversion data and the resistivity logging data respectively. Furthermore, the structure and water-bearing property in the stratum were estimated by the analysis of the difference between the measured transient electromagnetic data and the calculated data from the forward model. The numerical calculation of the fault-containing model shows that the comprehensive interpretation method could determine the water-bearing capability of the fault as well as it tendency. An advantage of this new method is the effective avoidance of the influence of low-impedance overburden on the data interpretation. The practical application can accurately explain the location and the water-bearing property of the disaster-causing factors of the hidden water inrush in the coalmines.
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Ciarletta, Daniel J., Jennifer L. Miselis, Justin L. Shawler, and Christopher J. Hein. "Quantifying thresholds of barrier geomorphic change in a cross-shore sediment-partitioning model." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-183-2021.
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Abstract. Barrier coasts, including barrier islands, beach-ridge plains, and associated landforms, can assume a broad spectrum of morphologies over multi-decadal scales that reflect conditions of sediment availability, accommodation, and relative sea-level rise. However, the quantitative thresholds of these controls on barrier-system behavior remain largely unexplored, even as modern sea-level rise and anthropogenic modification of sediment availability increasingly reshape the world's sandy coastlines. In this study, we conceptualize barrier coasts as sediment-partitioning frameworks, distributing sand delivered from the shoreface to the subaqueous and subaerial components of the coastal system. Using an idealized morphodynamic model, we explore thresholds of behavioral and morphologic change over decadal to centennial timescales, simulating barrier evolution within quasi-stratigraphic morphological cross sections. Our results indicate a wide diversity of barrier behaviors can be explained by the balance of fluxes delivered to the beach vs. the dune or backbarrier, including previously understudied forms of transgression that allow the subaerial system to continue accumulating sediment during landward migration. Most importantly, our results show that barrier state transitions between progradation, cross-shore amalgamation, aggradation, and transgression are controlled largely through balances within a narrow range of relative sea-level rise and sediment flux. This suggests that, in the face of rising sea levels, subtle changes in sediment fluxes could result in significant changes in barrier morphology. We also demonstrate that modeled barriers with reduced vertical sediment accommodation are highly sensitive to the magnitude and direction of shoreface fluxes. Therefore, natural barriers with limited sediment accommodation could allow for exploration of the future effects of sea-level rise and changing flux magnitudes over a period of years as opposed to the decades required for similar responses in sediment-rich barrier systems. Finally, because our model creates stratigraphy generated under different input parameters, we propose that it could be used in combination with stratigraphic data to hindcast the sensitivity of existing barriers and infer changes in prehistoric morphology, which we anticipate will provide a baseline to assess the reliability of forward modeling predictions.
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Yan, Na, Nigel P. Mountney, Luca Colombera, and Robert M. Dorrell. "A 3D forward stratigraphic model of fluvial meander-bend evolution for prediction of point-bar lithofacies architecture." Computers & Geosciences 105 (August 2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.04.012.
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Eichelberger, Nathan W., Amanda N. Hughes, and Alan G. Nunns. "Combining multiple quantitative structural analysis techniques to create robust structural interpretations." Interpretation 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): SAA89—SAA104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0016.1.
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Carefully selected 2D transects contain an abundance of structural information that can constrain 3D analyses of petroleum systems. Realizing the full value of the information in a 2D transect requires combining multiple, independent structural analysis techniques using fully interactive tools. Our approach uses quantitative structural geologic software that instantaneously displays structural computations and analyses, eliminating time-intensive manual measurements and calculations. By quickly testing multiple hypotheses, we converged on an optimal solution that is consistent with available data. We have combined area-depth-strain (ADS) analysis, structural restoration, and forward modeling of a structural interpretation of a fault-propagation fold in the Niger Delta. These methods confirmed the original interpretation and furthermore quantified displacement, strain, detachment depth, and kinematic history. ADS analysis validated the interpreted detachment depth and revealed significant layer-parallel strain (LPS) that varied systematically with stratigraphic depth. The stratigraphic distribution of the LPS was diagnostic of structural style and, in this example, discriminated against fixed-axis and constant-thickness fault-propagation folding. A quantitative forward model incorporating backlimb shear and trishear fault-propagation folding accurately reproduced folding and faulting in the pregrowth section and folding in the growth section. The model-predicted strain distributions were consistent with those from ADS analysis. The highest local strains on the back limb of the structure were spatially coincident with two backthrusts, which accommodated these strains. Animations of a more complete model including the backthrusts revealed that the backthrusts formed sequentially as rock passed through the main fault bend.
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Moret, Geoff J., Michael D. Knoll, Warren Barrash, and William P. Clement. "Investigating the stratigraphy of an alluvial aquifer using crosswell seismic traveltime tomography." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 3 (May 2006): B63—B73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2195487.
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In this study, we investigate the use of crosswell P-wave seismic tomography to obtain spatially extensive information about subsurface sedimentary architecture and heterogeneity in alluvial aquifers. Our field site was a research wellfield in an unconfined aquifer near Boise, Idaho. The aquifer consists of a ∼ 20-m-thick sequence of alluvial cobble-and-sand deposits, which have been subdivided into five stratigraphic units based on neutron porosity logs, grain-size analysis, and radar reflection data. We collected crosswell and borehole-to-surface seismic data in wells [Formula: see text] apart. We carefully considered the impact of well deviation, data quality control, and the choice of inversion parameters. Our linearized inverse routine had a curved-ray forward model and used different grids for forward modeling and inversion. An analysis of the model covariance and resolution matrices showed that the velocity models had an uncertainty of [Formula: see text], a vertical resolution of [Formula: see text], and a horizontal resolution of [Formula: see text]. The velocity in the saturated zone varied between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Inclusion of the borehole-to-surface data eliminated the X- shaped pattern that is a common artifact in crosswell tomography, and the increased angular coverage also improved the accuracy of the model near the top of the tomogram. The final velocity model is consistent with previous stratigraphic analyses of the site, although the locations of some of the unit boundaries differ by as much as [Formula: see text] in places. The results of this study demonstrate that seismic tomography can be used to image the sedimentary architecture of unconsolidated alluvial aquifers, even when the lithologic contrasts between units are subtle.
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Carvalho, Bruno Rodrigues, and Paulo Tarso Luiz Menezes. "Marlim R3D: a realistic model for CSEM simulations - phase I: model building." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 4 (December 2017): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720170088.
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ABSTRACT: The marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method provides complementary information to seismic imaging in the exploration of sedimentary basins. The CSEM is mainly used for reservoir scanning and appraisal. The CSEM interpretation workflow is heavily based on inversion and forward - modeling for hypothesis testing. Until the recent past, the effectiveness of a given workflow was achieved after the drilling results, as there wasn’t any geological complex model available to serve as a benchmark. In the present paper, we describe the workflow to build up Marlim R3D, a realistic and complex geoelectric model. Marlim R3D aims to be a reference model of turbidite reservoirs of the Brazilian continental margin. Our model is based on seismic interpretation and constrained by the input of available well-log information. The workflow used is composed of seven steps: seismic and well-log dataset loading, well-tie, Vp cube construction, Vp resistivity calibration, time-depth conversion, resistivity cube construction, and quality-control check. As a result, we obtained an interpreted dataset composed by main stratigraphic horizons, pseudo-well logs, and the resistivity cubes. These elements were made freely available for research or commercial use, under the Creative Common License, at the Zenodo platform.
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Barrett, Samuel J., and Jody M. Webster. "Reef Sedimentary Accretion Model (ReefSAM): Understanding coral reef evolution on Holocene time scales using 3D stratigraphic forward modelling." Marine Geology 391 (September 2017): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.07.007.
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Ayranci, Korhan. "Applications of Forward Stratigraphic Modelling in Modern Siliciclastic Settings: A Case Study from the Fraser River Delta, Canada." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052399.
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Forward stratigraphic modelling (FSM) is a relatively new approach that is used to test the importance of parameters that control stratigraphic stacking patterns and to reveal uncertainties such as sedimentation rate and accommodation space. Although FSM is commonly employed in the study of ancient systems, it is rarely applied to modern settings. The Fraser River Delta in Canada provides an opportunity to test applications of FSM in recently deposited sediments in an active sedimentary basin. Because it is un-dammed, the river enables comparison of the modern and ancient systems. It is also a well-studied river system, with sufficient data to generate a realistic model for predicting future scenarios. In this study, Dionisos software is used, and the evolution of the delta over the past 10,000 years is successfully simulated in two steps (5000 years each) using both realistic and real-time data. The main controlling parameters are observed to be the sediment supply and water discharge values, and to a lesser extent, sea level variation. Several possible future scenarios are tested, changing the main parameters to understand and to predict future morphological changes and stacking patterns. Increasing the main parameter values resulted in progradation, while reducing resulted in erosion, particularly in the subaqueous section of the delta. The results of this study can be used to calibrate numerical modelling applications in both modern and ancient deltaic settings.
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Salles, Tristan, Jodie Pall, Jody M. Webster, and Belinda Dechnik. "Exploring coral reef responses to millennial-scale climatic forcings: insights from the 1-D numerical tool pyReef-Core v1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2018): 2093–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2093-2018.
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Abstract. Assemblages of corals characterise specific reef biozones and the environmental conditions that change spatially across a reef and with depth. Drill cores through fossil reefs record the time and depth distribution of assemblages, which captures a partial history of the vertical growth response of reefs to changing palaeoenvironmental conditions. The effects of environmental factors on reef growth are well understood on ecological timescales but are poorly constrained at centennial to geological timescales. pyReef-Core is a stratigraphic forward model designed to solve the problem of unobservable environmental processes controlling vertical reef development by simulating the physical, biological and sedimentological processes that determine vertical assemblage changes in drill cores. It models the stratigraphic development of coral reefs at centennial to millennial timescales under environmental forcing conditions including accommodation (relative sea-level upward growth), oceanic variability (flow speed, nutrients, pH and temperature), sediment input and tectonics. It also simulates competitive coral assemblage interactions using the generalised Lotka–Volterra system of equations (GLVEs) and can be used to infer the influence of environmental conditions on the zonation and vertical accretion and stratigraphic succession of coral assemblages over decadal timescales and greater. The tool can quantitatively test carbonate platform development under the influence of ecological and environmental processes and efficiently interpret vertical growth and karstification patterns observed in drill cores. We provide two realistic case studies illustrating the basic capabilities of the model and use it to reconstruct (1) the Holocene history (from 8500 years to present) of coral community responses to environmental changes and (2) the evolution of an idealised coral reef core since the last interglacial (from 140 000 years to present) under the influence of sea-level change, subsidence and karstification. We find that the model reproduces the details of the formation of existing coral reef stratigraphic sequences both in terms of assemblages succession, accretion rates and depositional thicknesses. It can be applied to estimate the impact of changing environmental conditions on growth rates and patterns under many different settings and initial conditions.
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Simmons, M. D., and C. L. Williams. "Sequence stratigraphy and eustatic sea-level change: the role of micropalaeontology." Journal of Micropalaeontology 11, no. 2 (December 1, 1992): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.11.2.112.
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Abstract. Following the May 1992 meeting in Dijon, which initiated an international project on the “Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins”, it seems an appropriate time to consider the contribution micropalaeontology can make to the science of sequence stratigraphy. In this short note, we assume that readers are familiar with sequence stratigraphic terminology; if not, see Van Wagoner et al. (1988).WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FACING SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY?Demonstrating global eustatic sea-level change. We accept that the basic sequence stratigraphy model put forward by Peter Vail and his colleagues (see Van Wagoner et al., 1988 for a summary) is a powerful tool for describing many sedimentary successions, and that the associated eustatic sea-level curve (Haq et al., 1987) has some validity. Our own observations on numerous sedimentary sequences around the world suggest that local and global eustatic events exist, and that relative sea-level curves can be constructed, but it should be remembered that the timing and magnitude of many global eustatic events are still to be established. As most workers in the field will be aware, much of the evidence to support the Haq et al. curve has not been published. The Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins Project will go some way to rectify this, but it should be borne in mind that there can be an unfortunate tendency to use the Haq et al. curve for dating in its own right - i.e. fitting relative sea-level changes seen in a succession to the curve. If this is done, then the global . . .
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Hansen, David Lundbek, Søren Bom Nielsen, and Derek J. Blundell. "A Model for the evolution of the Weald." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 49 (December 2, 2002): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2003-49-09.
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The Weald Basin developed through the Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous as an extensional basin founded upon E–W trending low-angle faults that were probably Variscan thrusts, subsequently reactivated as normal faults. Later, the basin was inverted and uplifted into a broad dome, whilst the London Basin to the north, and the Hampshire–Dieppe Basin to the south, subsided as flanking basins during the late Palaeocene–Eocene. Seismic sections across the Weald indicate that inversion resulted from north-directed stress. A stratigraphic reconstruction based on a N–S profile across the Weald and flanking basins serves as a template for a forward, 2D thermo-mechanical model that simulates the evolution of the Weald Basin through crustal extension and its inversion, and subsidence of the flanking basins, through compression. The model provides a physical explanation for this sequence of events, requiring a region of crust of reduced strength relative to its flanks. This weak region is the location of crustal-scale Variscan thrusts that have been reactivated subsequently. The strong crust on the flanks is essential for the development of flanking basins during inversion and uplift of the Weald.
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Quiquerez, A., P. Allemand, G. Dromart, and J.-P. Garcia. "Impact of storms on mixed carbonate and siliciclastic shelves: insights from combined diffusive and fluid-flow transport stratigraphic forward model." Basin Research 16, no. 4 (December 2004): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2004.00247.x.
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Langhi, Laurent, Bozkurt Ciftci, and Julian Strand. "Constraining fluid migration in low density data area: successful use of integrated modelling in the Southern Perth Basin." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13107.
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Constraining trap integrity or CO2 containment potential in areas with low density of data is challenging. We show here how the integration of hard data and modelling improved our understanding of the subsurface tectonic and stratigraphic architecture and ensured an initial definition of hydraulic behaviour of faults and fractures in the onshore Southern Perth Basin. A first-order geomodel was built based on interpretation of low-density 2D-seismic data and constrained by well, geophysical, and outcrop data. Forward stratigraphic models were deformed and implemented in the geomodel to predict the distribution of the phyllosilicate content. Membrane fault-seal prediction was performed based on the Shale Gouge Ratio algorithm to estimate the lateral migration potential. Characterisation of the stress state of fault planes was used to define the likelihood of reactivation and to predict vertical migration and caprock bypass. The elastic dislocation method was used to model the density and mode of failure of subsidiary sub-seismic faults that can impact on the caprock integrity. This was also used to constrain and validate the structural model. The integrated modelling significantly decreased uncertainties on the subsurface architecture and ensured the first-order definition of the CO2 migration and containment potential for the Wonnerup reservoir in the SW Hub. The maximum CO2 column heights supported by faults and potential leak points were estimated and migration scenarios and risks were defined.
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Nielsen, M. Houmark. "A lithostratigraphy of Weichselian glacial and interstadial deposits in Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 46 (December 20, 1999): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1999-46-09.
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A lithostratigraphic model of Weichselian tills and inter-till deposits in Denmark is erected. Deposits comprise 1) Till, other diamicts and meltwater sediments deposited during glaciated stadials and 2) Interstadial and stadial fluvial, lacustrine and marine sediments deposited under climatic ameliorations and ice free conditions. Stratigraphic successions are correlated using lithological and palaeoecological evidence and they are linked to the marine sequences in northern Denmark named the Skærumhede series. Three stadials with one or more glaciation events succeeding Eemian interglacial conditions have been recognized. The oldest, Ristinge stadial, is most likely from the early Middle Weichselian situated between the Odderade and Moershoofd interstadials. It comprises The Ristinge, Ringshøj and Lovns tills of Baltic origin is found in the eastern and central parts of Denmark. The post-Hengelo, Klintholm stadial from the late Middle Weichselian, is represented by the Baltic Klintholm till found in the easternmost part of the country and possibly the Esrum diamicton in the buried Esrum valley belong to this stadial. The post-Sandnes interstadial, Late Weichselian Jylland stadial comprise the Kattegat Till of Norwegian provenance is found in northern Denmark. It is followed by the Mid Danish, Grenå, Fårup, Store Klinthøj, Himmerland tills of middle Swedish origin, and deposited by the ice-stream which reached the Main Stationary Line from northeasterly directions. The East Jylland and North Sjælland tills of respectively Baltic and Swedish provenance overlie the former tills in eastern Denmark. These are succeeded by the Bælthav Till of Baltic origin which is confined to the Danish islands. Late glacial deposits from the Bølling-Allerød oscillation comprises the upper boundary for Weichselian deposits. The compilation of the stratigraphic model serves the purpose of combining and bringing forward regional and local stratigraphic studies from the past decades and to set up a frame-work for dating the age and duration individual glaciation events and interstadials.
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Triantafilis, J., and F. A. Monteiro Santos. "2-Dimensional soil and vadose-zone representation using an EM38 and EM34 and a laterally constrained inversion model." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09013.
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The network of prior streams and palaeochannels common across the Riverine Plains of the Murray–Darling Basin act as conduits for the redistribution of water and soluble salts beneath the root-zone. To improve scientific understanding of these hydrological processes there is the need to better represent and map the connectivity and spatial extent of these physiographic and stratigraphic features. Groundbased electromagnetic (EM) instruments, which measure bulk soil electrical conductivity (σa), have been used widely to map their areal distribution across the landscape. However, methods to resolve their location with depth have rarely been attempted. In this paper we employ a 1-D inversion algorithm with 2-D smoothness constraints to predict the true electrical conductivity (σ) at discrete depth increments using EM data. The EM data we use include the root-zone measuring EM38 and the deeper sensing EM34. We collected EM38 data in the vertical (EM38v) and horizontal (EM38h) dipole modes and EM34 data in the horizontal mode and coil spacing of 10, 20, and 40 m (respectively, EM34-10, EM34-20, and EM34-40). In order to compare and contrast the value of the various EM data we carried out multiple inversions using different combinations, which include: independent inversions of (i) EM38 (root-zone) and (ii) EM34 data (vadose-zone), and in combination using (iii) EM38v, EM38h, and EM34-10 (near-surface), and (iv) all 5 EM datasets (regolith) available. The general patterns of σ are shown to compare favourably with the known pedoderms, physiographic, and stratigraphic features and soil particle size fractions collected from calibration cores drilled across the lower Macquarie Valley study area. In general we find that the EM38 assists in resolving root-zone variability, specifically duplex soil profiles and physiographic features such as prior streams, while the use of the EM34 assists in resolving the stratigraphic nature of the vadose-zone and specifically the likely location of palaeochannels and subsurface anomalies that may indicate the location of good quality groundwater and/or clay aquitards. In this case, our potential to use σ to predict clay content is limited by the non-linearity of the cumulative functions. In order to improve on the non-linearity of our inversion we need to develop a full solution of the forward problem.
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NIRTA, GIUSEPPE, GIOVANNA MORATTI, LUIGI PICCARDI, DOMENICO MONTANARI, NICOLAOS CARRAS, RITA CATANZARITI, MARCO CHIARI, and MARTA MARCUCCI. "From obduction to continental collision: new data from Central Greece." Geological Magazine 155, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 377–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000942.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to contribute to deciphering the evolutionary history of the Hellenides by the study of a large sector of the chain located between the front of the ophiolitic units and the external zones classically attributed to the continental margin of Adria. In particular, the tectonic units located in Boeotia – a key area located in Central Greece at the boundary between the Internal and External Hellenides – were studied from structural, stratigraphic and biostratigraphic points of view. Addressing the main debated aspects concerning the origin of the ophiolite nappe(s), the tectonic evolution of the Hellenic orogen was revised with a particular emphasis on the period between obduction and continental collision. New findings were compared with consolidated data concerning the main metamorphic events recorded in the more Internal Hellenides, geochemistry and age of the ophiolites and main stratigraphic constraints obtained in other sectors of the belt. Finally, a new reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of this area was introduced and, in the context of the dispute concerning the origin of the ‘ophiolitic belts’ as a possible record of multiple oceanic basins, we put forward for consideration a ‘single ocean’ tectonic model spanning from Triassic up to Tertiary times, and valid for the whole Hellenic–Albanian sector.
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Hannisdal, Bjarte. "Inferring phenotypic evolution in the fossil record by Bayesian inversion." Paleobiology 33, no. 1 (2007): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06038.1.
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This paper takes an alternative approach to the problem of inferring patterns of phenotypic evolution in the fossil record. Reconstructing temporal biological signal from noisy stratophenetic data is an inverse problem analogous to subsurface reconstructions in geophysics, and similar methods apply. To increase the information content of stratophenetic series, available geological data on sample ages and environments are included as prior knowledge, and all inferences are conditioned on the uncertainty in these geological variables. This uncertainty, as well as data error and the stochasticity of fossil preservation and evolution, prevents any unique solution to the stratophenetic inverse problem. Instead, the solution is defined as a distribution of model parameter values that explain the data to varying degrees. This distribution is obtained by direct Monte Carlo sampling of the parameter space, and evaluated with Bayesian integrals. The Bayesian inversion is illustrated with Miocene stratigraphic data from the ODP Leg 174AX Bethany Beach borehole. A sample of the benthic foraminiferPseudononion pizarrensisis used to obtain a phenotypic covariance matrix for outline shape, which constrains a model of multivariate shape evolution. The forward model combines this evolutionary model and stochastic models of fossil occurrence with the empirical sedimentary record to generate predicted stratophenetic series. A synthetic data set is inverted, using the Neighbourhood Algorithm to sample the parameter space and characterize the posterior probability distribution. Despite small sample sizes and noisy shape data, most of the generating parameter values are well resolved, and the underlying pattern of phenotypic evolution can be reconstructed, with quantitative measures of uncertainty. Inversion of a stratigraphic series into a time series can significantly improve our perception and interpretation of an evolutionary pattern.
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Borgomano, Jean, Cyprien Lanteaume, Philippe Léonide, François Fournier, Lucien F. Montaggioni, and Jean-Pierre Masse. "Quantitative carbonate sequence stratigraphy: Insights from stratigraphic forward models." AAPG Bulletin 104, no. 5 (May 2020): 1115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/11111917396.
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Ramdani, Ahmad, Andika Perbawa, Ingrid Puspita, and Volker Vahrenkamp. "Acoustic impedance to outcrop: Presenting near-surface seismic data as a virtual outcrop in carbonate analog studies." Leading Edge 41, no. 9 (September 2022): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41090599.1.
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Outcrop analogs play a central role in understanding subseismic interwell depositional facies heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs. Outcrop geologists rarely utilize near-surface seismic data due to the limited vertical resolution and difficulty visualizing seismic signals as “band-limited rocks.” This study proposes a methodology using a combination of forward modeling and conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to translate seismic-derived acoustic impedance (AI) into a pseudo-high-resolution virtual outcrop. We tested the methodology on the Hanifa reservoir analog outcropping in Wadi Birk, Saudi Arabia. We interpret a 4 km long outcrop photomosaic from a digital outcrop model (DOM) for its depositional facies, populate the DOM with AI properties, and forward calculate the band-limited AI of the DOM facies using colored inversion. We pair the synthetic band-limited AI with DOM facies and train them using a cGAN. Similarly, we pair the DOM facies with outcrop photos and train them using a cGAN. We chain the two trained networks and apply them to the approximately 600 m long seismic-derived AI data acquired just behind the outcrop. The result translates AI images into a virtual outcrop “behind-the-outcrop” model. This virtual outcrop model is a visual medium that operates at a resolution and format more familiar to outcrop geologists. This model resolves subseismic stratigraphic features such as the intricate downlap-onlap stratal termination at scales of tens of centimeters and the outline of buildup facies, which are otherwise unresolvable in the band-limited AI.
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Salles, T., E. Marchès, C. Dyt, C. Griffiths, V. Hanquiez, and T. Mulder. "Simulation of the interactions between gravity processes and contour currents on the Algarve Margin (South Portugal) using the stratigraphic forward model Sedsim." Sedimentary Geology 229, no. 3 (August 2010): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.007.
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Burgess, Peter M., Isabella Masiero, Stephan C. Toby, and Robert A. Duller. "A Big Fan of Signals? Exploring Autogenic and Allogenic Process and Product In a Numerical Stratigraphic Forward Model of Submarine-Fan Development." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.3.
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Yin, Xiangdong, Shuangfang Lu, Pengfei Wang, Qiming Wang, Wei Wang, and Tongyun Yao. "A three-dimensional high-resolution reservoir model of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in Bohai Bay Basin, integrating stratigraphic forward modeling and geostatistics." Marine and Petroleum Geology 82 (April 2017): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.02.007.
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Soutter, Euan L., Ian A. Kane, Arne Fuhrmann, Zoë A. Cumberpatch, and Mads Huuse. "The stratigraphic evolution of onlap in siliciclastic deep-water systems: Autogenic modulation of allogenic signals." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 890–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.49.
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ABSTRACT Seafloor topography affects the sediment gravity flows that interact with it. Understanding this interaction is critical for accurate predictions of sediment distribution and paleogeographic or structural reconstructions of deep-water basins. The effects of seafloor topography can be seen from the bed scale, through facies transitions toward intra-basinal slopes, to the basin scale, where onlap patterns reveal the spatial evolution of deep-water systems. Basin-margin onlap patterns are typically attributed to allogenic factors, such as sediment supply signals or subsidence rates, with few studies emphasizing the importance of predictable spatio-temporal autogenic flow evolution. This study aims to assess the autogenic controls on onlap by documenting onlap styles in the confined Eocene-to-Oligocene deep-marine Annot Basin of SE France. Measured sections, coupled with architectural observations, mapping, and paleogeographical interpretations, are used to categorize onlap styles and place them within a generic stratigraphic model. These observations are compared with a simple numerical model. The integrated stratigraphic model predicts that during progradation of a deep-water system into a confined basin successive onlap terminations will be partially controlled by the effect of increasing flow concentration. Initially thin-bedded low-density turbidites of the distal lobe fringe are deposited and drape basinal topography. As the system progrades these beds become overlain by hybrid beds and other deposits of higher-concentration flows developed in the proximal lobe fringe. This transition is therefore marked by intra-formational onlap against the underlying and lower-concentration lobe fringe that drapes the topography. Continued progradation results in deposition of lower-concentration deposits in the lobe off-axis, resulting in either further intra-formational onlap against the lobe fringe or onlap directly against the hemipelagic basin margin. Basinal relief is gradually reduced as axial and higher-volume flows become more prevalent during progradation, causing the basin to become a bypass zone for sediment routed down-dip. This study presents an autogenic mechanism for generating complex onlap trends without the need to invoke allogenic processes. This has implications for sequence-stratigraphic interpretations, basin subsidence history, and forward modeling of confined deep-water basins.
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Fischer, Klaus C., Ulrich Möller, and Roland Marschall. "Advanced Seismic Data Interpretation for Carbonate Targets Based on Optimized Processing Techniques." GeoArabia 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0102285.
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ABSTRACT Seismic data from the shelf area of the Cretaceous Shu’aiba Formation in Abu Dhabi is used to investigate stratigraphic and structural seismic anomalies. The data consists of a 2-D grid of seismic lines, acquired in the late 1980s and 1993. The data was reprocessed in several phases. The first phase consists of standard time domain processing upto final Dip Move Out stack and migration. In the second phase, a macro-velocity model for post-stack depth migration is generated and tested by the interpreters. The third phase is the interpretation of the pre-stack depth migration stack. Due to the structural irregularity of the Shu’aiba Formation, the pre-stack depth migrated data is considered the most reliable for Amplitude Versus Offset analysis. Further steps are L-1 deconvolution followed by Born Inversion. These last steps are required before the lithology can be modeled with high-resolution. The final lithological model is verified by applying forward modeling. The lithological model forms the basis for reservoir and geostatistical evaluations which account for heterogeneities.
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Mallick, Subhashis. "Some practical aspects of prestack waveform inversion using a genetic algorithm: An example from the east Texas Woodbine gas sand." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 2 (March 1999): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444538.
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In this paper, a prestack inversion method using a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented, and issues relating to the implementation of prestack GA inversion in practice are discussed. GA is a Monte‐Carlo type inversion, using a natural analogy to the biological evolution process. When GA is cast into a Bayesian framework, a priori information of the model parameters and the physics of the forward problem are used to compute synthetic data. These synthetic data can then be matched with observations to obtain approximate estimates of the marginal a posteriori probability density (PPD) functions in the model space. Plots of these PPD functions allow an interpreter to choose models which best describe the specific geologic setting and lead to an accurate prediction of seismic lithology. Poststack inversion and prestack GA inversion were applied to a Woodbine gas sand data set from East Texas. A comparison of prestack inversion with poststack inversion demonstrates that prestack inversion shows detailed stratigraphic features of the subsurface which are not visible on the poststack inversion.
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Toxopeus, Gerrit, Jan Thorbecke, Kees Wapenaar, Steen Petersen, Evert Slob, and Jacob Fokkema. "Simulating migrated and inverted seismic data by filtering a geologic model." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (March 2008): T1—T10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2827875.
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The simulation of migrated and inverted data is hampered by the high computational cost of generating 3D synthetic data, followed by processes of migration and inversion. For example, simulating the migrated seismic signature of subtle stratigraphic traps demands the expensive exercise of 3D forward modeling, followed by 3D migration of the synthetic seismograms. This computational cost can be overcome using a strategy for simulating migrated and inverted data by filtering a geologic model with 3D spatial-resolution and angle filters, respectively. A key property of the approach is this: The geologic model that describes a target zone is decoupled from the macrovelocity model used to compute the filters. The process enables a target-orientedapproach, by which a geologically detailed earth model describing a reservoir is adjusted without having to recalculate the filters. Because a spatial-resolution filter combines the results of the modeling and migration operators, the simulated images can be compared directly to a real migration image. We decompose the spatial-resolution filter into two parts and show that applying one of those parts produces output directly comparable to 1D inverted real data. Two-dimensional synthetic examples that include seismic uncertainties demonstrate the usefulness of the approach. Results from a real data example show that horizontal smearing, which is not simulated by the 1D convolution model result, is essential to understand the seismic expression of the deformation related to sulfate dissolution and karst collapse.
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Collier, R. E. Ll, M. R. Leeder, and J. R. Maynard. "Transgressions and regressions: a model for the influence of tectonic subsidence, deposition and eustasy, with application to Quaternary and Carboniferous examples." Geological Magazine 127, no. 2 (March 1990): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800013819.
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AbstractThe position of a coastline in time and space is determined by (1) the vertical displacement and/or tilting of the depositional surface, (2) the rate of sediment accumulation or erosion across that surface, and (3) variation of sea-level. All three rates of change may vary through time. We present computer simulations of coastline movements that illustrate the interaction of the above variables, with (1) and (2) held at various defined levels whilst (3) is varied according to the late Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea-level curve. The Corinth Canal section in central Greece exposes uplifted late Quaternary coastal transgressive cycles, each of which may be related to a radiometrically dated, c. 100 ka duration, cycle of sea-level change. Observed stratigraphic sequence geometries are predicted by forward modelling based on the known glacio-eustatic history over the last 430 ka. Milankovitch orbital parameters are calculated for the Carboniferous period. The obliquity and precession parameters are found to have been significantly shorter than at present. A simulation is presented of the effects of sea-level changes across low gradient, fluvio-deltaic environments such as existed in northern England and other parts of the Laurentian continental margin during Upper Carboniferous time.
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Thomas, G. P., M. R. Lennane, F. Glass, T. Walker, M. Partington, K. R. Leischner, and R. C. Davis. "BREATHING NEW LIFE INTO THE EASTERN DAMPIER SUB-BASIN: AN INTEGRATED REVIEW BASED ON GEOPHYSICAL, STRATIGRAPHIC AND BASIN MODELLING EVALUATION." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03004.
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The eastern Dampier Sub-basin on Australia’s northwestern margin has been subject to intensive exploration activity since the early 1960s. The commercial success rate for exploration drilling, however, has been a disappointing 8%, despite numerous indications of at least one active petroleum system. During 2002–2003, Woodside and its joint venture partners undertook an integrated review of the area, aimed at unlocking its remaining potential. Stratigraphy, hydrocarbon charge and 3D seismic data quality were addressed in parallel.The eastern Dampier Sub-basin stratigraphy was upgraded from the existing, conventional, second-order tectono-stratigraphic framework to a third-order, exploration-scale, genetic stratigraphic framework. The new framework has regional predictive capability in terms of reservoir (and seal) presence and facies, and has led to recognition of new plays and an enhanced understanding of known plays. One new play involves shoreface sands within the Calypso Formation. New light has been shed on the known Lower Cretaceous M.australis sands play (K30), by the creation of gross depositional environment maps at third-order sequence scale. The Upper Jurassic deepwater clastics play of the Lewis Trough has also been developed, by recognition of four prospective, sand-rich gravity-flow intervals in the early Oxfordian (J42 play).A 3D charge modelling study, underpinned by new geochemical analysis, has allowed delineation of areas of higher and lower risk in terms of hydrocarbon charge and phase (oil versus gas). Key source rocks for oil are identified in the early Oxfordian W.spectabilis biozone, although they are also a likely source for gas in the southwest of the area. The Bathonian-Callovian Upper Legendre Formation is a major source for gas, but could also have contributed minor oil in the northeast of the area. By a combination of geochemical fingerprinting and 3D forward modelling, most hydrocarbon occurrences in the area have been tied to these source intervals, complete with a consistent view of maturities and migration pathways.Some 1,500 km2 of the Panaeus multi-client 3D survey were reprocessed, with close attention to multiple removal, velocities and imaging. A step-change improvement in seismic quality was obtained, together with improved velocities for depth conversion.The prospect portfolio has been polarised and much enhanced through these studies, and the results of several existing wells have become better understood. Some new prospects were identified by apparent direct fluid indications, detected in one case by 3D volume AVO screening. Other new prospects are the result of a clearer seismic image, or of the revised velocity model for depth conversion. New plays are still being followed up, while the fresh light cast on existing plays (e.g. K30 and J42), in combination with improved seismic data, has led to development of several interesting opportunities.