Journal articles on the topic 'Stratified representative sampling'
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Iliyasu, Rufai, and Ilker Etikan. "Comparison of quota sampling and stratified random sampling." Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2021.10.00326.
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The possibility that researchers should be able to obtain data from all cases is questionable. There is a need; therefore, this article provides a probability and non-probability sampling. In this paper we studied the differences and similarities of the two with approach that is more of fritter away time, cost sufficient with energy required throughout the sample observed. The pair shows the differences and similarities between them, different articles were reviewed to compare the two. Quota sampling and Stratified sampling are close to each other. Both require the division into groups of the target population. The main goal of both methods is to select a representative sample and facilitate sub-group research. There are major variations, however. Stratified sampling uses simple random sampling when the categories are generated; sampling of the quota uses sampling of availability. For stratified sampling, a sampling frame is necessary, but not needed for quota sampling. More specifically, stratified sampling is a method of probability sampling which enables the calculation of the sampling error. For quota samples, this is not possible. Quota sampling is therefore primarily used by market analysts rather than stratified sampling, as it is mostly cost-effective and easy to conduct and has the appealing equity of satisfying population reach. However, it disguises potentially significant bias.
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Gnat, Sebastian. "Analysis of the Impact of the Type of Sampling of Representative Properties on the Results of Mass Appraisal." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0041.
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Abstract Research background: Mass valuation is a process in which many properties are valued simultaneously with a uniform approach. An example of a procedure used for mass real estate valuation is the Szczecin Algorithm of Real Estate Mass Appraisal (SAREMA), which can be developed into a multiple regression model. The algorithm is based on a set of drawn representative properties. This set determines, inter alia, the quality of obtained valuations. Purpose: The objective of the study is to verify the hypothesis whether changing the method of sampling representative properties from the originally used simple random sampling to stratified sampling improves the results of the SAREMA econometric variant. Research methodology: The article presents a study that uses two methods of representative properties sampling – simple random sampling and stratified sampling. Errors of the models of valuation created taking into account both methods of sampling and different number of representative properties are compared. A key aspect of the survey is the choice of a better sampling method. Results: The study has shown that stratified sampling improves valuation results and, more specifically, allows for lower root mean square errors. Stratified sampling yielded better results in the initial phase of the study with more observations, but reducing the percentage of strata participating in the draws, despite the increase in RMSE, guaranteed lower errors than the corresponding results based on simple sampling in all variants of the study. Novelty: The article confirms the possibility of improving the results of mass property valuation by changing the scheme of representative properties sampling. The results allowed for the conclusion that stratified sampling is a better way of creating a set of representative properties.
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Sun, Zhuo, Zhixin Zhang, Min Chen, Zhen Qian, Min Cao, and Yongning Wen. "Improving the Performance of Automated Rooftop Extraction through Geospatial Stratified and Optimized Sampling." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 4961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194961.
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Accurate and timely access to building rooftop information is very important for urban management. The era of big data brings new opportunities for rooftop extraction based on deep learning and high-resolution satellite imagery. However, collecting representative datasets from such big data to train deep learning models efficiently is an essential problem that still needs to be explored. In this study, geospatial stratified and optimized sampling (GSOS) based on geographical priori information and optimization of sample spatial location distribution is proposed to acquire representative samples. Specifically, the study area is stratified based on land cover to divide the rooftop-dense stratum and the rooftop-sparse stratum. Within each stratum, an equal amount of samples is collected and their spatial locations are optimized. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, several qualitive and quantitative experiments are conducted. As a result, compared with other common sampling approaches (e.g., random sampling, stratified random sampling, and optimized sampling), GSOS is superior in terms of the abundance and types of collected samples. Furthermore, two quantitative metrics, the F1-score and Intersection over Union (IoU), are reported for rooftop extraction based on deep learning methods and different sampling methods, in which the results based on GSOS are on average 9.88% and 13.20% higher than those based on the other sampling methods, respectively. Moreover, the proposed sampling strategy is able to obtain representative training samples for the task of building rooftop extractions and may serve as a viable method to alleviate the labour-intensive problem in the construction of rooftop benchmark datasets.
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Studnicki, M., W. Mądry, and J. Schmidt. "Comparing the efficiency of sampling strategies to establish a representative in the phenotypic-based genetic diversity core collection of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 1 (February 8, 2013): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9/2012-cjgpb.
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Establishing a core collection that represents the genetic diversity of the entire collection with a minimum loss of its original diversity and minimal redundancies is an important problem for gene bank curators and crop breeders. In this paper, we assess the representativeness of the original genetic diversity in core collections consisting of one-tenth of the entire collection obtained according to 23 sampling strategies. The study was performed using the Polish orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L. germplasm collection as a model. The representativeness of the core collections was validated by the difference of means (MD%) and difference of mean squared Euclidean distance (d‒D%) for the studied traits in the core subsets and the entire collection. In this way, we compared the efficiency of a simple random and 22 (20 cluster-based and 2 direct cluster-based) stratified sampling strategies. Each cluster-based stratified sampling strategy is a combination of 2 clusterings, 5 allocations and 2 methods of sampling in a group. We used the accession genotypic predicted values for 8 quantitative traits tested in field trials. A sampling strategy is considered more effective for establishing core collections if the means of the traits in a core are maintained at the same level as the means in the entire collection (i.e., the mean of MD% in the simulated samples is close to zero) and, simultaneously, when the overall variation in a core collection is greater than in the entire collection (i.e., the mean of d‒D% in the simulated samples is greater than that obtained for the simple random sampling strategy). Both cluster analyses (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean UPGMA and Ward) were similarly useful in constructing those sampling strategies capable of establishing representative core collections. Among the allocation methods that are relatively most useful for constructing efficient samplings were proportional and D2 (including variation). Within the Ward clusters, the random sampling was better than the cluster-based sampling, but not within the UPGMA clusters.
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Kesur, Khewal Bhupendra. "Improving Precision and Reducing Runtime of Microscopic Traffic Simulators through Stratified Sampling." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/754204.
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This paper examines the application of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Antithetic Variables (AVs) to reduce the variance of estimated performance measures from microscopic traffic simulators. LHS and AV allow for a more representative coverage of input probability distributions through stratification, reducing the standard error of simulation outputs. Two methods of implementation are examined, one where stratification is applied to headways and routing decisions of individual vehicles and another where vehicle counts and entry times are more evenly sampled. The proposed methods have wider applicability in general queuing systems. LHS is found to outperform AV, and reductions of up to 71% in the standard error of estimates of traffic network performance relative to independent sampling are obtained. LHS allows for a reduction in the execution time of computationally expensive microscopic traffic simulators as fewer simulations are required to achieve a fixed level of precision with reductions of up to 84% in computing time noted on the test cases considered. The benefits of LHS are amplified for more congested networks and as the required level of precision increases.
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Huang, Man, Dan Liu, Chenjie Hong, Shigui Du, Zhanyou Luo, Changhong Li, and Yongliang Huang. "Representative Sample Sampling Method for Size Effect Experiment of Jointed Rock Mass." Geofluids 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8870387.
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The influence of size effect on the hydromechanical behavior of rock mass has long been recognized. As a result, analysis of the rock mass size effect has been developed. However, when conducting size effect studies, the representativeness of the sample is less considered. Therefore, combining the existing statistical methods and sampling methods, a comprehensive representative sampling method for rock mass is present. In this method, a large number of sample statistics of different sizes are provided in the progressive coverage method; then, the plane density of the track length is defined as the value of stratification to perform stratified sampling for representative samples. Furthermore, it is applied to a joint network model generated in accordance with the actual situation and compared with those of other methods. The sampling results show that the proposed method can provide a certain reference value for studying the scale-dependent behavior of rock mass mechanical parameters.
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McDowell, Ian, Richard Aylesworth, Margaret Stewart, Gerry Hill, and Joan Lindsay. "Study Sampling in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging." International Psychogeriatrics 13, S1 (February 2001): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610202007950.
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The Canadian Study of Health and Aging drew representative samples of people aged 65 or over from the community and institutions across Canada. The sample was designed to provide regional and national prevalence estimates for dementia by age and sex. Thirty-six sampling areas were used in a stratified cluster design with optimal allocation; sampling weights were developed to provide population estimates. The sample included 9,008 people aged 65 or over from the community, and 1,255 from institutions. This report describes the sampling procedures, the methods used to recruit people to the study and participation rates, the characteristics of the resulting sample, and the way in which sample weights should be used.
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Kiely, M., A. Flynn, KE Harrington, PJ Robson, and G. Cran. "Sampling description and procedures used to conduct the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5a (October 2001): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001183.
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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this survey was to establish a database of habitual food and drink consumption in a representative sample of Irish adults, aged 18–64 years. The present paper describes the sampling protocol, response rate and characteristics of the survey population in terms of sex and age groups, seasonality, geographical location, marital status, social class, socio-economic status and education level.DesignA cross-sectional food consumption survey was carried out. In the Republic of Ireland, a nationally representative sample of adults was randomly selected with a validated two-stage clustered design, using the electoral register as the sampling frame. This method produced a self-weighting or ‘epsem’ sample of individuals, where each adult who was registered to vote had an equal opportunity of being selected. Similarly, in Northern Ireland, a two-stage random sampling procedure was used. The sampling frame was the electoral register, and the sample was stratified by urban/rural and by an index of material deprivation, to ensure representation of each sector of the community. The recruitment procedure was the same in the North and South. An introductory letter with an information leaflet was posted to each selected individual and these were followed up by a visit from a fieldworker, who invited participation in the survey.SettingNorthern Ireland and Republic of Ireland between 1997 and 1999.ResultsThe response rate, which is the percentage of the total number of people who completed a 7-day food diary (n = 1379) out of the total eligible sample (n = 2177), was 63%. Non-respondents and dropouts constituted 34% and 3%, respectively, of the total eligible sample. Compared with the most recent census figures available, the sample was generally found to be representative in terms of sex and age group profiles, geographical location, marital status, seasonality, social class, socio-economic group and education level. Data on sex and age group and geographical location were collected from non-respondents for comparison with the survey sample. There were no apparent differences between them.ConclusionThe North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey has established a Samplino relational database of habitual food and drink consumption, in addition to data on Response rate habitual physical activity, anthropometric measurements, socio-demographic factors, Demographics lifestyle, health status indicators and attitudes, in a nationally representative sample Socio-economic factors of the population of the island of Ireland.
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Gong, Yali, Huan Xie, Yanmin Jin, and Xiaohua Tong. "Assessing Multi-Temporal Global Urban Land-Cover Products Using Spatio-Temporal Stratified Sampling." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080451.
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In recent years, the availability of multi-temporal global land-cover datasets has meant that they have become a key data source for evaluating land cover in many applications. Due to the high data volume of the multi-temporal land-cover datasets, probability sampling is an efficient method for validating multi-temporal global urban land-cover maps. However, the current accuracy assessment methods often work for a single-epoch dataset, and they are not suitable for multi-temporal data products. Limitations such as repeated sampling and inappropriate sample allocation can lead to inaccurate evaluation results. In this study, we propose the use of spatio-temporal stratified sampling to assess thematic mappings with respect to the temporal changes and spatial clustering. The total number of samples in the two stages, i.e., map and pixel, was obtained by using a probability sampling model. Since the proportion of the area labeled as no change is large while that of the area labeled as change is small, an optimization algorithm for determining the sample sizes of the different strata is proposed by minimizing the sum of variance of the user’s accuracy, producer’s accuracy, and proportion of area for all strata. The experimental results show that the allocation of sample size by the proposed method results in the smallest bias in the estimated accuracy, compared with the conventional sample allocation, i.e., equal allocation and proportional allocation. The proposed method was applied to multi-temporal global urban land-cover maps from 2000 to 2010, with a time interval of 5 years. Due to the spatial aggregation characteristics, the local pivotal method (LPM) is adopted to realize spatially balanced sampling, leading to more representative samples for each stratum in the spatial domain. The main contribution of our research is the proposed spatio-temporal sampling approach and the accuracy assessment conducted for the multi-temporal global urban land-cover product.
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Lafetá, Bruno Oliveira, Tamires Mousslech Andrade Penido, Nivaldo De Souza Martins, Márcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira, Danielle Piuzana Mucida, and Reynaldo Campos Santana. "SAMPLING OF CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN FOREST SOILS." FLORESTA 49, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i2.57705.
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Information about sample adequacy that represents soil chemical attributes distribution are fundamental for a better rationalization of the use of correctives and fertilizers. The objective was to evaluate the variability of these attributes and to size the minimum number of composite samples to represent the fertility of forest soils. The total area planted was 9,101ha, constituted of 265 commercial eucalypt stands. The 687 soil composite samples obtained were for chemical analysis. It was evaluated the performance of two exploratory analysis techniques and six sampling procedures. The attributes P, K, Ca, Mg and S presented higher coefficient of variation (>35%). In contrast, the distributions of Al, organic matter and, mainly, pH were the most homogeneous. The sample error was smaller as the amount of composite samples increased. The representative of all chemical attributes (sample error of 5%) was achieved with a minimum of 309 (one each 29ha, 1:29) and 295 (1:31) composite samples from sampling procedures simple casual and stratified by altitude class, respectively. Both procedures were promising for soil sampling, especially, when applying the boxplot for identification and removal of outliers.
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Purwantono. "Pengaruh Bimbingan Perwalian Dan Sikap Taruna Pada Bimbingan Perwalian Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Taruna." Jurnal Sains Teknologi Transportasi Maritim 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51578/j.sitektransmar.v4i2.52.
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This research has been entitled the use of representative practice and cadet attitude at practice to study achievement level of PIP Semarang cadet. The problem taken in this research is to find out if there was any effect between the study achievement PIP Semarang cadet to the use of representative practice and the cadet’s attitude at practice. To answer that problem, the sample used is 50 cadet’s from 220 cadet populations taken stratified random sampling. The analysis system used in this research is validity, reliability, and moment product correlation. The analyst result shows that representative practice frequency is not enough yet, because the average frequency of practice is just once a month. The relation between practice periods to cadet’s study achievement is 0,254 which means there is any relation although it’s so small rate.Penelitian ini berjudul Pengaruh tingkat penerapan peranan bimbingan perwalian dan sikap taruna pada bimbingan perwalian terhadap prestasi belajar taruna PIP Semarang Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh antara prestasi belajar taruna Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang terhadap penerapan bimbingan perwalian dan sikap taruna terhadap bimbingan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, sampel yang digunakan adalah 50 orang dari populasi 220 taruna yang diambil secara stratified random sampling. Analisa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah : uji validitas, reliabilitas, korelasi product moment. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi bimbingan perwalian belum mencukupi karena rata-rata frekuensi bimbingan baru satu kali dalam satu bulan. Hubungan antara lama waktu bimbingan dengan prestasi belajar taruna adalah 0,254 yang berarti terdapat hubungan meskipun tingkat hubungannya sangat kecil.
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Lv, Tingting, Xiang Zhou, Zui Tao, Xiaoyu Sun, Jin Wang, Ruoxi Li, and Futai Xie. "Remote Sensing-Guided Spatial Sampling Strategy over Heterogeneous Surface Ground for Validation of Vegetation Indices Products with Medium and High Spatial Resolution." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142674.
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Remote sensing (RS)-derived vegetation indices (VIs) with medium and high spatial resolution have emerged as a promising dataset for fine-scale ecosystem modeling and agricultural monitoring at local or global scales. Before they can be used as reliable inputs for other research, conducting in situ measurements for validation is very critical. However, the spatial heterogeneity due to the diversity of land cover and its spatial organization in the landscape increases the uncertainty of validation, so design of optimal sampling is an important basis for the reliability of the validation. In this paper, we propose an integrative stratified sampling strategy (INTEG-STRAT) based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data as prior knowledge. The basic idea is to realize a sampling optimization by determining the optimal combination of the spatial sampling method (e.g., simple random sampling (SRS), spatial system sampling (SYS), stratified sampling, generalized random tessellation stratified (GRTS), balanced acceptance sampling (BAS)) and spatial stratification scheme with an objective rule. The objective rule in this paper is to minimize the root mean square error (RMSE) of 10-fold cross validation between estimated values (sample are not included) and the corresponding values on prior knowledge. Relative precision, correlation coefficient, and RMSE are used to compare the effectiveness of the proposed sampling strategy with each sampling method without considering sampling optimization. After comparing, we find that the INTEG-STRAT requires fewer samples to become stable and has higher accuracy. At site 1, when the correlation coefficient between NDVI image and the simulated NDVI surface reached 80%, INTEG-STRAT needed only 70 sampling points while other methods require more sampling points. At the same time, INTEG-STRAT strategy has a smaller RMSE between the estimated values and the corresponding values on prior knowledge image. In general, INTEG-STRAT is an effective method in the selection of representative samples to support the validation of vegetation indices products with medium and high spatial resolution.
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Djafri, Laouni, Djamel Amar Bensaber, and Reda Adjoudj. "Big Data analytics for prediction: parallel processing of the big learning base with the possibility of improving the final result of the prediction." Information Discovery and Delivery 46, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/idd-02-2018-0002.
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Purpose This paper aims to solve the problems of big data analytics for prediction including volume, veracity and velocity by improving the prediction result to an acceptable level and in the shortest possible time. Design/methodology/approach This paper is divided into two parts. The first one is to improve the result of the prediction. In this part, two ideas are proposed: the double pruning enhanced random forest algorithm and extracting a shared learning base from the stratified random sampling method to obtain a representative learning base of all original data. The second part proposes to design a distributed architecture supported by new technologies solutions, which in turn works in a coherent and efficient way with the sampling strategy under the supervision of the Map-Reduce algorithm. Findings The representative learning base obtained by the integration of two learning bases, the partial base and the shared base, presents an excellent representation of the original data set and gives very good results of the Big Data predictive analytics. Furthermore, these results were supported by the improved random forests supervised learning method, which played a key role in this context. Originality/value All companies are concerned, especially those with large amounts of information and want to screen them to improve their knowledge for the customer and optimize their campaigns.
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Schoop, R., J. Beyersmann, M. Schumacher, I. Zuschneid, and G. Rücker. "Are KISS Data Representative of German Intensive Care Units?" Methods of Information in Medicine 45, no. 04 (2006): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634099.
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Summary Objectives: Data collected within the German nosocomial infection surveillance system KISS are recommended as reference data for judging nosocomial infection rates in German intensive care units (ICUs). It is unknown whether the KISS data tend to under- or overestimate the true infection incidence rates. In this article, methodological aspects of the SIR1 study on the incidence of nosocomial infections are discussed, with the aim of estimating unbiased incidence rates of nosocomial infections in interdisciplinary German ICUs and examining whether the KISS data are representative. Methods: We discuss the following methodological issues: 1) Sample size estimation. 2) Stratified random sampling of German ICUs. 3) Investigation of seasonal effects. 4) Statistical modeling of incidence rates using a negative binomial regression model. 5) Comparison of weighted incidence rates with the standardized rate ratio (SRR). Results: Random sampling proved difficult to realize in practice since many ICUs refused to participate, particularly those in small hospitals. Analysis was adjusted for hospital size. No seasonal trends were found in the KISS data. Due to marked differences between ICUs, the number of infections is over-dispersed compared to a Poisson model, so negative binomial regression was used. Fifty ICUs were observed for two consecutive months each, corresponding to 21,832 patient days, during which 262 infections occurred. Infections were more frequent in large hospitals. The incidence rates provided by the SIR study are on average (SRR) 1.89 (1.63-2.20) times as large as those estimated by the KISS system. Conclusion: For estimating nosocomial infection incidence rates, random sampling and statistical modeling of over-dispersion were successfully performed. The study provides evidence that the KISS surveillance system tends to underestimate the true incidence rates of nosocomial infections in German ICUs.
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Amaliyah AR, Rezki, and Nurfadilah Mahmud. "Analisis Kemampuan Representasi Matematis dalam Pemecahan Masalah Geometri serta Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya." Jurnal Review Pembelajaran Matematika 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jrpm.2018.3.2.146-160.
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This is qualitative research with a descriptive-explorative approach that aims to determine students' mathematical representation skills in solving Geometry problems. The population is all students in the mathematics education department who study Basic Geometry. The main subject was chosen by stratified technique and purposive sampling. The instruments are placement tests, diagnostic tests, and guided interviews. Data collection uses a triangulation method that aims to examine legitimate data. The results showed that 1) subjects with high skills always present visual representations and mathematical expressions, 2) subjects with intermediate skills present visual representations and mathematical expressions, and verbal but less representative representations, 3) subjects with low skills don’t present visual representations and mathematical expressions and verbal representations of problem-solving steps; and 4) there are several factors that influence the ability of mathematical representation to solve geometric problems, among others, subjects are less able to present problems in geometric patterns, because the subject does not understand the problem.
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Franco, Francesco, and Anteo Di Napoli. "Metodi di campionamento negli studi epidemiologici." Giornale di Tecniche Nefrologiche e Dialitiche 31, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0394936219869152.
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Sampling methods in epidemiological studies Sampling allows researchers to obtain information about a population through data obtained from a subset of the population, with a saving in terms of costs and workload compared to a study based on the entire population. Sampling allows the collecting of high quality information, provided that the sample size is large enough to detect a true association between exposure and outcome. There are two types of sampling methods: probability and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling the subset of the population is extracted randomly from all eligible individuals; this method, as all subjects have a chance of being chosen, allows researchers to generalize the findings of their study. In non-probability sampling, some individuals have no chance of being selected, because researchers do not extract the sample from all eligible subjects of a population; the sample is probably non-representative, the effect of sampling error cannot be estimated, so that the study produces non-generalizable results. Examples of probability sampling methods are: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and clustered sampling. Examples of non-probability sampling methods are: convenience sampling, judgement sampling.
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Baba, Faisal Ali Mohamed, Miraç Aydın, and Idris Imneisi. "Composition Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste A Case Study in Benghazi, Libya." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i3.387-395.1455.
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Benghazi, like other cities in Libya, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The uncertainty of the types of municipal solid waste (MSW) it is the challenge that, hinders chosen the best method for solid waste management. This study deals composition analysis of the city’s MSW as, sustainable waste management options. To specify types of MSW the samples collection in wet seasons and dry seasons. Number of samples collected as 40 samples per season. And to get a representative sampling, in this case employed a range of sampling techniques including stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. The samples was collected, mixed and then weighed as, kilogram (Kg). The samples were characterized. as, paper, glass, metals, plastics, textiles, non-food, food and putrescibles, misc-combustibles, misc. non-combustibles, household hazardous waste. And then the samples weighed again to determine the proportion of each type. Finally, this study forwarded some important conclusion and recommendations towards improving the current situation.
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Arora, Tarun, and Katie Pyle. "Sampling and Categorization of Households for Research in Urban India." Studies in Indian Politics 10, no. 2 (December 2022): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23210230221137633.
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Conventional sampling methodologies for citizens/households in urban research in India are constrained due to the lack of readily available, reliable sampling frames. Voter lists, for example, are riddled with errors and, as such may not be able to provide a robust sampling frame from which a representative sample can be drawn. The Jana–Brown Citizenship Index project consortium (Janaagraha, India; Brown University, USA) has conceptualized a unique research design that provides an alternative way on how to identify, categorize and sample households (and citizens within) in a city in a representative and meaningful way. The consortium consists of the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, based in India, and the Brown Center for Contemporary South Asia, part of Brown University, USA. The methodology was designed to enable systematic data collection from citizens and households on aspects of citizenship, infrastructure and service delivery across different demographic sections of society. The article describes how (a) data on communities that are in the minority, such as Muslims, scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST), were used to categorize Polling Parts to allow for stratified random sampling using these strata, (b) geospatial tools such as QGIS and Google Earth were used to create base maps aligning to the established Polling Part unit, (c) the resulting maps were used to create listings of buildings, (d) how housing type categorizations were created (based on the structure/construction material/amenities, etc.) and comprised part of the building listing process, and (e) how the listings were used for sampling and to create population weights where necessary. This article describes these methodological approaches in the context of the project while highlighting advantages and challenges in application to urban research in India more generally.
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Prieto Ramos, Fernando, Giorgina Cerutti, and Diego Guzmán. "Building representative multi-genre corpora for legal and institutional translation research." Corpus-Based Research in Legal and Institutional Translation 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.00014.pri.
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Abstract Exploring questions of representativeness, balance and comparability is essential to tailoring corpus design and compilation to research goals, and to ensuring the validity of research results. This is especially true when the target population of texts under examination is very large and transcends a restricted area of specialization and/or covers multiple genres, as in the case of texts translated in institutional settings. This paper describes the multilayered sequential approach to corpus building applied in a comparative study on legal translation in three of these settings. The approach is based on a full mapping and categorization of institutional texts from a legal perspective; it applies an innovative combination of stratified sampling techniques integrating quantitative and qualitative criteria adapted to the research aims. The resulting corpora, categorization matrix and selection records, together with the methodological detail provided, can be useful for building other multi-genre corpora in translation studies and further afield.
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Rife, Daran L., Emilie Vanvyve, James O. Pinto, Andrew J. Monaghan, Christopher A. Davis, and Gregory S. Poulos. "Selecting Representative Days for More Efficient Dynamical Climate Downscaling: Application to Wind Energy." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 1 (January 2013): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-016.1.
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AbstractThis paper describes a new computationally efficient and statistically robust sampling method for generating dynamically downscaled climatologies. It is based on a Monte Carlo method coupled with stratified sampling. A small yet representative set of “case days” is selected with guidance from a large-scale reanalysis. When downscaled, the sample closely approximates the long-term meteorological record at a location, in terms of the probability density function. The method is demonstrated for the creation of wind maps to help determine the suitability of potential sites for wind energy farms. Turbine hub-height measurements at five U.S. and European tall tower sites are used as a proxy for regional climate model (RCM) downscaled winds to validate the technique. The tower-measured winds provide an independent test of the technique, since RCM-based downscaled winds exhibit an inherent dependence upon the large-scale reanalysis fields from which the case days are sampled; these same reanalysis fields would provide the boundary conditions to the RCM. The new sampling method is compared with the current approach widely used within the wind energy industry for creating wind resource maps, which is to randomly select 365 case days for downscaling, with each day in the calendar year being represented. The new method provides a more accurate and repeatable estimate of the long-term record of winds at each tower location. Additionally, the new method can closely approximate the accuracy of the current (365 day) industry approach using only a 180-day sample, which may render climate downscaling more tractable for those with limited computing resources.
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Puerta, Patricia, Lorenzo Ciannelli, and Bethany Johnson. "A simulation framework for evaluating multi-stage sampling designs in populations with spatially structured traits." PeerJ 7 (February 25, 2019): e6471. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6471.
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Selecting an appropriate and efficient sampling strategy in biological surveys is a major concern in ecological research, particularly when the population abundance and individual traits of the sampled population are highly structured over space. Multi-stage sampling designs typically present sampling sites as primary units. However, to collect trait data, such as age or maturity, only a sub-sample of individuals collected in the sampling site is retained. Therefore, not only the sampling design, but also the sub-sampling strategy can have a major impact on important population estimates, commonly used as reference points for management and conservation. We developed a simulation framework to evaluate sub-sampling strategies from multi-stage biological surveys. Specifically, we compare quantitatively precision and bias of the population estimates obtained using two common but contrasting sub-sampling strategies: the random and the stratified designs. The sub-sampling strategy evaluation was applied to age data collection of a virtual fish population that has the same statistical and biological characteristics of the Eastern Bering Sea population of Pacific cod. The simulation scheme allowed us to incorporate contributions of several sources of error and to analyze the sensitivity of the different strategies in the population estimates. We found that, on average across all scenarios tested, the main differences between sub-sampling designs arise from the inability of the stratified design to reproduce spatial patterns of the individual traits. However, differences between the sub-sampling strategies in other population estimates may be small, particularly when large sub-sample sizes are used. On isolated scenarios (representative of specific environmental or demographic conditions), the random sub-sampling provided better precision in all population estimates analyzed. The sensitivity analysis revealed the important contribution of spatial autocorrelation in the error of population trait estimates, regardless of the sub-sampling design. This framework will be a useful tool for monitoring and assessment of natural populations with spatially structured traits in multi-stage sampling designs.
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Starr, Paul J., and Marianne Vignaux. "Comparison of data from voluntary logbook and research catch-sampling programmes in the New Zealand lobster fishery." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97230.
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Since 1993, the New Zealand Fishing Industry Board has run an extensive voluntary programme to collect biological information from rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) pot fisheries using logbooks maintained by commercial fishers. The New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries has run since 1989 an intensive research sampling programme of the rock lobster commercial fishery which measures nearly every lobster caught in a selected trip. A comparison of these two programmes was made for the southern South Island fishery over a period from August 1993 to January 1996. Length frequency distributions stratified by month and statistical area showed similar distributions from both sampling programmes in most strata, with a tendency for higher frequency modes to be estimated by the voluntary logbook data and larger frequency modes estimated by the research sampling data. These differences were slight except for five instances (of 40 strata compared) where the research sampling programme estimated flat frequency distributions which were not typical of the distributions estimated in other strata. Catch per potlift from the voluntary logbook programme and the compulsory catch per effort landing returns were similar for the same fishers. This indicated that the voluntary fishers were successful in designating ‘representative’ sampling units for their programme.
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Huang, Ying. "Evaluating and comparing biomarkers with respect to the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve in two-phase case–control studies." Biostatistics 17, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxw003.
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Abstract Two-phase sampling design, where biomarkers are subsampled from a phase-one cohort sample representative of the target population, has become the gold standard in biomarker evaluation. Many two-phase case–control studies involve biased sampling of cases and/or controls in the second phase. For example, controls are often frequency-matched to cases with respect to other covariates. Ignoring biased sampling of cases and/or controls can lead to biased inference regarding biomarkers' classification accuracy. Considering the problems of estimating and comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for a binary disease outcome, the impact of biased sampling of cases and/or controls on inference and the strategy to efficiently account for the sampling scheme have not been well studied. In this project, we investigate the inverse-probability-weighted method to adjust for biased sampling in estimating and comparing AUC. Asymptotic properties of the estimator and its inference procedure are developed for both Bernoulli sampling and finite-population stratified sampling. In simulation studies, the weighted estimators provide valid inference for estimation and hypothesis testing, while the standard empirical estimators can generate invalid inference. We demonstrate the use of the analytical variance formula for optimizing sampling schemes in biomarker study design and the application of the proposed AUC estimators to examples in HIV vaccine research and prostate cancer research.
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Luk, Siu-Luen, Patrick Wing-Leung Leung, John Bacon-Shone, See-Yuen Chung, Peter Wing-Ho Lee, Sylvia Chen, Richard Ng, et al. "Behaviour Disorder in Pre-school Children in Hong Kong." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 2 (February 1991): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.2.213.
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A representative sample of 855 Hong-Kong Chinese children aged 36–48 months were assessed using the BSQ and the PBCL. Good reliability for both instruments were found. For the BSQ and PBCL, 12.75% and 27.5% were above the cut-off points of 10+ and 12 + respectively and 5.9% were above both cut-off points. In the second stage, 234 subjects were recruited by stratified random sampling according to the results of the screening stage. A clinician interviewed the parent, child and teacher before making a diagnosis. The prevalence of behaviour disorder was: nil, 53.7%; dubious, 23.1 %; mild, 18.0%; moderate, 4.5%; and severe, 0.7%. There were significantly more boys in the categories mild, moderate and severe.
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COOPER, A., T. MCCANN, and R. G. H. BUNCE. "The influence of sampling intensity on vegetation classification and the implications for environmental management." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002967.
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As part of a programme of landscape-scale habitat surveillance in the United Kingdom (UK), the effect of grassland sampling intensity on the outcome of numerical classification was assessed. Sample quadrats from two regions of the UK were available for post priori analysis; a random sample from Great Britain (GB), with grasslands sampled in proportion to area, and an independent stratified random sample from Northern Ireland (NI), with similar numbers of quadrats from agricultural and semi-natural grassland habitat strata. Classification of a combined area-proportional (balanced) random sample from GB and NI showed the species composition of UK grasslands to be determined largely by climate, landscape structure and land-use intensity. The classification was influenced primarily by the greater number of eutrophic agricultural grassland quadrats and semi-natural grassland quadrats of the larger GB study area. The semi-natural grasslands of NI, represented by a small number of quadrats, had little influence. Classification of a stratified NI sample combined with an area-proportional GB sample was influenced most by the NI semi-natural grassland quadrats. The structure of the classifications depended on sampling intensity. Vegetation classification should be derived from a balanced sample so that it is representative and its application does not lead to decisions being directed at classes of vegetation (or estimates derived from them) that are weighted by sampling intensity. Area-proportional sample design linked explicitly to landscape structure satisfies the requirement for a balanced classification. The issue of data-balance is relevant in conservation management and environmental assessment, where stratification is a commonly accepted procedure to reduce sampling effort, or is carried out to sample rare or ecologically interesting vegetation. It applies to landscape-scale vegetation classifications used for environmental assessments and to classifications that compare plant communities between regions (as in phytosociological studies). The issue is also important when combining environmental databases from international sources for classification purposes.
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Adunola, Adewale Oluseyi. "Examination of the Thermal Neutrality for Residents of a Warm-Humid Urban Environment." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 5, no. 2 (November 16, 2016): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v5i2.9760.
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<p class="emsd-body"><span lang="EN-GB">The paper examined the applicability of thermal neutrality equations to the thermal responses of residents in a field study within a tropical warm-humid urban environment in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 528 houses were selected for the survey using systematic random sampling within twelve neighborhoods selected by stratified random sampling in the metropolis. For each selected building, an adult resident filled a questionnaire indicating the adaptive thermal response at different periods of the day using the ASHRAE thermal comfort scale. Measurement of indoor and outdoor air temperature and other thermal comfort parameters was done in representative buildings in the neighborhoods. It was found that the residents’ thermal neutrality was higher than values predicted by applied thermal neutrality equations inferring opportunities for sustainable comfort. It was concluded that there is essentially a climatic and contextual basis for the application of thermal neutrality equations.</span></p>
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Barrie, Mohamed Bailor, Sulaiman Lakoh, J. Daniel Kelly, Joseph Sam Kanu, James Sylvester Squire, Zikan Koroma, Silleh Bah, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in Sierra Leone, March 2021: a cross-sectional, nationally representative, age-stratified serosurvey." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 11 (November 2021): e007271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007271.
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IntroductionAs of 26 March 2021, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention had reported 4 159 055 cases of COVID-19 and 111 357 deaths among the 55 African Union member states; however, no country has published a nationally representative serosurvey as of October 2021. Such data are vital for understanding the pandemic’s progression on the continent, evaluating containment measures, and policy planning.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, nationally representative, age-stratified serosurvey in Sierra Leone in March 2021 by randomly selecting 120 Enumeration Areas throughout the country and 10 randomly selected households in each of these. One to two persons per selected household were interviewed to collect information on sociodemographics, symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, exposure history to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and history of COVID-19 illness. Capillary blood was collected by fingerstick, and blood samples were tested using the Hangzhou Biotest Biotech RightSign COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette. Total seroprevalence was estimated after applying sampling weights.ResultsThe overall weighted seroprevalence was 2.6% (95% CI 1.9% to 3.4%). This was 43 times higher than the reported number of cases. Rural seropositivity was 1.8% (95% CI 1.0% to 2.5%), and urban seropositivity was 4.2% (95% CI 2.6% to 5.7%).DiscussionOverall seroprevalence was low compared with countries in Europe and the Americas (suggesting relatively successful containment in Sierra Leone). This has ramifications for the country’s third wave (which started in June 2021), during which the average number of daily reported cases was 87 by the end of the month:this could potentially be on the order of 3700 actual infections per day, calling for stronger containment measures in a country with only 0.2% of people fully vaccinated. It may also reflect significant under-reporting of incidence and mortality across the continent.
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K, Saranya, and Jayanthy S. "An Efficient AP-ANN-Based Multimethod Fusion Model to Detect Stress through EEG Signal Analysis." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (December 12, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7672297.
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Stress is a universal emotion that every human experiences daily. Psychologists say stress may lead to heart attack, depression, hypertension, strokes, or even sudden death. Many technical explorations like stress detection through facial expression, speech, text, physical behaviors, etc., were explored, but no consensus has been reached on the best method. The advancement in biomedical engineering yielded a rapid development of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis that has inspired the idea of a multimethod fusion approach for the first time which employs multiple techniques such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for de-noising, adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN) for class balancing, and affinity propagation (AP) as a stratified sampling model along with the artificial neural network (ANN) as the classifier model for human emotion classification. From the EEG recordings of the DEAP dataset, the artifacts are removed, the signal is decomposed using a DWT, and features are extracted and fused to form the feature vector. As the dataset is high-dimensional, feature selection is done and ADASYN is used to address the imbalance of classes resulting in large-scale data. The innovative idea of the proposed system is to perform sampling using affinity propagation as a stratified sampling-based clustering algorithm as it determines the number of representative samples automatically which makes it superior to the K-Means, K-Medoid, that requires the K-value. Those samples are used as inputs to various classification models, the comparison of the AP-ANN, AP-SVM, and AP-RF is done, and their most important five performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity were compared. From our experiment, the AP-ANN model provides better accuracy of 86.8% and greater precision of 85.7%, a higher F1 score of 84.9%, a recall rate of 84.1%, and a specificity value of 89.2% which altogether provides better results than the other existing algorithms.
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Park, Eunok. "The Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults: Based on National Representative Survey." Korean Journal of Health Promotion 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2020.20.4.144.
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Background: The obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are main health issues worldwide. This study was to investigate the association of obesity and MetS.Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for this study. The data from 10,488 Korean adults who were 30-64 years old were utilized and the pooled weights for the stratified complex sampling were implemented in the analysis. The participants were divided into five groups based on body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, triglyceride, high density lipid, glucose, and blood pressures were used for the MetS.Results: The prevalence of MetS was 29.8% and it was higher in highly obese adults than people who has normal weights (odds ratio, 36.9; 95% confidence interval, 25.9-52.3) after adjusting age, gender, education, income, job, smoking, high risk drinking, and physical activity. There was gradients for the MetS and the components of MetS according to BMI.Conclusions: The obesity increased the risk of MetS and its components’ prevalence. The targeted intervention to control weight need to be developed and implemented. Further researches might be also needed to evaluate the effect of the weight loss on the decreased the risk of MetS.
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Borualogo, Ihsana Sabriani, and Erlang Gumilang. "Kasus Perundungan Anak di Jawa Barat: Temuan Awal Children’s Worlds Survey di Indonesia." Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.4439.
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This study aimed to describe the rate of bullying cases on children age 8, 10, and 12 year-olds in 27 Kota/Kabupaten in West Java. There were 22,616 children age 8, 10, and 12 year-olds who participated in this survey. This survey used stratified cluster random sampling to get a representative sample. Bullying actions were measured by reported frequency of experiencing being bullied physically and verbally by siblings and being bullied physically, verbally, and psychologically by other children at school last month. The highest rate was children reported being bullied physically by siblings and being bullied verbally by other children at school. Results show differences on age and gender on types of bullying. Bullying is a serious problem that needs to be taken into account to stop bullying cases in West Java.
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De Azevedo Neto, R. S., A. S. B. Silveira, D. J. Nokes, H. M. Yang, S. D. Passos, M. R. A. Cardoso, and E. Massad. "Rubella seroepidemiology in a non-immunized population of São Paulo State, Brazil." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 1 (August 1994): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880005158x.
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SUMMARYA rubella serological survey of 476 individuals selected by cluster sampling technique from Caieiras, a small town located in the outskirts of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil, was carried out over the period November 1990–January 1991. The aim of the study was to characterize rubella epidemiology in a representative non-immunized community in south east Brazil. The survey comprised a seroprevalence study, stratified by age (0–40 years) and a seroconversion study of rubella vaccine in non-infected children below 2 years of age. Mathematical techniques were applied to resultant data sets to determine the age dependent rates of decay in the proportion of individuals with maternally derived antibodies, vaccine seroconversion, and infection of susceptibles, termed the force of infection, and to estimate the average age at first infection.
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Jedynak, Witold, and Marek A. Motyka. "Drug Use Predictors Identified in the School Environment." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29496.
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Drug use is commonplace amongst youths. Alongside the family environment, school is the second place which shapes children's opinions and attitudes. The aim of this research was to identify factors in the school environment conducive to the use of legal and illegal drugs as well as those which protect against such actions. In order to answer the formulated research questions a representative sociological survey was carried out within the Podkarpackie province in Poland on a sample of nearly 2,500 students from 27 secondary schools. A stratified random sampling respondents' selection method was applied. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Empirical data analysis showed the existence of interesting relationships between adolescents' school activities and engaging in risky behaviours. The results of this research may be used for prevention programmes.
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Hébert, Martine, Laetitia Mélissande Amédée, Martin Blais, and Amélie Gauthier-Duchesne. "Child Sexual Abuse among a Representative Sample of Quebec High School Students: Prevalence and Association with Mental Health Problems and Health-Risk Behaviors." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 12 (July 12, 2019): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719861387.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse in a representative sample of Quebec high school youths and document its associations with mental health problems and health-risk behaviors. Method: Data were drawn from the Quebec Youths’ Romantic Relationships Survey, which involved a one-stage stratified cluster sampling of 34 Quebec high schools from Grades 10 to 12. A total of 8,194 youths (mean age = 15.35) were recruited. The survey assessed child sexual abuse, mental health problems (psychological distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms, suicidality), health services utilization, and health-risk behaviors (alcohol, drug, and cannabis use). Gender-stratified multivariate analyses were used to assess associations between child sexual abuse and mental health problems and health-risk behaviors while controlling for confounding demographic variables and other forms of child maltreatment experienced in childhood. Results: A total of 14.9% of girls and 3.9% of boys reported having experienced child sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse was independently associated with an increased risk of psychological distress, greater health services utilization, and increased health-risk behaviors, after controlling for other forms of childhood maltreatment experienced. Conclusions: Child sexual abuse is prevalent among youths in Quebec and is associated with an increased risk of a host of negative consequences. Continued efforts in the development of early detection strategies as well as prevention and intervention programs are warranted.
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Nunes, Baltazar, Marta Barreto, Ana P. Gil, Irina Kislaya, Sónia Namorado, Liliana Antunes, Vânia Gaio, et al. "The first Portuguese National Health Examination Survey (2015): design, planning and implementation." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 3 (September 2019): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy150.
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Abstract Background In Health Examination Surveys interview information is complemented with objective information, providing more accurate indicators than self-reported data. We report the study design, planning and implementation of the first Portuguese Health Examination Survey (INSEF). Methods INSEF was a cross-sectional population-based study representative at regional and national level. Individuals aged between 25 and 74 years old, residing in Portugal were selected from the national health users’ registry through multi-stage stratified probabilistic sampling. Sample size was set at 4200 individuals. Data was collected in primary care units and included blood pressure, height, weight, hip and waist measurements, blood collection for lipid profile, HbA1c and blood count and a general health questionnaire. European HES procedures were followed. Results A total of 4911 individuals agreed to participate (43.9% participation rate). Participation rate varied by region, sex and age group, being lower in Lisbon and Tagus Valley (32.8%), for men (41.8%) and for those aged 25–34 years old (36%). Conclusions INSEF has set up an experienced national and regional structure for HES implementation. Nationally representative quality epidemiological data is now available for public health monitoring, planning and research.
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Rono, Geoffrey Kipchirchir, Dr Fridah Simba Theuri, Dr Anwar Hood Ahmed, and Dr Titus Muthami KIsing'u. "Influence of Strategy Implementation on Sustainability of Community Based Tourism in the Coast Region of Kenya." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 4945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i8.07.
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The objective of this study was to establish the influence of strategy implementation on sustainability of community based tourism in the coast region of Kenya. The target population was 193 members of community based tourism units in coastal Kenya as a representative sample. Stratified random sampling method was used to classify the thirteen community groups into a single stratum. The study used structured questionnaires and documented literature as the main tools for both primary and secondary data collection. The findings indicated that strategy implementation had a positive relationship with sustainability of community based tourism. The variables were found to be normally distributed and hence no significant differences at 95% confidence level. The study established a strong linear relationship existed between strategy implementation and sustainability of community based tourism. Information from the study confirms enterprises require strategy implementation for continued sustainability of their enterprises.
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Dr. Ravi S. Dalawai. "Socio-Demographic Factors and Health-Related Behaviors Associated with Gerontology." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.11943.
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Indian population is in growing trend from 942.2 million in 1994 to 1.36 billion in 2019.Among this six per cent of India's population was of the age 65 and above (UNFPA, 2019). Today the work culture is totally changed. Both husband and wife are forced to work in the current scenario and unable to take care of their parents. The changing structure created increased problems for old age people leads to loneliness, psychological, physical health and financial insecurity. The study paper provides insight into the social and demographic factor and health related sickness of the oldest people. This research explained the cross-sectional study included a representative sample (n=116) of adults aged ≥60 years. The sample was chosen using a four-stage stratified random-cluster survey sampling method .The Chi Square test and ANOVA test was analyzed using SPSS20.
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Bermúdez, María Paz, Inmaculada Teva, and Gualberto Buela-Casal. "Type of sexual contact and precoital sexual experience in spanish adolescents." Universitas Psychologica 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2010): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.tscp.
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The aim of this study was to examine characterisctics of precoital sexual behaviors and types of sexual contact in adolescent. A representative sample of 4,456 Spanish high school students participated. These participants were selected by means of a stratified random sampling procedure. They completed a questionnaire about their sexual behaviour. It is a cross-sectional survey study. Differences according to age and gender in characteristics of sexual behaviour before the onset of sexual intercourse were found. Compared to females, males started non penetrative sexual experiences earlier, had a higher number of sexual partners and a higher percentage of males reported having had casual sexual partner. This study not only adds to knowledge about sexual behaviour before the initiation of sexual intercourse among adolescents, it also highlights the importance of developing sexual prevention strategies for young adolescents.
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Skolmowska, Dominika, Dominika Głąbska, and Dominika Guzek. "Hand Hygiene Behaviors in a Representative Sample of Polish Adolescents in Regions Stratified by COVID-19 Morbidity and by Confounding Variables (PLACE-19 Study): Is There Any Association?" Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121011.
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The hand hygiene may possibly influence the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the multifactorial influence on hand hygiene knowledge and behaviors is proven. The aim of the study was to analyze hand hygiene behaviors in a national representative sample of Polish adolescents in regions stratified by COVID-19 morbidity, while taking socioeconomic status of the region, as well rural or urban environment, into account as possible interfering factors. The study was conducted Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study population (n = 2323) that was recruited based on a random sampling of schools, while the pair-matching procedure was applied within schools and age, in order to obtain adequate number of boys and girls, representative for the general Polish population (n = 1222). The participants were asked about their handwashing habits while using Handwashing Habits Questionnaire (HHQ) and about applied procedure of washing hands. The results were compared in subgroups that were stratified by region for COVID-19 morbidity, socioeconomic status of the region, and rural/urban environment. In regions of low COVID-19 morbidity, a higher share of adolescents, than in regions of high morbidity, declared washing their hands before meals (p = 0.0196), after meals (p = 0.0041), after preparing meals (p = 0.0297), before using the restroom (p = 0.0068), after using the restroom (p = 0.0014), after combing their hair (p = 0.0298), after handshaking (p = 0.0373), after touching animals (p = 0.0007), after contacting babies (p = 0.0278), after blowing nose (p = 0.0435), after touching sick people (p = 0.0351), and after cleaning home (p = 0.0234). For the assessed steps of the handwashing procedure, in regions of low COVID-19 morbidity, a higher share of adolescents included them to their daily handwashing, than in regions of high morbidity, that was stated for removing watch and bracelets (p = 0.0052), removing rings (p = 0.0318), and drying hands with towel (p = 0.0031). For the comparison in regions stratified by Gross Domestic Product, the differences were only minor and inconsistent. For the comparison in place of residence stratified by number of residents in city, there were some minor differences indicating better hand hygiene behaviors in the case of villages and small towns when compared with medium and large cities (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that, in a population-based sample of Polish adolescents, individuals from regions of low COVID-19 morbidity presented more beneficial hand hygiene habits than those from regions of high COVID-19 morbidity.
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Harling, Guy, Andrew Copas, Soazig Clifton, Anne M. Johnson, Nigel Field, Pam Sonnenberg, and Catherine H. Mercer. "Effect of weighting for sampling and non-response on estimates of STI prevalence in the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054342.
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ObjectivesIn addition to researcher-designed sampling biases, population-representative surveys for biomarker measurement of STIs often have substantial missingness due to non-contact, non-consent and other study-implementation issues. STI prevalence estimates may be biased if this missingness is related to STI risk. We investigated how accounting for sampling, interview non-response and non-provision of biological samples affects prevalence estimates in the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).MethodsNatsal-3 was a multistage, clustered and stratified probability sample of 16–74 year-olds conducted between 2010 and 2012. Individuals were sampled from all private residential addresses in Britain; respondents aged 16–44 were further sampled to provide a urine specimen based on characteristics including self-reported sexual behaviours. We generated prevalence estimates and confidence intervals for six STIs in five stages: first without accounting for sampling or non-response, then applying inverse-probability weights cumulatively accounting for interview sampling, interview non-response, urine sampling and urine non-response.ResultsInterview non-completion occurred for 42.3% of interview-sampled individuals; urine non-completion occurred for 43.5% of urine-sampled individuals. Interview-sampled individuals, interview respondents, those selected for urine samples and those providing urine samples were each in turn slightly more at-risk for most STIs, leading to lower prevalence estimates after incorporating each set of weights. Researcher-controlled sampling had more impact than respondent-controlled response.ConclusionsAccounting for both sampling structures and willingness to interview or provide urine specimens can affect national STI prevalence estimates. Using both types of weights, as was done in Natsal-3, is important in reporting on population-based biomarker surveys.
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Fox, M. E., R. M. Khan, and P. A. Thiessen. "Loadings of PCBs and PAHs from Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.033.
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Abstract Large-volume water samples were collected from the ship canal connecting Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario while detailed simultaneous measurements of water speed and direction were made. The 10-day sampling period in July 1989 and a 14-day sampling period in March 1991 were considered representative of typical stratified summer and unstratified winter flow regimes. The water samples were analysed for PCBs and PAHs, which are known major organic contaminants in Hamilton Harbour. Supporting physicochemical measurements were also made. The water movement data were combined with the contaminant concentrations and the uniform channel dimensions to calculate annual loadings of 2.8 kg/ year PCBs and 37.5 kg/ year PAHs from Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario. These estimates were compared to other published estimates of loadings of these compounds from Hamilton Harbour and also from the atmosphere and the Niagara River. It was concluded that Hamilton Harbour is not a significant source of these compounds in comparison to the atmosphere and the Niagara River. The PAH export estimate was found to be small when compared to in situ sediment burdens of PAHs and also present day discharges to the harbour.
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Hsieh, Yi-Ping, Hsiao-Lin Hwa, April Chiung-Tao Shen, Hsi-Sheng Wei, Jui-Ying Feng, and Ching-Yu Huang. "Ecological Predictors and Trajectory of Internet Addiction from Childhood through Adolescence: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 6253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126253.
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We examined multidimensional factors within four systems (individual, family, school, and community) that influence internet addiction across time among children through adolescence in Taiwan. We hypothesize that internet addiction increases from childhood to adolescence and that resilience, child neglect, positive school experiences, and community violence are significant predictors at baseline and of the rate of change across time. Based on stratified random sampling, a valid sample size of 6233 Taiwanese children participated in our study, which we began in 2014 and then followed this sample in 2016 and 2018 using repeated measures. We used hierarchical linear modeling to model changes in internet addiction across time (with equal two-year intervals between assessments) and the associations between the predictors and internet addiction over time. The results show that internet addiction increases from childhood to adolescence. After controlling for gender, we found that resilience and positive school experiences predict less internet addiction, whereas neglect and community violence predict greater internet addiction. Over time, greater resilience predicts a decreasing trajectory of internet addiction, whereas greater neglect and community violence predict a slower increasing trajectory and positive school experiences predict a faster-increasing trajectory. A holistic approach can help children cope with internet addiction.
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Simiyu, Carolyne Nabwoba. "TEACHERS’ PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss2.1341.
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The launch of the Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 by the Kenyan government lead to an increase in enrolment of learners in primary schools which posed a challenge to the teacher preparation of handling large number of learners. This paper therefore discusses teacher preparedness with reference to FPE in Bungoma East District in Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used in this study. The target population was head teachers, teachers and the school management committee chair persons. Since there are rural and urban schools, stratified sampling was done to get a more representative sample. Instruments for data collection were questionnaires, interview schedule, and document analysis and observation schedules. Most teachers feel inadequate in handling challenges of FPE on resource utilization due to inadequate in-service programmes. The findings will inform the policy makers in making informed decisions towards proper teacher preparation for FPE implementation.
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Akyüz, İlker, Bahadır Çağrı Bayram, and Nadir Ersen. "Factors Affecting Consumer-Based Brand Equity from the Perspective of Turkish Consumers." Drvna industrija 70, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2019.1812.
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This paper contributes to the consumer-based brand equity literature by researching what brand equity means for Turkish consumers and by defining factors that, from their perspective, affect Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE). According to our literature review, although some important cross-cultural studies about CBBE can be found, some aspects of this topic require further research. The target population of the study is households in the Western Black Sea Region. This region was chosen because it is a manageable size, geographically close to the researchers, and statistically representative of the Turkish people. Turkish panel furniture (PF) brands were chosen as the sample, and a stratified sampling method was used to determine the questionnaires sample size. Data were analysed in SPSS, incorporating statistical tests such as factor analysis, correlation analysis and chi-square tests. Factors that affected CBBE were marketing activities, perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association and price.
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Md Amin, Bokhori. "THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE RELATIONS PRACTICES ON EXECUTIVES’ PERFORMANCE IN MANUFACTURING FIRMS AT KULIM HI-TECH PARK, KULIM, KEDAH, MALAYSIA." International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution 4, no. 11 (June 7, 2022): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijirev.411003.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the extent of the role of employee relations and their contribution to the performance of executives in manufacturing firms. Methodology in this study was built where a questionnaire was designed for data collection to measure employee relations-related communication sessions, employee representative committee, harmonious atmosphere, providing fair treatment and counseling to improve satisfaction on executives’ performance. Data were collected among executives in manufacturing firms at Kulim Hi-tech Park, Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia. A stratified sampling method was used to collect data and the data obtained were analyzed using SmartPls 3.7.8. The finding of this study found that there is a significant relationship between communication sessions, employee representative committee, harmonious atmosphere, fair treatment, and counseling sessions to improve satisfaction on executives’ performance. It is proved from SmartPls analysis shown that all independent variables have a positive impact on executives’ performance in manufacturing firms. The limitation of the study only covers the manufacturing firms. Another limitation is the respondents only included executives. Apart from these limitations, this study can give a strong impact on the top management of manufacturing firms to design the strategy of employee relations to be more effective in improving the work performance of executives.
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Budiprasetya, Bagaskara, and Dadan Mukhsin. "Estimasi Bangkitan Pergerakan Perjalanan Masyarakat dengan Pendekatan Disagregat." Bandung Conference Series: Urban & Regional Planning 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcsurp.v2i2.4487.
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Abstract. Transportation within the macroeconomic framework is the backbone of the economy at the national, regional and local levels, for both urban and rural areas. Movement needs is an activity that usually must be done every day. According to the Social Welfare Integrated Data published in 2021, Cemarajaya Village is the village with the highest number of poor people in Cibuaya District. The problem of poverty and the various needs of the movement of the Village Community have prompted researchers to estimate the generation of movement in Cemarajaya Village hoping that it can be a consideration for the Regional Government of Karawang Regency to provide public transportation in Cemarajaya Village. The approach method used in this research is the disaggregated approach, which is an approach to calculate the number of movement generation based on household attributes, such as vehicle ownership, income level and family size. The sampling technique used is proportional stratified random sampling with the aim of obtaining a representative sample by looking at the population of Cemarajaya Village. The method of analysis used in this research is statistical test and category analysis. The statistical test results show that the three household attribute variables affect the trip generation in Cemarajaya Village. After calculating with Category Analysis, there are 3927 trip movements generated in 1 day. Based on the results of the estimation of trip generation, the researcher suggests that the local government conduct a feasibility study on the provision of public transportation for the people of Cemarajaya Village.
Abstrak. Transportasi dalam kerangka makro ekonomi merupakan tulang punggung perekonomian baik di tingkat nasional, regional maupun lokal, untuk wilayah perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Pemenuhan kebutuhan merupakan kegiatan yang biasanya harus di lakukan setiap hari. Menurut Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan Sosial yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2021 Desa Cemarajaya merupakan desa dengan jumlah penduduk miskin terbanyak di Kecamatan Cibuaya. Persoalan kemiskinan serta kebutuhan pergerakan Masyarakat Desa yang bermacam - macam mendorong peneliti untuk melakukan estimasi bangkitan pergerakan di Desa Cemarajaya dengan harapan dapat menjadi pertimbangan bagi Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karawang untuk melakukan penyediaan angkutan umum di Desa Cemarajaya. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pendekatan Disagregat, yaitu pendekatan untuk menghitung jumlah bangkitan pergerakan berdasarkan atribut rumah tangga, seperti kepemilikan kendaraan, tingkat pendapatan dan ukuran keluarga. Teknik sampling yang digunakan yaitu proportional stratified random sampling dengan tujuan untuk meperoleh sampel yang representative dengan melihat populasi Desa Cemarajaya. Adapun Metode Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji statistik dan analisis kategori. Hasil uji statistic menunjukan bahwa ketiga variabel atribut rumah tangga mempengaruhi bangkitan pergerakan di Desa Cemarajaya. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan dengan Analisis Kategori terdapat sejumlah 3927 bangkitan pergerakan perjalanan yang dihasilkan dalam 1 hari. Berdasarkan hasil estimasi bangkitan pergerakan peneliti menyarankan agar Pemerintah Daerah melakukan studi kelayakan penyediaan angkutan umum bagi masyarakat Desa Cemarajaya.
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Dunn, John, and Cleusa P. Ferri. "Epidemiological methods for research with drug misusers: review of methods for studying prevalence and morbidity." Revista de Saúde Pública 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101999000200013.
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Epidemiological studies of drug misusers have until recently relied on two main forms of sampling: probability and convenience. The former has been used when the aim was simply to estimate the prevalence of the condition and the latter when in depth studies of the characteristics, profiles and behaviour of drug users were required, but each method has its limitations. Probability samples become impracticable when the prevalence of the condition is very low, less than 0.5% for example, or when the condition being studied is a clandestine activity such as illicit drug use. When stratified random samples are used, it may be difficult to obtain a truly representative sample, depending on the quality of the information used to develop the stratification strategy. The main limitation of studies using convenience samples is that the results cannot be generalised to the whole population of drug users due to selection bias and a lack of information concerning the sampling frame. New methods have been developed which aim to overcome some of these difficulties, for example, social network analysis, snowball sampling, capture-recapture techniques, privileged access interviewer method and contact tracing. All these methods have been applied to the study of drug misuse. The various methods are described and examples of their use given, drawn from both the Brazilian and international drug misuse literature.
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Hoteit, Maha, Carla Ibrahim, Danielle Saadeh, Marwa Al-Jaafari, Marwa Atwi, Sabine Alasmar, Jessica Najm, Yonna Sacre, Lara Hanna-Wakim, and Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh. "Correlates of Sub-Optimal Feeding Practices among under-5 Children amid Escalating Crises in Lebanon: A National Representative Cross-Sectional Study." Children 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060817.
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Sub-optimal feeding practices among under-5 children are the major drivers of malnutrition. This study aims to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and the factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and complementary feeding practices among under 5 children amid the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the economic and the political crises in Lebanon. A nationally representative stratified random sample of mother–child dyads (n = 511) was collected from households using a stratified cluster sampling design. The survey inquired about infant’s feeding and complementary feeding practices using a valid questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements of the mother and child were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to explore the determinants associated with under-5 children’s practices. The prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight and obese children was 0.5%, 8.4%, 6.7%, 16.8% and 8.9%, respectively. In total, among under-5 children, the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and bottle feeding at birth was 95.1%, 59.1% and 25.8%, respectively. Half the children in this study started solid foods between 4 and 6 months. Regression analysis showed that supporting breastfeeding at hospital (aOR = 8.20, 95% CI (3.03–22.17)) and husband’s support (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI (1.9–4.92)) were associated with increased breastfeeding odds. However, mother’s occupation (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI (0.55–0.58)) was inversely associated with breastfeeding practices. Male children (aOR = 2.119, 95% CI (1.37–3.27), mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI (0.35–0.95)), and bottle feeding at hospital (aOR = 0.5, 95% CI (0.32–0.77)) were more likely to induce early initiation of solid foods at 4 months of age. This study demonstrated non-negligible rates of malnutrition, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, and high rates of early introduction of formula feeding and solid foods among Lebanese under-5-children amid escalating crises.
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Zan, Xuli, Zuliang Zhao, Wei Liu, Xiaodong Zhang, Zhe Liu, Shaoming Li, and Dehai Zhu. "The Layout of Maize Variety Test Sites Based on the Spatiotemporal Classification of the Planting Environment." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133741.
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An appropriate layout of crop multi-environment trial (MET) sites is imperative for evaluating new crop varieties’ performance in terms of agronomic traits and stress tolerance, and this information is used to determine the utilization value and suitable promotion region of new varieties. Actually, traditional maize test sites have been selected according to the experience of breeding experts, which leads to the strong subjective and unscientific conclusions regarding sites, as well as test results that are not representative of the target population of environments (TPE). Therefore, in this study, we proposed a new method for MET sites layout. Meteorological data, maize growth period data, and county-level maize planting area data were collected for the spatiotemporal classification of a given maize planting region to analyze change rules in the environmental category of each minimum research unit within the study period. If the occurrence frequency of its final attribution category reaches a certain threshold (50%), this minimum research unit is classified as a typical environment region; otherwise, it is classified as an atypical environment region. Then, the number of test sites in each environmental category is allocated by spatial stratified sampling. At last, we establish the optimal test sites layout and a reliability measurement (test adequacy) methods. The practicability of this method was proved by taking the Three Northeastern Provinces of China as the study area. The result shows that there should be 112 test sites in the study area, the distribution of the test sites is uniform, and the environmental representation is high. Test adequacy analysis of the test sites reveals that most of the environmental categories have a test adequacy that reaches 1 in each test period. The method proposed in this paper provides support for the scientific layout of crop varieties test sites and helps to improve the representative and reliability of variety test results while optimizing resources.
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Li, Shu-Chu Sarrina, Tai-Yee Wu, Huai-Kuai Zeng, and Shih-Yu Lo. "Channels Adopted for Information Seeking during COVID-19: Comparing Social Media with News Media and Interpersonal Communication in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159321.
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By adopting niche theory, this study compared social media with news media and interpersonal communication regarding their capabilities in satisfying people’s information needs of daily use, surveillance, convenience, and information quality during the outbreak of COVID-19. Two methods were adopted to collect data for this study: the first was to conduct 20 intensive interviews, and the second was to administer an online survey by contracting a professional polling company with a panel of 8.8 million members. The stratified random sampling method was used to acquire a representative sample, from which 1100 valid questionnaires were obtained. The results showed that: (1) Social media were superior to traditional news media in terms of its convenience. However, several new types of online news, such as Yahoo news, were able to compete with social media for convenience. (2) Interpersonal communication did not outperform in satisfying individuals’ needs for the four gratifications. Nevertheless, interpersonal communication plays the role of social support for individuals.
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Vachya, L., and B. Kamaiah. "Microfinance Impact on Socio-Economic Empowerment." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v4i1.204.
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The present study seeks to examine the role of microfinance and its impact on economic and social empowerment of women. The study used multi-stage stratified proportionate random sampling technique in the selection of the representative district, mandal/taluka, villages and households. Empirically acclaimed logistic regression model has been employed for analyzing significant impact of plausible socio-economic factors on women empowerment. The study found that the socio-economic indicators have undergone significant changes. It also emerged that there has been an increase in women participation in the household decision making process. The study suggests that the government should prepare suitable plans and programmes for the social and economic empowerment of women. The study also suggests that policy measures such as increase in frequency of SHG meeting, SHG training programme, increase in loan amount and ensuring effective utilization of the loan, may be the useful initiatives to enhance women empowerment, income and employment opportunities.