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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stratification

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Academic literature on the topic 'Stratification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Stratification"

1

MINWEI, QIAN, and LIU SHIDA. "SCALE EXPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE UNDER DIFFERENT STRATIFICATIONS." Fractals 04, no. 01 (March 1996): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x96000078.

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Wavelet analysis is used to measure directly the scale exponents of atmospheric turbulence at inertial range under different stratifications. It is found that the average values of the scale exponents under different stratifications are clearly different and are all lower than the Kolmogorov 1941 value of 1/3. The difference shows that, according to the intermittent turbulence model, turbulence under stable stratification behaves more intermittently than under unstable stratification. The reason may be that the gravity wave, which could exist only under stable stratification, modulates the state of nocturnal surface layer and causes this kind of intermittence.

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Jiang, Xiandie, Guiying Li, Dengsheng Lu, Erxue Chen, and Xinliang Wei. "Stratification-Based Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation in a Subtropical Region Using Airborne Lidar Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071101.

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Species-rich subtropical forests have high carbon sequestration capacity and play important roles in regional and global carbon regulation and climate changes. A timely investigation of the spatial distribution characteristics of subtropical forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is essential to assess forest carbon stocks. Lidar (light detection and ranging) is regarded as the most reliable data source for accurate estimation of forest AGB. However, previous studies that have used lidar data have often beenbased on a single model developed from the relationships between lidar-derived variables and AGB, ignoring the variability of this relationship in different forest types. Although stratification of forest types has been proven to be effective for improving AGB estimation, how to stratify forest types and how many strata to use are still unclear. This research aims to improve forest AGB estimation through exploring suitable stratification approaches based on lidar and field survey data. Different stratification schemes including non-stratification and stratifications based on forest types and forest stand structures were examined. The AGB estimation models were developed using linear regression (LR) and random forest (RF) approaches. The results indicate the following: (1) Proper stratifications improved AGB estimation and reduced the effect of under- and overestimation problems; (2) the finer forest type strata generated higher accuracy of AGB estimation but required many more sample plots, which were often unavailable; (3) AGB estimation based on stratification of forest stand structures was similar to that based on five forest types, implying that proper stratification reduces the number of sample plots needed; (4) the optimal AGB estimation model and stratification scheme varied, depending on forest types; and (5) the RF algorithm provided better AGB estimation for non-stratification than the LR algorithm, but the LR approach provided better estimation with stratification. Results from this research provide new insights on how to properly conduct forest stratification for AGB estimation modeling, which is especially valuable in tropical and subtropical regions with complex forest types.

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Görtz, Ulrich, and Chia-Fu Yu. "Supersingular Kottwitz–Rapoport strata and Deligne–Lusztig varieties." Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 9, no. 2 (August 11, 2009): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474748009000218.

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AbstractWe investigate the special fibres of Siegel modular varieties with Iwahori level structure. On these spaces, we have the Newton stratification, and the Kottwitz–Rapoport (KR) stratification; one would like to understand how these stratifications are related to each other. We give a simple description of all KR strata which are entirely contained in the supersingular locus as disjoint unions of Deligne–Lusztig varieties. We also give an explicit numerical description of the KR stratification in terms of abelian varieties.

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Hall, Rob A., John M. Huthnance, and Richard G. Williams. "Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0192.1.

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Abstract Reflection of internal waves from sloping topography is simple to predict for uniform stratification and linear slope gradients. However, depth-varying stratification presents the complication that regions of the slope may be subcritical and other regions supercritical. Here, a numerical model is used to simulate a mode-1, M2 internal tide approaching a shelf slope with both uniform and depth-varying stratifications. The fractions of incident internal wave energy reflected back offshore and transmitted onto the shelf are diagnosed by calculating the energy flux at the base of slope (with and without topography) and at the shelf break. For the stratifications/topographies considered in this study, the fraction of energy reflected for a given slope criticality is similar for both uniform and depth-varying stratifications. This suggests the fraction reflected is dependent only on maximum slope criticality and independent of the depth of the pycnocline. The majority of the reflected energy flux is in mode 1, with only minor contributions from higher modes due to topographic scattering. The fraction of energy transmitted is dependent on the depth-structure of the stratification and cannot be predicted from maximum slope criticality. If near-surface stratification is weak, transmitted internal waves may not reach the shelf break because of decreased horizontal wavelength and group velocity.

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Colebrook, Claire. "‘A Grandiose Time of Coexistence’: Stratigraphy of the Anthropocene." Deleuze Studies 10, no. 4 (November 2016): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2016.0238.

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Using Deleuze and Guattari's concept of stratigraphy, it is possible to open the question of the limits and range of the Anthropocene. Geological stratification has enabled a view of time and the earth that has opened new horizons, but this mode of stratification is one among others. Other stratifications are possible, not only those that would be compossible with the story of the Anthropocene (such as the histories of capital, empire and industrialism), but also incompossible stratifications, at odds with the history of man.

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Meiqian, Wang, Zhang Changxing, Song Binghui, Liu Haiming, and Xu Wei. "Study on the mechanical properties of anisotropic red sandstone under point load strength test and uniaxial compression strength." Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences 9, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-488x.000064.

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The red sandstone of Xiaopu 3# branch Cave in the Yuxi section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project was taken as the research object. The uniaxial compression strength and point load strength test are conducted from the perspectives of vertical and parallel stratifications, respectively, and then the anisotropy of red sandstone was analyzed in detail. The data obtained from the field and laboratory test was analyzed, and the conversion relationship between point load strength index and uniaxial compression strength is a power function under both parallel stratification and vertical stratification. The study results showed that: The mechanical properties of red sandstone have obvious anisotropy. The difference in its mechanical properties is particularly evident in UCS and point load tests and Is(50) and UCS under vertical stratification are significantly greater than Is(50) under parallel stratification. The point load strength correction index m of red sandstone is m = 0.4096 under parallel stratification, and m = 0.4408 under vertical stratification.

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He, Zhiguo, Liang Zhao, and Ching-Hao Yu. "HYDRODYNAMIC MECHANISM OF TURBIDITY CURRENTS IN ESTUARY STRATIFICATIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.80.

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Water stratification commonly exists in nature, such as thermocline in lakes and oceans and halocline in estuaries and oceans (He et al. 2017). Turbidity currents in estuary often encounter stratified sea water, which may significantly influence their propagation and deposition. This study presents high-resolution numerical simulations of lock-exchange gravity and turbidity currents in linear stratifications on a flat bed. Laboratory experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model and good agreements between numerical results and measurements are found. The evolution process, front velocity, internal wave, and entrainment ratio are analyzed based on the numerical results. For a gravity current in a strong stratification, its front velocity can be maintained as a near constant state for a long time after an initial acceleration period because of interactions between the current and internal waves. However, sedimentation of suspended particles due to the damping effect of ambient stratification on turbulence makes a turbidity current quickly lose its structure so the maintaining effect of the internal waves on its front velocity is quite weak. During the evolution process of a turbidity current, the ambient stratification is found to damp the turbulent structures, and front velocity. Stratification can also decrease the entrainment ratios between a gravity current and ambient water after the initial period, but it has an insignificant influence on the entrainment ratios of a turbidity current. This study provides a better understanding of gravity and turbidity currents in estuary stratifications.

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Bosco, M., and P. Meunier. "Three-dimensional instabilities of a stratified cylinder wake." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 759 (October 20, 2014): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.517.

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AbstractThis paper describes experimentally, numerically and theoretically how the three-dimensional instabilities of a cylinder wake are modified by the presence of a linear density stratification. The first part is focused on the case of a cylinder with a small tilt angle between the cylinder’s axis and the vertical. The classical mode A well-known for a homogeneous fluid is still present. It is more unstable for moderate stratifications but it is stabilized by a strong stratification. The second part treats the case of a moderate tilt angle. For moderate stratifications, a new unstable mode appears, mode S, characterized by undulated layers of strong density gradients and axial flow. These structures correspond to Kelvin–Helmholtz billows created by the strong shear present in the critical layer of each tilted von Kármán vortex. The last two parts deal with the case of a strongly tilted cylinder. For a weak stratification, an instability (mode RT) appears far from the cylinder, due to the overturning of the isopycnals by the von Kármán vortices. For a strong stratification, a short wavelength unstable mode (mode L) appears, even in the absence of von Kármán vortices. It is probably due to the strong shear created by the lee waves upstream of a secondary recirculation bubble. A map of the four different unstable modes is established in terms of the three parameters of the study: the Reynolds number, the Froude number (characterizing the stratification) and the tilt angle.

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Chelwa, Grieve, Darrick Hamilton, and Avi Green. "Identity Group Stratification, Political Economy & Inclusive Economic Rights." Daedalus 152, no. 1 (2023): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01973.

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Abstract This essay demonstrates the necessity of formally incorporating identity group stratification as a pillar alongside economic and political understandings of any political economy framework. We make our case by juxtaposing mutual inadequacies and myopic limitations associated with two influential but polar political economy frameworks-Marxian and public choice theory-since neither framework formally incorporates an identity group stratification lens beyond class reductionism. Finally, in addition to presenting an identity group stratification lens to economic thought, we present an Inclusive Economic Rights policy framework as a critical baseline component of human rights, foregrounding political economic tendencies toward identity group stratifications as a pathway forward to achieve a “moral political economy.”

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Robinson, Laura, Øyvind Wiborg, and Jeremy Schulz. "Interlocking Inequalities: Digital Stratification Meets Academic Stratification." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 9 (May 22, 2018): 1251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773826.

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This article examines the effects of digital inequality in conjunction with curricular tracking on academic achievement. Capitalizing on an original survey administered to seniors (fourth-year secondary school students), our survey data ( N = 972) come from a large American public high school with a predominantly disadvantaged student body. The school’s elective tracking system and inadequate digital resources make for an excellent case study of the effects of a differentiated curriculum and digital inequalities on academic achievement. Multilevel random-effects and fixed-effects regression models applied to the survey data reveal the important role played by digital inequalities in shaping academic achievement as measured by GPA. As the models establish, academic achievement is positively correlated with both duration of digital experience and usage intensity regarding academically useful computing activities, even when students’ curricular and class placement are taken into account. In contrast, both leisure computing and smartphone usage are negatively correlated with academic achievement as measured by GPA. Also with regard to GPA, findings show that students in the higher curricular tracks benefit more from longer durations of digital experience than do students in lower curricular tracks. These results underscore the importance of focusing attention on the ways in which digital inequalities combine with curricular tracking in shaping academic achievement.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stratification"

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Lere, Audrey Weiss Pierre. "La stratification des composites." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=43521.

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Romero, Juan Pablo Black. "Latino immigration and racial stratification." Thesis, The University of Alabama, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3639007.

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This dissertation addresses the problem of racial stratification of the Latino community in the United States from the theoretical position of critical race theory. Racial stratification for Latino residents and Latino immigrants is possible in the everyday through a series of practices that allow for persons of the community to contribute to the proliferation of race in American society by rendering race very difficult to address politically. The theoretical analysis of friendship as a form of moral aesthetics in the works of Aristotle, Kant, and Rousseau allows for a theory of race that addresses the invisibility and the transcendence of race constitutive of American society and, therefore, constitutive of the racial stratification of the Latino community in the United States. In this theoretical development, race is thought as an aesthetic of both the citizen and the immigrant subjects or, in other words, as a race-aesthetics. McKnight's (2010) theory of the conditionality of race, Hall's (New Ethnicities 1996, Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance 1996) theories of cultural representation and hegemonic domination, Gilroy's (1995) theory of Black Atlantic counterculture, and Mills' (1997) theory of the hegemony of the racial contract are critically engaged and expanded with the theory of the race-aesthetic.

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Tang, Yanfei. "Stratification in Drying Particle Suspensions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87435.

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This thesis is on molecular dynamics studies of drying suspensions of bidisperse nanoparticle mixtures. I first use an explicit solvent model to investigate how the structure of the dry film depends on the evaporation rate of the solvent and the initial volume fractions of the nanoparticles. My simulation results show that the particle mixtures stratify according to their sizes when the suspensions are quickly dried, consistent with the prediction of recent theories. I further show that stratification can be controlled using thermophoresis induced by a thermal gradient imposed on the drying suspension. To model larger systems on longer time scales, I explore implicit solvent models of drying particle suspensions in which the solvent is treated as a uniform viscous background and the liquid-vapor interface is replaced by a potential barrier that confines all the solutes in the solution. Drying is then modeled as a process in which the location of the confining potential is moved. In order to clarify the physical foundation of this moving interface method, I analyze the meniscus on the outside of a circular cylinder and apply the results to understand the capillary force experienced by a spherical particle at a liquid-vapor interface. My analyses show that the capillary force is approximately linear with the displacement of the particle from its equilibrium location at the interface. An analytical expression is derived for the corresponding spring constant that depends on the surface tension and lateral span of the interface and the particle radius. I further show that with a careful mapping, both explicit and implicit solvent models yield similar stratification behavior for drying suspensions of bidisperse particles. Finally, I apply the moving interface method based on an implicit solvent to study the drying of various soft matter solutions, including a solution film of a mixture of polymers and nanoparticles, a suspension droplet of bidisperse nanoparticles, a solution droplet of a polymer blend, and a solution droplet of diblock copolymers.
PHD
Drying is a ubiquitous phenomenon. In this thesis, I use molecular dynamics methods to simulate the drying of a suspension of a bidisperse mixture of nanoparticles that have two different radii. First, I use a model in which the solvent is included explicitly as point particles and the nanoparticles are modeled as spheres with finite radii. Their trajectories are generated by numerically solving the Newtonian equations of motion for all the particles in the system. My simulations show that the bidisperse nanoparticle mixtures stratify according to their sizes after drying. For example, a “small-on-top” stratified film can be produced in which the smaller nanoparticles are distributed on top of the larger particles in the drying film. I further use a similar model to demonstrate that stratification can be controlled by imposing a thermal gradient on the drying suspension. I then map an explicit solvent system to an implicit one in which the solvent is treated as a uniform viscous background and only the nanoparticles are kept. The physical foundation of this mapping is clarified. I compare simulations using the explicit and implicit solvent models and show that similar stratification behavior emerge in both models. Therefore, the implicit solvent model can be applied to study much larger systems on longer time scales. Finally, I apply the implicit solvent model to study the drying of various soft matter solutions, including a solution film of a mixture of polymers and nanoparticles, a droplet of a bidisperse nanoparticle suspension, a solution droplet of a polymer blend, and a droplet of a diblock copolymer solution.

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Lavallee, Pierre Carleton University Dissertation Mathematics. "Some contributions to optimal stratification." Ottawa, 1987.

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Helmstetter, Craig D. P. "The stratification of political consciousness /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3018371.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-202). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3018371.

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Du, Juan. "Judgement post-stratification for designed experiments." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148650477.

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Lim, Huay Huay. "Period traveling salesman with customer stratification." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5857.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 10, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Caulfield, C. P. "Stratification and buoyancy in geophysical flows." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386925.

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Li, Hei Philip, and 李曦. "Subphenotype stratification in systemic lupus erythematosus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48334765.

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Subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with distinct patterns of disease manifestations and autoantibody production have been reported, but seldom have these two phenomena been analysed together. Cluster analysis was performed on 1928 Chinese SLE patients based on autoantibody profile and the frequencies of various clinical manifestations were compared between each cluster. Separate association analyses between individual autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, as well as between clinical manifestations, were also performed. This study identifies three separate autoantibody clusters each with different clinical manifestations, and proposes that the phenomena of autoantibody clustering and clinical subsets may be inter-related. Patient clusters could also be stratified into a bipolar spectrum. On one end are patients with over-representation of anti-dsDNA and renal disorder; whilst on the other end are two distinct autoantibody clusters (anti-Sm/anti-RNP/aPL and aPL/anti-Ro/anti-La) with overlapping of other non-renal manifestations. Patient stratification could aid disease prediction and subsequent management. These findings may also elucidate disease pathogenesis and guide future study on potential common pathological processes within autoantibody clusters.
published_or_final_version
Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Master
Master of Research in Medicine

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Boxall, S. R. "Thermohaline stratification in the Tyrrhenian Sea." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370837.

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Books on the topic "Stratification"

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Punschke, Meghan. Stratification. Kenmore, NY: BlazeVOX books, 2008.

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Tanenbaum, Jessica, and Ken Lam. Social stratification. New York, NY: Insight Media, 2008.

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1949-, Gupta Dipankar, ed. Social stratification. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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1950-, Holmwood John, ed. Social stratification. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1996.

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1949-, Gupta Dipankar, ed. Social stratification. 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Kirby, Mark. Stratification and Differentiation. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14233-0.

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Kidd, Warren. Stratification, culture & identity. Deddington: Philip Allan Publishers, 1998.

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Rao, Adityendra. Tribal social stratification. Udaipur: Himanshu Publications, 1988.

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Rasmussen, B. Stratification in Kattegat. [Roskilde]: Ministry of Environment and Energy, National Environmental Research Institute, 1995.

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Rosemary, Crompton, and Mann Michael 1942-, eds. Gender and stratification. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stratification"

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Brown, Ken A., and Ken R. Goodearl. "Stratification." In Lectures on Algebraic Quantum Groups, 147–58. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8205-7_18.

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Stratification." In Mastering Sociology, 101–7. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10247-1_9.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "stratification." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 175. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1337.

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Stratification." In Mastering Sociology, 109–17. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13434-2_9.

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Selfe, Paul. "Stratification." In Sociology a Level, 80–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13854-8_7.

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Stratification." In Mastering Sociology, 97–103. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17914-5_9.

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Schouten, Barry, Andy Peytchev, and James Wagner. "Stratification." In Adaptive Survey Design, 37–56. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2017]: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153964-3.

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Morgan, Stephen L. "Stratification." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 13187–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2290.

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Morgan, Stephen L. "Stratification." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2290-1.

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Selfe, P. L. "Stratification." In Advanced Sociology, 111–29. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13093-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stratification"

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Hatton, Sarah, Ellen Campana, Andreea Danielescu, and David Birchfield. "Stratification." In Proceeding of the seventh ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1640233.1640355.

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Edosomwan, Kristian. "Instructional Stratification." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1893213.

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Zhao, Gang, and Pirooz Vakili. "Monotonicity and stratification." In 2008 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736083.

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Arrial, Victor, Giulio Guerrieri, and Delia Kesner. "Genericity Through Stratification." In LICS '24: 39th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3661814.3662113.

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Reynolds, Lindsay, Samantha Gillette, Jason Marder, Zachary Miles, Pavel Vodenski, Ariella Weintraub, Jeremy Birnholtz, and Jeff Hancock. "Contact stratification and deception." In the ACM 2011 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1958824.1958857.

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Benadè, Gerdus, Paul Gölz, and Ariel D. Procaccia. "No Stratification Without Representation." In EC '19: ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3328526.3329578.

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Danylevych, Olha, Dimka Karastoyanova, and Frank Leymann. "Optimal Stratification of Transactions." In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciw.2009.79.

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Standaert, Lucas, Thilanka Munasinghe, Dongyoung Jang, Catherine Tate, Sean Lossef, and Wilson Wong. "Covid Vaccine Risk Stratification." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671601.

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Song, Yuting, Xiangyu Yun, Tian Chen, Huiyong Zhang, Jiesheng Min, and Guofei Chen. "Investigation on Gas Dispersion Inside the Large-Scale Containment by CFD Simulation With Code_Saturne for Experimental Scenario Definition." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67027.

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During accidental situations, large quantities of hydrogen are generated and released due to metal-water reaction. Eventual stratification formed in the top region of containment and locally high concentration threatens the integrity of nuclear power plants. The stratification of hydrogen may be eroded by several measures, such as air jet, spray, ventilation. So far, several activities have been carried out on the hydrogen stratification’s break-up study. The well-known OECD/SETH-2 project used PANDA and MISTRA test facilities to study this phenomenon with variable test conditions. These test cases are also wildly used to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. The large-scale containment test facility – COntainment Thermal-hydraulics and Hydrogen Distribution (COTHYD) was designed and constructed at CGN to study the containment thermal hydraulics behavior and hydrogen risk in PWR during severe accidents. A series of tests including helium and air stratification, helium and air stratification eroded by air jet, as well as steam dispersion and condensation are planned to be performed on this test facility. The objective is to set up high quality database for code validation and physical phenomena research. During the test cases preparation, the relevant tests carried out since 2000 in MISTRA, TOSQAN, THAI, PANDA were collected to give the reference for the cases design in COTHYD. For the tests of stratification’s break-up on COTHYD, helium is discharged from top and it accumulates at the top region of containment. On the preparation stage, Code_Saturne was used to define the test scenario and predict helium distribution. Both dead volume and open volume (with ventilation) are modeled to investigate helium stratification formation and helium-rich layer concentration evolution. These results will be used as test matrix configurations. Code_Saturne, EDF in-house open-source software, has been used in the simulation of hydrogen dispersion. In 2015, B. Hou presented their work on the simulation of the break-up phenomenon of helium stratification by air (ST1_7 and ST1_10 test cases of OECD/SETH-2 project) (Hou et al., 2015) [1]. Simulation results demonstrated that Code_Saturne can well predict and simulate this phenomenon. This software is, as a consequence, used as the case design and validation tools in the pre/post experiment steps.

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Andersen, Elsa, Simon Furbo, and Ziqian Chen. "Thermal Stratification in Hot Water Storage Tanks with Fabric Stratification Inlet Pipes." In ISES Solar World Congress 2011. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2011.29.01.

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Reports on the topic "Stratification"

1

MacQueen, D. Material-based Stratification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919964.

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2

Benabou, Roland. Heterogeneity, Stratification, and Growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4311.

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3

Harter, Rachel M., Pinliang (Patrick) Chen, Joseph P. McMichael, Edgardo S. Cureg, Samson A. Adeshiyan, and Katherine B. Morton. Constructing Strata of Primary Sampling Units for the Residential Energy Consumption Survey. RTI Press, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0041.1705.

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The 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey design called for stratification of primary sampling units to improve estimation. Two methods of defining strata from multiple stratification variables were proposed, leading to this investigation. All stratification methods use stratification variables available for the entire frame. We reviewed textbook guidance on the general principles and desirable properties of stratification variables and the assumptions on which the two methods were based. Using principal components combined with cluster analysis on the stratification variables to define strata focuses on relationships among stratification variables. Decision trees, regressions, and correlation approaches focus more on relationships between the stratification variables and prior outcome data, which may be available for just a sample of units. Using both principal components/cluster analysis and decision trees, we stratified primary sampling units for the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey and compared the resulting strata.

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Bayer, Patrick, and Robert McMillan. Tiebout Sorting and Neighborhood Stratification. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17364.

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Abadie, Alberto, Matthew Chingos, and Martin West. Endogenous Stratification in Randomized Experiments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19742.

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Whitehead, Jared, and Beth A. Wingate. Rapidly rotating flow with weak stratification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1080344.

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Wuerslin, Nicole, Franz Lichtner, Nadia Podpora, and Simone Whitecloud. Arctic seed sterilization and germination. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47682.

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We conducted growth chamber experiments to overcome challenges of native seed germination relating to disease and germination time. We selected five northern species, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. virginicum, Anemone patens var. multifida, Polemonium reptans, and Senecio con-gestus, for their native ranges and commercial-nursery availability. Recommended stratification time for each species was either unknown or a minimum of 60 days. Seeds were sterilized with 70% ethanol, 10% hydro-gen peroxide, or UVC light to identify which method most effectively pre-vented pathogen infection. To determine if stratification time could be reduced, seeds underwent a 30-day cold, moist stratification. We tested which growth medium was most conducive to germination of the sterilized, stratified seeds: filter paper or sterilized potting soil. In a separate experiment, we tested if three different levels of gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 500, and 1000 ppm) could reduce stratification time to 15 days. The 70% ethanol was effective in a seed surface sterilization; an average of 84% of all seeds for all species treated showed no contamination. Germination following a 30-day cold, moist stratification was unsuccessful for most species tested in both growth media. Here, 1000 ppm GA3 with a 15-day cold, moist stratification showed considerable success with P. reptans.

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Behtoui, Alireza. Social Capital and Stratification of Young People. Librello, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12924/si2013.01010046.

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Mücher, Sander, Lorenzo De Simone, Henk Kramer, Allard de Wit, Laure Roupioz, Gerard Hazeu, Hendrik Boogaard, et al. A new Global Agro-Environmental Stratification (GAES). Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/400815.

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Coe, Christopher L., and William B. Ershler. Immunological Consequences of Social Stratification and Change. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196795.

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