Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stratégies de stabilité'
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Lefebvre, Catherine. "Stratégies de contrôle laser de la dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25791/25791.pdf.
Full textNoiray, Nicolas. "Analyse linéaire et non-linéaire des instabilités de combustion : application aux systèmes à injection multipoints et stratégies de contrôle." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECAP1049.
Full textCombustion instabilities induced by resonant acoustic-flame coupling occur in manypractical systems and cause severe difficulties and in extreme cases provoke failure or catastrophic damage. In most cases, the combustion process and the flow field are coupled by the system acoustic modes yielding strong oscillations of the flow and release of heat within the system. The problem has been extensively investigated over a number of years and a considerable amount of information has been gathered on the basic driving and coupling mechanisms. The present thesis aims at answering some of pending questions by combining systematic experiments, with theoretical modeling and numerical simulation. Theoretical developments are devised to model the physical phenomena encountered in the experimental layout. Numerical simulations are also used to complement the experimental and analytical work. The important results of this work are : (1) The nonlinear framework relying on the flame describing function (FDF). This constitutes a substantial progress in the understanding of mechanisms yielding limit cycles and of other nonlinear processes such as hysteresis or instability triggering, which are commonly observed in combustion applications. (2) the original passive control strategy which was developped and uses a dynamical phase converter (DPC) to reduce the sensitivity of the flame collection to incident perturbations (patent has been filed on this basis)
Hamerlain, Faïza. "Stratégies de commande par modes glissants d’ordre supérieur appliquées à des robots mobiles à roues." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECLI0025.
Full textThis work addresses the automatic control problem of wheeled mobile robots via the higher order sliding mode approach. After presenting aspects of modelling of wheeled mobile robots, as flatness approach to planning, different sliding mode control strategies are elaborated. Under the assumption of pure rolling of wheels without sliding (non holonomic constraints satisfied), the first strategy solves the problem of the stabilization of the car at a fixed point by switching of control laws between second and third order sliding mode controllers. The latter is based on geometric homogeneity property with a discontinuous term. The second strategy solves the problem of the trajectory tracking. Two second order sliding mode control laws are then developed. The first rests on the Lyapunov type approach, while the second uses the input/output linearization techniques of flat systems. Both control laws have been tested in simulation and validated experimentally on the platform Robucar. In order to study the robustness of our approach to unmatched disturbances (sliding and skidding effects of the wheels), a third higher order sliding control strategy is proposed. In the case of pseudo-sliding, we have developed for the unicycle and the car a control law based on the sliding surfaces ensuring the asymptotic convergence of both lateral and longitudinal errors. However, due to the sliding and the skidding effects, those errors are only stabilized in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin
Denis, Guillaume. "Les nouvelles stratégies de contrôle d’onduleurs pour un système électrique 100% interfacé par électronique de puissance." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0020/document.
Full textIn the context of renewable energy and HVDC links development in power systems, the present work concerns the technical operations of such systems. As wind power, solar photovoltaics and HVDC links are interfaced to the transmission grid with power-electronics, can the system be operated in the extreme case where the load is fed only through static converters?Driving a power system only based on power electronic interfaced generation is a tremendous change of the power system paradigm that must be clearly understood by transmission grid operators. The traditional “grid-feeding” control strategy of inverters exhibits a stability limit when their proportion becomes too important. The inverter control strategy must be turned into a “parallel grid-forming” strategy.This thesis first analyses the power system needs, proposes the requirements for “parallel grid-forming” converters and describes the associated challenges. Accordingly, the thesis gives a method for designing a stable autonomous synchronization controls so that grid-forming sources can operate in parallel with a good level of reliability. Then, a method is proposed to design a voltage control for a grid-forming PWM source taking into account the limited dynamic of large converters. The robustness of the solution is discussed for different configuration of the grid topology. A current limiting strategy is presented to solve the current sensitivity issue of grid-forming converters, subject to different stressing events of the transmission grid. The ideas developed on a single converter are then applied on small grids with a limited number of converters to allow a physical interpretation on the simulation results
Srihi, Hajer. "Stratégies de stabilité en position assise chez les personnes vivant avec une lésion de la moelle épinière : de l’estimation utilisant des modèles descripteurs quasi-LPV à la validation expérimentale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPHF0041.
Full textSpinal cord injury leads to a partial or complete loss of muscular activity and sensory functions below the level of injury, this damage to the spinal cord leads to a drastic reduction in postural stability in a sitting position and consequently a high risk of falling (Boswell-Ruys et al., 2010; Nelson et al., 2010).The consequences of the injury are significant and are sensorimotor, cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive. The impact of the injury on the vertebral stabilizing system leads to new stabilization strategies, in case of disturbance, which are different from the strategies implemented by asymptomatic subjects. These strategies, which compensate for the lack of sublesionel control, are essentially based on the movements of the upper limbs.Understanding these strategies as well as quantifying the resulting joint forces are necessary in order to assess the impact of the injury and propose news methods facilitating the control of seated stability.One of the challenges is knowing how to ‘’return’’ to the variables that generate these efforts, the joint torques, data which are not measured and cannot be measured. A way of doing that, an alternative to the ‘’classic’’ inverse dynamics, has been exploited in previous work (Blandeau, 2018). It consists, from a biomechnical model, of using observation techniques to reconstruct these unknown inputs. The formalism used is a so-called Takagi-Sugeno formalism in order to describe nonlinear systems in a polytopic manner. The description used is of descriptor type, because it lends itself well to mechanical models by reducing the complexity of the conditions obtained (Estrada-Manzo, 2015).A test compaign carried out at the CRIR in Montreal (Blandeau, 2018) made it possible to collect numerous data on the sitting posture of people with spinal cord injuries. Only part of these tests could be analyzed because the ‘’Seated-3-Segments’’ (S3S) model used is not able to describe all the situations encountered, for example asymmetry in arm movements.There are several challenges:Enriching existing models, in particular the S3S model (Blandeau, 2018), knowing that the ‘’direct’’ resolution with an observer from this type of model is already close to the limitations of current solvers.Arrive at solutions which are relevant (at a minimum which use biomechanical models without simplification), compatible with the possibilities of the solvers and sufficiently generic so are not to require redoing a complete study if additional degrees of freedom are added. To fulfil these challenges, proposals for cascaded nonlinear observers are made. To show the merits of the approach, the results are first compared to the existing one (S3S) before being extended to models using additional degrees of freedom including ‘’Trunk-2-Arms’’ (T2A) for which the previous methodology cannot provide solutions. T2A make it possible in particular to exploit tests involving asymmetry in upper limbs movements. In the following stages, it remains to introduce rotations, particularly at the level of the shoulders to approximate the real movements carried out by the subject. The methodology used seems perfectly suited to carry out this extension.Finally, a mannequin equipped with all the necessary actuators and sensors to reproduce the movements of a person in seated position will be used, this time with the possibility of validating the reconstructed joint torques, by directly comparing them to those produced
Sarrat, de Tramezaigues Guillaume. "Défis économiques de la zone euro élargie : stratégies de pré-adhésion, nouvelles politiques budgétaires et monétaires européennes et policy mix de la zone euro élargie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0016.
Full textThe thesis studies fiscal and monetary aspects of the coming euro zone enlargements during the 2007-2013 period, being for both the potential new members (EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007) and the euro-zone-12. The thesis is a prospective approach of the subject based on an empirical study of the economics of European monetary integration from 1996 to 2007. In a first part, potential new members’ nominal and real convergence are studied to, thanks to members’ former experience, determine the best enlargement preparation sequence in terms of macroeconomic policy and choice of pre-enlargement exchange rate regime. In a second part, and after having presented the limits of the Exchange Rate Mechanism 2 and its possible improvement, fiscal aspects of the coming enlargements are studied and especially an enhanced Growth and Stability Pact to improve the management of member states’ diminishing indebtedness and to put to an end pro-cyclical fiscal policies during cycles’ favourable-phases, and the relevance of a higher European budget and an increased tax cooperation among euro zone members. The third part is aimed at the study of monetary aspects of future enlargements, including inflation rate evolution in both new members and the euro zone, the required further reforms to perform following these in 2003 for the European Central Bank, its inflation objective, its pre and post enlargements’ interest rate policy and the functioning of the European Central Banks System
As'ad, Kamel. "Élaboration d'une stratégie de commande h-infini à plusieurs degrés de liberté : poursuite et rejet de perturbations." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10033.
Full textKrakowski, Vincent. "Intégration du renouvelable et stratégie de déploiement du réseau électrique : réconciliation d'échelles spatio-temporelles dans des exercices prospectifs de long terme." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM025/document.
Full textPower systems are currently facing several issues in order to evolve and integrate less carbon-heavy, and potentially more local, production. Prospective model-based analysis is a precious tool for exploring the possible long-term developments of these systems and comparing their advantages and disadvantages. However, to ensure relevance, it is important to reconcile the spatial and temporal phenomena that occur at various scales. Power system management depends on constantly maintaining a complex supply- demand balance. Meeting this challenge requires anticipating demand variations and power plant availability, combined with regulation systems to resolve remaining discrepancies. These regulations are activated in from a few seconds up to several hours. On shorter timescales, power systems show inherent robustness: the power grid creates an electromagnetic coupling between synchronous machines allowing them to share their inertia. This inertia, which takes the form of kinetic energy, is instantaneously available to face natural demand or supply fluctuations. To ensure that proposed long-term scenarios are consistent with the robustness requirements of power systems, which enable their management, this robustness must be assessed using prospective modeling. In this work, we propose an indicator, calculable within prospective studies, which assesses power system stability, namely its ability to return to synchronism after a perturbation. This indicator is based on an aggregated description of the transportation power grid and describes the electromagnetic coupling brought by the power grid. When combined with a bottom-up model from the MARKAL/TIMES family describing the French power system, this synchronism indicator, along with another indicator quantifying the available kinetic reserve, enables us to assess the consequences of renewable penetration, especially in terms of power system robustness
Bonnyaud, Céline. "Caractérisation de la cinématique et de la trajectoire du centre de masse des patients hémiparétiques lors d’une tâche de navigation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV074/document.
Full textThe gait characteristics of patients with hemiparesis are usually assessed during stable, straightline gait. Clinical tests are mostly based on timed performance, although biomechanical gait analysis may be carried out. The analysis of navigational tasks that involve constraints encountered in daily life is necessary to increase understanding of gait deficits. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) includes oriented gait towards a target, and turning tasks, typical of real-life gait. However, the simple analysis of performance time does not provide sufficient information regarding actual performance of the tasks. The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the locomotor displacements of hemiparetic patients during navigational tasks, such as those involved in the TUG. To this end, we carried out a biomechanical analysis of gait during the three navigational tasks of the TUG (oriented gait to the target, turning and oriented gait to the seat). We analysed the kinematics, stability and locomotor trajectories of patients and healthy subjects. This work is original because it provides a biomechanical characterization of the organization of gait in patients with hemiparesis during navigational tasks, using innovative parameters. The longer performance time in hemiparetic patients, compared with healthy subjects, was related to a decrease in the majority of spatio-temporal and joint kinematic parameters. Moreover, the results showed that oriented gait tasks were controlled by the same parameters in hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects, but in different proportions. In contrast, the turning task was controlled by different, specific parameters. Organizational differences between hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects were also highlighted, namely a lack of stability, slowing during the turn and deviation from the trajectory by the patients. These results suggest that hemiparetic patients use a strategy which is a compromise between stability, trajectory and performance for the optimal achievement of navigational tasks, such as these involved in the TUG. The implications of this work for the clinical management of hemiparetic patients are explained
Samba, Zitou Raïssa Juvette. "Quasi stabilité et questions stratégiques dans certains mécanismes d'appariement avec travailleurs seniors." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN0658.
Full textWe study the Assignment model and UniÖed matching model with seniority constraint. It is about the case where some workers (the senior workers) have a priority status. We prove the existence of quasi stable outcomes, which guarantee the non-emptiness of the constrained core. This constrained core may not be a lattice but it is a finite and disjoint union of complete lattices. We discuss the strategic questions in these two models and in the Unified matching model without seniority constraint
Boulogne, Thomas. "Jeux stratégiques non-atomiques et applications aux réseaux." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008759.
Full textJun, Raphael. "Les mousses et lichens des dunes grises atlantiques :Caractéristiques structurales, Dynamique et Typologie fonctionnelle des communautés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097044.
Full textdes processus de colonisation. Le littoral dunaire atlantique français se développe sur environ 500
kilomètres du nord au sud. La végétation de dune grise est présente sur la partie de dune fixée, sous la forme de pelouse rase à plantes xérotolérantes. Un observatoire des mousses et des lichens sur neuf dunes non boisées du littoral atlantique de la France a été mis en place afin d'identifier les patrons de distribution des espèces de mousses et lichens en fonction des dynamiques du milieu.
L'analyse des patrons de distribution de la végétation sur la zone d'étude, le long d'un transect allant de la plage à la frange forestière, montre que les mousses et lichens se distribuent en cinq communautés à stratégies de vie identifiables par leurs traits biologiques ainsi que leur relation significative avec certains paramètres pédologiques. La position de chaque groupe dans certaines parties de dunes traduit des modifications dans la composition chimique de la couche superficielle du
substrat par la mise en évidence des gradients trophique, d'acidification et de décalcification de la plage à la dune boisée.
L'approche diachronique par le suivi des communautés de mousses et de lichens, ainsi que les relations entre les analyses de sol et les espèces et certains traits communs de réponse des espèces aux perturbations, suggèrent que la structure des communautés et les mécanismes participant à la fixation du milieu sont reliés aux conditions abiotiques du milieu qui varient en fonction du temps, aux stratégies de vie des espèces et aux perturbations. Les différentes communautés mises en évidence reflètent trois états de stabilité.
L'analyse des interactions biotiques au sein des communautés confirme que les lichens prennent une
part importante dans les processus de maturation de l'écosystème. De part leur zonation spatiale précise, leurs organisations et leurs rôles éventuels dans l'écosystème, les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles peuvent être considérées comme ayant un rôle clé de voûte dans le fonctionnement des dunes grises.
Les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles permettent de préciser une typologie des dunes littorales et d'évaluer leurs états dynamiques. Les résultats obtenus peuvent contribuer à obtenir un diagnostic écologique sur les dunes. Ils rendent possible des décisions de gestion du milieu et confirment l'intérêt du rôle indicateur des mousses et lichens pour le gestionnaire.
Nemecek, Daniel. "Une nouvelle génération d'oligonucléotides synthétiques utilisables en stratégie antisens : propriétés d'hybridation et stabilité des complexes formés avec leurs compléments d'ADN naturel." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066012.
Full textHe, Yueying. "Stratégie de commande unifiée du TCSC ("Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor") pour améliorer la stabilité des réseaux électriques." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6652/1/000681033.pdf.
Full textFareh, Raouf. "Stratégie de commande distribuée pour les manipulateurs rigides et flexibles assurant la stabilité des erreurs de suivi de trajectoires." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2013. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1172/1/FAREH_Raouf.pdf.
Full textCeccaldi-Allian, Valérie. "Dynamique d'émergence d'une stratégie d'innovation en TPE : le cas d'une petite cave coopérative vinicole." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20155/document.
Full textTo maintain durably an activity during twenty-three years doesn't act as itself but it takes to know how to model together : though and action, control and learning, stability and change. The elaboration of a strategy, by a SME, follows a process of its own that is adapted to its technological and organizationel capacities but it must also be connected to the opportunities seized by the manager.Based one's argument on the case study of a small cooperative cellar, we illustrate the elaboration process of a strategy. We retain the story line of the manager who served as chairman of the board of directors of the cooperative and also as managing director of this small firm. We shall see that this functional originality allowed the organization to combine innovation and sustainability on all fields of activity. This helped it to continue the development of its wine industry, in spite of the functional problems or the evolutions of his Market.To study "the innovation being made" has brought to the foreground one after the other the events-keys, which shaped the corporate policy led from 1988 to 2011, and allowed to highlight the role of the actors at the heart of the process of strategic Learning
Khabou, Amal. "Dense matrix computations : communication cost and numerical stability." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833356.
Full textDukhan, David. "Synthèse de 4'-thio-oligoribonucléotides (4'-S-ARN)." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20038.
Full textUsmanov, Sardor. "Stabilité et changement des conceptions stratégiques de Tony Blair sur le processus de paix au Moyen Orient : la mutation institutionnelle du Premier ministre en Représentant du Quartet." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591755.
Full textRorive, Brigitte. "Entre contrôle de la ressource et contrôle de l'activivté : les chemins de stabilisation de l'entreprise-réseau : Essai diachronique sur la perennité des formes réticulaires d'organisation." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL12001.
Full textVaralli, Alessandra. "Ricostruzione delle strategie di sussistenza in Italia durante l’età del Bronzo : il contributo delle analisi isotopiche." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3055.
Full textThe Bronze Age is characterised by significant changes in human groups organisation and activities. In Italy, archaeological evidences show that new agricultural practices, livestock farming and new economic activities were introduced. All these aspects evolved differently, depending on geographical areas, local environment and social factors. The study of subsistence strategies and socio-economic behaviours through the analysis of dietary patterns in Italy during the Bronze Age is presented. Main scopes are to delineate Italian society’s food choices and to analyse the introduction of new resources. Stable isotopes analyses contained in collagen of human and animal bone has been performed. A diachronic and geographic approach is presented. The analysis focuses on ten Italian sites dating from ca. 2300 to 930 BC, presenting both diachronic and geographic comparison. The geographic analysis shows a more varied diet in the North and Central Italy, compared to the Southern areas. Concerning the diachronic analysis, data highlight the homogeneity of the resources consumed during the Early Bronze Age. For both Middle and Late Bronze Ages, the introduction of new plants in the diet is evident. Thus, Middle Bronze Age represents a pivotal moment in protohistoric societies, as a phase of rupture and transition. The consumption of different food resources and new cereals diffusion processes contribute to highlight the importance of contacts and cultural exchanges. These relationships had a significant influence on Italian communities during the Bronze Age, including food habits, although the environment and the climatic oscillations of this period cannot be neglected
L'età del Bronzo è una fase della Protostoria caratterizzata in Italia da importanti cambiamenti per i gruppi umani. Le evidenze archeologiche suggeriscono l'introduzione di nuove pratiche agricole e sistemi di allevamento, a cui si associa la sviluppo di attività di rilevanza a livello economico (e.g. metallugia), e una maggiore organizzazione della società che mostrano al loro interno una strutturazione e gerarchizzazione più marcata: questi aspetti presentano tendenze differenti secondo l'area geografica, in seguito alle caratteristiche ambientali locali e fattori di tipo sociale. Questo lavoro propone lo studio delle strategie di sussistenza e delle tendenze socio-economiche attraverso l'analisi dell'alimentazione. Gli obiettivi sono comprendere come le transformazioni che si manifestano a livello socio-economico si riflettono nella dieta, delineare le tendenze alimentari considerando anche gli aspetti biologici e analizzare il consump di nuove risorse. Lo studio è stato effetuato attraverso l'analisi degli isotopi stabili contenuti nel collagene delle ossa di resti umani e animali. Sono stati selezionati 10 siti della penisola italiana datati tra 2300-930 BC: prendendo in considerazione altri siti disponibili in letteratura, l'analisi è avvenuto applicando un approccio di tipo geografico e cronologico. L'analisi geografica ha messo in evidenza come il Nord e il Centro Italia presentino dei pattern alimentari variegati, contrariamente à quanto si rileva per il Sud Italia. L'analisi cronologica mostra come nel Bronzo Antico si noti una maggior omogeneità nel tipo di risorse consumate, differentemente all'età del Bronzo Medio e Rencete-Finale, dove l'introduzione di nuovi cereali nella dieta,come il miglio, risultaevidente. Questo studio, quindi, mostra come nel Bronzo Antico rappresenti un momento critico, di transizione, per i gruppi umani protostorici. Il consumo di risorse differenti e il processo di diffusione di nuovi cereali sottolinea l'importanza dei contatti e degli scambi culturali tra le diverse comunità. Queste relazioni cominciano ad avere un'influenza rilevante durante l'età del Bronzo, anche a livello di abitudini alimentari, sebbene non possano essere ignorate le caratteristiche ambientali locali e le oscillazioni climatiche di questo periodo
Kaya, Uğur. "Représentations stratégiques hétérogènes de la Turquie dans l'Alliance Atlantique à travers son voisinage avec le Moyen-Orient : analyse d'un État glacis, "rentier stratégique", exploitant les conflits militaires régionaux et globaux comme facteur autonome de développement économique et de stabilité interne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0031.
Full textThis thesis analys of the interactions between the logic of security and the economic logic that bring to bear on state apparatus and socio-economic agents in Turkey, with regard to Middle Eastern relations and concentrating in particular on Turkey's heterogeneity within the NATO. It consists, fundamentally, of a study of the dialectical relationship between the economic, political and military fields in Turkey on the national, regional and global scales. The thesis's period of analysis stretches from the foundation of the Turkish Republic up to the end of the twentieth century. Within this framework, the thesis attempts to decrypt the role of conflictuality in strategic identity. Interactions between economic and military strategy on the global level do not, in the case of Turkey, stem from colonial considerations. They stem, rather, from a conception of security that aims to avoid participation in territorially-constituted wars in order to achieve economic development. Through this particular relationship between regional and global conflictualities, the Turkish state's long-term policy can be said to consist of instrumentalising antagonisms of third-party protagonists, without any one of those third parties assuming the role of an 'enemy' per se or a 'source of immediate threat'. This exploitation of conflicts leads not only to security considerations, it becomes a multi-view strategy: for economic and social development, to guarantee internal stability, serving also to reinforce official ideology. These phenomena are analysed by means of the concepts of the "conflictualist paradigm" and the "strategic rentier state. "
Al-Dosari, Sultan. "Le Conseil de Coopération des États arabes du Golfe (CCG) : face aux mutations internes et externes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D067.
Full textThe Gulf cooperation council (GCC) facing up the changes internal and external is the title of our research that examines the evolution of relation between GCC Member States and the outcomes of their development on the empowerment of their institutions, in the perspective of insuring political, social, economic and security stability for the populations of this geographical unit of the Middle East. The main objective of this research is to treat the circumstances of its creation, the projects realized, and the difficulties encountered. Therefore,it is a global vision, a legal, political and economic approach, and also a comparative study with other regional organizations. We also examine the ability of GCC defensive forces to absorb external attacks. We tackle the issues that stir this unit rather homogeneous composed of six monarchical regimes yet has not managed to reach a common vision to resolve the litigations that weaken it and risk to make it vanish
Filardi, Giampaolo. "Stratégies de contrôle robuste de lecteurs de disques DVD." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00197521.
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