Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stratégies alimentaires'
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Spitz, Jérôme. "Stratégies alimentaires et énergétiques de la prédation chez les mammifères marins." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00565430.
Full textMailleux, Anne-Catherine. "Les Règles de comportements à l'origine des stratégies alimentaires chez Lasius niger." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211473.
Full textLopez, Élisabeth. "Organisations et stratégies des petites entreprises agro-alimentaires à Maroua (nord-Cameroun)." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100180.
Full textThis study illustrates how economic and geographical analysis tools can be combined to provide an insight into how small-scale food industries are organized and how they function in maroua, the capital of the northermost province of cameroon. The cereal transformation sector, as well as the food street sector and the drink production sector, have been studied to demonstrate the impact of small businesses of this type on the town's structure as well as on its economic activity, such as employment and revenue. The more important aspects of the sectors' organization have also been discussed. In any company, several logics of action (merchant, technical, social, magic,. . . ) run together. The different functions of a company are very linked together and they settle a system which is finalized by the entrepreneur strategy. As such, analysing a small business implies a strategic analysis of all these contributing factors. This strategic analysis method leads to a better understanding of all the different varieties of small-scale food industries in maroua (resulting from each different entrepreneurial strategy, the available resources in company's area and the action logics choice), and also of how the variety of small businesses, in turn, influences the physical organization of the town itself
Lombard, Jérôme. "Problèmes alimentaires et stratégies de survie dans le Sahel sénégalais : les paysans Serer." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100028.
Full textThe Serer of Senegal experienced a number of poor harvests between 1983 and 1985. The carry-over periods were often prolonged and sometimes lasted up to six months. The serer responded by establishing a strict and careful management of their resources. They were able to carry-over the reserves that had been already foreseen during the hivernage. At the same time they had to rely greatly on their savings in order to cover their living expenses. These savings were made possible thanks to a variety of activities in the village, to the agility of solidarity within the serer family structure, and finally to employment in the cities during the dry season. From now on, self-sufficiency in grain production will be guaranteed as much by the harvest as by purchase of imported goods, grants, and foreign aid. The response to the food shortage is no longer solely a local affair, but is interrelated to all the conditions of the society (migration, family network. )
Mpuru, René Mazembe-Bias. "Urbanisation et crise alimentaire à Kikwit (Congo) : stratégies d'adaptation aux contraintes d'approvisionnements vivriers et alimentaires, et incidences sur la société urbaine." Bordeaux 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR30069.
Full textThe fall of the second republic in congo-kinshasa has brought great socio-economic consequences in the congolese cities. The rapid degradation of the country's political and macro-economic situation from 1990 to 1997 bears serious effects on the alimentation of the congolese townsmen. The food crisis developing worryingly in kikwit is one dimension of the problem. The description of the food crops supply system in kikwit and the notorious salary precariousness have naturally deteriorated the kikwit people's alimentary conditions. In these conditions, what are the options and strategies brought about by the townsmen for their food supply ? the rapid degradation of the road network constitutes a handicap for the marketing of the food crops in the hinterland and their transport to kikwit. The peasants-producers from enclaved regions use waterways thanks to their pirogues, rafters and whaleboats to supply the city. A true servitude for these peasants forced to travel kilometres, cross falls and often forced to face bad weather conditions in order to feed the city with a view of making some profit. The ports have became + true bushmarkets ; and prices reference spots for the marketing of basic foodstuff in cities. Therefore, what are the prospects of recent evolution in kikwit's alimentation condition ? the decay of city's economic activities continuously increases the number of jobless. The low salaries (3 to 8 dollars) have led to a drop in the townsmen's consumption level. These latter involued themselves in parcel and suburban agriculture which is far from meeting households' food requirements. The kikwit inhabitants alimentation remains very unbalanced ; they get their last energies more from glucidic products (tubercules, vegetales) than from lipidic and protidic products. The decrease of the number of meals is worring : 53 % of the households in our sample have only one meal a day. The consequences of such a socio-economic and food situation are particularly acute on the people's heath: nutritive trouble, exclusion, and poverty. Key-words : urbanisation, employment, food crops supply, food crisis, health, poverty, kikwit, congo-kinshasa
Kone, Amenan Prisca Nadege. "Stratégies alimentaires naturelles et innovatrices pour améliorer la qualité de la viande de lapin." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30952.
Full textRabbit meat is appreciated namely for its good nutritional quality and especially for its low fat content when compared to other species. However, its high nutritional value is compromised by a high pH, which promotes microbial growth and thus increases risks associated to food safety. In addition, its high polyunsaturated fat content makes it more susceptible to oxidation, which affects taste, nutritional value and functionality of its components and lead to meat alteration and spoilage. We have therefore identified the use of natural bioactive ingredients as a potential initiative to help the meat industry tackle this issue. To achieve this, we initiated, as a first step, studies on the use of plant extracts (onion, cranberry and strawberry, NutraCanada) and essential oils (Xtract, Pancosma) rich in polyphenols, in order to optimize rabbit meat quality (weaned female rabbits). At a concentration of 10 ppm of active ingredients (according to supplier’s recommendations for the promotion of a health digestive system in rabbits with the essential oils tested), the oxidative status of the meat immediately following slaughter was not modified. The same was observed for concentrations up to 10 times higher with plan extracts. However, only a slight and sporadic reduction of the microflora was observed, which could reach up to 1.5 log UFC/g during refrigerated storage, even with higher doses. As a second step, enrichment of rabbits’ diet with a protective culture (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CBI, which produces three bacteriocins, Micocin®) was studied for its ability to modify positively the microbiological quality of final products. The microflora on refrigerated thighs was favourably modified by the addition of Micocin® in the diet by reducing Enterobacteriacea, coliforms and Listeria spp. counts, but more importantly, it reduced experimentally inoculated Listeria monocytogenes counts in ground meat by more than 2 log units compared to the control group. We must emphasize that zootechnical performances were not affected by the different food strategies tested. In conclusion, addition to rabbit feed of a protective culture capable to modify positively the meat microflora had beneficial effects superior to those observed with plant extracts and essential oils; hence, it turns out to be a more efficient nutritional strategy to improve rabbit meat microbiological quality.
Fontas, Marine. "Les expériences alimentaires des temps du cancer." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20060/document.
Full textAt the intersection of food and health anthropology and in connection with the reflections undertaken by the biomedical world about the weight loss of patients, this thesis outlines the food relation reorganization of people with lung cancer and treated with chemotherapy. By focusing on the patients experience, it reflects the food adaptation strategies implemented by them and / or their relatives, to alleviate the chemically induced food disturbances. The research methodology relies on two longitudinal patient surveys : one is based on semi-structured interviews and the other one is based on questionnaires. During those surveys, observations of the medical and paramedical care of oncology patients were conducted. While both the biomedical world and the uninitiated do not recognize food as a supposed causation of lung cancer , this thesis defends its inclusion in the therapeutic model of patients. In order to do this, the thesis makes first account of the informational context on nutrition and cancer, stretching from the preventive space to the therapeutic space , and within academic and non-academic forms. Then, carefully detailing the food trajectory of eater-patient since the diagnosis, it defines their food experience induced by situations of comfort and discomfort in feeding. Finally, it focused on food material and emotional support from loved ones. These three inputs account for forms of dietary adaptations strategies of nutritional , sensory and organizational orders taking part in a dynamic which is self-regulated to chemically induced food disturbances and which traces the food experience of eater-patient
Lessard, Stéphanie. "Les stratégies alimentaires santé développées et adoptées visant à favoriser de saines habitudes alimentaires : une analyse intergénérationnelle dans une perspective de santé publique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67743.
Full textThe current dietary context exposes individuals to a food supply that favours an obesogenic consumption environment, which is defined by the sum of the environmental influences of living conditions that contribute to obesity. This environment is coupled with an informational environment focused on food, nutrition and overall health. Faced with the diversity of information disclosed, individuals develop different mental representations of healthy eating, making their food choices more complex. As one of the main actors helping to improve the health of the population, public health responds to these divergent representations. It provides information on healthy eating and overall health through interventions that aim to educate, normalize and empower the population. In general, the range of information disseminated through different media and public health interventions has fostered the development of a positive attitude towards healthy eating. However, despite the favourable public opinion towards healthy habits, overweight and obesity rates remain high. Overweight problems are associated with individual eating practices that stem from the current dietary context. Studies highlight the need to increase the effectiveness of public health interventions to reduce these problems by 1) identifying the steps taken by individuals who are already active in their own overall health to achieve or maintain healthy eating behaviour, and 2) the in-depth segmentation of target groups within the population. Based on the conclusions of this research, we propose to study the healthy eating strategies developed and adopted to promote adherence to or maintenance of healthy behaviours, consistent with public health interventions. The strategies respond to the need to simplify dietary decisions. We also propose to study strategies based on the millennial’s generation, a target group that is particularly at risk of developing overweight problems, according to the latest data provided by Statistics Canada. Millennials are also influential because of their population density, digital expertise, emerging consumer power, and attitudes and values that differ from other generations. vi Understanding the healthy eating strategies developed and adopted by the millenial generation would be useful both in formulating and implementing public health interventions, and in developing the communication strategies of companies that specialize in providing food products with enhanced health value. Finally, our study is part of an objective to develop knowledge about healthy eating behaviours.
Simmen, Bruno. "Stratégies alimentaires des primates néotropicaux en fonction de la perception des produits de l'environnement végétal." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA132017.
Full textFerreira, Angela Duarte Damasceno. "Agriculteurs et industries agro-alimentaires : stratégies, adaptations et conflits : une étude de cas au Paraná, Brésil." Paris 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA030097.
Full textThis work analyses contract farming taking as an exemple hog production in parana, south of brazil. The purpose was to show how industry interferes in the productive systeme of agricultural exploration in order to obtain adequate raw in terms of quality, quantity and price. Besides, this work aimed to show the way those farmer succeed in constructing an adaptation space between what wants the industry and their own practices and needs. In addition to that, this study relieved the initiatives undertaken by these producers in order to become actors of the contract relation and to face its actual asymetry
Lucchetta, Patrice. "Rôle de l'information dans les stratégies de recherche et d'exploitation des ressources chez l'hyménoptère parasitoïde Venturia canescens." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10010.
Full textCantin, Étienne. "On s'adapte! : une étude sur les stratégies utilisées pour faire face à l'insécurité alimentaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29962.
Full textHanuise, Nicolas. "Stratégies de chasse chez le manchot royal : prise alimentaire et optimisation du comportement de plongée." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660310.
Full textCertain, Grégoire. "Distribution, abondance et stratégies de recherche alimentaires chez les prédateurs supérieurs du golfe de Gascogne : une approche spatialisée." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS204.
Full textThis work proposes a new insight on an animals community which is poorly know and focus on the community of marine predator (seabirds and marine mammals) in the bay of Biscay. On the basis of airplane and ship-based transect surveys, and by using spatial analysis, the distribution and the abundance of the marine predator in the French Atlantic continental shelf is characterized for the first time. The distribution and the abundance of the marine predator offer new management information’s in the context of putting up marine protected area. After a thorough study on bias associated with pelagic aerial strip transects survey, this works round on three principal thematic: spatial distribution and temporal variability, abundance and prey consummation and lastly on foraging strategy. In a fundamental point of view, an innovative approach to quantify spatio-temporal variability of seabird’s distribution is proposed. This approach allows revealing areas with low temporal variability (i. E. Stable area) and areas with high temporal variability (i. E. Variable area) of seabird’s spatial distribution, and the spatial scales at which this variability is expressed. Large scale habitats of marine mammals have been modelled too, which revealed the important area of their spatial distribution. Our abundance estimates coupled to previous study on foraging diet lead us to conclude that consummation of prey by marine predators is in same order than fisheries activity in terms of biomass. Lastly, based on a foraging seabird species « the northern gannets » as a study model, fine scale spatial networks is revealed which is interpreted as an increase of information using from their congeners (i. E. Public information), this typical spatial organisation will increase the probability of finding preys in a highly variable, dynamic, and unpredictable marine environment. These results emphasize the importance of using statistical tools and concepts of spatial ecology to answer to fundamental and applied questions on structures, functioning and management of wildlife population
Alpha, Gado Boureima. "Sécheresse et famines au Sahel : crises alimentaires et stratégies de subsistances en Afrique sahélienne (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger)." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070079.
Full textThis study is divided into three volumes. The first contains a critical analysis of the main oral and written sources used (chronicles, archives), a presentation of the state of knowledge on these questions and a detailed inventory of sources. The third volume contains the annexes. The main body of the study is to be found in volume ii subdivided into three sections. The first, entitled 'ecology and history', consists of three reflections on the nature of the sahel (perceived from the outside, through publications, actions of public authorities and international organisations ; seen from within, through the statements and daily life of the populations ; as it appears in this study, through the changes imposed by developments, since 1850, forced by the difficulties of the environment and human activity. Particular stress is laid on the factors causing ecological disequilibrium (drought, locust invasion, epidemics) and the impact of human factors (demography, conflicts). An attempt of a periodisation of the main phases of the economic and social evolution of the sahel ends the first section. The second section consists of a detailed study of the most severe crises in food production as revealed by oral sources and documents. The third section provides a comparative analysis of the different approaches to food production in the region (traditional and modern subsistence strategies, food aid)
Anctil-Corneau, Marie-Pier. "La peur au ventre : la viande halal dans l'assiette québécoise : pratiques et stratégies alimentaires culturelles en contexte québécois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26729.
Full textNotre mémoire est dans l’entre-lieu de deux champs de recherche : les pratiques alimentaires religieuses extraites de leur contexte et la définition de l’identité en lien avec ces pratiques ou en réaction à l’introduction de celles-ci en terre d’accueil. Nous avons étudié la viande halal, un objet à forte charge symbolique, en interrogeant des informateurs musulmans pratiquants installés dans la province de Québec et des Québécois dits de souche pour comprendre leurs perceptions de cet objet et son aménagement dans leur vie quotidienne et dans l’espace public.
Fourgeau, Catherine. "Femmes africaines, stratégies alimentaires et urbanisation : approche ethno-géographique des petites productrices villageoises et citadines du sud-est Bénin." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30054.
Full textThe present research focuses on the participation of women in economic development. Our major objective has been to study, with the help of socio-cultural and geo-economic approaches, the mechanisms through wich small food-producers are introduced into the urbanisation process. This work is based on an 18-months-long field study in urban and rural areas in southeast benin. It correlates three variables, ie women, nutritional strategies and urbanisation in order to illustrate the dynamics which characterize the initiatives of the petty producers striving to contribute both to the nutritional needs and to respond to the economic requirements imposed on them by an urban environment. During their whole life women are influenced by social, cultural and economic determinants. In face of new economic and residential realities and in order to defend one's individual interests in urban environment, the social and spatial mobility of the small-scale producers finds its real justification in the adaptation of family relationships. Religion influences rural-urban mobility and women's integration in urban areas. Small-scale food-production enterprises, which are created mainly by women, are ruled by social and moral logic which impose their own pace and, at the same time, structural integration in the process of economic development. Women's work, therefore, is similar irrespective of any geographic limitations. This fact is very often hidden since women, in their strive to accumulate revenues and to secure their personal emancipation, the women are always confronted by the need to maintain the familial interests
Fleurance, Géraldine. "Mode d'acquisition des ressources alimentaires par les chevaux : Rôle des stratégies nutritionnelles et anti-parasitaire dans l'utilisation hétérogène des prairies." Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS006.
Full textIn this thesis, I analyse feeding choices and intake by horses in two French wetlands and I give evidence of some environmental constraints which may influence their feeding preferences. The main determinant of habitat use for feeding by horses seems to be the availability of green plant tissues. In grasslands, horses select short grass heights (e. G. 0-24 cm in the Marais Poitevin) and avoid eating less than one meter from the faeces which are concentrated in tall grass patches. Through this behaviour, they probably reduce their risk of parasite infection as most of the strongyles larvae are found less than one meter from the faeces. In comparison with an exclusive use of short or tall grass, the use of intermediate heights for feeding in heterogeneous pasture allows horses to balance constraints related to grass availability and quality ant to significantly increase their daily nutrient assimilation. An experimental trade-off offered between nutrition and parasitism suggests that feeding choices by horses are driven by a nutritional rather than a anti-parasite strategy. Nonetheless, it is possible that the presence of faeces in tall grass patches constraints horses to select shorter grass heights than the nutritional optimal one. Daily dry matter intakes measured here for growing horses (1. E. 101-215 g. KgW-0,75. D-1) are high compared to those achieved by growing cattle in the same site ; they enable horses to more than compensate for the lower digestibility of medium quality forage, and thus to assimilate more nutrients per day than cattle (+53 %). Consequently, cattle would require ecological refuge with abundant dicotyledons that horses avoid. The management implications of this work are discussed briefly, for pastures used for domestic horses and for wetland conservation
Lebreton, Sébastien. "Stratégies de ponte en situation de compétition chez une guêpe parasitoïde." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441637.
Full textMoruzzi, Romina. "Les consommateurs face aux paradoxes de l'offre de produits alimentaires durables : une étude comparative entre France et Italie." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0002/document.
Full textThis study aims to explore existing paradoxes in sustainable offer of food products and consequently behaviours of consumers at the time of perceiving these paradoxes. The related theoretical model is that of Mick and Fournier (1998), built initially for studying the paradoxes of modern technologies and adapted at the case of sustainable food consumption. A qualitative survey has been conducted among 84 ordinary consumers in France and Italy. Later other 18 subjects, already involved into sustainable purchases (participants of AMAP or Associations of Consumers), have been interviewed. The semi-structured interviews have shed light on perceived paradoxes and adopted coping strategies faced with two moments: before sustainable choice and at the moment of sustainable choice (Lazarus et Folkman, 1984). Last we have achieved to distinguish specific elements attached to two contexts of research: France and Italy, such as structural factors (market of sustainable food products) and cultural ones, and after in regard with consumers by proposing some profiles-types. So that this work has three objectives: theoretical as to verify the paradoxes listed towards the offer of food sustainable products; methodological regarding the adaptation of conceptual model of Mick et Fournier (1998) to specific context of research and then practical ones in order to distinguish some elements which can affect negatively the development of sustainable current offer
Jarret, Guillaume. "Optimisation des stratégies alimentaires des porcs en vue de la maîtrise des émissions gazeuses (NH₃ et CH₄) via l’incorporation de coproduits de biocarburants." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S202.
Full textThe price increase of cereals, the shortfall in plant protein production and the increasingly strong environmental pressure relating to livestock wastes, together constitute a new situation which could be favourable to the use of new animal feed materials such as the biofuel by-products. The first objective was thus to evaluate the impact of pig diets that include certain by-products on the total N and C excreted and on the subsequent level of atmospheric pollutants emitted from the waste during storage or anaerobic treatment. The second objective was a better understanding of the processes involved and those factors influencing the emissions regarding animal feeding and effluent management strategies. The incorporation of by-products in animal diets reduced the digestibility of organic matter, of nitrogen, of carbon and of energy. The same diet change increased the amount of faeces excreted per pig per day and shifted the partition of nitrogen excreted from urine to faeces. Concurrently, the pH of the faeces and of the slurry decreased, concurrent with an increase in the volatile fatty acid content and a reduction of the ammoniacal N. The inclusion of by-products reduced the ammonia volatilization from the stored waste by between 19 and 33%. The B0 for the effluent produced tended to decrease for the pig diets rich in fibre but the quantity of methane produced by pig slurry was greatly increased (+50 to 66%). The effluent management, as well as the feeding strategies affected the dynamics of methane production during manure storage. The MCF values are lower for the diets rich in proteins and greater for the diets rich in fibres
Mestre, Julie. "Entre variabilité interannuelle et stratégies individuelles : effets des paramètres environnementaux sur l’écologie alimentaire et le succès reproducteur des éléphants de mer de l’archipel de Kerguelen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS228.
Full textBecause time-series relative to foraging ecology, environmental parameters and population trends are scarce, few studies focused on the mechanisms linking oceanographic variables with the foraging behaviour and breeding success in marine top predators. This PhD thesis aims to assess the effects of inter-annual environmental conditions and individual strategies on the foraging ecology and breeding success of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), a key species of the Southern Ocean. The simultaneous analysis of stable isotopes and tracking-diving time-series highlighted that the foraging habitats, as well as the diving- and foraging behaviour of female seals, remained stable over the last fourteen years. This thesis also revealed a consistency in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic foraging strategies, and a decrease in the body condition of females exploiting the latter habitat. The weaning mass of their pups, considered as a proxy of the breeding success, decreased too. A difference in habitat quality was detected between the area located east and west of the Kerguelen archipelago, with the area located west providing a higher foraging success. Moreover, a spatial structuration of foraging strategies was highlighted between two breeding sites located at Kerguelen Island. Despite consistency in the behaviour of seals, an overall increase in body condition was assessed over the study period. Combined with a global decrease in δ13C values, this result suggests that some modifications are occurring in the food web of the Southern Ocean
Echui, Aka. "Le transport des produits vivriers en Côte d'Ivoire : enjeux et stratégies pour le développement." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529423.
Full textRaffard, Pierre. "Migrations intérieures et citadinités : le rôle de l'alimentation dans les stratégies citadines des Gaziantepli d'Istanbul." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040208.
Full textIstanbul is an Anatolian metropolis. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the city has become a preferential destination for the internal migratory flows in Turkey. Hence, Istanbul has become to some extent a demographic miniature copy of Turkey, where each group and inhabitant expresses its own practices, ways of life, spatialities and cultural characteristics. It is in such a context that the food practices of the population from the territorial unit of Gaziantep (East of Turkey) are analysed. Through their food pratices we show how an internal immigrant group uses food as a way to include itself within a huge urban space, but also as an identity tool and a way to leave its mark in the functioning of the metropolis. Coming from a region which reputation is linked to its cuisine, the Gaziantepli people build in Istanbul their own identity through inherited food practices, special supply networks, food retailers entrepreneurship and the organization of special events. The very fact of living in Istanbul and the meanings attributed to that, and the system of identity references the Gaziantepli people use in Istanbul are key factors of differentiation. They influence their urban practices and food choices as immigrant city-dwellers. Moreover, thanks to their ways of using food as a tool of urban integration, they contribute to the growing complexity of the metropolis and its urban dynamics, restructuring districts and creating a specific commercial and cultural supply. This role of urban actors does not erase Gaziantepli immigrants’ ambivalent status: they share a common Turkish citizenship but are still tied to their immigrant condition in Istanbul
Trognon, Laurent. "Contribution à l'étude des stratégies de la petite entreprise agro-alimentaire : Stratégie de distinction par la construction de la typicité." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00113718.
Full textAu plan théorique, l'Approche Fondée sur les Ressources a été utilisée et la notion de typicité a été examinée au regard de l'apport des sciences cognitives. La méthodologie combine une approche supply chain (SC) et l'élaboration d'études de cas. Les données ont été collectées lors d'entretiens semi-directifs de dirigeants d'entreprise des secteurs fromager, viande ou vinicole (40 PEAA du Massif central, 75 intermédiaires et clients finaux de leurs SC). Les quatre études de cas élaborées se composent chacune de plusieurs entreprises : la PEAA pivot du cas et plusieurs entreprises clientes (grossistes, transformateurs secondaires, GMS, détaillants spécialisés, restaurateurs).
La thèse défendue est que grâce à une combinaison singulière et idiosyncratique de ses ressources et compétences, alliée à des choix judicieux de supply chains, la PEAA contribue à la construction de la typicité du produit et, ce faisant, se distingue de ses concurrents. Ainsi, la construction de la typicité d'un produit alimentaire, que l'on admet généralement comme l'expression d'une stratégie de différenciation de filière, apparaît aussi comme moyen et résultante de stratégies de distinction de PEAA et de leurs SC.
Nkou, Maurice. "Les difficultés d'une stratégie alimentaire autonome au Congo." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON10007.
Full textPichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Full textIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Brunel, Olivier. "Les stratégies d'ajustement au risque alimentaire : modèle théorique et test empirique." Lyon 3, 2002. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2002_out_brunel_o.pdf.
Full textFrancois, Clémentine. "Évaluation des stratégies adaptatives des métazoaires aux faibles disponibilités en nutriments : couplage d’approches d’écologie isotopique et de transcriptomique chez des isopodes épigés et hypogés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10140/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD project was to investigate the adaptive responses of metazoan to a decrease of nutrient availabilities in their environment.We combined isotopic ecology and Next-Generation Sequencing in a comparative analysis of surface (epigean) and groundwater (hypogean) isopods living in highly contrasted environments in terms of nutrient availabilities (lack of photosynthetic production in groundwater). The original evolutionary history of these isopods (multiple independent colonizations of the subterranean habitat) enabled to define 13 species pairs composed of one epigean and one hypogean species sharing a common epigean ancestor. Using these pairs, we studied 13 independent replicates of an environmental transition towards very low nutrient availabilities. Hypogean isopods display adaptations improving the nutrient acquisition (specialist strategy, decrease of trophic selectivity) as well as adaptations reducing the metabolic needs of organisms (decrease of growth rate). However, hypogean isopods do not display adaptive changes in their macromolecules composition (no evidence for the ’stoichiogenomic’ selection of N-thrifty nucleotides and amino acids). Because of the small effective population size (Ne) of metazoa, natural selection may be inefficient to select N-sparing responses at the level of RNA and protein composition. Selection could also be inexistent at this level in case of interactions between the different adaptive responses. Indeed, some nutrientsaving mechanisms may have been selected more quickly or more efficiently, these adaptations being sufficient to relax the selective pressure on the other response levels
Guinand, Laurent. "Economie agro-alimentaire américaine et stratégies des groupes français aux Etats-Unis." Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131022.
Full textThis work of applied economics is divided in two parts: the first parts include an analysis of the American food sector and its organization. It specifies food manufacturers-distributors relationships; food market structures (economies of scales, barrier to entry,) and presents the main actors with their corporate strategies. The first part also sums up the different research work of American agricultural economists since the last war and points out the two main factors of the sector's mechanisms: brand promotion, especially the central role of advertising, and the necessity to launch new products. The second part presents French food companies settled in the United States, and the corporate strategies they develop, utilizing diverse schools of strategic thinking. A first chapter analyzes the competitive advantage of the French firms, as well as the effects of foreign direct investment on the competitive positioning of these firms. With the example of the cheese sector, the second chapter shows the need to analyze thoroughly each cheese segment in order to optimize the utilization of promotional activities (promotions, advertising merchandising) on each of them. The third chapter analyzes the process of new product creation as a source of competitive advantage. It raises the issue of first mover advantage versus late entrant advantage. This last chapter also sums up comments and scenarios about the potential strategies for French firms in the US. The general conclusion consolidates the lessons learned in the two parts. It shows that French firms posses the required competitive advantages to conquer the US food market. This conquest would provide them with additional competitive advantages, stemming from the US market structure, and usable in turn in a larger internationalization process
Gouin, Stéphane. "Le marketing : une priorité pour le développement de l'activité des IAA françaises aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF10183.
Full textWith seven billions of French francs of food products sold in average per year, France became the first European exporter of food processing products in the United-States of America. This rank stays worrying insofar as the French food processing industries satisfied only 4,5 per cent of needs of American foods and seems to hit the top of sells in the main segment of traditional food processing: wines and cheeses. The position of France in this market is fragile because it is built up on ephemeral exotism, today competed and less research by the past. The choice of luxe segment has given good results; our main products have well used this positioning. Unfortunately, too much food processing industries thought the + made in France; or a good taste were enough to develop sells. In fact, American not to know about the particularities of French food processing products. The future position of French food processing industries in the United States depend on marketing strategy based on technics appropriated, the inverse of present strategies. Several surveys realized on different samples and more specifically on milk sector and proved it. Use an adaptive image, develop a marketing mix based on the mastery and the control of prices, prefer an intensive distribution with a partner, develop an informative communication and plan the marketing strategy on the long run are the main steps to extend significantly and durably the French exportations in the Unites States
Collet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Full textIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Boisvert, Annie. "Satisfaction conjugale, stratégies d’adaptation et hyperphagie boulimique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26259.
Full textFluhr, Julie. "Stratégies de prospection alimentaire chez le Vautour fauve (Gyps fulvus) et mesures de conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT148.
Full textIn the current context of global change, organism are exposed to new selective pressures in their environments modified by human activities, and we observe the emergence of evolutionary traps. Moving can be interpreted as a consequence of these global changes, but also as the opportunity for an individual, a population or a species to adapt, at different spatio-temporal scales, by modifying their feeding sites, home range or distribution area. During my PhD, I was interested in studying the foraging of Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) belonging to the functional guild of obligate scavengers, which are the most threatened birds worldwide. Conservation plans have been carried out to limit their decline, proposing management practices such as supplementary feeding (SF) that may constitute an ecological trap (attractive but suboptimal sites) for vultures. Analysing of fine-scale daily movements and home ranges of individuals equipped with GPS devices, I found significant differences of foraging strategies and space use patterns in vultures from two French regions with low vs high SF (Pyrenees vs Causses). Using recent methods to quantify behavioral routines, I demonstrated that vultures visited SF stations in the Causses with low level of routine, both spatially and temporally. In spite of the distinct large-scale movement patterns between the individuals in the Causses and the Pyrenees, as well as different time-budgets (birds spending more time in flight in the Causses), energy expenditure estimated at the population level are quite similar. Beyond the level of resource predictability - inherent to SF - I highlighted other factors likely to influence individuals’ behavioral decision-making: the individual’s motivational state related to its breeding status, and local aerological conditions. At the interface between behavioral ecology and conservation biology, my work should contribute to a better understanding of the space use patterns in an obligate scavenger and the processes involved at different spatio-temporal scales. Conservationist will be able to use my results and management recommendations to maintain the natural behavior of vultures and, finally, populations’ viability
Charrassin, Jean-Benoît. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) au cours de son cycle annuel." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13192.
Full textMessaoudene, Leïla. "L'action publique liée à l'alimentation et les stratégies des entreprises de l'industrie alimentaire en France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1127.
Full textThe instrumental mix of French food policy induces a responsibility to the players in the food industry . However, this share issue is crossed by conflicting logics. In this study , we propose to analyze to what extent the instruments of public policy related to food interact with the business strategies of the French food industry.To achieve this, we rely particularly on the approach by stakeholders . We analyze , using the method of the single case study , embedded , strategic reactions of a plurality of actors around food policy.This study contributes to the analysis of public policies, an organizational perspective by applying it to the field of nutrition.This research also identified renewal terms of public policy , with a state figure is increasing. The State, through intelligent engagement of these stakeholders , increases its influence on some sections of society and daily life of citizens.Finally , it seems that the disengagement of the state is observed in some areas relative. Behind an apparent deletion, the state continues to play its role, but in a manner renewed, probably more suited to the current context
Messaoudene, Leïla. "L'action publique liée à l'alimentation et les stratégies des entreprises de l'industrie alimentaire en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1127.
Full textThe instrumental mix of French food policy induces a responsibility to the players in the food industry . However, this share issue is crossed by conflicting logics. In this study , we propose to analyze to what extent the instruments of public policy related to food interact with the business strategies of the French food industry.To achieve this, we rely particularly on the approach by stakeholders . We analyze , using the method of the single case study , embedded , strategic reactions of a plurality of actors around food policy.This study contributes to the analysis of public policies, an organizational perspective by applying it to the field of nutrition.This research also identified renewal terms of public policy , with a state figure is increasing. The State, through intelligent engagement of these stakeholders , increases its influence on some sections of society and daily life of citizens.Finally , it seems that the disengagement of the state is observed in some areas relative. Behind an apparent deletion, the state continues to play its role, but in a manner renewed, probably more suited to the current context
Hassane, Amadou Rahila. "Gestion des risques, valorisation et stratégie : applications aux industries agro-alimentaire et de transport aérien." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10023/document.
Full textThis research provides additional understanding on the impact of risk management strategy on firm value and strategies. A first analysis examines a sample of 378 observations of companies in the food and kindred industries, over 5 years. This analysis reveals that the intensity of currency risks, interest rate and commodity price hedging do not significantly affect the value of companies in the food and kindred industries. The analysis of the sensitivity of margins to changes in raw materials prices helps to explain this result. A second analysis focuses on the airline industry and covers the period from 1994 to 2008 for a total of 21,161 observations. The joint study of hedging strategies and pricing strategies helps to highlight an empirical link between firm hedging strategy and its pricing strategy. On the other hand, the analysis highlights the link between the hedging strategy of the firm with the hedging strategies of other companies in the industry. Firms choose their prices taking into account current and future input prices, their own level of hedging and finally the level of hedging of the industry in which they operate
Thiebault, Andrea. "Voyages avec les fous du Cap : influences sociales pour les stratégies d'approvisionnement alimentaire, observées par vidéo." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20163/document.
Full textIn the marine environment, seabirds are commonly observed foraging in groups. The mechanisms underlying these behaviours, and their consequences on the foraging success of individuals, are poorly understood due to the difficulties in studying their behaviour at sea. The main hypothesis proposed to explain these group strategies, which are common to many seabird species, is that seabirds respond to the characteristics of their prey fields. The marine environment is vast and highly dynamic. The resources are aggregated in hierarchical patches of which the location is constantly changing. The marine environment therefore favours the evolution of foraging group strategies to increase the success of individuals. The objective of this thesis is to study the social interactions during the foraging trips of a seabird, the Cape gannet, and to study their effects on the foraging decisions of individuals. Breeders were equipped with GPS devices and video-cameras in order to study their movement at sea in relation to their proximate environment. All the individuals equipped in this study interacted with conspecifics at sea, either when sitting on the water, flying in search for prey, or hunting at a school of fish. Predators within the proximate environment of Cape gannets were the main drivers of their movement patterns at scales roughly < 20 km. Several types of interactions were observed to affect the foraging capacities of individuals. While searching for prey, gannets reacted to conspecifics by changing their flight direction thereby reducing the time to find prey. Gannets were attracted to aggregations of conspecifics, and the detection and joining of foraging groups increased their abilities to find and hunt for inconspicuous prey. Furthermore, underwater video footages of pelagic fish schools under predation were used to quantify the influence of group foraging on the feeding success of Cape gannets. Successive attacks by several individuals disorganized the fish schools and increased the feeding success of individual birds. This thesis highlights the important role of social interactions along all stages of a foraging trip in Cape gannets: when choosing a direction from the colony to orientate towards a patch of food, in order to locate inconspicuous prey, and to capture fish in schools. The use of group strategies in Cape gannets seems to have evolved in response to both the difficulties in locating prey in the marine environment and the anti-predatory behaviour of fish schools. The ability to form groups to forage at sea could be essential to the persistence of Cape gannet populations. These mechanisms could partly explain the prevalence of colonial breeding in seabirds. Competition between seabirds should therefore be moderated, as facilitation during foraging seems to play a crucial role in enhancing feeding success of individuals
Assali, Camille. "Contribution des radars embarqués à l'étude des stratégies collectives de recherche alimentaire chez les oiseaux marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT075/document.
Full textIn the ocean, prey is patchily distributed. To overcome this challenge, pelagic seabirds benefit from social information from conspecifics, heterospecifics, or fishing boats.As part of this dissertation, we aim at evaluating the influence of different information sources in seabird foraging strategies in the tropical pelagic environment.Seabirds can detect visible predators or boats at distances of over ten kilometres. We thus study the distribution of seabirds at sub-meso-scale, analysing images recorded from a radar on board a tuna purse-seiner. Radar images provide a visualisation of the instantaneous distribution of the in-flight seabird community as well as seabird movements within thirty kilometres of the seiner. We detect over-aggregatedand temporary patterns, spanning about ten kilometers, within flying seabirds’ distribution. Distancesbetween seabird groups are compatible with information exchanges within these aggregations. A finer scale study reveals coordinated flights of seabird groups distant of hundreds of meters from each others (« rakes »), and suggesting a high level of coordination during foraging. We then investigate the potential disturbance induced by the seiner in the seabirds’ foraging network.First results indicate that seabirds can discriminate the different seiner’s activities.To our knowledge, this work is the first contribution of on board radars use for the study of seabird ecology in the high seas, and opens interesting perspectives, such as the understanding of interactions’ dynamics within the marine top-predators guild
Brouzes, Chloé. "Quelles stratégies pour améliorer le régime alimentaire de jeunes femmes égyptiennes en milieu urbain ? Analyse des déséquilibres et identification de stratégies nutritionnelles par méthodes mixtes." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB002.
Full textEgyptian women are a typical yet rarely studied example of population undergoing a nutrition transition, touched by a high prevalence of overweight (88% in urban areas) and iron deficiency (50%). This situation suggests that their dietary intakes, which are so far poorly assessed and not well known, should be rebalanced. Diet modeling is a mathematical tool which helps to identify dietary changes improving nutritional intakes, taking into consideration several parameters of the local food environment. Yet, the acceptability of the nutritional strategies modeled is hardly predictable. This research thesis enabled to quantify the dietary intakes of young Egyptian women living in urban areas and to model strategies to improve nutritional intakes. The acceptability of the “theoretically optimal” solutions was then discussed with the population studied using qualitative surveys. The use of mixed methodologies (quantitative and then qualitative approaches) enabled to analyze in detail the local situation and to identify changes in dietary practices and in the fortified food offer. This approach seems promising to identify realistic and acceptable solutions to contribute solving local nutritional issues
Armand, Sengül. "Les aspects juridiques des rapprochements d'entreprises de la grande distribution alimentaire française." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05D009.
Full textLescroël, Amélie. "Stratégies d'exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs : Approche comparée entre colonies et implications évolutives." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LESCROEL_Amelie_2005.pdf.
Full textAn individual’s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)
Toupin, Isabelle. "Stratégies de soins infirmiers pour des familles dont un adolescent vit avec l'allergie alimentaire à risque d'anaphylaxie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25917.
Full textFood allergy has become an increasingly important public health issue that has major psychosocial impact on adolescents and their families. To this day, however, few studies have examined the nursing actions supporting those families on a daily basis. This research aims to explore the nursing strategies that help families with an adolescent at risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis by sharing the perspective of the families and the school nurses. A qualitative design, fourth-generation evaluation by Guba and Lincoln (1989), was used for its hermeneutical and dialectical methodology to explore the perspective of participants and facilitate its consolidation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (family, individual and validation) and focus groups with six families with an adolescent diagnosed with severe life-threatening food allergy and six school nurses. During the research, five interviews with other professionals were also conducted. In total, 33 interviews were conducted with all participants. The qualitative data analysis has led to the discovery of the nursing strategies that help families, such as educating the family about habits of vigilance, seeking a satisfactory level of vigilance with the family, enabling family social life and sharing the responsibilities. These nursing strategies that emerge from obtained consensus provide informational and emotional support and encourage social development and collaboration, thus promoting self-confidence and trust in the nurse. Depending on their nature and the timing of their deployment, nursing strategies facilitate the management of a family routine based on habits of vigilance in cooperation with relevant actors. This study, as well as allowing an in-depth examination of nursing actions, proposes nursing strategies that can be used to enrich the current nursing practice to help families coping with severe life-threatening food allergies at risk for anaphylaxis. Keywords: food allergy, anaphylaxis, partnership, collaboration, family, child, adolescent, parent, nurse, nursing care, intervention, qualitative research.
Monié, Aurélie. "Lipolyse enzymatique de triglycérides pour la fabrication de matrices alimentaires dans le cadre d'une stratégie "clean- label"." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30289.
Full textIn this project, we wanted to explore "clean-label" strategies to incorporate mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (MDGs; E471) in food products. Indeed, manufacturers try to find solutions in order to substitute synthetic additives while keeping the same functionalities in the food products. The use of processing aids, such as enzymes, fits perfectly with the approach of products that are more respectful of consumers and the environment; that is to say "clean-label". Thus, by reacting a lipase with rapeseed oil, we demonstrated that MDGs could be generated in situ and with a good yield. To better understand the kinetics of lipolysis and to characterize all the products formed, analysis by gas chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR were carried out. Finally, rapeseed oils with different MDGs rates, were used in the fabrication of different food products. Indeed, on each of the products chosen, the MDGs play different roles. Products like sponge cakes, brioches and ice creams were formulated and characterized to highlight all benefits comparatively to products made with unmodified rapeseed oil. Finally, the fabrication of concentrated reverse emulsions starting from the post-enzymatic oil has been developed that allow the possibility to obtain doubles emulsions
Allirot, Xavier. "Le fractionnement alimentaire : une stratégie pour mieux contrôler son appétit ? : quels impacts sur la balance énergétique ? : approche physiologique et développement d’une méthodologie d’étude expérimentale du comportement alimentaire en situation écologique de restauration." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10242/document.
Full textThis thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period
Pouzenc, Michaël. "Grande distribution alimentaire et recomposition des territoires : étude de stratégies d'acteurs dans des zones rurales de Midi-Pyrénées." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20017.
Full textBon, Cécile. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d'un prédateur plongeur en période de reproduction : le Gorfou Macaroni des îles Crozet et Kerguelen." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS004/document.
Full textThe Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (> 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species
Tessier, Eugénie. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire et distribution des proies : le cas des oiseaux plongeurs à respiration aérienne en milieu océanique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS036.
Full textIn the pelagic environment, the resource is heterogeneously distributed. Therefore, prey are aggregated in patch. In 2014, the program MyctO-3D-Map collected information on both prey distribution and foraging behaviour of diving predators (penguins). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the foraging strategies of diving predators breeding at Kerguelen Island according to prey distribution. At the dive scale, king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) adjusted their foraging behaviour depending on the foraging behaviour of the preceding dive. Our results suggested that when penguins encountered a favourable area, they decreased surface time and dived to the same depth as the previous dive. Penguins performed dives in discrete series called bouts, similarly to several other diving predators. In prey capture attempt bouts (PCA bouts), king and macaroni penguins modified their diving behaviour with the length of PCA bouts: longer PCA bouts were associated with higher foraging activity and shorter transit phases. Moreover, the density of PCA bouts was similarly to the density of fish patches. These results suggested that the functional foraging unit for king penguins was the PCA bout. At the scale of the entire prospected area, king penguins moved towards area less rich in biomass, but where prey patches are more accessible. This survey is one of the few that compares simultaneously acoustic data and foraging behaviour of penguins. The distribution of fish patch and their accessibility is one of the most important parameter influencing the foraging behaviour of diving predators
Richard, Philippe. "Nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication et nouvelles stratégies dans la grande distribution française à dominante alimentaire." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010033.
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