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Meginnis, Keila. "Strategic bias in discrete choice experiments." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/strategic-bias-in-discrete-choice-experiments(1a1407ed-c026-4d27-b336-3dfc69dba8d9).html.
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This thesis investigates the problem of strategic bias in discrete choice experiments using three approaches: simulations, a laboratory experiment, and a field experiment. Carson et al. (2007) state that choice experiments must be seen as consequential by respondents in order to provide useful information about preferences. To meet this requirement, surveys must exhibit two characteristics. First, the survey must be seen as influencing the provision of the good/service and second, the respondent must care about that provision outcome. However, the notion that the survey must be consequential, may also induce respondents to misrepresent their preferences in order to influence the decision making process. This is known as strategic bias. Using simulations, laboratory experiments and field studies, this thesis will investigate strategic bias in discrete choice experiments. To do so, we must assume that the discrete choice experiment will be used to influence a provisioning decision. Strategic behaviour is conceptualised as changes in choice behaviour that occurs when respondents have information on the relative likelihood of the provision outcomes. This information causes changes in choice strategies. In Chapter 1 we create a simulated environment that replicates when respondents may have incentive to bias their choice strategies. We explore the ramifications of biased choices through simulations. In Chapter 2 we replicate that environment in an induced value laboratory experiment. We present respondents with three possible `provision' outcomes, each of which was defined in terms of levels of arbitrary attributes. Each possible provision outcome was associated with a monetary payout to the respondent, therefore we know a respondents preference ordering over the possible outcomes. The monetary payouts varied such that there was a clear ranking between possible outcomes, such that respondents had a first, second and worst provision outcome. Respondents then completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) that would decide which provision outcome is paid out. A respondent's payout was determined by which of the competing provision outcomes had the highest choice probability, based on their individual choice behaviour. As this was an unlabelled choice experiment, participants had to use choice strategies based on attributes in order to influence the provision outcome they hoped would get paid out. To introduce strategic bias, respondents were given information on the likelihood of the provision contenders being implemented. This information would affect which provision outcome would be chosen and hence paid out. In this respect, a respondent has incentive to act strategically if they believe (i) their first best outcome will lose in the final provision decision; (ii) their worst outcome is most likely to be paid out; and (iii) their choices can influence the provision to deliver the second best outcome. Strategic respondents are therefore those who chose to target their second best outcome to avoid worst outcome, which respondents are told is the most likely. We find approximately 27% of respondents exhibit strategic behaviour in the laboratory choice experiment. In Chapter 3 we implement the approach in the field. We administered a choice experiment about tidal energy development in Puget Sound, Washington. Local opposition to tidal energy has been strong in the past, with no project ever coming to fruition. As a result, we envision respondents to have strong sentiments towards the location of tidal energy development and potentially have incentives to behave strategically when location is a factor in their decision making process. We presented respondents with three possible site locations for tidal energy development in Puget Sound. Respondents can use the choice experiment as a means to reveal which site location they prefer (if any). As this was an unlabelled experiment, respondents must use choice strategies based on the attributes of tidal development in order to reveal preference for location. In order to identify strategic behaviour, rather than simply differences in preferences, half way through the DCE, we provide respondents with additional information on the likelihood of each of the tidal energy sites being chosen. Respondents whose first best location is revealed as the site least likely to be chosen, may seek to secure their second best location. Strategic bias is when respondents are trying to push preference away from their worst location site, when the set of provision outcomes has gone from three to two possible sites. Despite the complexity of the task, there is evidence of behavioural changes when the final set of possible locations changes. We find that 25% of respondents exhibit signs of strategic behaviour. These respondents are more likely to 1) believe their survey responses will affect future policy; and, 2) prefer the site which was revealed to be the unlikely site location and thus have strong motive to push development away from their worst location, and towards a second best site.
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Imai, Yasuharu. "Financial evaluation of entrepreneurial strategic choice." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC022/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des modèles quantitatifs utilisant les options réelles pour une évaluation financière des choix stratégiques entrepreneuriaux. Cependant, il ne s’agit pas seulement de développer des aspects techniques (ou manipulations mathématiques). Les modèles proposés dans la thèse visent également à fournir des informations pratiques utiles à la fois aux entrepreneurs et aux investisseurs, afin de faciliter la prise de décision dans les négociations contractuelles pour le financement et l'investissement dans les start-ups et les firmes entrepreneuriales.Cette thèse se compose de deux parties. La première partie définit les concepts utilisés afférents à la question de recherche. L’adoption de la perspective proposée par la finance entrepreneuriale nous permet de centrer notre approche sur la négociation et une relation d'égalité entre les participants dans le processus de prise de décision, alors que la finance d’entreprise traditionnelle s’intéresse à la relation principal-agent. En effet, les méthodes généralement utilisées comme les cash-flows actualisés (DCF) ou le Taux de Rendement Interne (TRI) ne sont pas adéquates pour effectuer une évaluation financière dans un contexte entrepreneurial. Ainsi, la problématique de cette thèse peut être formulée de la manière suivante : Comment les choix stratégiques des start-ups et firmes entrepreneuriales devraient-ils être évalués dans le cadre des négociations contractuelles ?Afin de traiter cette problématique, trois problèmes particuliers seront exposés dans la deuxième partie. Nous proposerons de les étudier à partir de l’approche par les options réelles qui convient parfaitement à l'analyse des choix stratégiques dans un contexte de finance entrepreneuriale.Le premier article analyse l’évaluation d’un contrat de licence dans le secteur biopharmaceutique. En résumé, lors de la conclusion d’un contrat de licence, les dirigeants et les responsables de la négociation doivent prendre en compte de nombreux facteurs tels que la phase de développement, la prévision des coûts d'investissement et la volatilité des marchés. De plus, la prise en compte des interactions comportementales des deux parties lors de la négociation du contrat de licence est essentielle pour la construction d'un modèle de simulation, notamment en ce qui concerne l’interaction dynamique entre le donneur de licence et le preneur de licence.Le deuxième article s’intéresse à la question de la dilution pour les nouveaux actionnaires lors du deuxième tour de financement en présence de détenteurs d’obligations convertibles. Selon les résultats de la simulation, il est possible de vérifier que le taux de « discount » et le « valuation cap » ont un impact important sur le coût de la prise de décision en matière d’investissement en actions. Les résultats montrent également que plus le taux de discount est élevé et moins le valuation cap est important, plus les coûts sont élevés, et la probabilité de succès de la négociation devient donc faible. Par conséquent, l’entrepreneur doit en tenir compte lorsqu’il entre en négociation lors du deuxième tour de financement.Le troisième article aborde le choix d’une stratégie de sortie pour un entrepreneur (acquisition ou introduction en bourse) notamment « The IPO valuation premium puzzle » proposé par Bayar et Chemmanur (2011). Bien qu'il soit normal que l’entrepreneur et les investisseurs en capital-risque envisagent l’introduction en bourse, il est également possible qu'ils choisissent l'acquisition comme stratégie de sortie. En utilisant la théorie des jeux, ce phénomène contradictoire peut être expliqué par l’existence de deux équilibres de Nash. En complément de la gestion des risques afférents au marché, l’entrepreneur doit prêter attention à la relation avec le capital-risqueur lorsqu’il choisit la stratégie de sortieThe objective of this dissertation is to develop the quantitative models that adopt the real options analysis for financially evaluating the entrepreneurial strategic choices. However, it does not only focus on the technical aspects (or its mathematical methodologies). The models proposed in the dissertation aim to provide the practically useful information in order for both entrepreneurs and investors to make decisions in the contractual negotiation of financing and investing in the start-ups and ventures.This dissertation consists of two parts. The first part gives the definitions of the essential concepts that shall be incorporated into the research question. Adopting the perspectives that are provided in entrepreneurial finance leads us to focus on the fair negotiations among participants in the process of decision-making, while the traditional corporate finance emphasises the principal-agent problem. Actually, the common methods, such as Discounted Cash-Flows and Internal Rate of Return, are not always suitable for implementing financial valuations in the context of entrepreneurial finance. Therefore, the research question of this dissertation can be set as follows: How should strategic choices in contract negotiation be financially evaluated?In order to deal with this problem, three particular issues are introduced in the second part. The real options analysis is utilised in all of the three issues, which is quite suitable for analysing them.The first article deals with the issue of licensing contract with bio-pharma venture. In summary, when closing a licensing contract negotiation, those in charge of the negotiation must consider many factors, such as the phases of R&D, the investment costs and the market volatility. In addition to those, the interaction of the participants of the contractual negotiation should be taken into account. For modelling this relationship, the assumption of dynamic interaction between licensor and licensee is introduced.The second article focuses on the dilution problem in the second financing round under the existence of convertible note holders. According to the simulation results, “discount” and “valuation cap” have a great impact on the equity decision-making cost. The results also show that the costs increase when the degree of discount becomes greater and the valuation cap becomes smaller. This may jeopardize the success of negotiation. Entrepreneurs should take these factors into consideration in the second financing round.The third article analyses the exit choice (acquisition or IPO), especially the “IPO valuation premium puzzle” proposed by Bayar et Chemmanur (2011). While entrepreneurs and venture capitalists prefer an IPO, acquisition can be chosen. Utilising the game theory, this contradictory phenomenon can be explained as the two Nash equilibria. In addition to financial market risks, entrepreneurs should pay attention to the relationship with venture capitalists, when they choose the exit strategy
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Rodríguez, Álvarez Carmelo. "Strategic incentives in multivalued social choice processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4031.
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Cuando los miembros de una sociedad tienen que tomar una decisión sobre un conjunto de alternativas suelen usar ciertas reglas que tratan de alcanzar un acuerdo entre sus diferentes intereses. Estas reglas se suelen denominar mecanismos de votación, procedimientos de elección social o, simplemente, elecciones. Las reglas de votación definen escenarios en los que los miembros de la sociedad interaccionan y tratan de obtener el mejor resultado de acuerdo con sus preferencias. Esta tesis doctoral está dedicada al estudio de los incentivos estratégicos de los participantes (votantes y candidatos) en procesos de elección social.Nuestro análisis se centra en modelos generales en los que se admite que el resultado de la elección consista en un conjunto de alternativas. Aunque resulta natural suponer que sólo una alternativa será finalmente elegida, existen múltiples situaciones en las que este supuesto es sumamente restrictivo. Por ejemplo, podríamos considerar la elección como una etapa intermedia en el proceso de decisión. El objeto del proceso electoral sería reducir el número de alternativas entre las que la sociedad tendría que escoger. Con esta interpretación, nos centraríamos en situaciones en los que existe cierto grado de incertidumbre sobre la resolución final de la elección social.
En esta tesis seguimos dos importantes ramas de la literatura de la teoría de la elección social, el estudio de reglas decisión social no manipulables y el análisis de los problemas de candidatura estratégica.
En primer lugar, siguiendo el trabajo seminal de Dutta, Jackson y Le Breton (Econometrica, 2001) estudiamos los incentivos de los candidatos para entrar o abandonar la lucha electoral con la intención de afectar al resultado de la elección. Si los candidatos comparan conjuntos de candidatos de forma consistente con los postulados de la teoría de la utilidad esperada, cualquier regla de decisión unánime y no dictatorial provee a algún candidato con incentivos a abandonar su candidatura. Sin embargo, si los candidatos comparan los resultados de la elección de acuerdo con métodos menos sofisticados, sí que se pueden obtener resultados positivos.
Seguidamente, pasamos a analizar los incentivos estratégicos de los candidatos en un entorno complementario: en el que el resultado de la elección es explícitamente probabilístico. En esta situación podemos caracterizar la familia de reglas de votación que nunca incentivan la salida de ningún candidato. Sorprendentemente, aunque la familia de dictadores aleatorios juega un papel central dentro de la caracterización, podemos probar que reglas de decisión más flexibles también satisfacen los requerimientos de estabilidad en las candidaturas.
Finalmente, nos centramos en la posibilidad de construir reglas de decisión no manipulables cuando los votantes comparan conjuntos de alternativas de acuerdo con actitudes extremas ante el riesgo. En este contexto, analizamos la compatibilidad entre la condición de no manipulabilidad y otras condiciones de regularidad que han sido propuestas en la literatura como por ejemplo, Resolución Residual. Además, también presentamos los requerimientos en las preferencias de los votantes sobre conjuntos de alternativas que reducen la posibilidad de reglas de decisión no manipulables a reglas dictatoriales.
When a society has to make a choice from an array of alternatives, it usually relies on certain rules that try to reconcile the opposite interest of the members of the society. These rules define environments in which the agents interact and try to obtain the best outcome according to their preferences. This work is devoted to the study of the strategic incentives of the participants in the social decision processes.
We analyse general frameworks in which the outcome of the social choice process can be multivalued. Even when it seems natural to assume that the result of an election as a singleton, there are many situation in which our assumption should not be precluded. For instance, we can consider the social decision process as an interim stage that narrows the social agenda. Another possibility is to consider the set of the possible equilibria that could eventually arise in the voting procedure as the outcome of the election.
Our study focuses on two important branches of the literature, the study of strategy-proof social choice correspondences and the analysis of strategic candidacy in multivalued voting procedures.
First, we study the possibility of constructing non-manipulable social choice correspondences when the voters have strict attitudes towards risk. We analyse the trade-off between strategy-proofness and some regularity conditions proposed in the literature like Residual Resoluteness. Moreover, we introduce necessary conditions for strategy-proof and onto social choice correspondences. We also present the requirements in voters' preferences over sets of alternatives that reduce the possibility of strategy-proof correspondences to dictatorial ones.
Second, we study the incentives of candidates to enter or to exit elections in order to affect strategically the outcome of a voting correspondence. We show that, if candidates form their preferences over sets according to Expected Utility Theory and Bayesian Updating, every unanimous and non dictatorial voting correspondence violates candidate stability, at least a candidate has incentives to leave the ballot at one profile of preferences. We also analyse the implications of using other extension criteria to define candidate stability that open the door to positive results.
Finally, we analyse the strategic incentives of the candidates to withdraw the election in probabilistic environments. We characterise the family of unanimous and candidate stable probabilistic voting procedures when the candidates are expected utility maximisers. Surprisingly, we show that there are rules that are not probabilistic combinations of single-valued candidate stable voting procedures (random dictatorships) that do not provide incentives to the candidates to withdraw the election.
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Hawkins, Jeffrey Edward. "A strategic choice model for Asia-Pacific shipping." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1890.
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The importance of strategy to an organisation's competitiveness is widely acknowledged in the strategic management literature. However, although strategy research has become substantial in other areas, the same cannot be said with the shipping industry. Very littie is known about how shipowners choose competitive strategies or what strategies they pursue under certain environmental conditions. Of what is available, most focus on Northern Europe and Northem America, with scant regard for the Asia-Pacific, which has become a major shipping power in recent decades. This study was, therefore, conducted to address these gaps in the literature. It analysed the strategic choices made by Asia-Pacific shipowners at the corporate level, compared actual shipowners' behaviour with strategic management theory on strategy selection, and developed a strategy selection model that was applicable to Asia-Pacific shipowners and consistent with strategic management theory. An extensive review of the literature was initially undertaken to develop a generic strategic choice model, which then served as the basis upon which information from Asia-Pacific shipowners was collected. A multi-method approach, called triangulation, was used to guide data collection and analysis. Data was obtained from two sources (shipowners' representatives and shipping experts) and through several methods (mail survey, interviews, simulation, expert and document review), and the extent to which these various sets of data were congruent had to be established. Because of the exploratory nature of the study, data was analysed using a qualitative approach. There was a high degree of congruence in the data collected. Out of the analysis, two primary findings emerged: (1) there was strong support for the strategic choice model, which implied greater inter-industry applicability than originally expected; (2) however, modifications to the model were needed to reflect a general tendency among Asia-Pacific shipowners to use other strategies in combination with or as a substitute to those offered by the model.
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Chung, Yea Sun. "Timing of Strategy Choice: An Exploration of Industry Cycle, Strategy Choice, and Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38824.
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This study focuses on cyclical behavior in the restaurant industry, types of strategy choices made by the casual dining industry, and the use of the industry cycle to make a timing decision of strategy choice. The main idea of this study is that the phases of the industry cycle differently support a firm's strategy choice, so the use of the cycle allows firms to find the right time for a particular strategy choice.
This is done by developing and understanding of the restaurant industry cycle and determining the phase of the cycle that possesses different opportunities and threats. This is followed by identifying strategy choices adopted by casual dining firms through a content analysis. Next, a casual dining firm's responses to phases of the industry cycle are investigated. Using an individual firm's data regarding performance and the emphasis of strategy choice over the industry cycle, this study undertakes an investigation into whether the effect of a strategy choice adopted by a firm varies according to the phase of the restaurant industry cycle.
The results of the study revealed that the movements of the restaurant industry cycle have unique timing, duration, and amplitude, and that casual dining firms adopt thirteen distinct types of strategy choices. Firms change strategy choices to respond to change in the industry cycle phase. Summarizing these findings, the study found that the effects of strategy choices on firm performance differed according to the cyclical change of the industry environment so adjusting strategy choices over the industry cycle is critical to outperform competitors
This study aims at providing a relevant framework for using the industry cycle as a tool for well-timed strategy choices in the casual theme restaurant industry. In practice, by utilizing the industry cycle, executives would be better able to assess possible success or failure of a particular strategy at different phase of the industry cycle, and to determine the timing relevance as it relates to new investments or asset allocation. Managing the industry cycle allows firms to have an appropriate strategic portfolio to maximize their outcomes and sustain competitive advantage over long periods of time.Ph. D.
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Kim, Joung-Eun. "Strategic Choice and Financial Structure in Casual Themed Restaurants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35526.
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Capital structure is one of the most frequent topics in the finance literature. This literature has its origins in studies of the manufacturing industry. Much of the results of this work have been applied indiscriminately to other industries without thorough validation. Only limited studies have considered financial structure in hospitality industry.
The service industry is different than manufacturing industry, and even the hospitality industry is not homogeneous. The restaurant industry and lodging industry are quite different from each other. Of interest to this present study is to seek to understand how the patterns of capital structure are shaped within the context of the multi-unit casual themed restaurant industry.
Restaurant industry is well known for a high bankruptcy rate. Many multi-unit restaurants exist in the casual themed restaurants strategic group in the Unites States, and many small independent restaurants are also present. The firmâ s strategic choice and its relationship with financial structure became a topic for my research.
Publicly traded casual themed restaurants have been selected in this study. Hypothetically a common capital structure exists among firms within this strategic group. In this study, an investigation can consider the relationship among financial ratios as well as the uniqueness of the financial structure of the casual themed restaurants.Master of Science
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Gimenez, Fernando A. P. "Patterns of strategic choice of small firm owners and managers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633244.
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This study explored how small firms' owner-managers view competition in their business environment and how this view may be associated with specific strategic choices. Its main research question dealt with why different small firms' owner-managers choose different competitive strategies in a given industry setting. One of its main contentions was that in examining this phenomenon it was necessary first to explore the mental categorisations which guide the entrepreneurs' understanding of their competitive environments. The study was also concerned with integrating an array of concepts (strategy formation. individual cognitive stylistic preferences, and perceived environmental dynamism) into a single model of strategic choice in the context of small firms. An exploration of Miles and Snow's (1978) taxonomy of strategic types in conjunction with Kirton's (1976) Adaption-Innovation theory offered possibilities for identifying linkages between strategic choices and cognitive processes. Furthermore, by (exploring different environmental contexts the study focused on external influences on strategic choice formation.) Three models that could permit empirical testing of relationships among cognitive style, environmental turbulence, and strategic choice have been described. Model 1 assumed that strategic choice was influenced significantly by both environmental turbulence and cognitive style. Model 2 inferred that perceived variations in strategic choice could be explained through cognitive styles, but not environmental turbulence. Finally, model 3 rejected the cognitive biases introduced by stylistic differences, and retained the rationality assumption of strategic choice. Three empirical studies were developed. Studies 1 and 2 involved samples of small firm entrepreneurs and were developed with two main objectives: (1) to describe the cognitive structure related to competition adopted by small firm owner-managers; and (2) to identify patterns of strategic choices in different business sectors with differing levels of environmental turbulence. The third study with two larger business-oriented samples (N1 = 66; N2 = 57) explored the relationships among strategy formation, environmental turbulence and cognitive styles under quasi-experimental conditions. The studies gave strong evidence in favour of Model 3 in which individual cognitive styles measured by KAI inventory played no significant part in the strategic choice process.
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Williams, Eric D. "Transformational Strategic Choice: The Generational Succession Effect on Small Businesses." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1332.
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Changing workforce demographics, combined with a gap in knowledge and skills between older and younger generations, threatens small business viability. The presence of four generations in the workforce, where 1 in 5 employees are 55 years and older, presents an unprecedented challenge for small business leaders planning for succession with a multigenerational workforce. The purpose of this case study was to explore the effect of Baby Boomers' presence on small business leaders' ability to retain and transfer knowledge to successive generations. Using snowball and purposeful sampling techniques, 36 small business leaders in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area participated. The conceptual framework included the theories of groupthink, narrative paradigm, collaboration, stakeholder, and the swift theory of trust. Data collection occurred using e-mail to solicit study participants to provide their experiences concerning generational succession via a Web-based, electronic questionnaire. Data analysis entailed using a modified van Kaam method to identify 2 main themes for small business leaders to consider: (a) generational differences reflect small business leaders' challenges and (b) multigenerational succession affects the bottom line. Member checking, transcription review of questionnaire responses, and triangulation of data with existing theories strengthened the validity of study findings and themes. Study recommendations offered strategies for managing knowledge supportive of planned generational succession. This study's findings may contribute to social change by offering small business leaders strategies to facilitate a collaborative, knowledge management culture that may mitigate the effects of changing workforce demographics on small business viability.
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0, 'Brien Mark. "Labour Internationalism and Revitalization: internationalist practice and strategic union choice." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485847.
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Bartoš, Jan. "Strategická analýza v podniku Autoseating, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76987.
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The Diploma thesis is focused on internal and external analysis of the company Autoseating. In the first, teoretical, part of the thesis are explained the basic therms as a strategy,a mission and a vision follower by the external Pest and Porter 5 forces analyses. Author continued with an internal analysis represented by resource analysis and financial analysis. At the end of teoretical part were explained swot analysis together with choice of generic strategies made by porter. Practical part fullfiled all the analyses mentioned. Pest analysis was made as a first one, with no breaking news. But porter analysis of 5 forces disclosed endangering by suppliers in a case of import-branch in Autoseating, an endangering by customers in the case of car-parts production, an finally big endangering by e-shops for shop "Prodejna Honzik". The majority contribution brought an internal analysis, particulary the financial one. There were suggested better usage of capital and to take measures to improve stock-turn. Final swot analysis confirmed facts found in Porters model of 5 forces (competition analysis). The company Autoseating deals with the high quality products, so the author decided to recommend diferenciation strategy and added some measures to improve contemporary system.
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Adams, Claire-Louise. "Managerial decision making in agribusiness : strategic alliances as a governance choice." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20552.
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This formation of new business arrangements, in the form of strategic alliances, is the topic upon which this thesis is focused. Two new types of business agreements, which have been observed, are strategic contract-based alliances and strategic fuzzy alliances. While, contract-based alliances are new, in that firms are choosing non-traditional partners, strategic fuzzy alliances are quite unique as they involve trust.The aim of this thesis is to analyse these alliances and the role of trust in business-to-business relationships. This will be accomplished in two ways. First, using Shapiro et al.'s (1992) taxonomy of trust and a neo-classical framework, a theoretical model of governance choice involving strategic alliances is developed. Based on transaction theory, this model is then used to generate necessary and sufficient conditions for trust-based agreements and supports an empirical model.
The second component of this paper is an empirical model testing the above theory. Using a survey of horticultural and pork processing firms, a multinomial logit model that explains governance choice is developed. Results indicate that: (1) strategic fuzzy alliances are less common than previously thought; (2) asset and contract-based alliances continue to be the alliances of choice; (3) firm behaviour, vis-a-vis strategic alliances is consistent with neo-classical notions of the firm; and (4) risk is a major determinant of governance choice. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Zhou, Fanzhi. "Momentary conscious pairing eliminates unconscious influences on cued, free, and strategic choice selections." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607976.
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Claire-Louise, Adams. "Managerial decision making in agribusiness, strategic alliances as a governance choice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/MQ44111.pdf.
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Adachi, Satoru. "The strategic choice between "standardization" and "differentiation" in R&D." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37142.
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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59).
In today's world of advanced technology and global reach, one company cannot necessarily make a significant technological innovation. A company that pursues a technological advantage needs to manage global collaboration or competition appropriately. Over the years, the "standardization" of technology has been one of the major strategies with which to encourage technological innovation and acquire a competitive advantage. However, a standardized technology does not necessarily contribute to creating a competitive advantage, and the "differentiation" of technology sometimes provides a better competitive advantage than standardization can. This thesis focuses on the strategic differences between the "standardization" and "differentiation" of a technology. The purpose is to gain insight into standardization and differentiation, looking them as drivers of R&D activities in a company pursuing technical competence. The thesis suggests advantages and disadvantages of each strategy and analyzes circumstances that affect strategic differences. The first part of the thesis establishes the fact that the strategic difference has a less impact on business activities and commercial success than on R&D.
(cont.) The second part clarifies the impact of the difference on R&D activities, and it consists of three case studies from the technological areas in which the author has experience. The observations from the case studies lead to a decision matrix for the strategic choice between standardization and differentiation. If a market requirement is uncertain, the differentiation better facilitates effective R&D by means of its flexibility; the technology consolidation linked to standardization would not work well in this situation. Also, if technology elements which satisfy market requirements or target performance are immature, differentiation makes R&D more effective because of its relative lack of restrictions; inherent competition and selection to avoid redundant work linked to standardization would not work well in this situation.
by Satoru Adachi.
S.M.M.O.T.
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Nadeau, Luc. "Analysis of influence of cost on strategic choice of auditee/auditor." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20054.
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The audit of financial statements is set out as a two person game to illustrate the influence of damages imposed by society on the strategic choice of both auditee and auditor. It is assumed: (1) that society can influence the damages regime for the auditee and the auditor; (2) that society might be prepared to restrict damages if the auditor can demonstrate due diligence; (3) that the auditee can vary his level of care as regards the accounting process; (4) that the auditor controls his choice of qualitative and quantitative audit tests and the form of audit report; and (5) that there is uncertainty about material error. There are costs and damages involved. The expected cost is the direct cost of preparing and carrying out the audit of the financial statements plus possible damages incurred by both auditee and auditor whenever the quality of the financial statements and audit are challenged. The highest damages are for the issue of a non-qualified audit report on materially inaccurate financial statements, and the primary focus of the dissertation is to demonstrate how these particular damages influence the strategy of the auditee and the auditor. Two types of game are considered. The first illustration is of a game in which the auditee and the auditor cooperate to find the combined strategy that minimizes the total expected cost. The second illustration is of a game in which the auditee and the auditor do not cooperate. In this case, the joint strategies are found by using the concept of Nash equilibrium. These illustrations demonstrate that: (1) for both cooperative and non-cooperative games, the level of damages determines the auditee and the auditor strategies; (2) if society wishes to give an inducement in the form of restricting damages in order to encourage maximum effort, the size of the required inducement is less for a cooperative than for a non-cooperative game; and (3) there are some levels of inducement which encourage maximum effort irrespective of whether the auditee and the auditor cooperate.
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Law, Tat-pong. "Planning for conservation in inner Deep Bay and its hinterland : a strategic choice approach : workshop report /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14014774.
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Su, Xiaomei. "Choice of foreign market entry mode : role of quality difference /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202008%20SU.
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Lengers, Jochen [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Ehrmann. "Strategic choice, market evolution and business outcomes / Jochen Lengers ; Betreuer: Thomas Ehrmann." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1138284521/34.
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Tien, Hung-Hua. "Strategic lobbying and taxation choice : a political economy of trade policy analysis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59196/.
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In this thesis, I use a political economy of trade policy approach to analyze the issues of strategic lobbying and taxation choice. The thesis contains 4 papers together with an introduction, literature review and conclusion. In Chapter 3, a lobbying-influence model is presented to discuss how the outcomes of trade policy is influenced by lobbying activities during the policymaking process. A comparison of the welfare-maximizing model and the lobbying-influence model under a game theory framework is undertaken. Chapter 4 provides a new explanation on the issue of asymmetric lobbying from the view point of the impact of external environment. Since the incentive of the domestic firm to engage in lobbying activities varies with its marginal costs, the outcomes of lobbying performance are different. This argument holds for both complete and incomplete information settings. Chapter 5 considers whether there is a positive role for lobbying activities in an incomplete information setting when the foreign entry is incorporated. The results suggest that the social welfare under the pooling equilibrium is higher than that under the separating equilibrium. As a result, there is no positive role for lobbying activities in this two-period model. Chapter 6 provides a political economy model to explain why trade taxes rather than more efficient income taxes might be adopted and what links the taxation choice and the economic development. In general, people prefers to pay less tax to the government. In a democratic society, a policy, which yields a higher utility to the majority of voters, is supported through majority voting. Therefore, the choice of taxation instruments depends on the tax payments, which are determined by the tax method, the income level, and the movement of income distribution over time.
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Constantinou, Charalambos Theodorou. "Strategic alliances and entry mode choice : lessons from the supplier automotive industry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614805.
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Trentim, Mário Henrique. "Integrando strategic choice approach ao gerenciamento de projetos : um estudo de caso." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2013. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2882.
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O aumento da importância do gerenciamento de projetos para o sucesso das organizações levou à busca por sistematizar e padronizar melhores práticas e ferramentas em corpos de conhecimento, como o Guia PMBOK. Entretanto, a dinâmica e a complexidade dos projetos atuais trazem novos desafios que demandam a utilização de métodos de resolução de problemas mais eficazes. Embora o pensamento dominante ainda esteja baseado em modelos racionais e determinísticos com foco em otimização, observa-se um crescente interesse por abordagens contingenciais e alternativas. Os Métodos de Estruturação de Problemas (PSM - Problem Structuring Methods) são particularmente úteis em situações envolvendo múltiplos stakeholders, complexidade e aspectos intangíveis relevantes que caracterizam o cenário atual de gerenciamento de projetos, especialmente em projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma proposta de abordagem integrando Strategic Choice Approach e as melhores práticas do Guia PMBOK. A abordagem proposta é aplicada a um estudo de caso e seus resultados são discutidos quanto a utilidade e validade.
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Jafar, Haitham. "Influence of managerial connectivity on strategic choice : the role of middle managers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7957/.
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This thesis aims to craft a richer description, and deeper understanding, of the work of middle managers in strategy making. In so doing, this study brings together the concepts of connectivity and strategic choice in order to elaborate how middle managers’ roles unfold during a strategy building exercise. The influence of connectivity on middle managers’ strategic choices is traced over the life span of a major strategic initiative in a telecommunication company. A careful examination of the connectivity literature paved the way for a conceptualised working mechanism of connectivity. The thesis introduces this conceptualised working mechanism to the strategic management stream of literature. The proposed mechanism captures managerial connectivity and investigates connectivity’s influence throughout various periods of the formulation and implementation phases of the strategic initiative. The context for the research project is a telecommunication company located in Jordan. The collection of data comes from an in-depth case study with reference to a significant strategic initiative. The initiative concerned a major expansion to the firm’s operations that concerned extending the company’s offerings to wider range of services and newer geographical areas. The case study approach in this research is informed by critical realism ontology. Furthermore, the interviews with managers -top and middle- who worked on the expansion project constitute the primary source of data. An inductive reasoning to the research inquiry along with a theory building exercise led to the development of the research propositions. These propositions are then depicted in a theoretical model aimed at addressing the research question which centres on how connectivity influences strategic choice of middle managers. The research findings, and their related discussions about connectivity’s role in forming middle managers’ strategic choices, disclose the importance of incorporating managerial connectivity to understand strategy making and implementation processes. This thesis makes the case for the introduction of managerial connectivity as a primary influence in the organisational studies. The thesis argues that presenting strategy process via a connectivity lens sheds light onto how different states of connectivity, under varying conditions, influence the strategy work of managers and the progression of strategic 3 initiatives. Theorising through the lens of connectivity will aid in understanding of complex processes such as of strategy making in the organisation. This thesis sheds light on the interplay between managers, the connection of their interplay to organisational strategy formation, and the formation of choices managers make while strategising. Including connectivity in strategy process research enriches strategic management conversation revolving around participation and involvement. Such inclusion also has implications on middle management perspective of strategy process research in terms of fine graining both their roles and contribution dynamics in strategy making and implementation. Finally, viewing strategy making and implementation from a standpoint of managerial connectivity has implications for management as to how and when to compress and/or expand connectivity to suit the requirements of a given strategy in order to realise its objectives and obtain its benefits.
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Awakowicz, Bartosch. "INTERNATIONALIZATION OF INNOVATION IN SMEs AS A STRATEGIC CHOICE: THE CZECH CASE." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125048.
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With the growing competition both on domestic and on international markets, SMEs face very specific challenges to sustain in their activity. A strategy to gain a competitive edge can be to internationalize innovative activities. In this work the internationalization of innovation is reflected in the context of SMEs. This is done in the first step by making a connection between research on SMEs, on Internationalization and on R&D and subsequently building a theoretical framework. In the second step, the innovative activity of a Swiss firm's Czech subsidiary is investigated on a case-study basis from the perspective of the suggested theoretical framework. The main contribution of this work to research is that it puts in a research field, which is dominated by large enterprises, the focus on SMEs.
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Gonçalves, Tiago José Menezes. "Reconfiguração da strategic choice approach sob a perspectiva do apoio multicritério à decisão." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2012. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2100.
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A Strategic Choice Approach (SCA) consiste em uma abordagem para direcionar a tomada de decisões que abrange todo o processo decisório, desde a fase de estruturação até a realização de recomendações. Embora contenha ferramentas que abranjam todo o processo decisório, a SCA apresenta um arcabouço metodológico originado da experiência de seus autores, não apresentando nenhuma teoria que a sustente. Neste contexto, este trabalho realizou uma análise da SCA sob a perspectiva das teorias e conceitos presentes no Apoio Multicritério à Decisão (AMD), principalmente aqueles da Teoria do Valor Multiatributo (MAVT). Esta análise possibilitou identificar e descrever algumas das limitações da SCA e propor uma abordagem para contorná-las. Por fim, foi avaliada a aplicabilidade da abordagem proposta através de sua aplicação em um problema real, o que permitiu discutir suas vantagens e desvantagens, e analisar sua validade.
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Chan, Leong. "Developing a Strategic Policy Choice Framework for Technological Innovation: Case of Chinese Pharmaceuticals." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1041.
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With the growing trend of globalization and rapid development of high technologies, emerging economies face more challenges in technology development because they are chasing a fast-moving frontier. They need to identify global technology trends and adapt to local needs and capabilities. Strategies for technology development differ among countries at different developmental stages.
In this research, a technology policy choice framework is developed to link prospective high-tech areas, technology development strategies, and various innovative resources. The research approach is to develop a hierarchical decision model (HDM) and apply the analytic hierarchical process (AHP). Experts are invited from diverse sources to provide a balanced perspective representing different stakeholders. This research focuses on the fast developing Chinese biopharmaceutical industry as a case study.
The results of this research have identified thirteen prospective biotech areas that China should invest more resources for development. These technology areas include: recombinant therapeutic proteins, recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibody technology, cell and tissue engineering, gene therapy, antisense therapy, RNAi, nanobiotechnology, synthetic biology, bioinformatics, pharmacogenetics, gene sequencing, and biotechnology diagnostics. For most of these technology areas, the results have indicated an imitative innovation strategy should be taken as a better strategy under current technological conditions in China. The research has further found that high-tech small-to-medium companies and multinational corporations are major innovation contributors in the Chinese biopharmaceutical sector.
The research outcomes can serve as guidelines in resource allocation and policy making for technology development. Based on the overall research findings, policy-makers can apply more specific policy instruments to support innovation activities. Appropriate policy measures may help the country to construct an innovative ecosystem that can serve as the driving force for future technology development.
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張煥. "Influence of spirituality on student career choice and strategy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636794.
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Carter, William R. "Incumbent Response to Radical Technological Innovation: the Influence of Competitive Dynamics on Strategic Choice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804843/.
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Prior research on incumbent firm response to radical technological innovation identifies firm, technology, and environmental factors associated with incumbents’ performance after a technology shift. What remains unexplored are factors affecting choice of response made before a technological shift occurs. Such ex ante choices are important intermediate outcomes affecting long-term performance outcomes. Competitive considerations may be influential inputs in choice processes because technological innovation is often related to competitive strategy. The resulting research question for this study is: What role do competitive considerations play in incumbent firms’ ex ante strategic choices in response to potentially radical technological innovations? Findings from a survey of key informants in the electronics industry whose firms face a potential technological disruption (n=120) suggest that incumbents’ response choices are affected by competitor-related orientations and by perceptions of relative strength of their strategic assets. Limited support is found for a moderating effect of perceptions of the competitive environment. The results of this study extend theory on incumbent response to radical technological change by shedding light on the influence of competitor interdependence. Findings also suggest the importance of strategic choice as an intermediate variable in understanding incumbents’ long-term performance. Research examining choice factors at varied stages of a technology’s diffusion can further advance understanding of the evolving nature of strategic response choices and the effects they have on long-term performance.
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Law, Tat-pong, and 羅達邦. "Planning for conservation in inner Deep Bay and its hinterland: a strategic choice approach : workshopreport." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258645.
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Kerwood, Hazel Anne. "A strategic choice perspective of interorganizational relationships, the antecedents and consequences of buyer-supplier cooperation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ39278.pdf.
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Davies, Howard Arthur. "'Competitive advantage' and strategic choice in an Asian setting : lessons from Hong Kong and China." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420638.
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Marsh, Barnaby. "Making the best choice : judgement and strategic decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311983.
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Caffarra, C. "Agency vs. strategic determinants of contract choice : an application to petrol retailing in the UK." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260134.
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Kaplan, Sarah 1964. "Framing the future : cognitive frames, strategic choice and firm response to the fiber-optic revolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17799.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-294).
Much research has sought to understand why technological discontinuities are difficult for firms to manage. While the literature devotes little attention to the role played by managerial cognition, in such equivocal situations as those created by rapid technical change, executives' cognitive frames of the environment, not the "objective" characteristics of the situation, should be essential for shaping outcomes. Despite an increasing emphasis on managerial cognition in the strategy field, there have been limited attempts to link cognitive frames to strategic choice and action in the face of dynamic events. Thus, my research seeks to shed light on the following question: to what extent and through which mechanisms do managerial frames about the technology and environment affect firm strategic response to technical change? My dissertation is a multi-method examination of this question in the specific context of communications technology firms' responses to the fiber-optic revolution. First, I examine the macro patterns and consequences of frames for strategic action. An analysis of a panel dataset of 72 communication technology firms (over the period 1982-2001) testing the effect of top managers' frames about the importance of optical technologies on strategic action (in the form of patenting in the optical arena) shows that, even when controlling for a number of plausible alternative explanations, there is a strongly positive and significant association between frames and subsequent strategic actions across a wide range of firms. Second, I unpack the micro mechanisms connecting cognitive frames and strategic choice. A qualitative exploration of one firm, employing ethnographic techniques to examine cognition "in the wild" of strategy
(cont.) making, follows several strategic projects to understand not just the decisions themselves but how they are produced in the course of situated action. Drawing on framing theory in the social movements literature, I develop a model of"framing contests" in which frames and framing strategies are tightly intertwined with interests and political strategies in producing strategic choices about technology investment. Third, I integrate the macro and micro perspectives to build a structurational model of framing that addresses the essential tension between adaptation and inertia in the face of technical change.
by Sarah L. Kaplan.
Ph.D.
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Tumidei, Daniele. "Choice and Inevitability in Modelling an Organization's Future (How Management, depending on the Company's Organizational Context, can shape an Organization's Future with the use of Choice and/or the Reliance on Determinism)." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11370.
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The literature presents us with two distinct, and at times opposed, approaches to strategic management: the use of strategic choice and determinism.
This research shows that these approaches can actually be considered as two distinct variables, which create a space or framework in which it is possible to identify, according to the available different amounts of strategic choice and determinism, the four different ontological perspectives of determinism, hard incompatibilism, libertarianism and compatibilism.
According to the literature, within each ontological perspective of the strategic choice/determinism framework, companies use different levels of strategic choice and determinism to produce organizational outcomes.
This research provides empirical evidence of the real life existence of these ontological perspectives, in which companies’ performance of revenues is driven by a different amount of strategic choice or determinism according to the perspectives in which companies operate. This research also shows that other important performance indicators, such as EBITDA, depend only on deterministic variables, while ROA depends neither on strategic choice nor on deterministic variables.
These findings suggest that future research could increase our knowledge on the internal environment of companies, as it could do from the hard incompatibilist perspective, which was not possible to study thoroughly within this research.
The research conclusions provide several contributions to both academic knowledge and practice.
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Ressner, Ludwig. "Four Essays on Imperfect Competition: Strategic Information Acquisition, Product Choice under Government Regulation, and Forward Trading." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-122933.
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Quinones, Gerardo. "The embeddedness of e-entrepreneurship : institutional constraints and strategic choice in Latin American digital start-ups." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-embeddedness-of-eentrepreneurship-institutional-constraints-and-strategic-choice-in-latin-american-digital-startups(e9efe00d-6f27-48a8-bc41-636adb6cb1e2).html.
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The so-called digital economy has been growing exponentially in the emerging economies and it is expected to continue growing around the globe. For this reason, many governments are funding support programmes (e.g. Start-up America in the USA, the UK’s Tech City, and Brazil Startup) to both encourage and facilitate the creation of Digital Start-ups (DSs), defined here as recentlycreated enterprises that produce solely digital products or services. Whilst in some regions there is some evidence that these efforts are starting to pay off, the majority of DSs that have grown to become global digital enterprises remain concentrated in the United States and Europe. In the case of Latin America, the digital economy already accounts for between 2-3.2% of GDP. Nonetheless, most e-commerce transactions occur through platforms based in the United States, with a scarcity of examples of Latin American DSs (LADSs) that have grown to become large digital firms. Despite this, the literature has paid little attention to the relationship that exists between the institutional environment and LADS’s agency. The few extant studies that do exist have focused on either institutional or infrastructure constraints and public policies, or business models and resource analysis. To address this knowledge gap, this research studied LADSs in the four largest Latin American countries (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia), representing three-quarters of the region’s GDP, in order to answer the following questions: How do environmental pressures influence the development of LADSs? How do LADSs respond to these pressures and seize potential business opportunities? The research followed a critical realist philosophical foundation and was operationalised through a qualitative exploratory field study of forty organisations, including DSs, accelerators, investors, government agencies, and not-for-profits. Geel’s (2014) Triple Embeddedness Framework (TEF) was chosen as the theoretical framework to guide this research and integrates constructs from the Lean Start-up method (LSM), which was widely adopted by the LADSs to develop their business models. This study provides empirical support for the constructs outlined in the TEF, identifies crucial shortcomings in LSM, and uncovers new constructs that are necessary to accommodate the DSs’ digital properties, which result in tensions between their embeddedness in the institutional environment, their hybrid embeddedness in a product-sector industry and a digital industry, and their embeddedness in a multi-level organisational field that creates a core-periphery relationship between Latin America and the United States. Therefore, a new framework, entitled DIME, is proposed to assist e-entrepreneurs when developing digital business models to achieve the right firm-environment-fit in Latin America. The findings of this study will also contribute to future research, and to guide policy makers interested in fostering the development of the digital economy in emerging economies.
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Yamoah, Afia Boadiwaa. "Strategic Interaction among County Governments in the Choice of Local Economic Development Programs and Public Services." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1400852716.
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Trudeau, Ashley B. "Tracing the Evolution of Collaborative Virtual Research Environments: A Critical Events-Based Perspective." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862831/.
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A significant number of scientific projects pursuing large scale, complex investigations involve dispersed research teams, which conduct a large part or their work virtually. Virtual Research Environments (VREs), cyberinfrastructure that facilitates coordinated activities amongst dispersed scientists, thus provide a rich context to study organizational evolution. Due to the constantly evolving nature of technologies, it is important to understand how teams of scientists, system developers, and managers respond to critical incidents. Critical events are organizational situations that trigger strategic decision making to adjust structure or redirect processes in order to maintain balance or improve an already functioning system. This study examines two prominent VREs: The United States Virtual Astronomical Observatory (US-VAO) and the HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC) in order to understand how these environments evolve through critical events and strategic choices. Communication perspectives lend themselves well to a study of VRE development and evolution because of the central role occupied by communication technologies in both the functionality and management of VREs. Using the grounded theory approach, this study uses organizational reports to trace how critical events and their resulting strategic choices shape these organizations over time. The study also explores how disciplinary demands influence critical events.
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BIÖRCK, DANIEL, and TOM THOMASSON. "Factors that Affect the Strategic Choice of Sales Channels : A Study of the Swedish Clothing Retail Industry." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147768.
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The clothing retail industry has developed globally and is today one of the world’s largest industries. In recent years, Sweden has developed a competitive fashion industry, where the new trend in e-commerce is clear. Since e-commerce is a suitable strategy for rapid growth, it is especially important for managers to understand the impact e-commerce has on their businesses. To be able to have the ability to survive in the long-term industrial competitiveness, firms have to continuously improve their knowledge base about the factors that must be considered when choosing sales channels in the clothing retail industry. In this master thesis we have studied and analysed factors that must be considered when choosing sales channels. A literature review was done, where eleven initial factors that affect the choice of sales channels were identified. Thereafter, to conduct a comprehensive empirical study, we conducted eight case studies with semi-structured interviews with companies in the Swedish clothing retail industry, founded no longer than approximately a decade ago to cover the recent developments in the industry. The empirical study resulted in that six factors from the literature were reinforced and that four new factors were identified. These ten final factors were thereafter analysed from two main perspectives: company focus and consumer focus. Finally, the impact of the final factors on the three different sales channels; online, brick-and-mortar and retailing, was discussed. The ten final factors are: Marketing and Customer Loyalty, High Costs, Customer Behaviour, Outsourcing or Insourcing, Managerial Productivity, Intangibility and Tangibility, Fill a Gap, Customer Experience Control, Spread of Distribution and Type of Assortment. Our contribution to previous research is that this study has a more distinct company focus, and due to the development of e-commerce this study has captured the new characteristics of the industry.
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Perm-Ajchariyawong, Nidthida Strategy & Entrepreneurship Australian School of Business UNSW. "Do managers look beyond cost when making outsourcing decisions? The role of innovation benefits and value appropriation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Strategy & Entrepreneurship, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42116.
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The question of whether outsourcing is a good or bad organizational practice has traditionally come down to whether the positive financial impact of outsourcing overcomes the potential organizational liabilities. The theoretical model proposed in this thesis argues that such thinking underestimates the positive organizational benefits that arise from outsourcing by giving inadequate consideration to impacts that outsourcing has on the innovation cycle of outsourcing providers. This research adds to our understanding of outsourcing decision-making in three important ways. First, the thesis presents how innovation benefits can arise from outsourcing and proposes four potential innovation benefits from outsourcing the motivation for creativity, innovation scale, innovation scope and complementarity of capability. The central hypotheses argue that these beneficial factors should increase the likelihood of a decision to outsource an activity. Second, this research extends our understanding of outsourcing by examining the moderating effect of value appropriation on the decision to outsource. Third, the thesis provides a rigorous empirical utility theoretical approach best-worst scaling and discrete choice modeling to understanding managerial preferences and the components of outsourcing decision making. The findings reveal that a significant segment of managers do indeed look beyond cost in choosing to outsource, focusing instead to concentrate broadly on a suppliers commitment to innovation, complementarity of capabilities and the ability of an outsourcing contract to appropriate value created in a relationship. This implies that the managerial application of outsourcing is not restricted to a short-term solution for cost savings, but can potentially be thought of, and used as, a strategic mechanism to drive innovation in organizations. Some benefits may not be immediately obvious (e.g., a suppliers motivation for innovation) and require more awareness from managers. Together, the theory and empirics provide insight into outsourcing decision-making and the opportunities for extending outsourcing as a strategic mechanism to drive innovation more broadly.
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Kotolanová, Barbora. "Konkurenční strategie makléřské pojišťovací společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223190.
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Holm, Elin. "The NGO-State Relationship and SRHR in Myanmar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380339.
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Toyo, Zithobile Patrick. "Response of firms to impending disruptive change." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23056.
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The impending NHI will cause a disruptive change in the health care industry in South Africa. For that reason the affected firms need to prepare themselves. Furthermore the current stakeholders in the private health care sector are feeling disenfranchised in terms of how the NHI will turn out.The aim of this study was to understand the response of existing firms whose existence is threatened due to impending disruptive change.The research method that was used was qualitative and exploratory in design. It involved one on one semi structured interviews with 13 respondents from a total of 7 firms who were selected to participate in the study, from the following business groups: pharmaceutical firms, private hospitals, and medical distributors.The findings revealed that the majority of firms would respond by strengthening their relations with the government who is the key stakeholder in the NHI. Secondly, they would build capacity in terms of resources and capabilities in line with the NHI. Lastly, they would innovate their value offering in the current market or new markets.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Folcarelli, Elizabeth A. "The effects of resource dependence, institutional pressure, and strategic choice on financial performance of nonprofit community behavioral healthcare organizations." Thesis, Capella University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3670189.
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The research investigated factors that affect the sustainability of nonprofit community behavioral healthcare organizations (CBHOs) with annual revenues > $10 million. The theoretical framework encompassed resource dependence, institutional, strategic choice, and organizational effectiveness theories and used a systems model to delimit variables of interest. Using survey methodology, the quantitative study examined relationships between variables of resource dependence, institutional pressure, strategic choice, and financial performance (effectiveness) across a population of 508 CBHOs within the United States. To accomplish this, measures previously introduced by Bielefeld (1992a, 1992b) and Tuckman and Chang (1991) were adapted to align with the influencing environment of CBHOs. The following correlations were statistically significant: resource dependence and a revenue-seeking strategy; institutional pressure and a revenue-seeking strategy; institutional pressure and a legitimation strategy; resource dependence and financial performance; and a revenue-seeking strategy and financial performance. The study examined the extent to which variables of resource dependence, institutional pressure, and strategic choice explained variation in financial performance. The equity financial model was significant (R 2 = .13, F (5, 89) = 2.6, p < .05). The revenue concentration financial model was also significant ( R2 = .13, F (4, 90) = 3.16, p < .05). The administrative expense financial model was not significant. Findings revealed the close linkage between the resource and institutional environment and a high level of dependence of the sector on government funding. Revenue-seeking strategy was significant in two of three financial models. The research holds promise for replication in other homogenous nonprofit sectors.
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Michaelis, Ralph. "A study of alliance formation and alliance mode choice for non-equity strategic alliances in the high technology sector." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9703.
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The objective of this research was to broadly study the topic of non-equity strategic alliances in the high technology sector. The a priori assumptions were that non-equity alliances were different, and that treatment of non-equity alliances in high technology firms was different from other industries. The objectives of the study were to understand: (a) why are non-equity alliances chosen in the high technology sector; (b) what roles do strategy and core competencies play in the choice of non-equity alliances; and (c) what role do technology and market factors play in high technology alliances? This study investigated twelve alliance formation decisions among three firms in the Ottawa-Carleton Region, in Ontario, Canada. The firms in the sample ranged in size from $150 million in annual revenues, to more than \$10 billion. The partner organizations reflected an international scope with headquarters in Japan, Europe and North America. The sample covered non-equity strategic alliances formed from 1990 to 1996. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Gava, Rogério. "Proatividade de mercado : construção de um modelo teórico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16793.
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Esta tese aborda o tema da proatividade de mercado, enfocando sua formulação e implementação. De forma específica, engloba a construção de um modelo teórico exibindo os antecedentes, ações e consequências relacionados a uma lógica de negócio proativa. A busca desse objetivo conduziu à realização de duas etapas de pesquisa distintas: uma exploratória qualitativa - abrangendo a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e a realização de 50 entrevistas em profundidade no contexto empresarial - e outra descritiva quantitativa, traduzida pela realização de pesquisa junto a 260 empresas atuantes no Brasil. A técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar e ajustar o modelo, buscando reconhecer o comportamento das hipóteses a ele atreladas. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de reespecificação do modelo original. O ajuste aceitável do modelo foi possível somente após uma simplificação acentuada de sua estrutura, denotando a falta de evidências empíricas para a sustentação de cinco antecedentes dos onze originalmente idealizados. Dezessete hipóteses permaneceram vinculadas ao modelo reespecificado, das quais dezesseis foram confirmadas. Foi rejeitada a hipótese de que a proatividade na dimensão dos clientes influencia de forma positiva a performance do negócio. Considerações finais analisam os resultados da pesquisa e suas implicações em relação ao modelo proposto.The following thesis deals with Market Proactiveness, focusing your formulation and implementation. Specifically, denotes the construction of a theoretical model with the antecedents, actions and consequences related to a proactive business logic. In order to achieve this objective, it has been formulated a research in two steps: the first, exploratory and qualitative - formed by the bibliographic review about the theme and 50 in-depth interviews realized in the business context. The other, quantitative descriptive, was made through research in 260 Brazilian companies. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied to test and adjust the model, looking for the identification of your hypothesis' behavior. The results showed the need of model reespecification. An acceptable adjust was only possible after an accentuated simplification of the original model structure, showing a lack of empirical evidence related to five antecedents on the eleven related to the model in the first draft. Seventeen hypotheses were related to the final model; sixteen was confirmed. The hypothesis about the positive impact of customer proactiveness on business performance was rejected. Final considerations analyze the results and your implications to the proposed model.
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Whitehead, Eleanor. "Under What Conditions, If at All, Can (Psychological) Strategic Behavioural Influences Be Justifiably Used to Shape People's Choices?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157746.
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The publication and mass appeal of Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein's book Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness (Nudge), in 2008, illuminated behavioural economics, in the public and political domain. Nudging, a technique derived from behavioural economics, offers a fresh element to the long-time debate between paternalism and freedom, since proponents believe it can simultaneously preserve freedom of choice and serve as a means to influence behaviour. Unsurprisingly, in the decade or so since Nudge, private corporations and governments alike have shown great interest in the behavioural steering techniques derived from behavioural economics. This thesis explores the ethical implications and the various means by which governments and the private sector influence behaviour, specifically individual decision making. Since many of the methods overlap in purpose and practice, I make distinct three techniques: nudging, boosting and market advertising. These steering techniques range from transparent and educative to sub-conscious and manipulative methods; as such ethical justification for their employment varies. This thesis concludes by stating transparency as a condition for ethical behavioural influencing since non-transparent or covert methods do not uphold true freedom of choice, Furthermore, the implementation of non-transparent influences carries the potential for further violations of individual autonomy.
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Levin, Victoria, and Anna Hallgren. "The choice of capital budgeting techniques : a human capital approach." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-16891.
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Tidigare forskning har identifierat ett gap mellan teori och hur företag använder kapitalbudgeteringstekniker i praktiken. Forskning tyder på att gapet är särskilt stort vid SME-företag, eftersom de tenderar att använda de enkla kapitalbudgeteringsteknikerna. Genom att försöka förklara förekomsten av fenomenet the theory-practice gap har forskare reflekterat kring vilka bakomliggande faktorer som ligger till grund för valet av kapitalbudgeteringsteknik i SME-företag. En bakomliggande faktor som påverkar valet av kapitalbudgeteringsteknik är en individs humankapital, i form av utbildningsnivå och yrkeserfarenhet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur humankapitalet påverkar valet av kapitalbudgeteringsteknik vid strategiska investeringar i svenska SME-företag. För att undersöka och analysera studiens syfte har en kvantitativ datainsamlingsmetod använts i form av en internetbaserad enkät. Studien har en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi som utgår från en deduktiv forskningsansats som används för att möjliggöra hypotesprövningar. Studiens resultat baseras på 56 respondenter vilka är beslutfattare vid strategiska investeringar i svenska SME-företag, där resultaten illustreras med hjälp av statistiska analysmetoder. Studiens resultat och slutsats visar att beslutfattare i svenska SME-företag med högre utbildningsnivå eller högre grad av yrkeserfarenhet ökar användningen av avancerade kapitalbudgeteringstekniker. Dock kan inte studiens resultat signifikant påvisa att en beslutsfattare i svenska SME-företag med låg utbildningsnivå eller lägre grad av yrkeserfarenhet använder enkla kapitalbudgeteringstekniker.Previous research has identified a gap between theory and how companies actually use capital budgeting techniques in practice. Research highlights that the gap is particularly large among SMEs, as they tend to use simpler capital budgeting techniques. By trying to explain the phenomenon of the theory-practice gap, researchers have reflected on underlying factors that influence the choice of capital budgeting techniques in SMEs. An underlying factor, that influences the choice of capital budgeting techniques, is on the individual level in terms of educational degree and occupational level of experience. The aim of this thesis is therefore to increase the understanding of how the human capital influences the choice of capital budgeting techniques in Swedish SMEs. To examine the aim of the study, a quantitative method is used by a web-based survey. Furthermore, the study is based on a positivism research philosophy that evolve from a deductive research method in order to draw general conclusions. The result of the study is based on 56 responses from decision makers for strategic investments in Swedish SMEs, where the results are illustrated using statistical analysis methods. The results and conclusions of the study shows that decision makers in Swedish SMEs with higher degree of education or higher level of occupational experience increase the use of more advanced capital budgeting techniques. However, the results do not support that decision makers in Swedish SMEs with a lower degree of education or lower level of occupational experience use more simple capital budgeting techniques.
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Wilkins, Clair Elizabeth. "Facts, attitudes and strategic choice : Explaining judicial decision making in United States supreme court civil rights and liberties cases 1953-2003." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535825.
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As the highest Court of appeal in the United States, the Supreme Court has the power to interpret the Constitution and is the final arbiter of the law. When in 1954 the Court handed down a ruling declaring desegregation unconstitutional it was the first step in a markedly different form of jurisprudence for the institution. Over the past fifty-seven years social issues have taken increasing precedence on the Court's agenda and that time can be characterised by issues such as religious freedom, obscenity, the rights of the criminally accused, the right to terminate a pregnancy, the death penalty and others which are equally contentious appearing with increasing frequency on the Court's docket. That the Supreme Court has embraced this agenda means that the institution has come under increasing scrutiny. These issues now have a long and rancorous history before the Court and have provoked an astonishing amount of comment, protest, praise and vitriol. The justices have found themselves lauded while at the same time receiving hate mail and death threats. Observers are interested not only in what the Court decides, but also how the justices reach their decisions. Two opposing academic schools of thought have emerged which purport to explain judicial decision making, one of which maintains that the justices are mere legal oracles who make their decisions strictly according to the facts of the case in light of the articles and amendments of the Constitution. The second argues that the justices are purely political beings who seek to maximise their own policy preferences and utilise the law only as a cloak with which to disguise these preferences. Little attempt has been made to combine these factors. This research analyses fifty years of Supreme Court jurisprudence on social issues in an attempt to understand the factors which influence the justices' decisions in such cases. Uniquely, this research combines the theories of the legal and the extralegal schools of thought to create one model of judicial decision making. The findings suggest that the justices are clearly motivated by both legal and by extralegal factors when making their decisions, thus indicating that the Court is both a legal and a political institution and that the justices themselves, while they may be political beings, are political beings who are still bound by the facts of the case, the law and by the Constitution.
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Lyandres, Evgeny. "Strategic choice of leverage and strategic cost of diversification /." 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/546793053.pdf.
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