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1
1952-, Reed Cheryl, ed. Job search in academe: Strategic rhetorics for faculty job candidates. Sterling, Va: Stylus, 1999.
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Pak Yŏng-sŏn kwa taejŏnhwan: '21-pun k'ŏmp'aekt'ŭ tosi Sŏul' ŭl hyanghan k'ŭn kŏrŭm. Sŏul-si: Pit'a Peat'a, 2021.
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Groshev, Igor', Yuliya Davydova, and Anton Gorbenko. Psychology of regional elections: candidates and voters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1163948.
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The monograph is devoted to the study of the socio-psychological features of regional elections that influence the socio-political behavior of the electorate. The authors propose a new understanding of the psychological nature of the processes of forming the voting choice, which brings us closer to a more correct understanding of the complex political and psychological mechanisms of the strategy and tactics of regional election campaigns. The identified individual and personal indicators of the influence of the electoral characteristics of candidates on the voting of various categories of voters were developed and tested at the regional level. A number of practical recommendations on the organization of election campaigns, designed to take into account the psychological specifics of the behavior of the electorate in the framework of regional elections (elections with weak content), are empirically proved. It is intended for managers and specialists of regional election commissions, political scientists and psychologists who study issues related to the patterns of electoral behavior, graduate students and undergraduates engaged in research in the field of political psychology, as well as political strategists who ensure the effectiveness of election campaigns.
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Strategic decision-making in presidential nominations: When and why party elites decide to support a candidate. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014.
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Medici, Marco, Valentina Modugno, and Alessandro Pracucci, eds. How to face the scientific communication today. International challenge and digital technology impact on research outputs dissemination. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-497-8.
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Dissemination of scientific results is an important and necessary component of research activity. Nowadays research asks to be widely diffused and shared in a larger community in the effort to demonstrate its innovation and originality, so to enlarge network and obtain funds to keep working. In this context, PhD students, as part of scientific community and young researchers in training, have to understand the rule of publications to define the best strategy for the dissemination of their research. The present book, through the experiences of national and international PhD candidates, PhDs and Professors, is a contribute in the current opened debate on the most effective strategies and related tools to design specific actions, to highlight and improve the peculiar qualities and disciplines of each research.
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White House Office of Poltical Affairs: Is supporting candidates and campaign fund-raising an appropriate use of a government office? : hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, July 16, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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United States. Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, ed. Report to the Congress on candidate sites for expansion of the strategic petroleum reserve to one billion barrels: Submitted in response to the Senate report accompanying the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act for fiscal year 1991. Washington, DC: Dept. of Energy, Assistant Secretary, Fossil Energy, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Petroleum Reserves, Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1991.
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Resumption of the July 16, 2014 full committee hearing, "White House Office of Political Affairs: is supporting candidates and campaign fund-raising an appropriate use of a government office?: Hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, July 25, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
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Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
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Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
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12
Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
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13
Get into graduate school: A strategic approach for masters and doctoral candidates. 3rd ed. New York: Kaplan, 2008.
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Church, Allan H., David W. Bracken, John W. Fleenor, and Dale S. Rose, eds. Handbook of Strategic 360 Feedback. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879860.001.0001.
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Strategic 360 Feedback is defined as (a) having content derived from the organization’s strategy and values; (b) creating data that are sufficiently reliable and valid to be used for decision-making; (c) being integrated into talent management and development systems; and (d) being inclusive of all candidates for assessment. The handbook contains 31 chapters by leading practitioners in the field, organized into five major sections: 360 for Decision Making, 360 for Development, Methodology and Measurement, Organizational Applications (Case Studies), and Critical and Emerging Topics. It presents viewpoints from academics, scientists, practitioners, and consultants on best practices in the design, implementation and evaluation of many forms of multirater processes and technologies currently used to support talent management systems.
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Publishing, Kaplan. Get Into Graduate School, Second Edition: A Strategic Approach for Master's and Doctoral Candidates (Get Into Graduate School). 2nd ed. Kaplan Publishing, 2006.
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16
Henry, Charles P. Toward a Multiracial Democracy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036453.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the evolution of Blacks from voters to candidates following the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. It argues that there were two waves of Black electoral success. Focusing on Black mayors, it contrasts the “insurgent strategy” with the later “deracialized strategy.” The “insurgent” strategy often resembles a social movement more than a political campaign and is directed at mobilizing the candidate's racial support base. The “deracialized” strategy attempts to downplay any racial issue as the candidate reaches out to form a broad coalition of supporters. The chapter also gives credit to Harold Washington and Jesse Jackson for their strategy of expanding the base of the Democratic Party rather than moving to the right to capture “Reagan Democrats.”
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Ghosh, Amit K. The Board Examination. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0014.
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This chapter is aimed primarily at candidates preparing for the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM's) certifying or maintenance of certification examination in internal medicine. However, candidates preparing for non-ABIM examinations also may benefit from the information, which covers various aspects of preparation for an examination, strategies to answer the questions effectively, and avoidance of pitfalls. The ABIM has stated that the certifying examination tests the breadth and depth of a candidate's knowledge in internal medicine to ensure that a candidate has attained the necessary proficiency required for the practice of internal medicine. According to the ABIM, the examination has 2 goals: the first is to ensure competence in the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders that have important consequences for patients, and the second is to ensure excellence in the broad domain of internal medicine.
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Morgan, Jana, and Magda Hinojosa. Women in Political Parties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0005.
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Jana Morgan and Magda Hinojosa examine women’s representation within parties as leaders, candidates, and officeholders and find that these positions are increasingly accessible to women. They argue that candidate selection procedures are important for women’s presence within parties, while gender quotas and ideology matter less than we might expect. They also evaluate whether parties advocate for women’s issues or employ strategies to articulate women’s concerns. They find that even as descriptive representation has advanced, parties rarely offer substantive linkages for women. As a result, women are less likely to identify with parties than men. To improve women’s descriptive representation in parties, they argue for better candidate selection processes, candidate training programs, and increased state funding for female candidates. To advance substantive representation, they advocate for parties to craft policy and organizational ties with women and to align gender issues with existing partisan divides, thereby integrating rather than isolating gender issues.
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Kvint, Vladimir. Strategizing: Theory and Practice: Collection of Selected Research Articles and Proceedings of the Fifth International Research-to-practice Conference (10/17/2022-10/19/2022). Vol. VIII. Book I. Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium. Kemerovo State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/978-5-8353-2962-5.
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The Collection contains selected research articles and proceedings of participants of the session «Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium» of the Fouth International Research-to-Practice Conference «Strategizing: Theory and Practice». The Kuzbass Region session of the conference is attended by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professors, doctors of sciences, PhD candidates, postgraduate students and graduates, researchers and professionals in the field of strategizing, heads of industrial enterprises of various levels and industries from many regions of Russia, including from Moscow, Kuzbass Region, St. Petersburg, as well as foreign researchers from Armenia, China, France, Germany, Israel, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Slovenia, USA, and Republic of Uzbekistan. Research studies describe the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regional and regional-sectoral strategies. Research articles and proceedings of the conference published in this collection are useful for researchers and scientists, practitioners in the field of strategizing, as well as postgraduates, graduates students and students of higher educational institutions.
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Kvint, Vladimir. Strategizing: Theory and Practice: Collection of Selected Research Articles and Proceedings of the Fifth International Research-to-practice Conference (10/17/2022-10/19/2022). Vol. VIII. Book II. Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium. Kemerovo State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/978-5-8353-2963-2.
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The Collection contains selected research articles and proceedings of participants of the session «Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium» of the Fouth International Research-to-Practice Conference «Strategizing: Theory and Practice». The Kuzbass Region session of the conference is attended by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professors, doctors of sciences, PhD candidates, postgraduate students and graduates, researchers and professionals in the field of strategizing, heads of industrial enterprises of various levels and industries from many regions of Russia, including from Moscow, Kuzbass Region, St. Petersburg, as well as foreign researchers from Armenia, China, France, Germany, Israel, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Slovenia, USA, and Republic of Uzbekistan. Research studies describe the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regional and regional-sectoral strategies. Research articles and proceedings of the conference published in this collection are useful for researchers and scientists, practitioners in the field of strategizing, as well as postgraduates, graduates students and students of higher educational institutions.
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Frankel, Laura Lazarus, and D. Sunshine Hillygus. Niche Communication in Political Campaigns. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.020.
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Dramatic changes in communication technology and the information environment in recent years have changed not only our daily lives, but also campaign communications. With each new election cycle, candidates seem to add to the expanding list of communication technologies used—smartphones, Facebook, blogs, and the like—to get their message to intended recipients. In this essay, we review the limited, but growing, research that examines candidates’ use of niche campaign communications, conceptualized here as any communication medium candidates employ to directly and narrowly target a particular audience. There is a tendency to think of the use of new technologies as a supplemental communication tool for conducting politics as usual. The authors suggest, however, that new communication technologies have changed not only how candidates communicate, but also whom they contact and what they are willing to say. In this way, niche communications have fundamentally changed candidate strategy and campaign dynamics.
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West, Karleen Jones. Candidate Matters. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190068844.001.0001.
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In Candidate Matters: A Study of Ethnic Parties, Campaigns, and Elections in Latin America, Karleen Jones West argues that the characteristics of individual candidates campaigning in their districts shapes party behavior. She does so through a detailed examination of the Pachakutik indigenous party in Ecuador, as well as with the analysis of public opinion in fifteen Latin American countries. Ethnic parties that are initially programmatic can become personalistic and clientelistic vehicles because vote-buying is an effective strategy in rural indigenous areas, and because candidates with strong reputations and access to resources can create winning campaigns that buy votes and capitalize on candidates’ personal appeal. When candidates’ legislative campaigns are personalistic and clientelistic in their districts, niche parties are unable to maintain unified programmatic support. By combining in-depth fieldwork on legislative campaigns in Ecuador with the statistical analysis of electoral results and public opinion, this book demonstrates how important candidates and their districts are for how niche parties compete, win, and become influential in developing democracies. In the process, the author shows that, under certain conditions, niche parties—such as ethnic parties—are not that different from their mainstream counterparts.
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Ansolabehere, Stephen. Voters, Candidates, and Parties. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0002.
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This article introduces the modern political economic theory of elections. It discusses the theory's foundations, which were laid down by Anthony Downs in An Economic Theory of Democracy. It shows that the economic theory of democracy has helped transform political science and economics and has introduced a methodology for theorizing about political strategy. This theory has also specified the implications for what government does and how well the democratic government represents the public. Several concepts are discussed, including valence issues, interest groups, candidate preferences, and electoral institutions.
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Moore, William F., and Jane Ann Moore. Standing Together Nobly, 1856. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038464.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on Owen Lovejoy's election to the U.S. Congress in 1856, attributing his victory to various antislavery factors working together to prevent the expansion of slavery. In response to various accusations by the opposition press against the Republicans, including the charge that they were criminals who were breaking the Fugitive Slave Law, members of the Republican Party's Steering Committee developed a new strategy. Lovejoy dubbed this “our short bob sleds” strategy. This chapter first examines the Republicans' implementation of the twin bobsleds strategy before turning to the anti-Nebraska convention held in Bloomington, Illinois, on May 29, 1856, to nominate candidates for statewide offices. It then considers the national Republican Nominating Convention in Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, along with Lovejoy's nomination as the Republican candidate for the Third Congressional District of Illinois. It also compares the campaign strategies of Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln for the 1856 contest in Illinois and concludes by highlighting the significance of Lovejoy's triumph in the congressional elections, noting how “nobly the elements had stood together” throughout the campaign.
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Legendre, Christophe. Pre-transplant assessment of the recipient. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0276.
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Recipient assessment pre transplant is a critical step in the overall process of transplantation. It is required to define the surgical and medical strategies, evaluate the prognosis based on the knowledge of global kidney transplantation results, and hopefully improve the individual’s outcome. Each transplant centre will have developed its own experience and its own way of assessing transplant candidates. This chapter describes the transplant candidate assessment according to recognized recommendations as well as the author’s local experience at Necker Hospital, Paris, France. The goals of pre-transplant candidate assessment are to discuss the indications, to fully inform the patient, to determine which tests are useful to help balance risks and benefits, and finally to prepare as many potential kidney transplant recipients as possible to be wait-listed successfully.
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Jacobs, Lawrence R. Going Institutional. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.38.
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Communications from election candidates, officeholders, and government programs often project an air of candor and forthrightness. In reality, however, they are invariably intentional and strategic – constructed to promote campaigns, sell legislation, and explain benefits and fees to constituents. This chapter traces two seminal developments of modern political communication. First, political strategy has become enormously more sophisticated to exploit vulnerabilities in the ways individuals process information and form evaluations. Second, the nature of political communications itself has qualitatively changed. Political communications are typically equated with “situational framing” - the intentional efforts of political actors to target individuals within specific situations and moments of time. We now live in an era increasingly defined, however, by institution-based communications and framing. This chapter addresses two elements: the substantial expansion of the White House’s administrative capacity for crafted communications and the routinized and consequential messages of established policies. Institutions-based communications have, under certain circumstances, more enduring and deeper effects than situational framing.
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Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694043.001.0001.
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Presidential candidates and their campaigns in the United States are fully invested in the use of social media. Yet, since 1996 presidential campaigns have been experimenting with ways to use digital communication technologies on the Internet to their advantage. This book tells the stories of the practices of campaigning online between 1996 and 2016, looking at winners and also-rans. The stories provide rich details of the factors that contribute to the success or failure of candidates, including the influence of digital media. The stories also show how political campaigns over six election cycles transitioned from the paradigm of mass media campaigning, to networked campaigning, and finally to mass-targeted campaigning. Campaigns shifted from efforts at mass persuasion to networked persuasion by identifying and communicating with super-supporters to give them the right digital tools and messages to take to their social network. Campaigns learned over time how to use the Internet’s interactive affordances to communicate with the public in ways that structures what supporters do for the campaign that maximizes strategic benefit—what I call “controlled interactivity.” By the 2016 campaign, technology companies made it easier and more effective to engage in mass-targeted campaigning—using large-scale data analytics by campaigns and tech companies to identify target audiences for campaigns to advertise to online.
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Hicks, William D., and Daniel A. Smith. State Campaigns and Elections. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.004.
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This chapter examines the literature on state campaigns and elections. Throughout the chapter the authors focus on a central question that frequently animates the study of campaigns and elections in the American states: do political institutions enhance or stymie voter turnout and electoral competition? They begin by considering studies that examine how electoral laws in general may affect voter turnout, electoral competition, and party and candidate strategies. They then assess whether more stringent campaign contribution limits and clean election laws might provide a greater incentive for potential candidates to challenge incumbents. In turn, they explore how primary systems, redistricting, term limits, and direct democracy may affect competition and turnout in the American states. They conclude with a discussion about lingering concerns over endogeneity when it comes to measuring the effect of political institutions on electoral competition and outcomes.
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Murray, Shoon, and Jordan Tama. U.S. Foreign Policymaking and National Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.5.
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This chapter revisits the old paradox that the U.S. president is perhaps the most powerful person in the world and yet is constrained domestically by other political actors and a centuries-old constitutional framework. The chapter discusses key actors that shape American foreign policy, including the president, presidential advisers, the federal bureaucracy, Congress, the courts, interest groups, the media, and public opinion. Presidential candidates often call for major shifts in foreign policy, but once they are in office presidents are constrained by strategic and fiscal realities, the bureaucracy’s preference for continuity, America’s separation of powers system, rising partisanship, the fragmented media, and the openness of U.S. institutions to societal pressures. The result is that modern presidents struggle to build and maintain the domestic backing needed to carry out their foreign policy agenda.
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Roșu, Felicia. Campaigning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789376.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.
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Corder, J. Kevin, and Christina Wolbrecht. Disappointed Hopes? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0002.
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How did the first female voters use their ballots? Focusing on the presidential election of 1924—in which Progressive Robert M. La Follette secured 17% of the vote—this chapter examines the expectation that women would be particularly likely to support candidates associated with the Progressive movement. Employing new strategies to estimate women’s vote choice using aggregate data, the findings show that female voters were not uniquely likely to support the Progressive candidate. Rather, in a small number of Republican-dominated midwestern states, female voters were more Republican than men, and men were more Progressive than women, in their voting choices. As a result, the presence of female voters actually stabilized the electorate, reinforcing the Republican advantage in most states and dampening the Progressive surge in the Midwest in particular. The conclusion places these findings in the broader perspective of the nearly one hundred years of female electoral participation that has followed.
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Mares, Isabela, and Lauren E. Young. Conditionality & Coercion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832775.001.0001.
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In many recent democracies, candidates compete for office using illegal strategies to influence voters. In Hungary and Romania, local actors including mayors and bureaucrats offer access to social policy benefits to voters who offer to support their preferred candidates, and they threaten others with the loss of a range of policy and private benefits for voting the “wrong” way. These quid pro quo exchanges are often called clientelism. How can politicians and their accomplices get away with such illegal campaigning in otherwise democratic, competitive elections? When do they rely on the worst forms of clientelism that involve threatening voters and manipulating public benefits? This book uses a mixed method approach to understand how illegal forms of campaigning including vote buying and electoral coercion persist in two democratic countries in the European Union. It argues that clientelistic strategies must be disaggregated based on whether they use public or private resources, and whether they involve positive promises or negative threats and coercion. The authors document that the type of clientelistic strategies that candidates and brokers use varies systematically across localities based on their underlying social coalitions, and also show that voters assess and sanction different forms of clientelism in different ways. Voters glean information about politicians’ personal characteristics and their policy preferences from the clientelistic strategies these candidates deploy. Most voters judge candidates who use clientelism harshly. So how does clientelism, including its most odious coercive forms, persist in democratic systems? This book suggests that politicians can get away with clientelism by using forms of it that are in line with the policy preferences of constituencies whose votes they need. Clientelistic and programmatic strategies are not as distinct as previous studies have argued.
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Zengeya, Stanley Tamuka, and Tiroumourougane V. Serane. The MRCPCH Clinical Exam Made Simple. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199587933.001.0001.
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The MRCPCH Clinical Examination Made Simple is a unique revision tool presenting a focused strategy and clear advice in order to succeed at the MRCPCH Clinical Examination, the final hurdle to gaining membership to the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Together the book and DVD provide comprehensive notes for the exam, including chapters on how to prepare and on history-taking. The DVD includes clips of examination situations with expert commentary. This unique approach not only provides the reader with the knowledge required to pass the exam but also demonstrates the skills and approach that successful candidates have used. Comprehensive, clear and authoritative, The MRCPCH Clinical Exam Made Simple offers an unrivalled, comprehensive guide to the OSCE station. Written by an experienced consultant paediatrician and a recently successful MRCPCH candidate, this revision tool provides the reader with all the skills and knowledge you need to pass and excel at this crucial exam.
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Whitby, Kenny J. Strategic Decision-Making in Presidential Nominations: When and Why Party Elites Decide to Support a Candidate. State University of New York Press, 2015.
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Whitby, Kenny J. Strategic Decision-Making in Presidential Nominations: When and Why Party Elites Decide to Support a Candidate. State University of New York Press, 2013.
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Langston, Joy K. Changing Federal Deputy Campaigns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0008.
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This chapter explores how congressional campaigning changed for PRI candidates from the hegemonic to democratic era. Under hegemonic conditions, PRI candidates had huge resource advantages, and enjoyed the benefits of weak opposition parties and strong party identification. Under these circumstances, one should expect that the candidates for the hegemonic party would campaign as little as possible: that is, they would shirk. However, the agents sent down from the national party headquarters monitored their campaigning performance and obligated them to remake and strengthen the ties between local leaders and the national party. Once competition drove up uncertainty, PRI congressional candidates worked hard to win their election even though they could not hope for a second term. Despite their resource restraints, they campaign actively, while the national party headquarters has taken over national media appeals and strategies on programmatic promises. Governors were and continue to be important components in congressional campaigns, as they are able to support their co-partisan candidates.
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Weßels, Bernhard. Electoral Competition, Candidates’ Campaign Styles, and the Personalization of the Vote. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0005.
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This chapter contributes to the debate about the (increasing) personalization of electoral campaigning. It investigates the orientation of the campaign focus and the degree of personalization of campaign activities in Germany’s federal elections of 2013 based on the candidate survey of the German Longitudinal Election Study. Theory on the incentives to cultivate a personal vote suggests it is the context of competition that matters. Two dimensions of competition are relevant: electoral competition and competition in the nomination. Results show that contrary to expectation electoral safety and not electoral pressure is connected to personalized campaigning. Strong electoral competition actually prevents personalization, whereas competitive pressure in the nomination process is strongly connected with a personalized campaign strategy. Why the competitive context in the nomination contributes to personalization and why there is a spillover into campaigning is a desideratum of research and theory that has to be investigated and explained.
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Talley, Joseph E. Working With a Board-Certified Mentor in the Specialty. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195372434.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses working with a board-certified mentor in the speciality. Having a mentor is notessential, but is something that many candidates find helpful. The chapter suggests strategies for finding a mentor, and presents guidelines for effective mentoring.
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McClintock, Cynthia. Plurality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879754.003.0004.
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Plurality was disadvantageous in five of the six plurality countries. In Venezuela, a long-standing duopoly broke down in 1993; in 1998, after decades of political exclusion, the extreme leftist Hugo Chávez was elected, and his continuation in power was facilitated by problems of strategic coordination under plurality. In Nicaragua, the Liberal Party divided in 2006, enabling the victory of the extreme leftist Daniel Ortega. In both Mexico and Paraguay, long-standing parties were cartel parties that exploited the difficulties of strategic coordination by the opposition. In Honduras, a duopoly died from within, when a Liberal president shifted left; in 2013, elites worried about a plurality victory for a candidate they feared was at the extreme left. Only in Panama, where the number of parties was larger and a new, leftist party did not emerge, was plurality not fraught.
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Michalski, Anna. 12. The Enlarging European Union. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the pervasiveness and importance of enlargement in the history of European integration. It first considers the principles, conditions, and instruments of enlargement before discussing the roles of various institutional actors and the candidate states. It then shows how, faced with the likelihood of large-scale Central and Eastern European accession, the European Union extended the requirements for membership to include the candidate countries' democratic credentials and economic competitiveness. The first enlargement included Britain, Denmark, and Ireland, followed by Greece, Spain, and Portugal, the European Free Trade Association, the Central and Eastern European countries, Cyprus, and Malta. The chapter also explains how the EU has developed a variety of strategies to deal with growing differences among the member states' socio-economic situations and policy needs without formally resorting to a division of its membership in concentric circles, core and peripheral groups, or alternative frameworks.
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Orlitzky, Marc. Recruitment Strategy. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0014.
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This article provides an overview of the theoretical and empirical contributions that have been made to the literature on recruitment strategy. Recruitment can usefully be defined as ‘those practices and activities carried out by the organization with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees’. This definition highlights the important difference between two HR functions that are typically seen as indivisible, or at least difficult to distinguish, namely recruitment and selection. Whereas selection is the HR function that pares down the number of applicants, recruitment consists of those HR practices and processes that make this paring down possible — by expanding the pool of firm-specific candidates from whom new employees will be selected.
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Wolf, Christof. Voters and Voting in Context. Edited by Harald Schoen, Sigrid Roßteutscher, Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck, and Bernhard Weßels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.001.0001.
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This book investigates the role of context in affecting political opinion formation and voting behavior. Building on a model of contextual effects on individual-level voter behavior, the chapters of this volume explore contextual effects in Germany in the early twenty-first century. The contributions draw on manifold combinations of individual and contextual information gathered in the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) framework and employ advanced methods. In substantive terms, they investigate the impact of campaign communication on political learning, the effects of media coverage on the perceived importance of political problems, and the role of electoral competition on candidate strategies and perceptions. Other contributions deal with the role of social and economic contexts as well as parties’ policy stances in affecting electoral turnout. The chapters on vote choice explore the impact of social cues on candidate voting, effects of electoral arenas on vote functions, the role of media coverage on ideological voting, and effects of campaign communication on the timing of electoral decision-making. The volume demonstrates the key role of the processes of communication and politicization in bringing about contextual effects. Context thus plays a nuanced role in voting behavior. The contingency of contextual effects suggests that they should become an important topic in research on political behavior and democratic politics.
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Smith, Robert A., and Carol E. DeSantis. Breast Cancer Epidemiology. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The epidemiology of breast cancer measures the occurrence of the disease and trends in various populations. Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Most risk factors have a modest effect, but lifestyle changes could reduce the risk of breast cancer, and we can also better identify women at greater risk who are candidates for more aggressive prevention and early detection strategies. The absence of an organized health system is a barrier to ensuring that women get the best advice about risk and prevention and identifying those at high risk early to offer tailored prevention and screening. Radiologists can play a greater role in breast care, through support and communication with referring practices, and to insure more complete risk assessment and education for their patients.
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Owen, Diana. New Media and Political Campaigns. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.016.
Full textAbstract:
New media have been playing an increasingly central role in American elections since they first appeared in 1992. While television remains the main source of election information for a majority of voters, digital communication platforms have become prominent. New media have triggered changes in the campaign strategies of political parties, candidates, and political organizations; reshaped election media coverage; and influenced voter engagement. This chapter examines the stages in the development of new media in elections from the use of rudimentary websites to the rise sophisticated social media. It discusses the ways in which new media differ from traditional media in terms of their form, function, and content; identifies the audiences for new election media; and examines the effects on voter interest, knowledge, engagement, and turnout. Going forward, scholars need to employ creative research methodologies to catalogue and analyze new campaign media as they emerge and develop.
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Owen, Diana. New Media and Political Campaigns. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.016_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
New media have been playing an increasingly central role in American elections since they first appeared in 1992. While television remains the main source of election information for a majority of voters, digital communication platforms have become prominent. New media have triggered changes in the campaign strategies of political parties, candidates, and political organizations; reshaped election media coverage; and influenced voter engagement. This chapter examines the stages in the development of new media in elections from the use of rudimentary websites to the rise sophisticated social media. It discusses the ways in which new media differ from traditional media in terms of their form, function, and content; identifies the audiences for new election media; and examines the effects on voter interest, knowledge, engagement, and turnout. Going forward, scholars need to employ creative research methodologies to catalogue and analyze new campaign media as they emerge and develop.
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Harding, Duncan. Skills toolkit 3: Wild cards. Edited by Duncan Harding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198768197.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers some generic psychological strategies for dealing with unknown elements in the interview, the wild cards. The wild card allows the interviewer to see how a candidate goes about solving a problem that has not been pre-prepared, and how the journey of the problem-solving process might be more important to the interviewer than arriving at the answer. The chapter discusses facing the unknown and considers a way of reacting and adapting in the interview. It uses an exercise to develop a method to deal with a wild card in the interview, and then considers how to discover your edge in this process. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of endings and closure after a wild card scenario.
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Kenny, Paul D. Populism and Patronage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter tests the theory through a quantitative analysis of populist electoral success. It conducts a statistical analysis of the performance of populist candidates in all democracies across Asia, Europe, the, and Australasia. This analysis shows that as subnational units gain autonomy, the electoral performance of populist politicians is enhanced in patronage democracies but not in non-patronage democracies. This finding suggests that there exists a pathway to populist success that is distinctive to patronage democracies. To deal with the high number of cases in which populists receive no votes, the main analysis is a “double-hurdle” model. To control for the endogeneity of these decentralizing processes to party-system stability, the chapter employs an instrumental variables (IV) estimation strategy, in which autonomy is instrumented for by a number of structural features of a polity (area, population, and territorial contiguity). The model also holds up to this IV estimation.
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Goss, Rachel, Emma McMaster, and Stephanie Rennie. OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198856580.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The FRCEM OSCE Revision Guide is an excellent resource for trainees who are preparing for their Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Written by three UK-trained Emergency Medicine Consultants, this book provides an insight into the preparation required to pass the exam. The FRCEM OSCE has somewhat evolved over recent years, and so the authors explain the structure and format of the current exam. They also provide useful tips on revision strategy, as well as on how to navigate the actual exam. Each element of the OSCE is covered throughout the chapters: history, examination, teaching skills, practical skills and procedures, communication skills, resuscitation scenarios, psychiatry cases, and management scenarios. Each chapter provides numerous OSCE scenarios with instructions for the candidate and clear mark schemes, as well as learning points for the trickier cases. The cases reflect real-life scenarios that are common, yet complex presentations to the emergency department. They are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and have frequently appeared in previous OSCEs. The cases are often nuanced in such a way as to stretch the candidate to communicate and make decisions at the level of a senior registrar or consultant. The mark schemes are based on best practice and up-to-date national guidance. Overall, this book provides a great structure for successful revision.
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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036.
Full textAbstract:
Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among troponin-negative subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.
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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among normal-troponin subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.