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Academic literature on the topic 'Strategic candidates'

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Published: 9 March 2023
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Journal articles on the topic "Strategic candidates"

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Bateson, Regina. "Strategic Discrimination." Perspectives on Politics 18, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 1068–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759272000242x.

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Why are women and people of color under-represented in U.S. politics? I offer a new explanation: strategic discrimination. Strategic discrimination occurs when an individual hesitates to support a candidate out of concern that others will object to the candidate’s identity. In a series of three experiments, I find that strategic discrimination exists, it matters for real-world politics, and it can be hard to overcome. The first experiment shows that Americans consider white male candidates more electable than equally qualified Black and white women, and to a lesser extent, Black men. These results are strongly intersectional, with Black women rated less electable than either Black men or white women. The second experiment demonstrates that anti-Trump voters weigh Democratic candidates’ racial and gender identities when deciding who is most capable of beating Donald Trump in 2020. The third experiment finds that while some messages intended to combat strategic discrimination have no effect, diverse candidates can increase their perceived electability by showing that they have a path to victory. I conclude by arguing that strategic discrimination is especially salient in contemporary U.S. politics due to three parallel trends: increasing diversity among candidates, growing awareness of sexism and racism, and high levels of political polarization.
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Dekel, Eddie, and Michele Piccione. "The Strategic Dis/advantage of Voting Early." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.4.162.

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Under sequential voting, voting late enables conditioning on which candidates are viable, while voting early can influence the field of candidates. But the latter effect can be harmful: shrinking the field increases not only the likelihood that future voters vote for one's favorite candidate, but also that they vote for an opponent. Specifically, if one's favorite candidate is significantly better than all others, then early voting is disadvantageous and all equilibria are equivalent to simultaneous voting. Conversely, when some other candidate is almost as good, then any Markov, symmetric, anonymous equilibrium involves sequential voting (and differs from simultaneous voting). (JEL D72)
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NORRANDER, BARBARA. "The Attrition Game: Initial Resources, Initial Contests and the Exit of Candidates During the US Presidential Primary Season." British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 3 (May 17, 2006): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123406000251.

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In contests for the presidential nominations from the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States, the duration of candidacies determines both the winning candidate (i.e., the one who outlasts his or her opponents) and the amount of intraparty conflict before the nomination is bestowed. This article analyses how strategic considerations lead some candidates to exit the race more quickly than others. Factors which could shape such strategic considerations include initial candidate assets and characteristics (national poll standings, fund-raising totals and occupational background), initial contest outcomes (Iowa and New Hampshire) and structural variables (proportional representation delegate distribution rules, party, front-loaded calendar). Results from a duration model indicate that poll standings, money (in a curvilinear pattern), New Hampshire and Iowa results, occupational backgrounds and the front-loading of the primary calendar shaped the length of candidacies for presidential contestants from 1980 to 2004. Candidates lacking in initial assets or early victories leave the nomination race in a process most resembling a game of attrition.
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Nishimura, Tsubasa. "Parties’ Strategic Recruitment and Candidates’ Localness:." Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 71, no. 2 (2020): 2_280–2_302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku.71.2_280.

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Chambers, Christopher P. "Citizen-candidates, lobbies, and strategic campaigning." Economic Theory 33, no. 2 (August 29, 2006): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-006-0146-y.

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Bizzotto, Jacopo, and Benjamin Solow. "Electoral Competition with Strategic Disclosure." Games 10, no. 3 (July 6, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10030029.

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Recent developments in information and communication technologies allow candidates for office to engage in sophisticated messaging strategies to influence voter choice. We consider how access to different technologies influence the choice of policy platforms by candidates. We find that when candidates can target messages to specific voter groups, platforms are more likely to be inefficient. In particular, when candidates can run targeted campaigns, they commit to projects that benefit small groups even when the social cost of these projects outweigh their benefits. Our results are robust to negative advertising.
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Asako, Yasushi. "Strategic Ambiguity with Probabilistic Voting." Journal of Theoretical Politics 31, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 626–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629819875516.

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Political parties and candidates usually prefer making ambiguous promises. This study identifies the conditions under which candidates choose ambiguous promises in equilibrium, given convex utility functions of voters. The results show that in a deterministic model, no equilibrium exists when voters have convex utility functions. However, in a probabilistic voting model, candidates make ambiguous promises in equilibrium when (i) voters have convex utility functions, and (ii) the distribution of voters’ most preferred policies is polarized. JEL Classification: D71, D72
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Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Amalia Pulido-Gómez. "Strategic alliances: Red, green, or “watermelon” candidates in Mexican legislative elections." Party Politics 26, no. 6 (November 8, 2018): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818809529.

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What role do small parties play in new democracies? Although some research has posited that these parties developed to promote policies that the major parties were not addressing, we argue that they are as opportunistic as their larger party competitors. To test our argument, we examine the legislative electoral alliances between the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Ecological Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) in single member districts from 2006 to 2015. In alliance districts, the parties distribute the districts between them: those in which the candidate is from the PRI and those in which the candidate is from the PVEM. There is then a second dynamic in these electoral alliances: Many of the PVEM candidates are former PRI politicians, whom we refer to as “watermelon” candidates, as they are green on the outside and red on the inside. We argue that the parties will select the alliance strategy that will be most electorally beneficial—running a PRI, PVEM, or watermelon candidate. We find that running a PRI or watermelon candidate increases the alliance’s probability of winning. Our findings have important implications for understanding Mexican party politics as well as the role of small parties and party competition in developing democracies.
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Mwesigwa, David, and Gilbert Obici. "Candidate’s physical attractiveness as a consequence in an election." International Journal of Public Policy and Administration 5, no. 1 (July 19, 2022): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijppa.934.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to deconstruct election results within the framework of candidate’s physical attractiveness. There is a mounting fear that modern-day political institutions are not presenting candidates with the social aptitude that they need to become successful in election processes. This deficiency has placed a growing burden on political parties to boost the victory of their candidates by making sure that the process of selecting candidates transforms into a rewarding time of political victory. In view of the countless contestations and proof of the dearth of social abilities in political parties, the emphasis of this article is on how political parties in Uganda can identify appealing candidates for the modern-day voter. Methods: By means of a desk review technique, definitions are given as well as an earlier theory as a basis for a projected model of enhancing candidate victory. Findings: The findings reveal that candidate’s physical attractiveness contributes positively towards the election outcome given that candidates that are physically less attractive are likely to score lower in an election. Unique contribution of theory, practice and policy: The study suggests that to neglect the power of a candidate’s physical attractiveness in an election is comparable to surrendering election victory to the opponent. For effective application, political party leaderships should include the elements of physical attractiveness in their strategic plans when choosing candidates for the next election cycle.
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Jacobson, Gary C. "Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946–86." American Political Science Review 83, no. 3 (September 1989): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962060.

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Analysis of both district-level and aggregate time-series data from postwar House elections supports the thesis that strategic political elites play a pivotal role in translating national conditions into election results and therefore in holding members of Congress collectively accountable for the government's performance. More high-quality candidates run when prospects appear to favor their party; they also win significantly more votes and victories than other candidates in equivalent circumstances. Thus, strategic career decisions both reflect and enhance national partisan tides. The electoral importance of strategic politicians has grown over time in tandem with the trend toward candidate-centered electoral politics. This has rendered the effects of national forces less automatic, more contingent, thus threatening the capacity of elections to enforce some degree of collective responsibility.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strategic candidates"

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Brown, Adam Robert. "Strategic politicians in gubernatorial elections." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3311418.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Aug. 1, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-137).
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Manzoni, Elena. "Electoral campaigns with strategic candidates : a theoretical and empirical analysis." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2388/.

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The main focus of this thesis is the analysis of political campaigns when candidates choose their statements in a strategic way. In the first chapter, 'Discretion and renegotiation in electoral campaigns', I present a model of electoral campaigning as a problem of competitive delegation. The chapter considers a situation in which there is uncertainty about what the optimal policy should be; in this environment voters may want to leave discretion to a candidate, in order to allow him to adjust his policies to the state of the world, once he is elected. The paper analyses how the ambiguity level of the political statements is influenced by the presence of uncertainty over the candidates' ideology, by the possibility of ex post renegotiation between the elected candidate and the voters and by several political variables. In the second chapter, 'Last minute policies and the incumbency advantage', joint with Stefan Penczynski, we investigate the timing of statements in political debates and campaigns. Early statements can influence the political agenda and signal competence and vision, late statements are based on more information about appropriate measures. We find that candidates speak early on issues they are better-informed about in order to signal relevance and move them up the agenda. Since opponents benefit from this revelation, however, candidates remain silent once their information is sufficiently precise and valuable. In the last chapter, 'Discretion and ambiguity in electoral campaigns: a look into the empirical evidence', I compare several models of ambiguity in electoral campaigns, including my own model which was introduced in the first chapter. I use the methodology of Campbell (1983) to have a proxy for ambiguity of the electoral statements, and the data from the American National Election Studies on Senate elections from 1988-1990-1992, to investigate which of the correlations predicted by these models seem to be present in the data.
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MANZONI, ELENA. "Electoral campaigns with strategic candidates: a theoretical and empirical analysis." Doctoral thesis, London School of Economics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/67212.

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The main focus of this thesis is the analysis of political campaigns when candidates choose their statements in a strategic way. In the first chapter, ‘Discretion and renegotiation in electoral campaigns’, I present a model of electoral campaigning as a problem of competitive delegation. The chapter considers a situation in which there is uncertainty about what the optimal policy should be; in this environment voters may want to leave discretion to a candidate, in order to allow him to adjust his policies to the state of the world, once he is elected. The paper analyses how the ambiguity level of the political statements is influenced by the presence of uncertainty over the candidates’ ideology, by the possibility of ex post renegotiation between the elected candidate and the voters and by several political variables. In the second chapter, ‘Last minute policies and the incumbency advantage’, joint with Stefan Penczynski, we investigate the timing of statements in political debates and campaigns. Early statements can influence the political agenda and signal competence and vision, late statements are based on more information about appropriate measures. We find that candidates speak early on issues they are better-informed about in order to signal relevance and move them up the agenda. Since opponents benefit from this revelation, however, candidates remain silent once their information is sufficiently precise and valuable. In the last chapter, ‘Discretion and ambiguity in electoral campaigns: a look into the empirical evidence’, I compare several models of ambiguity in electoral campaigns, including my own model which was introduced in the first chapter. I use the methodology of Campbell (1983) to have a proxy for ambiguity of the electoral statements, and the data from the American National Election Studies on Senate elections from 1988-1990-1992, to investigate which of the correlations predicted by these models seem to be present in the data.
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Cho, Sungdai. "Third party candidates and sophisticated voters : spatial competition and strategic voting in multicandiate American presidential elections /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962511.

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Lazarus, Jeffrey. "Strategic entry in US House elections : assessing the causes and effects of interaction among incumbents and challengers /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3144331.

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Arvidsson, Viktor. "A model for strategic e-service implementation in the public sector : challenges for local governments in identifying potential candidates for e-service delivery." Thesis, Umeå University, Department of Informatics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34875.

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As more and more local governments begin to understand that the great promises of e-service delivery are harder than expected to realize, efficient use of ICT-resources have become increasingly important. Since simply providing more e-services is not the solution, the need to understand what constitutes a suitable e-service has arisen. Public services reach beyond the market domain; therefore, the complexities of public value must be dealt with when services are appraised. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneous nature of local government services it is impossible to evaluate all the options in depth; thus, there is a clear need for early-stage appraisal. However, existing methods of appraisal are burdened by intricacy, and associated with high costs. In response, this paper presents a model capable of reducing this intricacy. The model was developed through a participatory design process involving members on both operational and strategic level in the municipality of Skellefteå. The model implements state of the art into the workspace context while taking measures to reduce intricacy such as: incremental filtering, moving high intricacy elements to the end of the process, and exploitation of available data. As a result the organization is enabled to capture not only the low hanging fruit, but also the long tail of services. Furthermore, the improved understanding of e-service delivery has the potential to open up opportunities for new ways of business development and private-public partnerships. Finally, whereas the model presented is highly context-dependent, the implications outlined in this paper are not limited to this narrow scope.


Models for Strategic Business Development in Public Service
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Silotto, Graziele Cristina. "A dimensão regional das estratégias partidárias em eleições proporcionais de lista aberta no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-10032017-135505/.

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Este trabalho aborda a questão regional enquanto uma estratégia dos partidos na arena eleitoral. Ao acrescentar a dimensão partidária aos trabalhos que advogam pela regionalização dos distritos eleitorais de elevada magnitude, o intuito foi mostrar que é do sistema eleitoral, sobretudo da lista aberta, da magnitude e da estrutura da competição que emanam os incentivos à subdistritalização. Como uma perspectiva teórica alternativa à solução distributivista, o argumento é que o sistema eleitoral traz o elemento regional ao plano das decisões partidárias, isto é, a subdistritalização ocorreria em decorrência da ação intencional política que, com isso, garantiria a diminuição ou a ausência da competição intrapartidária no território. O resultado da análise da lista de candidatos brasileira reforça que o meio social e o político respondem aos fatores regionais, que influencia suas atitudes e estratégias. Por meio de uma dinâmica não política, mas geoespacial partidos encontram estratégias para lidar com as restrições institucionais a fim de atingir o sucesso eleitoral.
This thesis considers the regional question as a partisan strategy in the electoral arena. The goal is to show that from the electoral system, especially the open list proportional representation, the magnitude and the structure of the electoral competition, emanates the incentives for subdistricting. Therefore, partisanship is introduced, adding a new dimension to the scholarship that advocates for the regionalization of the high magnitude districts. When arguing that, in fact, parties decisions are influenced by regional elements which were fostered by the electoral system, this study pursues an alternative theoretical perspective to distributivism. Subdistricting is a byproduct of intentional political action, which, in turn, ensures the decrease or absence of intra-party competition over the territory. The findings based on the analysis of the list of candidates presented by parties in Brazil reinforces that the social and political environment responds to regional factors that influence their attitudes and strategies. Through a non-political, but geospatial dynamic, parties can strategically deal with the institutional constraints in order to achieve electoral success.
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Rock, Terryl. "Strategies to Support Secondary Ed and MAT Candidates." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3263.

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Rodríguez, Álvarez Carmelo. "Strategic incentives in multivalued social choice processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4031.

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Cuando los miembros de una sociedad tienen que tomar una decisión sobre un conjunto de alternativas suelen usar ciertas reglas que tratan de alcanzar un acuerdo entre sus diferentes intereses. Estas reglas se suelen denominar mecanismos de votación, procedimientos de elección social o, simplemente, elecciones. Las reglas de votación definen escenarios en los que los miembros de la sociedad interaccionan y tratan de obtener el mejor resultado de acuerdo con sus preferencias. Esta tesis doctoral está dedicada al estudio de los incentivos estratégicos de los participantes (votantes y candidatos) en procesos de elección social.
Nuestro análisis se centra en modelos generales en los que se admite que el resultado de la elección consista en un conjunto de alternativas. Aunque resulta natural suponer que sólo una alternativa será finalmente elegida, existen múltiples situaciones en las que este supuesto es sumamente restrictivo. Por ejemplo, podríamos considerar la elección como una etapa intermedia en el proceso de decisión. El objeto del proceso electoral sería reducir el número de alternativas entre las que la sociedad tendría que escoger. Con esta interpretación, nos centraríamos en situaciones en los que existe cierto grado de incertidumbre sobre la resolución final de la elección social.
En esta tesis seguimos dos importantes ramas de la literatura de la teoría de la elección social, el estudio de reglas decisión social no manipulables y el análisis de los problemas de candidatura estratégica.
En primer lugar, siguiendo el trabajo seminal de Dutta, Jackson y Le Breton (Econometrica, 2001) estudiamos los incentivos de los candidatos para entrar o abandonar la lucha electoral con la intención de afectar al resultado de la elección. Si los candidatos comparan conjuntos de candidatos de forma consistente con los postulados de la teoría de la utilidad esperada, cualquier regla de decisión unánime y no dictatorial provee a algún candidato con incentivos a abandonar su candidatura. Sin embargo, si los candidatos comparan los resultados de la elección de acuerdo con métodos menos sofisticados, sí que se pueden obtener resultados positivos.
Seguidamente, pasamos a analizar los incentivos estratégicos de los candidatos en un entorno complementario: en el que el resultado de la elección es explícitamente probabilístico. En esta situación podemos caracterizar la familia de reglas de votación que nunca incentivan la salida de ningún candidato. Sorprendentemente, aunque la familia de dictadores aleatorios juega un papel central dentro de la caracterización, podemos probar que reglas de decisión más flexibles también satisfacen los requerimientos de estabilidad en las candidaturas.
Finalmente, nos centramos en la posibilidad de construir reglas de decisión no manipulables cuando los votantes comparan conjuntos de alternativas de acuerdo con actitudes extremas ante el riesgo. En este contexto, analizamos la compatibilidad entre la condición de no manipulabilidad y otras condiciones de regularidad que han sido propuestas en la literatura como por ejemplo, Resolución Residual. Además, también presentamos los requerimientos en las preferencias de los votantes sobre conjuntos de alternativas que reducen la posibilidad de reglas de decisión no manipulables a reglas dictatoriales.
When a society has to make a choice from an array of alternatives, it usually relies on certain rules that try to reconcile the opposite interest of the members of the society. These rules define environments in which the agents interact and try to obtain the best outcome according to their preferences. This work is devoted to the study of the strategic incentives of the participants in the social decision processes.
We analyse general frameworks in which the outcome of the social choice process can be multivalued. Even when it seems natural to assume that the result of an election as a singleton, there are many situation in which our assumption should not be precluded. For instance, we can consider the social decision process as an interim stage that narrows the social agenda. Another possibility is to consider the set of the possible equilibria that could eventually arise in the voting procedure as the outcome of the election.
Our study focuses on two important branches of the literature, the study of strategy-proof social choice correspondences and the analysis of strategic candidacy in multivalued voting procedures.
First, we study the possibility of constructing non-manipulable social choice correspondences when the voters have strict attitudes towards risk. We analyse the trade-off between strategy-proofness and some regularity conditions proposed in the literature like Residual Resoluteness. Moreover, we introduce necessary conditions for strategy-proof and onto social choice correspondences. We also present the requirements in voters' preferences over sets of alternatives that reduce the possibility of strategy-proof correspondences to dictatorial ones.
Second, we study the incentives of candidates to enter or to exit elections in order to affect strategically the outcome of a voting correspondence. We show that, if candidates form their preferences over sets according to Expected Utility Theory and Bayesian Updating, every unanimous and non dictatorial voting correspondence violates candidate stability, at least a candidate has incentives to leave the ballot at one profile of preferences. We also analyse the implications of using other extension criteria to define candidate stability that open the door to positive results.
Finally, we analyse the strategic incentives of the candidates to withdraw the election in probabilistic environments. We characterise the family of unanimous and candidate stable probabilistic voting procedures when the candidates are expected utility maximisers. Surprisingly, we show that there are rules that are not probabilistic combinations of single-valued candidate stable voting procedures (random dictatorships) that do not provide incentives to the candidates to withdraw the election.
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Wilson, Justin Jeff. "Synthetic strategies for the design of platinum anticancer drug candidates." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82326.

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Thesis (Ph. D. in Inorganic Chemistry)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Chapter 1. The Synthetic Chemistry of Platinum Anticancer Agents Since the inception of cisplatin as a clinically approved anticancer agent, a large number of platinum compounds have been synthesized with the aim of finding new, improved drugs. As a result of these efforts, only two additional platinum-based drugs received FDA approval for the treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, fundamental advancements in the synthetic chemistry of platinum arose from these research endeavors. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of synthetic methods for the preparation of classic and non-conventional platinum compounds with therapeutic potential. Chapter 2. Platinum(II) Complexes Bearing Fluorescent Di-2-Pyridylmethane Ligands A strategy to investigate the cellular uptake and localization of platinum anticancer agents is to label them with a fluorescent ligand. In pursuit of this strategy, three new platinum(II) complexes with modified di-2-pyridylmethane (dpm) ligands, two of which are fluorescent, were prepared. These new ligands contain either a non-fluorescent tosyl group (Ts-dpm) or fluorescent NBD or dansyl group (NBD-dpm and dansyl-dpm). The photophysical and solution conformational properties of the complexes [Pt(dpm')C12], where dpm' is one of the three ligands described above, are presented. The thermal and photolytic decomposition products and the hydrogen peroxide oxidation products were investigated. Chapter 3. Outer-Sphere Amide Bond Coupling Reactions for the Preparation of a Fluorescent Platinum(IV) Redox Sensor Because of the poor solubility, stability, and lack of structural similarity to clinically used platinum anticancer agents of the complexes described in Chapter 2, synthetic strategies were devised to prepare alternative fluorescent platinum compounds. The dangling carboxylic acid groups of the platinum(II) complexes [Pt(edma)C 2] and [Pt(edda)C12], where edma = ethylenediamine-N-acetic acid and edda = ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid, were functionalized by amide bond coupling using benzyl amine. For [Pt(edda)C12], the resulting product was a mixture of diastereomers owing to chirality at both coordinating nitrogen atoms. Only [Pt(edma)C12] was further modified by coupling it to dansyl ethylenediamine to form [Pt(edDS)C12], where edDs is the dansyl ethylenediamine-containing ligand. Upon oxidation of this complex with iodobenzene dichloride, the emission of the dansyl fluorophore was substantially quenched. By reducing the oxidized product [Pt(edDs)C14] with an excess of the biological reducing agents glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer, a 6.3-fold turn-on in emission intensity was observed. This turn-on response suggests that [Pt(edDs)C14] and its anologues may serve as fluorescent redox sensors to monitor the reduction of platinum(IV) in living cells. Chapter 4. In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Platinum(II) Complexes with p-Diketonate Leaving Group Ligands To investigate the role of the leaving group ligand on the anticancer activity of platinum(II) complexes, five compounds with the general formula [Pt(NH3)2([beta]-diketonate)]+ were prepared and characterized. The [beta]-diketonate ligands were chosen to tune the lipophilicity and electrophilicity of the resulting complexes. Three general synthetic protocols for preparing such complexes were established. These compounds were tested for anticancer activity in a panel of four different cell lines. Structure-activity relationships were derived, correlating high cytotoxicity with increasing lipophilicity and decreasing donor strength of the p-diketonate. Chapter 5. Acetate-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(III) Complexes Derived from Cisplatin The oxidation chemistry of a previously reported acetate-bridged dinuclear cisdiammineplatinum( II) complex, cis-[Pt"(NH 3)2(p-OAc) 2Pt"(NH 3)2](NO 3)2, was explored. Treatment of this complex with either PhICl2 or Br2 afforded the 2-electron oxidized halidecapped dinuclear complexes, cis-[XPt"I(NH 3)2([beta]-OAc) 2Ptl"(NH3)2X](NO3)2, where X is either bromine or chlorine. The platinum(II) and platinum(III) complexes were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation of cis-[Ptr(NH3)2([mu]t-OAc)2PtIII(NH3)([mu]-NH2)]2(NO3)2 with PhI(O2CCF3)2 and XeF2 was also explored. The use of PhI(O2CCF3)2 gave the unexpected amido-bridged tetranuclear platinum(III) complex, cis-[(O2CCF3)PtIII(NH3)2([mu](pi-OAc)2PtIII(NH3)([mu]-NH2)]2(NO3)4, which was characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography. From the analogous reaction using XeF2 instead of PhI(O 2CCF3 )2 , yellow crystals were obtained, and the crystal structure revealed an infinite chain of acetatebridged dinuclear platinum units.
(cont'd) Chapter 6. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Platinum(IV) Dicarbamate Complexes The reaction of cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OH)2] with alkyl and aryl isocyanates (RNCO) in DMF afforded dicarbamate complexes of the general formula cis,cis,trans- [Pt(NH 3)2Cl 2(O 2CNHR)2]. The resulting complexes were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The anticancer activities of these complexes were assessed in human lung cancer (A549) and human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell lines. Although no clear structure-activity relationships could be delineated, the complexes exhibited activity on the same order of magnitude as that of the clinically established drug cisplatin. Therefore, the reaction of cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl 2(OH)2] with isocyanates provides a powerful new synthetic pathway to functionalize platinum(IV) anticancer agents. Appendix A. Aqueous Electrochemistry of a Platinum(IV) Prodrug Electrochemical studies of cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OAc) 2] in aqueous media were carried out. Cyclic voltammetry in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline with glassy carbon and Pt disk working electrodes gave substantially different peak potentials for the irreversible reduction feature. Under these conditions, the glassy carbon electrode was plated with platinum metal derived from the platinum(IV) complex, as determined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments. The bulk electrolysis of cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OAc)2] in aqueous solution at a carbon felt working electrode was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. These studies indicate ligand loss upon reduction from both axial and equatorial sites of the platinum(IV) complex. Appendix B. Targeting the Mitochondria with Platinum Anticancer Agents using Mitochondria-Penetrating Peptides Early results of a collaborative effort with the lab of Professor Shana 0. Kelley at the University of Toronto to deliver platinum anticancer agents to the mitochondria are presented. Succinylacetone (Hsuccac) was used as a leaving group ligand for a cis-diammineplatinum(II) complex. The complex [Pt(succac)(NH 3)2](NO3), which contains a terminal, uncoordinated carboxylic acid functional group, was prepared and fully characterized. This complex was conjugated to a mitochondria-penetrating peptide (MPP) using standard solid-phase coupling chemistry. The anticancer activity of the Pt-MPP construct was tested in both wild-type and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780 and A2780CP70. Although less potent than cisplatin, the construct is equally toxic to both cell lines, thereby indicating that targeting the mitochondria provides a viable strategy for circumventing resistance to platinum drugs. Appendix C. Synthesis and Characterization of Several Novel Platinum Complexes Throughout the course of this thesis work, several platinum complexes were synthesized and characterized, but ultimately not fully pursued as potential anticancer agents. These species include platinum compounds with dichloroacetate, 2,2'-bis(1- methylimidazolyl)phenylmethoxymethane (BIPhMe), nitrogen mustard-containing, and nitroimidazole-derivatized ligands. The syntheses and characterization of these compounds are reported. Crystal structures are described for several of them.
by Justin Jeff Wilson.
Ph.D.in Inorganic Chemistry
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Books on the topic "Strategic candidates"

1

1952-, Reed Cheryl, ed. Job search in academe: Strategic rhetorics for faculty job candidates. Sterling, Va: Stylus, 1999.

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Pak Yŏng-sŏn kwa taejŏnhwan: '21-pun k'ŏmp'aekt'ŭ tosi Sŏul' ŭl hyanghan k'ŭn kŏrŭm. Sŏul-si: Pit'a Peat'a, 2021.

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Groshev, Igor', Yuliya Davydova, and Anton Gorbenko. Psychology of regional elections: candidates and voters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1163948.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the socio-psychological features of regional elections that influence the socio-political behavior of the electorate. The authors propose a new understanding of the psychological nature of the processes of forming the voting choice, which brings us closer to a more correct understanding of the complex political and psychological mechanisms of the strategy and tactics of regional election campaigns. The identified individual and personal indicators of the influence of the electoral characteristics of candidates on the voting of various categories of voters were developed and tested at the regional level. A number of practical recommendations on the organization of election campaigns, designed to take into account the psychological specifics of the behavior of the electorate in the framework of regional elections (elections with weak content), are empirically proved. It is intended for managers and specialists of regional election commissions, political scientists and psychologists who study issues related to the patterns of electoral behavior, graduate students and undergraduates engaged in research in the field of political psychology, as well as political strategists who ensure the effectiveness of election campaigns.
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Strategic decision-making in presidential nominations: When and why party elites decide to support a candidate. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014.

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Medici, Marco, Valentina Modugno, and Alessandro Pracucci, eds. How to face the scientific communication today. International challenge and digital technology impact on research outputs dissemination. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-497-8.

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Dissemination of scientific results is an important and necessary component of research activity. Nowadays research asks to be widely diffused and shared in a larger community in the effort to demonstrate its innovation and originality, so to enlarge network and obtain funds to keep working. In this context, PhD students, as part of scientific community and young researchers in training, have to understand the rule of publications to define the best strategy for the dissemination of their research. The present book, through the experiences of national and international PhD candidates, PhDs and Professors, is a contribute in the current opened debate on the most effective strategies and related tools to design specific actions, to highlight and improve the peculiar qualities and disciplines of each research.
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White House Office of Poltical Affairs: Is supporting candidates and campaign fund-raising an appropriate use of a government office? : hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, July 16, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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United States. Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, ed. Report to the Congress on candidate sites for expansion of the strategic petroleum reserve to one billion barrels: Submitted in response to the Senate report accompanying the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act for fiscal year 1991. Washington, DC: Dept. of Energy, Assistant Secretary, Fossil Energy, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Petroleum Reserves, Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1991.

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Resumption of the July 16, 2014 full committee hearing, "White House Office of Political Affairs: is supporting candidates and campaign fund-raising an appropriate use of a government office?: Hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, July 25, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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Formo, Dawn M. Job Search in Academe: Strategic Rhetorics for Faculty Job Candidates. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strategic candidates"

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Kanthak, Kristin, and Eric Loepp. "Strategic Candidate Entry." In Routledge Handbook of Primary Elections, 147–57. New York : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315544182-11.

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Cogels, Maximilien, and Pierre Baudewyns. "Campaigning and Candidates: Different Strategies for Different Candidates." In Candidates, Parties and Voters in the Belgian Partitocracy, 161–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96460-7_6.

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Baer, Emily. "Rethinking the Strategic Woman Candidate." In The Unforeseen Impacts of the 2018 US Midterms, 77–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37940-7_5.

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Corrado, Anthony. "Candidate Campaign Fundraising Strategies." In Campaigns and Elections American Style, 265–303. Fifth Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468278-16.

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Bumbálková, Eva. "Testové strategie používané kandidáty zkoušek dle STANAG 6001 v testech receptivních dovedností (zpráva z pilotního výzkumu)." In Výzkum v didaktice cizích jazyků II, 93–112. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9547-2019-5.

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This work focuses on the test-taking strategies employed by STANAG 6001 English exam candidates in receptive skills tests and on how these strategies are employed. The qualitative analysis reveals that candidates have their preferred strategy of dealing with test items, they use a number of test-management and test-wiseness strategies, and that the use of a particular strategy depends on a number of factors.
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Hill, Lisa, Max Douglass, and Ravi Baltutis. "Ten Recommendations for an Effective Model for Regulating Truth in Political Advertising and Conclusion." In How and Why to Regulate False Political Advertising in Australia, 141–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2123-0_10.

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AbstractWe conclude by making ten recommendations in light of the foregoing discussion. These recommendations are intended to ensure that our ideal-type model is capable of fulfilling four general goals; first, it should be acceptable to the public as well as the political class in order to ensure bi- and, ideally, multi-party support; second, it should allow complaints to be handled in a timely manner; third, it should be capable of withstanding constitutional challenge, not only to ensure that it is not invalidated but also that it is not stifling good faith political speech; and fourth, it should be able to deal effectively with the problem of false campaign statements without producing too many unwanted and unintended consequences such as: the cynical use of injunctions against candidates for political purposes; vexatious litigation; the strategic use of false campaign statements with the intention of absorbing the pecuniary penalty as a ‘routine campaign expense’; ‘dragged-out’ litigation; ex-post rulings by the Supreme Court; unjust prosecution; mischievous flooding of trivial litigation for the sole purpose of distracting the Commission from its primary responsibility; and the perception that the regulator is too restrictive in its assessments.
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Barnby, G., and A. P. Monaco. "Strategies for Autism Candidate Gene Analysis." In Autism: Neural Basis and Treatment Possibilities, 48–69. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470869380.ch4.

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Panagopoulos, Costas. "Candidate Quality and Campaign Communications Strategies." In Congressional Challengers, 58–67. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164649-5.

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López-López, Paulo Carlos, Daniel Barredo Ibáñez, and María Pereira López. "Elections in Latin America and the Image of Their Candidates." In Digital Political Communication Strategies, 191–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81568-4_12.

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Rangaswamy, Balasubramanian, Anant Singh Jain, and Fred Glover. "Tabu Search Candidate List Strategies in Scheduling." In Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series, 215–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2807-1_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strategic candidates"

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Emelianov, Vitalii, Nicolas Gast, and Patrick Loiseau. "Fairness in Selection Problems with Strategic Candidates." In EC '22: The 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538287.

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Arakawa, Masao, and Hiroshi Yamakawa. "Strategic Genetic Algorithms to Obtain Multiple Acceptable Design." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1067.

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Abstract In the design process, it would be much better to give designers more and more acceptable and reasonable design candidates to derive their preferences to meet requirements of multiple high performances. In this paper, we will propose a new method, to give such acceptable design candidates based on genetic algorithms (GAs) with considering something like strategy for adaptation. GAs are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. Yet, they are no simple random walk but they efficiently exploit historical information to speculate on new search points with expected improved performance. Thus, we expect in GAs to give multiple acceptable and near optimum design candidates just like so many species in natural living things. However, in simple GAs, after specific number of generations, their populations become near one or two specific local optimum solutions. (Hoping for including global optimum solution.) In order to obtain multiple acceptable solutions, we need to perform GAs processes by keeping variations in characters of individuals. The proposed method tries to find multiple acceptable solutions by considering strategy for adaptation into GAs processes, which are food chain, strategy of foraging, death strategy and strategy of reproduction. As a numerical example, we apply the proposed method to simple multi-objective optimization and demonstrate its efficiencies.
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Bredereck, Robert, Andrzej Kaczmarczyk, and Rolf Niedermeier. "On Coalitional Manipulation for Multiwinner Elections: Shortlisting." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/123.

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Shortlisting of candidates—selecting a group of “best” candidates—is a special case of multiwinner elections. We provide the first in-depth study of the computational complexity of strategic voting for shortlisting based on the most natural and simple voting rule in this scenario, l-Bloc (every voter approves l candidates). In particular, we investigate the influence of several tie-breaking mechanisms (e.g. pessimistic versus optimistic) and group evaluation functions (e.g. egalitarian versus utilitarian) and conclude that in an egalitarian setting strategic voting may indeed be computationally intractable regardless of the tie-breaking rule. We provide a fairly comprehensive picture of the computational complexity landscape of this neglected scenario.
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Williamsson, David, and Ulf Sellgren. "Architecting a Modular Battery Electric Truck." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22009.

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Abstract Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. In this paper, we propose a new extended version of the previously introduced Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) that integrates technical complexity and business strategic concerns into product architecture clustering. The extended IMM (eIMM) adds physical interference and implementation dependent behavior into architecture clustering. The proposed method is logically verified by an industrial case, where the architecture of a presently developed battery electric truck is used as a test bench for studying if and how the product architecture DSM and eIMM approaches may enable us to identify module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interferences. The case study indicates that the eIMM is able to propose a modular product architecture with reasonable module candidates from a technical complexity point of view, and without conflicting business strategies or intra-modular physical interferences.
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Williamsson, David, Ulf Sellgren, and Anders Söderberg. "Product Architecture Transition in a Modular Cyber-Physical Truck." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85364.

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A modular product architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies. The proposed method is logically verified by a studied industrial case, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is analyzed in terms of how it has evolved over a couple of decades, due to changed business strategies and the evolution of new technology. The presented case indicates that the new methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, the case study clearly shows that the business strategic reasons for a specific architecture can be found by analyzing how sensitive the clusters are to changes in the module drivers.
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Quail, Allen M., Y. Gene Liao, Rodrigo Gonzalez, Molly O’Malley, Tai H. Duong, and Paul F. Skalny. "Fuel Efficiency Strategic Plan of Medium-Duty Tactical Truck." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86101.

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This paper reports the planning efforts on reducing fuel consumption rate in the current fleet of medium-duty tactical truck. A strategic plan was developed through investigation of current and future technology offerings from original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket suppliers. Research efforts consisted of an initial phase where a broad range of integration candidates were collected and a secondary phase where in-depth analysis was conducted to target those to consider for inclusion in the strategic plan. Each product was evaluated on its technical merits with consideration given to the needs and strategic goals of government agencies. The strategic plan lays out the integrated technologies in the near-term including hydrogen injection and auxiliary electrification of engine cooling fan. For the mid-term timeframe, the plan involves implementing an engine stop/start system and electrifying other auxiliaries. The final step in the plan is the development and implementation of a full (strong) hybrid population.
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Borisova, Viktoria, and Olga Kolosova. "Problems of social and psychological adaptation of university graduates to professional activities." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.irjy3727.

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The study raised and considered the issues of social and psychological adaptation of university graduates to professional activities in the context of growing competition in the labor market and the increasing demands of employers for young professionals who are looking not just for candidates for vacant positions, but for employees who would have the ability to quickly immerse into a professional environment and selfrealization in it. In their conclusions, the authors rely on the empirical data obtained during the questionnaire and online survey, indicating that university graduates when entering the labor market are poorly adapted to the employment process, experience difficulties and discomfort when establishing interpersonal relationships in teams and processing a significant amount of professional information. In the model of the stage-by-stage implementation of education and training of a young specialist proposed by the authors, it is noted that the issues of socio-psychological adaptation are associated with the development of the graduate’s competence and require certain adaptation mechanisms. Given the fact that the adaptation process is dependent on the psychophysical properties of the graduate, the time of its implementation and can be repeated at a new place of work, the authors propose to consider it step by step, in relation to the levels of adaptation (adaptation, partial adaptation, full adaptation) and the criteria for achieving adaptation goals by defining the role of the mentor at each stage of the process. The authors believe that the role of mentoring is related to overcoming the social and psychological adaptation problems of graduates and is a mutually beneficial form of cooperation for the employer, mentor, and young specialist.
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Zou, Chun-yan, Jin-gen Chen, Xiang-zhou Cai, Cheng-gang Yu, Da-zhen Jiang, Wei Guo, Yang Zou, Xiao-han Yu, and Kun Chen. "Self-Breeding and Radiotoxicity Analysis on Thorium-Based Molten Salt Reactors." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15454.

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As one of the candidates in the Generation IV reactors program., the molten salt reactor (MSR) has the properties of online refueling and fuel salt reprocessing, MSR is especially attractive for the Thorium fuel cycle, which is very ideal for nuclear non-proliferation, radiotoxicity and nuclear energy sustainability. Therefore, the “Thorium-based Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) nuclear system” project has been proposed as one of the “Strategic Priority Research Program” of Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). In this paper, we mainly investigated the influence on the breeding ratio and waste radiotoxicity with different reprocessing schemes. By considering the key parameters mentioned above, the aim is to choose an efficient reprocessing scheme for TMSR to reach self-breeding with Th/U fuel cycle and minimize the radioactive waste production of the molten salt.
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Chen, Samuel, and Marc Arsenault. "Workspace Computation and Analysis of a Planar 2-DoF Translational Tensegrity Mechanism." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28257.

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Tensegrity mechanisms are interesting candidates for high-acceleration robotic applications since their use of cables allows for a reduction in the weight and inertia of their mobile parts. In this work, a planar two-degree-of-freedom translational tensegrity mechanism that could be used for pick and place applications is introduced. The mechanism uses a strategic actuation scheme to generate the translational motion as well as to ensure that the cables remain taut at all times. Analytical solutions to the direct and inverse kinematic problems are developed and the mechanism’s workspace boundaries are computed in both the actuator and Cartesian spaces. The influence of the mechanism’s geometry on the size and shape of the Cartesian workspace are then studied. Based on workspace size only, it is found that the optimal mechanism geometry corresponds to a relatively large ratio between the length of the struts and the width of the base and end-effector.
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Justin, Cedric Y., Simon I. Briceno, Dimitri N. Mavris, and Frederic Villeneuve. "A Competitive Market Approach to Gas Turbine Technology Portfolio Selection." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45989.

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Heavy duty gas turbine developments are major endeavors which use significant resource for development. Optimization of the technology portfolio is critical to yield a competitive product-line which is robust enough to compete in a dynamic market where vantage positions bring large profits but quickly erode over time. The current research addresses some of these challenges by proposing a transparent and integrated method aimed at investigating technology portfolio selection for future gas turbine-based power plants. The value-driven methodology analyzes technology investments, and is the foundation for a strategic decision framework that facilitates the formulation of robust and competitive technology portfolio solutions. A three-step process is proposed in this paper. A market response analysis is first carried out to estimate market penetration. A technology impact and readiness level analysis is performed next and augmented with a portfolio optimization. Finally, “what-if” scenarios are investigated to assess the robustness of selected technology portfolio candidates against a set of market conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Strategic candidates"

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Luckas, W., J. Vandenkieboom, and J. Lehner. Assessment of candidate accident management strategies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7077737.

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Bahar, Ofir, Leonardo De La Fuente, Bryce W. Falk, and Noa Sela. Novel strategies and methodologies to control and study Candidatus Liberibacter diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600029.bard.

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Faulds, James. Recovery act. Characterizing structural controls of EGS-candidate and conventional geothermal reservoirs in the Great Basin. Developing successful exploration strategies in extended terranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1186859.

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Taylor, S., J. Lever, K. Burgess, R. Stroud, D. Brownlee, L. Nittler, A. Bardyn, et al. Sampling interplanetary dust from Antarctic air. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43345.

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We built a collector to filter interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) larger than 5 µm from the clean air at the Amundsen Scott South Pole station. Our sampling strategy used long duration, continuous dry filtering of near-surface air in place of short duration, high-speed impact collection on flags flown in the stratosphere. We filtered ~107 m³ of clean Antarctic air through 20 cm diameter, 3 µm filters coupled to a suction blower of modest power consumption (5–6 kW). Our collector ran continuously for 2 years and yielded 41 filters for analyses. Based on stratospheric concentrations, we predicted that each month’s collection would provide 300–900 IDPs for analysis. We identified 19 extraterrestrial (ET) particles on the 66 cm² of filter examined, which represented ~0.5% of the exposed filter surfaces. The 11 ET particles larger than 5 µm yield about a fifth of the expected flux based on >5 µm stratospheric ET particle flux. Of the 19 ET particles identified, four were chondritic porous IDPs, seven were FeNiS beads, two were FeNi grains, and six were chondritic material with FeNiS components. Most were <10 µm in diameter and none were cluster particles. Additionally, a carbon-rich candidate particle was found to have a small ¹⁵N isotopic enrichment, supporting an ET origin. Many other candidate grains, including chondritic glasses and C-rich particles with Mg and Si and FeS grains, require further analysis to determine if they are ET. The vast majority of exposed filter surfaces remain to be examined.
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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Aharoni, Asaph, Zhangjun Fei, Efraim Lewinsohn, Arthur Schaffer, and Yaakov Tadmor. System Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Diversity in Melon. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593400.bard.

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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, ‎color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components ‎involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.
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Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince, and Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines: Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.

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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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Rodriguez, Russell J., and Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.

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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.

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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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