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1
Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.
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Simon, Jonathan. "Mineralogy and mineral collections in 18th-century France." Endeavour 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(02)01467-9.
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Albertan, Christian. "Stephane Roy (éd.), Making The News in 18th-Century France." Annales historiques de la Révolution française, no. 374 (December 1, 2013): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12994.
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Serina, Florent. "From Anti-Freudianism to a Bastion of Psychoanalysis: A History of Psychoanalysis at the University Psychiatric Clinic of Strasbourg in the Twentieth Century." Psychoanalysis and History 24, no. 2 (August 2022): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2022.0423.
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By contrast with a dominant part of the historiography of psychoanalysis in France, which tends to be dedicated to the history of the centres and the biography of the great theorists, this article focuses on the less well known history of psychoanalysis in a peripheral region, namely Alsace, and its capital, Strasbourg. It zooms in on the main central university hospital service in the mental health care system of northeastern France, the University Psychiatric Clinic of Strasbourg. On the basis of abundant and varied sources, it relates the passions, attractions and aversions that Freudian methods aroused among the major protagonists of Strasbourg psychiatry, especially Théophile Kammerer (1916–2005), the director of the Clinic from 1953 to 1982, and the various actors (physician or non-physician) that have circled the establishment throughout the twentieth century.
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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.
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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.
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Dębowski, Marek. "A HUNDRED YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE 18TH‑CENTURY THEATRE IN POLAND AND FRANCE." Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.4.
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Among the modern researchers conducting studies on the 18th century, there is a widespread belief that research on Polish theatre of that era did not develop until the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. It is only part of the truth. The apogee of theatrical research coincided with those years, resulting from the 200th anniversary of the National Theatre, which was widely promoted by the authorities. However, the first diagnoses of Polish theatre scientists dealing with the 18th century are much earlier. Suffice it to recall Ludwik Bernacki’s monumental work, “Theatre, Drama and Music under Stanislaw August”, which the researcher published in Lviv in 1925. Bernacki’s research was closely related to the work of French theatre scientists, who conducted research on the scene and drama of the 18th century before the First World War. This article analyses and chronologically presents the last century of theatrical research and its methodological changes on the example of Polish and French history of 18th-century theatre.
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Maggetti, M., J. Rosen, and V. Serneels. "The Origin of 18th-19th Century Tin-Glazed Pottery from Lorraine, France." Archaeometry 57, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 426–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12098.
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Cymbrowski, Borys. "Od Hamburga do Strasburga. Uwagi o miejskich rozwiązaniach w zakresie pomocy społecznej od końca XVIII do początku XX wieku." Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej 26, no. 4 (2022): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24496138zps.21.009.15081.
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From Hamburg to Strasbourg: Some Remarks on Municipal Welfare Measures between the Late 18th and the Early 20th Century The article is a short essay in social work history, strongly inspired by the two-volume book Geschichte der sozialen Arbeit (History of Social Work) by Wolf-Rainer Wendt (2017a, 2017b). From the many themes the German historian of social work discusses in this book I chose one which I consider particularly important. It is a path of institutional development in German urban policies leading from the assumptions of the Enlightenment humanism to modern welfare solutions. From the late 18th to the early 20th century particular poor relief policies were invented and implemented by authorities of fast developing cities in order to prevent the negative effects of mass poverty that accompanied large-scale industrialization. Subsequently, some of those inventions became part of the national legal system. The selection of the discussed problems however subjective is motivated by the hope to throw some light on the sources of contemporary welfare solutions in Central Europe and in Poland.
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Hilaire‐Pérez, Liliane. "Technical invention and institutional credit in France and Britain in the 18th century." History and Technology 16, no. 3 (January 2000): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510008581970.
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Cleary, Richard. "Romancing the Tome; Or an Academician's Pursuit of a Popular Audience in 18th-Century France." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990352.
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The Parisian building industry prospered throughout most of the 18th century serving a wide range of clients. At one end of the scale were the members of the nobility and amateurs of architecture who approached the design of a building with a well-trained eye and an ability to speak of the principles governing good taste. The majority of clients, however, had little if any knowledge of or interest in art theory and relied on instinct, fashion, and the advice of experts. Concern for the effect an untutored public could have on the future of French architecture led Jacques-François Blondel, the foremost architectural educator of the 18th century, to develop specialized approaches for reaching potential clients. These included courses for nonprofessionals at his Ecole des Arts and a novel, L'Homme du monde éclairé par les arts (1774), written in collaboration with Jean-François Bastide, a man of letters who was the author of another work of fiction featuring architecture, "La Petite Maison" (1758).
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Landry, Nicolas. "Les dangers de la navigation et de la pêche dans l'Atlantique Français au 18e siècle." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 25, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.240.
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A central theme in the historiography of the Ancien Régime in Canada has always been the ocean crossing between France and New France. Despite the advancement of scientific knowledge during the 18th century, navigation remained a major challenge for those wishing to travel from France to its overseas colonies. Storms were a constant threat, as was piracy and, for much of the era, war. Marine disasters were frequent and took a heavy toll among the officers, crews and passengers. More comprehensive research on shipwrecks during the French Régime in Canada is needed. The present article seeks to further our knowledge of the circumstances prevailing aboard endangered ships, how local authorities responded to the disasters on their shores, especially care for survivors and salvage of cargoes, and how they reported these events and challenges to Versailles.
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Kudelin, Andrey. "The Eastern Policy of France in the Second Half of the 17th — Second Half of the 18th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024010-0.
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The article reveals the peculiarities of the eastern policy of France in the second half of the 17th — second half of the 18th century. During the reign of Kings Louis XIV and Louis XV, the eastern policy of France underwent significant changes. At the beginning of this period, the main goal of the “eastern barrier” was to confront the Austrian Habsburgs. To this end, the government of Louis XVI used, first of all, the alliance with the Principality of Transylvania. Problems in the east distracted the Habsburgs from the wars in Europe. During the reign of Louis XV, France's foreign policy became much less consistent. At the beginning of the reign of this monarch, the policy of the “eastern barrier” continued, only now it was directed primarily against Russia, since France was very concerned about the Austro-Russian military alliance. Later, the so-called “reversal of alliances” took place, which eventually led to the Seven Years' War, during which France was on the same side with Austria and Russia, and the policy of the “eastern barrier” was temporarily forgotten. After the turn of Russian policy towards an alliance with Prussia, France is also returning to its traditional policy of containing Russia. This was reflected in the support of the Bar Confederation in Poland and pushing the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate to war with Russia. However, this policy has not led to any significant results. Apparently, the traditional alliance with the Ottoman Empire for France already at that moment did not seem so attractive to some French politicians. The weakening of the Ottoman Empire was presented to them as a possible reason for the seizure of its territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt for example.
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Wu, Danqing. "A Brief Opera History of France and the Holy Roman Empire in the Late 18th Century." Art and Design 5, no. 2 (2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31058/j.ad.2022.52010.
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Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. "Phonetics and speaking machines." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.3.02fag.
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Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.
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Prusskaya, Evgeniya. "Islam in France and France in the Territory of Islam in the Late 18th — First Half of the 19th Century." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015936-8.
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In the first half of the 19th century France began an active colonial penetration into the region of the Middle East and North Africa, to the territories inhabited mainly by Muslims. Despite its rich colonial experience in the past and long-standing trade and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire, France for the first time met Islam so closely and faced the necessity to govern the territories inhabited by a Muslim majority. This article provides an overview of the relationship between France and Islam at the end of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries, analyzes the process of awakening interest in this religion among the French and examines the first political steps towards Islam, undertaken by the French authorities during this unstable period, which saw three revolutions in France.
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Cholvy, Gérard. "Sociologists, historians and the religious evolution of France from the 18th century to the present." Modern & Contemporary France 2, no. 3 (January 1994): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489408456185.
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Dekker, Rudolf. "Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.
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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.
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Den Tex, Emile. "Clinchers of the Basalt Controversy: Empirical and Experimental Evidence." Earth Sciences History 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.15.1.alq023j2l872p107.
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The 18th century basalt controversy had two aspects: its sedimentary versus volcanic nature, and its superficially combustive versus deeply derived origin. The neptunistic answer to the first question prevailed around the middle of the century owing to the general validity of the Wernerian lithostratigraphy at that time. Clinching evidence for the volcanic nature of basalt came forward in the final quarter of the century, essentially from countries with active or recently extinguished volcanoes-like Italy and France-while fusion experiments and chemical bulk analyses proved the similarity of basalt and basic lavas. Throughout the 18th century, the origin of basalt was held to be due to the superficial combustion of coal, bitumen, oil, sulphur, etc., even by confirmed Vulcanists. At the very end of the century Werner's lithostratigraphic system became liable to serious doubts. Basaltic volcanoes were found to have derived their material from underneath Werner's oldest formation: the granitoid ‘Urgebirge’, where neither combustible matter nor air could have been available. Also the melting temperatures of lava and basalt were experimentally shown to be higher than the temperatures of burning combustible materials. Thus a firm link was established between the hypotheses of Vulcanism and Huttonian Plutonism.
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D’Appollonia, Ariane Chebel. "The Contemporary Repertoire of Contentious Identity Politics and Religious Conflicts in France." French History 33, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crz008.
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Abstract This paper analyses the framing and meaning of contentious politics in contemporary France. Building on the work of Charles Tilly and Sidney Tarrow, this study of contention involves two interrelated dimensions. The first one relates to inherited, historical forms of collective action (repertoires). Here, contentious politics varies in connection with political power, institutional regimes, and the dominant culture. In early modern history, such forms of contention were linked to a traditional repertoire of grievances (about bread, belief, or land) and concerns about the purity of the religious community. A new repertoire emerged in the 18th century, as well as new forms of contention. Yet, key components of contentious politics remained, such as concerns about the purity of the nation, and grievances fuelled by the threat posed by “Others.” As a result, there are significant similarities between past conflicts about religion, and the current debate over the alleged threats to French secularism.
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ROEHNER, BERTRAND M., and CAROL H. SHIUE. "COMPARING THE CORRELATION LENGTH OF GRAIN MARKETS IN CHINA AND FRANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 07 (October 2000): 1383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918310000122x.
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In economics, comparative analysis plays the same role as experimental research in physics. In this paper, we closely examine several methodological problems related to comparative analysis by investigating the specific example of grain markets in China and France respectively. This enables us to answer a question in economic history which has so far remained pending, namely whether or not market integration progressed in the 18th century. In economics as in physics, before any new result being accepted, it has to be checked and re-checked by different researchers. This is what we call the replication and comparison procedures. We show how these procedures should (and can) be implemented.
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Costa, Véronique. "Éon : le chevalier androgyne. Le plus célèbre travesti de l’histoire de France ou la guerre en dentelle." Caietele Echinox 42 (June 30, 2022): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2022.42.07.
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"Charles-Geneviève, the knight Éon de Beaumont, famous transvestite in the history of France, remains an enigma. The rumor will evoke the hermaphroditism of this knight, devoid of attraction to either sex. The eccentric D’Eon shatters genres and forces us to think about the masculine-feminine border and its flexibility. The androgynous knight refers to the tension between imagination and reality, to the emergence in the 18th century of medical and philosophical questioning on gendered indeterminacy."
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MacLeod, Christine. "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106155.
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Preda, Alex. "In the Enchanted Grove: Financial Conversations and the Marketplace in England and France in the 18th Century." Journal of Historical Sociology 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 276–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6443.00147.
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Tapash, Rudra. "Manifestation of 18th century literary movement through Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe: History has been rewritten." International Journal of Language Teaching and Education 2, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ijolte.v2i2.5003.
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The nationalist feeling is agitating again today. As far as the new and ultra-developed global scenario is concerned, a huge facet of exotic invasiveness is up for grab. People of the modern era are in the thought process that their native country might be under serious threat; even though; they would remain silent until their entity rattles. The national tale before Ivanhoe reflects national character as a synecdoche of an unchanging cultural space; here patriotism is a self-evident legacy, the result of unbroken continuity and a populist community that unites aristocracy and folks. Arguably, Sir Scott for the first time, enlightens the vision of national continuity through the forcible, often violent, entry into history that does the feudal folk community become a nation. Patriotism is a positive thing for every nation and its people. It’s undoubtedly a notion of proud and passion. But here in the novel Ivanhoe, the other aspect of patriotism has been also highlighted, which has the notion of negativity and intolerance. However, we should keep in mind the time when Sir Scott was writing the novel. This was the period where just the resentment happened between France and England. In fact, the novel Ivanhoe was published (1819) just after few years of Napoleonic Wars, where eventually, England went on victorious after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo. Therefore, against this historical backdrop, the continuous struggle in Ivanhoe between domineering Normans (French) and honest Englishmen (Saxon and their allies) took on center stage to redefine the concept of patriotism.
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Bernard, Maurice, and Jean-Michel Dupouy. "Up Close: Laboratoire de Recherche des Musées de France: Materials Science in the Service of Art History." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 7 (July 1994): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940004759x.
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Until the 18th century, the word “art” meant the product of the artisan (not the artist) and, by extension, also meant the product itself. Objects manufactured by craftsmen had, first of all, a useful function, although they might also have had a symbolic or aesthetic meaning. The concept of aesthetics is actually much older, considering the antiquity of Rome and Greece. And in Egypt, 3,500 years ago, at Saqqara, the first stone pyramid was engraved by scribes expressing their admiration for it.These artisans were famous for the quality of their work, for their genius in mastering their knowledge. One is reminded of Phidias in Athens, Michelangelo and Julius II, or Leonardo da Vinci and Francois the 1st.However, the social status of such artists was probably not very different from the status of other exceptional artisans in fields such as jewelry, metallurgy, clothing, music, etc. “Ĺart pour l'art,” a tenet which ignored the function of the object, arose only during the last century. In other words, almost all objects or artifacts in museums were originally devised and built to achieve a very specific and useful function.
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Cáceres-Würsig, Ingrid. "The jeunes de langues in the eighteenth century." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 14, no. 2 (September 7, 2012): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.14.2.01cac.
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This article explores the history in Europe of the training of interpreters specialized in diplomacy, which began in the Renaissance Venetian Republic, when this European power started to train the so-called giovani di lingua in its embassy in Constantinople. The Venetian model was imitated and developed by other European powers, especially by France and the Austrian monarchy, trying to strengthen their relations with the Ottoman Empire by training their own jeunes de langues and Sprachknaben, respectively. In Spain the equivalent figure, the joven de lenguas, emerged later, in the last third of the 18th century, and there is evidence of several proposals to create a Spanish school to train these youngsters. The profile of the selected jóvenes who would serve at the Spanish embassies and consulates in foreign regions is also analyzed. Finally, the Spanish example is compared with the pioneering European models, especially with the Venetian, the French and the Austrian ones.
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Israel, Uwe. "Defensio oder Die Kunst des Invektierens im Oberrheinischen Humanismus." Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung: Volume 46, Issue 3 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 408–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zhf.46.3.407.
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Summary Defensio or The Art of Disparagement in the Upper-Rhenish Humanism In the first years of the 16th century two scholars from the Alsatian province, secular priest Jakob Wimpfeling and Franciscan Thomas Murner, the latter one generation younger than the former, started a quarrel in Strasbourg. Quickly, their friends and students, then the city council, and finally even King Maximilian I got drawn into the polemical debate. At first sight the controversial topic was only a highly charged issue in politically troubled times: Had the Alsace region and its capital always belonged to Germany or had they been part of France at some time in the past? But it was also a quarrel about the educational sovereignty. This was an issue important to humanists. Secular ond ordinary priests hotly debated the topic not only in Strasbourg, but also elsewhere. The literary feud involved not only arguments, but also sharp personal attacks, offences and defamations. Several publications included disparaging letters, poems, treatises and pictures which often hardly bore any reference to the issue in question. The question arises why humanists, who are generally thought to be concerned with language and education, resorted to such drastic and defamatory means in their personal conflicts. The paper addresses this question with the help of the theories and methods currently employed by the Collaborative Research Centre Dresden with the title „Invectivity“. It analyzes the constellations of the controversy, examines the dynamics and escalations of their process, and traces the emotions of those involved. This will deepen our understanding about the operations of social demarcation and the mechanisms of group formation among humanists and concomitantly the fundamental social potential for conflict.
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Szopa, Katarzyna. "Karmicielki świata. Mamki mleczne w świetle reprodukcji życia społecznego." Wielogłos, no. 1 (47) (July 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2084395xwi.21.001.13576.
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[Feeders of the World. Wet Nurses and Social Reproduction] The article is an attempt to outline the history of wet-nursing on the example of France from the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The main aim of the article is to highlight the social and economic changes undergone by the profession of wet-nursing. This study explores the process in which increasing industrialisation and urbanisation leads to wet nurses becoming gradually subjected to what Karl Marx described as formal subsumption of labour under capital. Wet-nursing was one of the most important functions contributing to societies’ survival and reproduction, which is why at the turn of the 19th century it was commodified and transformed into one of the most alienated types of labour. These processes were accompanied by a series of changes in the social and cultural perception of wet nurses, notably by the so-called rabble discourse typical for the 19th-century means of racialising working class people.
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Truong, Anh Thuan. "Conflicts among religious orders of Christianity: А study of Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.214.
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During the 17th and 18th centuries, the presence as well as activities of religious orders of Christianity in Vietnam, predominantly the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders (Franciscan Order, Dominican Order, etc.), and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, to establish or maintain and strengthen the interests of some Western countries’ (Portugal, Spain, France) missionary work in this country led to conflicts and disputes over the missionary area as well as the right to manage missionary activities among religious orders of Christianity. From 1665 to 1773, the Vietnamese Catholic Church witnessed protracted disputes and conflicts between Jesuits sponsored by the Portuguese and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris backed by France. While contradictions between them remained unresolved, from the first half of the 18th century onwards, conflicts and disputes between the Spanish Franciscan Order and the missionaries of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris continued to arise. This influenced the development of Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Based on original historical sources and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars as well as international, this article applies two main research methods of the history of science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to closely examine the “panorama” of the conflicts between the religious orders of Christianity that took place in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. The article analyzes the underlying and direct cause of this phenomenon, making certain contributions to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in Vietnam, as well as the history of East-West cultural exchange in the country during this period.
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Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit. "John Shovlin, Trading with the Enemy. Britain, France, and the 18th-Century Quest for a Peaceful World Order. London, Yale University Press 2021." Historische Zeitschrift 315, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2022-1381.
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Agratina, Elena E. "The School of Selected Students in the System of French Academic Art Education of the 18th Century." Observatory of Culture 19, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2022-19-1-66-76.
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For the first time in Russian historiography, the article reconstructs the history of the School of Selected Students, established in 1747 as an additional link of academic art education. The article uses cultural-historical and socio-psychological approaches. The author refers to the numerous sources of the 18th—19th centuries stored in the National Library of France (Paris): treatises devoted to upbringing and art education in France in the 18th century, protocols of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, correspondence of the directors of the French Academy in Rome with the directors of royal buildings. Currently, the National Library of France is actively working on digitizing these and other materials, making them available to researchers around the world. Despite the fact that these sources are generally well known to the world scientific community, they have been extremely rarely referred by Russian researchers, and never in the context considered by the author.The School existed for only 28 years and was a unique pedagogical experiment aimed at preparing the most talented (selected) young artists (laureates of the Prix de Rome) to enter the French Academy in Rome and, in the long term, at forming the elite of the art world.In order to review the School of Selected Students in the system of French academic art education, the author solves the following research tasks: consistently reconstructs all the circumstances of the School’s foundation and organization, reveals its creators’ intentions, and also explains the position of its opponents, who, with their constant attacks, created a tense discussion field around the existence of this educational institution. In addition, the article identifies the names of major artists who left the School of Selected Students; examines its internal structure, charter, features of the educational process; defines the circle of people who were engaged in teaching; establishes which books were available to students. The author pays attention to the School’s everyday life: the relationship between students and mentors, discipline, daily routine, financial difficulties. The results obtained allow us to conclude that this experiment was successful, and explain why the School of Selected Students was closed without having existed for 30 years, despite the obvious successes of its graduates.
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Bottez, Alina. "Religion and Cultural Identity in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and the Musical Works it Inspired." Messages, Sages and Ages 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2016-0005.
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Abstract Protean Shakespeare thrives not only in the theatre, but also through what Bolter and Grusin call remediation. This article analyses the religious stances in the play and then shows how opera, symphony and musical have been adapting the veteran Elizabethan drama since the 18th century. Its main approach is comparative and relies on the history of mentalities. Adaptation is dictated by cultural context, the conventions of the lyrical theatre, social and political factors, and reception. The confusing religious configuration of Shakespeare’s England is reinterpreted kaleidoscopically. The article demonstrates, for instance, that Berlioz and Gounod reread it according to staunch Catholicism in 19th century France, while Bernstein’s West Side Story moves the action to New York in the mid- 50’s, the Capulets and Montagues are replaced with rival Polish and Puerto Rican gangs and religion with cultural identity.
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Mironov, Boris. "Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.303.
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In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.
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Gouriveau, Emilie, Pascale Ruffaldi, Loïc Duchamp, Vincent Robin, Annik Schnitzler, and Anne-Véronique Walter-Simonnet. "Holocene vegetation history in the Northern Vosges Mountains (NE France): Palynological, geochemical and sedimentological data." Holocene 30, no. 6 (February 10, 2020): 888–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620902229.
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Palynological data from the Northern Vosges Mountains (NVM) are very rare, unlike for the Southern and Central Vosges Mountains, where the past vegetation history is relatively well known. As a consequence, the beginning of human activities has never been clearly identified and dated in the NVM. In order to reconstruct the evolution of vegetation in this region, multiproxy studies (pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, sedimentological and geochemical analyses) were conducted in two peatlands. Overall, the results, extending from about 9500 cal. BP to recent times, show a classical vegetation succession with local particularities resulting from human activities. In the La Horn peatland, a strong human impact related to pastoralism is attested from the late Bronze Age onwards. The second phase of human occupation, mainly characterized by crop cultures, begins during the Hallstatt period. The geochemical results (x-ray fluorescence) also highlight the presence of metallic elements, which, combined with significant quantities of carbonized particles, point to potential metal working. In the Kobert-Haut peatland, human occupation began much later (1500 cal. BP), but lasted from the Gallo-Roman period to the beginning of the Modern Period. Unlike for the vegetation history of the rest of the Vosges, Pinus remains a prevailing taxon throughout the Holocene in the NVM. Another particularity is the early establishment of Picea, long before the 18th to 19th century plantations.
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Chekalov, Kirill A. "New Book on the Author of a Poem Monrepos. Baron Nicholay and his Entourage." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 4 (2022): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-4-356-369.
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On October 17, 2017 the conference “An Alsatian Intellectual in Enlightenment Russia: L.G. Nikolay, Strasbourg President of the Russian Academy of Sciences” happened. Materials of the conference, with the addition of other essays and documents, formed the basis of the book under review (published under the editorship of Sorbonne Professor Rodolphe Baudin and Senior Researcher of IWL RAS Alexandra Veselova). The book’s authors are well-known scientists from France, Russia, Germany and Switzerland. Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nikolay (1737–1820; in Russia he was called Andrey Lvovich) played a prominent role in Russian social and cultural life at the end of the 18th century. Nicolay came from the intellectual milieu of Strasbourg, which became a subject of research in the essays included the book by R. Baudin, D. Ryusk and V. Berelovich. From 1769 he was in Russia, where he was entrusted with the position of mentor to the heir to the throne, Pavel Petrovich. In 1798, Nikolay was appointed president of the Russian Academy of Sciences; N. Prokhorenko’s essay is devoted to his productive activity in this post. Thanks to his personal qualities, Nicholas managed to stay at court after the coup on March 12, 1801 and ingratiate himself with Alexander I; in 1803 he left the service. A number of materials of the reviewed work are devoted to the literary work of Nikolay, a prolific and versatile poet (articles by M. Arens and A. Ananyeva). For posterity, the name Nikolay is associated primarily with the famous estate of Mon Repos in Vyborg, which he acquired in 1788, to which he dedicated a poem in 1804, probably his best work (article by Yu. Moshnik and M. Efimov). The book also pays attention to Nikolay as a character in historiographical essays and fiction (articles by A. Veselova and M. Efimov). Attached are five unpublished letters from Nicolai; their addressees are the diplomat and lawyer F.A. Annenberg and the poet and scientist K. Pfeffel. The book is provided with a chronology of Nicolai’s life and work and brief annotations of articles (in French and Russian).
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Pronin, D. "Spinoza and dialectical materialism." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 1-2 (November 19, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80269.
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The name of Spinoza is immortal, since his teachings stand on a broad highway that leads to Marxism-Leninism. It is impossible to understand the genius of Marx by divorcing his views from the ideological heritage of the past. "His teaching arose as a direct and immediate continuation of the teachings of the greatest representatives of philosophy, political economy and socialism." (Lenin, op., Vol. XVI, 349). Spinoza in the 17th century is the representative of materialism, which was later developed and deepened by Marx, of that materialism about which Lenin wrote: Throughout the entire recent history of Europe, and especially at the end of the 18th century, in France, where a decisive battle was fought against all sorts of medieval rubbish , against serfdom in institutions and in ideas, materialism turned out to be the only consistent philosophy, true to all the teachings of the natural sciences, hostile to superstition, hypocrisy, etc. "(Lenin, vol. XVI, 350)
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Petrova, Maria. "Behaviour Strategies of the Foreign Diplomats at the Perpetual Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in the 18th Century." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018149-2.
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The article analyses the changes that took place in the official diplomatic communication of European rulers after the Thirty Years' War and the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which affirmed a number of sovereign rights to the Estates of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation (and former vassals of the emperor), including the right to send and receive ambassadors. The new sovereigns, primarily the princes-electors, began to fight for the so-called royal honours (honores regii), which were de facto expressed in a certain set of ceremonies in relation to the ambassadors of the crowned heads and republics assimilated to them. The arena of the struggle for the royal honours was the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in Regensburg — a general assembly of all Imperial Estates (in the middle of the eighteenth century — their representatives), by which since the end of the 17th century foreign diplomats had been accredited (first France, a little later — Great Britain, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in the middle of the eighteenth century — Russia). Having declared their representatives in 1702 as the ministers of the first rank, the electors tried for a century to force the “old” monarchs to send ambassadors to the Diet, and they, by custom, were sent only to the sovereigns. Comparing the various ways out of the ceremonial impasse, the author comes to the conclusion that the struggle for elusive precedence, which foreign diplomats of the second rank (envoys or ministers plenipotentiary) waged with the representatives of the electors at the Imperial Diet, was a deliberately unwinnable strategy, leading either to their isolation or to the recall from their posts. A much more effective strategy that did not damage state prestige was to send to Regensburg so-called ministers without character or residents, who occupied a less honorable position in comparison with ambassadors and envoys, but according to their status were freed from the opportunity to compete with them and, as a result, to come into conflict.
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Oncescu, Iulian, and Laura Oncescu. "JEAN-LOUIS CARRA AND THE ROMANIANS." Analele Universităţii din Craiova seria Istorie 27, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2022.2.02.
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One of the Western travellers that went through the Romanian area during the second half of the 18th century was the French Jean-Louis Carra (1742-1793). Originary of Burgundy (France), he travelled in Europe on several occasions. He reached Moldavia as well in the year 1775, when he came to serve the Reigning Prince Grigore III Ghica (whom he had met in Russia), as a teacher of his sons and as a secretary for the French correspondence. He remained here for a year (1775-1776), and during this period he seems to have travelled to Wallachia as well. In the spring of the year 1776, Carra left Moldavia heading to Poland. A year later, in 1777, there appeared in Buillon, not in Iaşi, as it is written on the title page, Histoire de la Moldavie et la Valachie (History of Moldavia and Wallachia), a work that was to be published in the same year in Paris as well and then in its second edition in Neuchatel, in the year 1781. Our paper aims to bring into focus Carra’s works together with all the controversies it triggered in the course of time in the Romanian historiography.
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Makarova, Elena. "Life and Destiny of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797): over the Barriers." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021308-7.
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The author of the article examines the life and work of the English writer and thinker Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797), who in the treatise “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792) argued that women deserve equal rights and education with men. The biographical facts and psychological origins of her views, as well as the stages of their formation reflected in her writings, were studied. Dramatic collisions are highlighted, during which Wollstonecraft's views came into conflict with reality. These collisions are traced in the context of political events in England and France at the end of the 18th century and in the context of Mary's personal life. The correlation of Wollstonecraft's views which were formed within the framework of Enlightenment ideas, with feminism of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is studied. The author focuses on the unique personality traits of Mary Wollstonecraft, without which her views and creativity cannot be fully understood.
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Cruz, Amanda De Queirós. "Mulheres do Povo e Espaço Público na Revolução Francesa: Uma Análise Através de Imagens." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 4, no. 7 (January 24, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v4i7.16807.
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Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a participação política feminina, principalmente das mulheres das camadas populares, durante a Revolução Francesa, e também a origem, os usos do termo femmes tricoteuses e quem eram as mulheres caracterizadas como tricoteuses. Para isso, faz uma análise de fontes documentais imagéticas do período disponíveis no acervo da Bibliothèque Nationale de France, comparando com a produção historiográfica sobre as mulheres na Europa Moderna – principalmente no recorte França do século XVIII -, Iluminismo e Revolução Francesa. Ademais, utiliza como arcabouço teórico-metodológico o capítulo intitulado “A Revolução Francesa: um relato através de imagens” de Michel Vovelle.Palavras-chave: História das mulheres; Iluminismo; Revolução Francesa. AbstractThis article aims to comprehend feminine political participation, mainly the one of lower classes women, during the French Revolution. Also it aims to comprehend the origin, uses of term femmes tricoteuses and who were the women characterized as tricoteuses. For this purpose, The article present an analysis of image sources of the period available in the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, compare images with historiography productions about women in Modern Europe – mainly in France in the 18th century -, Enlightenment and French Revolution. Besides, it uses as theoretical-methodological support Michel Vovelle’s chapter “A Revolução Francesa: um relato através de imagens”.Keywords: History of women; Enlightenment; French Revolution.
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ØSTERGÅRD, UFFE. "The history of Europe seen from the North." European Review 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000263.
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The Nordic or Scandinavian countries represent variations on general European patterns of state and nation-building and political culture. Denmark and Sweden rank among the oldest and most typical of nation-states together with France, Britain and Spain and should be studied with the same questions in mind. Today, however, a sort of trans-state common Nordic identity coexists with independent national identifications among the Scandinavians. Nordic unity is regarded as a viable alternative to European culture and integration by large numbers of the populations. There has never existed a ‘Scandinavian model’ worthy of the name ‘model’. Because of a series of changes in great power politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, the major conflicts in Europe were relocated away from Northern Europe. This resulted in a virtual ‘neutralization’ of the Scandinavian countries north of the Baltic Sea. Today, the much promoted ‘Nordic identity’ reveals itself only through the nation-states. The ‘Association for Nordic Unity’ (Foreningerne Norden) was set up in 1919 only after all five Nordic countries had achieved independent nationhood: Norway in 1905, Finland in 1917, and Iceland in 1918 (the latter only as home rule to be followed by independence in 1944). The very different roads to independent nationhood among the Nordic countries and the idea of a common Nordic identity can be traced back to its beginnings in the 19th century
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Widmalm, Sven. "Normal Science." Nuncius 34, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03402008.
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Abstract Prizes have been awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from its foundation in 1739 onwards. In the 18th century these were of a kind typical of the period: problems were posed, almost always with a utilitarian bent, and awards (money or medals) were promised to those who could come up with practical solutions. The Academy’s first prize question, in 1739, concerned an improved method for bleaching cloth; the response was zero, a not untypical result. This type of award was never a success, and from around 1810 prizes became more academically oriented and were offered for recent publications or innovations rather than solutions to problems posed beforehand. The Letterstedt Prize was the most important among these awards during the 19th century, and a model for the Nobel Prize. It was awarded mostly for work in the natural sciences, but sometimes also in the humanities or for technological innovations (Alfred Nobel received it in 1868); a special prize was awarded for translations. An analysis of nominations and discussions preserved in the Academy’s archive shows that the Letterstedt science prizes functioned as a kind of benchmarking of national science (foreigners were not awarded on principle); high-quality “normal” science that seemed to put Swedish science on par with research in countries like Germany or France was awarded rather than work of high originality.
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Fitzgerald, Timothy. "Japan, Religion, History, Nation." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060490.
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I connect the invention of Japanese ‘religion’ since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese ‘religion’ had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new ‘investment’ opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on ‘progress’ transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called ‘religion’ as distinct from government, ‘politics’ or ‘science’ was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of ‘the Past’ in universal Time. I argue here that the invention of the Past by professional Historians has a significant role in transforming modern inventions such as ‘religion’ and the secular categories into the inherent and universal order of things, as though they have always been everywhere. I reveal this on-going process of ideological reproduction by close readings of some recent ‘histories of Japan’ and the way they uncritically construct ‘the Past’ in the terms of contemporary configurations.
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García Álvarez, Jacobo, and Jean-Yves Puyo. "Los primeros intentos de delimitación moderna de la frontera pirenaica: la Comisión franco-española Caro-Ornano y su legado cartográfico (1784-1792) = The first modern attempts to delimit the Pyrenean border: the Caro-Ornano Franco-Spanish commission and its cartographic legacy (1784-1792)." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (May 28, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4742.
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Resumen: El presente artículo aborda los primeros intentos de delimitación moderna de la frontera pirenaica, acometidos a lo largo del siglo XVIII. En particular, se analizan los trabajos cartográficos de la Comisión de Límites Caro-Ornano (1784-1792), en relación con la cual se creó una brigada de ingenieros militares de ambos países a la que se encargó, principalmente, el levantamiento de un mapa detallado de la totalidad de la frontera hispanofrancesa. Aunque inconcluso, este mapa, levantado mediante métodos trigonométricos modernos, supone una aportación fundamental y singular en la historia de la cartografía pirenaica y peninsular, tanto por su calidad científica y grado de detalle como por la colaboración internacional que su elaboración implicó.Palabras claves: Frontera hispano-francesa, límites, Comisión Caro-Ornano, cartografía, conocimiento geográfico y militar.Abstract: This article examines the first attempts to establish a modern delimitation of the Pyrenean border between Spain and France during the 18th century. Particular attention is paid to the cartographic work of the Caro-Ornano Boundary Commission (1784-1792), whose military engineers were in structed to plot a detailed map of the entire Spanish-French border. Although unfinished, the map was designed using modern trigonometric methods and thus represents an outstanding contribution to the history of cartography, both for its scientific quality and detail and for the international collaboration that it entailed.Key words: Franco-Spanish border, Boundaries, CaroOrnano Commission, cartography, geographical and military knowledge.
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Uimonen, Jari. "The Personal Status in French Law: With Special Focus on Overseas Territories." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21, no. 4 (October 18, 2014): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02104001.
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France has reputation as a highly centralised unitary state. In the background there is, however, a long history of particularism: during the pre-Revolutionary ancien régime, the country had a large number of local coutumes. The colonies formed another question: even after the Revolution of 1789 they were considered as an exception to the major rule. From the 18th century France has used the notion spécialité legislative, which recognises the legal difference in overseas areas. This policy continues in modern France as a different legal treatment of more integrated overseas regions (former territories) belonging to the European Union, and the other overseas collectivities, more loosely connected to Metropolitan France. Signs of legal pluralism can be found from both Metropolitan France and overseas collectivities, but three of the last-mentioned are of special interest to this article: New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and Mayotte. In all of them the French Constitution recognises the existence of separate personal status. In New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna this status is closely related to indigenous custom, dominating the daily life in family relations and land owning. In Mayotte, the personal status is a mixture of Islamic law and African customary law. In other overseas collectivities there are also remnants, or pockets, of personal status visible, but they have no constitutional or official legal recognition. The article shows that although the official French policy has considered the personal status a transitory measure, it is not completely vanishing. In the Pacific region it is even strengthening, as the example of New Caledonia well indicates.
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Küpper, Joachim. "Zum historischen Roman in Frankreich und Italien: Balzac, Flaubert und Manzoni." Volume 62 · 2021 62, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ljb.62.1.239.
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On the Historical Novel in France and Italy: Balzac, Flaubert, and Manzoni Created by Walter Scott, the historical novel owes its immense and persistent success to the fact that it foregrounds an impression linked to the rapid political, social, and economic change at the end of the 18th century: individual fate may be contingent on either the will of a god or the inscrutable lottery of genes; but it is certainly dependent on historical circumstances, as well as an individual’s ability to cope with them. – This essay discusses three prominent 19th-century paradigms of the genre. Focusing primarily on Le Père Goriot, L’Éducation sentimentale, and I promessi sposi, it argues that each of the texts encapsulates conceptualizations of history that remain dominant well unto the present day. Balzac offers a (religiously based) historical optimism. Flaubert’s radical pessimism is grounded in the belief that all historical change is nothing but a series of ultimately irrelevant surface phenomena. Manzoni’s moderate political scepticism suggests that a rigorously rational approach to the problems emerging as a result of historical events may not be able to make this world a better place but might still help to prevent major catastrophes.
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Agratina, Elena E. "THE EMERGENCE OF ART CRITICISM IN FRANCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2022): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-3-146-164.
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The topic of the emergence of art criticism in France in the second half of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, being rather widely covered in foreign academic literature, is still underdeveloped in Russian art history. Nevertheless, that issue is extremely important for understanding the processes that took place in the French and more widely in the European artistic milieu. The article aims to highlight the process of the criticism formation not only as a literary genre but primarily as a phenomenon of cultural life. Based on original written sources and foreign academic literature, the author traces how the appearance of fine art in the light of publicity was prepared in the Parisian artistic milieu. The author addresses the important questions that arose during the formative and legitimizing phase of criticism, such as its distinction from pre-existing art theory, as well as the distinction between the critic and the theorist or fine art historian. The artwork must now satisfy not only the master and the customer and a small circle of connoisseurs, society also becomes an active participant in artistic life, and the viewer enshrines the right to judge the art. The author shows how criticism is gradually becoming more diverse and polyphonic. Works written on behalf of a wide variety of characters are appearing, writers are adapting various literary genres that already exist: epistolary, diary, plays, poems, dialogues. For many years, criticism becomes an active channel of communication linking all participants in artistic life.
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Shin, Sangchel. "The History of Art Exchanges Between China and France by Jesuit Missionaries in the 18th Century : The Intellectual Foundation of French Chinoiseries and Beavais Tapestries." Art History 32 (August 31, 2016): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14769/jkaahe.2016.08.32.263.
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Wollock, Jeffrey. "John Bulwer (1606–1656) and Some British and French Contemporaries." Historiographia Linguistica 40, no. 3 (September 3, 2013): 331–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.40.3.02wol.
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Summary John Bulwer’s (1606–1656) work was unknown in 17th–18th century France. In 1827, when Joseph-Marie Degérando (1772–1842) became curious about the relation between the methods respectively of Bulwer and John Wallis (1616–1703), the pioneer oral instructor of the deaf in Britain, he had to query Charles Orpen, M. D. (1791–1856) in Dublin because no copy of Bulwer’s Philocophus (1648) could be found in Paris. In fact, Theodore Haak (1605–1690) had sent a copy of this book from London to Père Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) in Paris in July 1648, but none of Mersenne’s circle could read English, and Mersenne died several weeks later. In that context, this paper presents a comparison of Bulwer’s views with those of the Cartesians and Port-Royalists. Wallis claimed he knew of no work on speech for the deaf prior to his own, but he must have known about the Philocophus from the time of its publication, five years before his De Loquela (1653) and nearly 14 years before he began teaching the deaf.
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Keshiknevis Razavi, Sayyed Kamal, Abbas Ahmadvand, and Mina Moazzeni. "Alexandria, the Threshold of Egypt: A Comparative Study on Volney and Jabarti's Idea of Alexandria in the Late 18th Century." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12, no. 1 (June 12, 2022): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.121.05.
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Alexandria is the second-largest city in Egypt; this city is the threshold of Egypt and the first place by the sea where travelers encounter and create an idea of Egypt in their minds. Many western travelers, such as Hartmann Schedel, André Thevet, Jacob Peeters, Charles Perry, Volney, Dumont, and others have visited Alexandria and wrote reports on the City past and present, through which their opinions of the city can be accessed. Without a doubt, looking at Alexandria from a traveler's point of opinion differs from the opinions of a person who has lived there and observed the city from the inside. The question is how each of these two perspectives encounters the city. What questions have each of them asked and what answers have they given? And do these questions and answers come from their social and cultural background? Can a comparison of these two opinions provide a picture of the city to help better understand its history? It seems that the questions and answers of these observers come from their social backgrounds. At the same time Volney (1757-1820) lived in France, Abdul Rahman bin Hassan al-Jabarti (1825-1753) lived in Egypt. In this study, using an asymmetric macro-comparison method, we have attempted to evaluate the information in Volney's travelogue and Jabarti's ''Ajāeb-al Asār'' based on their perspective of the inside (Jabarti) and outside (Volney) of Alexandria. In his introduction to the late 18th century Alexandria, Volney seems to be much attached to the ideas from the French society, At the same time, Jabarti did not pay much attention to the question of Alexandria's urbanization and focused more on those who went to the city and left it. He laid the focus on the political and military situation of the city.
Keywords: Alexandria, Volney, Jabarti, Egyptology, Travelogue, Travel Theory