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Journal articles on the topic 'Strange quarks'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

BAUNACK, SEBASTIAN. "ASYMMETRIES IN POLARIZED ELECTRON SCATTERING AND THE STRANGENESS CONTENT OF THE NUCLEON." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 11n13 (April 30, 2009): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230900022x.

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In the viewpoint of QCD, the nucleon is made up of constituent quarks, sea quarks and gluons. Concerning the quark sea, also strange quarks can contribute to the nucleon properties. Parity violating electron scattering offers a tool to investigate the strange quark contribution to the nucleon form factors. The measurements of different experiments are discussed and the recent results from the A4 collaboration at MAMI is presented. Altogether the existing data allow to give constraints on the strangeness contribution.

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2

Gerasyuta, S. M., and E. E. Matskevich. "Baryonia with open and hidden strange." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 06 (June 2020): 2050035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301320500354.

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The relativistic six-quark equations are found in the framework of the dispersion relation technique. The strange baryonia are constructed without the mixing of the quarks and antiquarks. The relativistic six-quark amplitudes of the strange baryonia with the open and hidden strange are calculated. The poles of these amplitudes determine the masses of strange baryonia. Seventeen masses of baryonia are predicted.

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3

STROBEL, GEORGE L. "BARYON MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND SPIN DEPENDENT QUARK FORCES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 11, no. 01 (February 2002): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301302000697.

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The J=3/2 Δ, J=1/2 nucleon mass difference shows that quark energies can be spin dependent. It is natural to expect that quark wave functions also depend on spin. In the octet, such spin dependent forces lead to different wave functions for quarks with spin parallel or antiparallel to the nucleon spin. A two component Dirac equation wave function is used for the quarks assuming small current quark masses for the u and d quarks. Then, the neutron/proton magnetic moment ratio, the nucleon axial charge, and the spin content of the nucleon can all be simultaneously fit assuming isospin invariance between the u and d quarks, but allowing for spin dependent forces. The breakdown of the Coleman–Glashow sum rule for octet magnetic moments follows naturally in this Dirac approach as the bound quark energy also effects the magnetic moment. Empirically the bound quark energy increases with the number of strange quarks in the system. Allowing the strange quark wave function similar spin dependence predicts the magnetic moments of the octet, in close agreement with experiment. Differences between the octet and decuplet magnetic moments are also explained immediately with spin dependent wave functions.

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4

WEN, X. S., and C. B. YANG. "STRANGENESS PRODUCTION IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS IN THE QUARK RECOMBINATION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 08 (August 2013): 1350056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313500560.

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In this paper, yields of strange hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are investigated in the framework of the recombination model. Yield ratios of strange to nonstrange hadrons are studied. Strangeness enhancement is shown stronger for higher initial quark densities and for hadrons with more strange quarks.

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5

DATTA, BHASKAR, SIBAJI RAHA, and BIKASH SINHA. "ON THE NEUTRINO EMISSIVITY OF DEGENERATE STRANGE QUARK MATTER." Modern Physics Letters A 03, no. 14 (October 1988): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732388001665.

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We examine the neutrino emissivity of a system of degenerate three-component (u, d, s) strange quark matter using improved expressions for the quark chemical potentials in a self-consistent manner, and obtain tighter bounds on the neutrino emissivity due to the presence of strange quarks.

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6

PAULUCCI, L., and J. E. HORVATH. "CFL STRANGE QUARK MATTER AT FINITE TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008562.

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The strange quark matter (SQM) hypothesis states that it is possible that the ground state of cold baryonic matter is a plasma composed roughly of equal numbers of up, down and strange quarks. This stability scenario is even more favorable if quarks are in a color flavor locked (CFL) state, in which quarks form pairs resembling the superconductivity Cooper pairs. We present calculations on the basis of the MIT Bag Model for the stability windows for SQM in the CFL state and for the energy of strangelets at non-zero temperatures, comparing with the unpaired SQM. We also discuss some astrophysical implications of such results.

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7

HONG, SOON-TAE, and BYUNG-YOON PARK. "FLAVOR SINGLET AXIAL CURRENT AND CHIRAL HYPERBAG." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 01 (March 1992): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301392000060.

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The EMC experiment on the proton matrix element of the flavor singlet axial current is interpreted in the framework of the chiral hyperbag. Including the strange quark mass effects, the up, down and strange quark component of the axial currents are calculated and compared with the experiments. The numerical results show that the Cheshire Cat principle holds even when the strange quarks are present.

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8

HEINZ, U., K. S. LEE, and M. J. RHOADES-BROWN. "$s-\bar{s}$ SEPARATION DURING HADRONIZATION OF A QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 03 (March 1987): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000197.

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We present the equilibrium phase diagram for hadronic and quark matter containing strange particles and show quantitatively that at finite baryon density hadronization of quark-gluon plasma proceeds through a mixed phase in which [Formula: see text]-quarks hadronize first (as K+ and K0 mesons) and s-quarks get enriched in the plasma subphase.

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9

Bastian, Niels-Uwe F., David B. Blaschke, Mateusz Cierniak, Tobias Fischer, Mark A. R. Kaltenborn, Michał Marczenko, and Stefan Typel. "Strange matter prospects within the string-flip model." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 20002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817120002.

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10

SCHRAMM, STEFAN. "STRANGENESS PARAMETERS OF THE PROTON." Modern Physics Letters A 10, no. 17 (June 7, 1995): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732395001320.

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The strange magnetic and electric moments of the proton are calculated. The proton is described in the framework of the constituent quark model. The form factors of the constituent quarks are derived using the NJL model of quarks and the numerical results are discussed in context with parity-violating electron scattering experiments.

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11

Kagawa, Ai, Masatoshi Morimoto, Yasuhiko Tsue, João da Providência, Constança Providência, and Masatoshi Yamamura. "Nonzero tensor condensates in cold quark matter within the three-flavor Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft interaction." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 06 (June 2020): 2050036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301320500366.

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The possible formation of tensor condensates originated from a tensor-type interaction between quarks is investigated in the three-flavor Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model including the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft interaction, which leads to flavor mixing. It is shown that independent two tensor condensates appear and a tensor condensate related to the strange quark easily occurs by the effect of the flavor mixing compared with one related to light quarks. Also, it is shown that the tensor condensate related to the strange quark appears at a slightly smaller chemical potential if the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft interaction is included, due to the flavor mixing effect. It is also shown that the two kinds of tensor condensates may coexist in a certain quark chemical potential due to the flavor mixing.

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12

Giusti, Davide, Vittorio Lubicz, Guido Martinelli, Francesco Sanfilippo, and Silvano Simula. "HVP contributions to the muon (g−2) including QED corrections with twisted-mass fermions." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817506006.

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We present a lattice calculation of the Hadronic Vacuum Polarization (HVP) contribution of the strange and charm quarks to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon including leading-order electromagnetic (e.m.) corrections. We employ the gauge configurations generated by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration (ETMC) with Nf = 2+1 + 1 dynamical quarks at three values of the lattice spacing (a ≃ 0.062,0.082,0.089 fm) with pion masses in the range Mπ ≃ 210 - 450 MeV. The strange and charm quark masses are tuned at their physical values. Neglecting discon-nected diagrams and after the extrapolations to the physical pion mass and to the continuum limit we obtain: [see formula in PDF] and [see formula in PDF] for the strange and charm contributions, respectively.!

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13

KIM, SUN MYONG. "MASS EFFECTS ON THE NUCLEON SEA STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 07 (March 7, 2001): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301003139.

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Nucleon sea structure functions are studied using Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi (DGLAP) equations with the massive gluon–quark splitting kernels for strange and charm quarks, the massless gluon–quark splitting kernels for up and down quarks, and the massless kernels for all other splitting parts. The SU (2)f flavor symmetry for two light quarks, "up" and "down", is assumed. Glück–Reya–Vogt (GRV) and Martin–Roberts–Stirling (MRS) sets are chosen to be the base structure functions at [Formula: see text]. We evolve the sea structure functions from [Formula: see text] to Q2= 50 GeV 2 using the base structure function sets and DGLAP equations. Some (about 10%) enhancement is found in the strange quark distribution functions at low x (<0.1) in leading order of the DGLAP equations compared to results directly from those structure function sets at the value of Q2=50 GeV 2. We provide the value of κ and also show the behavior of [Formula: see text] after the evolution of structure functions.

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14

Mohanta, Protick, and Subhasish Basak. "Heavy hadrons spectra on lattice using NRQCD." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 05031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817505031.

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Comparison of radial excitation energies to masses show that the velocity of b quark is very non-relativistic in bottomonium states. In a mixed system like charmed B meson, the b quark has less velocity than it has in bottomonium states and in strange B meson it is even slower. So one can use NRQCD for the b quark in those systems. Using overlap and hisq action for the s and c quarks and NRQCD for b quark we simulated spectra of charmed and strange B mesons and also few other baryons.

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15

Bicudo, P. "THE PENTAQUARKS IN THE LINEAR MOLECULAR HEPTAQUARK MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 19 (July 30, 2005): 4593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05028259.

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In this talk, multiquarks are studied microscopically in a standard quark model. In pure ground-state pentaquarks the short-range interaction is computed and it is shown to be repulsive. An additional quark-antiquark pair is then considered, and this is suggested to produce linear molecular system, with a narrow decay width. The quarks assemble in three hadronic clusters, and the central hadron provides stability. The possible crypto-heptaquark hadrons with exotic pentaquark flavours, with strange, charmed and bottomed quarks, are predicted.

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16

Stock, Reinhard. "Strange quarks in matter." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 28, no. 7 (June 10, 2002): 1517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/28/7/301.

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17

Morimoto, Masatoshi, Yasuhiko Tsue, João da Providência, Constança Providência, and Masatoshi Yamamura. "Spin polarizations under a pseudovector interaction between quarks with the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft term in high density quark matter." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 01 (January 2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301320500032.

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A possibility of a quark spin polarization originating from a pseudovector condensate is investigated in the three-flavor Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft interaction which leads to flavor mixing. It is shown that a pseudovector condensate related to the strange quark easily occurs compared with pseudovector condensate related to light quarks. Further, it is shown that the pseudovector condensate related to the strange quark appears at a slightly small chemical potential by the effect of the flavor mixing due to the Kobayashi–Maskawa–’t Hooft interaction.

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18

Scadron, M. D., and N. H. Fuchs. "Current divergences and current quark masses. I: Non-strange and strange quarks." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 15, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 943–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/15/7/004.

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19

BATRA, M., and A. UPADHYAY. "DETAILED BALANCE AND SPIN CONTENT OF Λ USING STATISTICAL MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 15 (June 16, 2013): 1350062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500620.

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The spin structure of lambda has its special importance in analyzing the spin content of other hadrons. Assuming hadrons as a cluster of quarks and gluons (generally referred as valence and sea), statistical approach has been applied to study spin distribution of lambda among quarks. We apply the principle of detailed balance to calculate the probability of various quark–gluon Fock states and check the impact of SU(3) breaking on these probabilities particularly in sea for the Fock states containing strange quark. The flavor probability when multiplied by spin and color multiplicities of these quark–gluon Fock states results in estimating the individual contributions from valence and sea. We conclude that breaking in symmetry significantly affects the polarization of quarks inside the hyperons.

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20

MODARRES, M., and H. GHOLIZADE. "STRANGE QUARK MATTER IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ONE GLUON EXCHANGE AND DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PARTICLE MASS MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 07 (August 2008): 1335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010453.

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We calculate the thermodynamic properties of strange quark matter by using the density and temperature dependent particle mass model of Wen et al. For the interaction Hamiltonian we use the one gluon exchange interaction obtained from the Fermi liquid picture. We let the QCD coupling (αc) be constant or vary with density and temperature. A new set of mass scalings for quarks is evaluated from the present interaction, which can be used with thermodynamic formulas derived by Wen et al. Similar to β-stable matter, no stability is found in strange quark matter. Finally, it is shown that the present equation of state of strange quark matter becomes harder with respect to that obtained using the string model, specially with non-constant QCD coupling.

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21

PÉREZ MARTÍNEZ, A., H. PÉREZ ROJAS, H. J. MOSQUERA CUESTA, M. BOLIGAN, and M. G. ORSARIA. "QUARK STARS AND QUANTUM-MAGNETICALLY INDUCED COLLAPSE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, no. 11 (November 2005): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805007401.

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Quark matter is expected to exist in the interior of compact stellar objects as neutron stars or even the more exotic strange stars, based on the Bodmer–Witten conjecture. Bare strange quark stars and (normal) strange quark-matter stars, those possessing a baryon (electron-supported) crust, are hypothesized as good candidates to explain the properties of a set of peculiar stellar sources such as the enigmatic X-ray source RX J1856.5-3754, some pulsars such as PSR B1828-11 and PSR B1642-03, and the anomalous X-ray pulsars and soft γ-ray repeaters. In the MIT bag model, quarks are treated as a degenerate Fermi gas confined to a region of space having a vacuum energy density B bag (the Bag constant). In this note, we modify the MIT bag model by including the electromagnetic interaction. We also show that this version of the MIT model implies the anisotropy of the bag pressure due to the presence of the magnetic field. The equations of state of the degenerate quarks gases are studied in the presence of ultra strong magnetic fields. The behavior of a system made up of quarks having (or not) anomalous magnetic moment is reviewed. A structural instability is found, which is related to the anisotropic nature of the pressures in this highly magnetized matter. The conditions for the collapse of this system are obtained and compared to a previous model of neutron stars that is built on a neutron gas having anomalous magnetic moment.

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22

Klähn, Thomas, and David B. Blaschke. "Strange matter in compact stars." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817108001.

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We discuss possible scenarios for the existence of strange matter in compact stars. The appearance of hyperons leads to a hyperon puzzle in ab-initio approaches based on effective baryon-baryon potentials but is not a severe problem in relativistic mean field models. In general, the puzzle can be resolved in a natural way if hadronic matter gets stiffened at supersaturation densities, an effect based on the quark Pauli quenching between hadrons. We explain the conflict between the necessity to implement dynamical chiral symmetry breaking into a model description and the conditions for the appearance of absolutely stable strange quark matter that require both, approximately masslessness of quarks and a mechanism of confinement. The role of strangeness in compact stars (hadronic or quark matter realizations) remains unsettled. It is not excluded that strangeness plays no role in compact stars at all. To answer the question whether the case of absolutely stable strange quark matter can be excluded on theoretical grounds requires an understanding of dense matter that we have not yet reached.

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23

Alcock, Charles, and Edward Farhi. "The Evaporation of Strange Matter in the Early Universe." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 117 (1987): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900150697.

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A new candidate for the dark matter of the universe is strange matter. This substance consists of roughly equal numbers of up, down and strange quarks confined in a quark phase which is conjectured to have a lower energy per baryon number than ordinary nuclei. Strange matter is absolutely stable, has a density comparable to that of nuclei and can exist in lumps ranging in size from a few fermis to ∼ 10 km. If it is distributed in space in lumps larger than ∼ 1 cm, it could close the universe without ever encountering the earth and would be astronomically unobservable.

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24

Weber, H. J., and K. Bodoor. "Baryon Spin and Magnetic Moments in Relativistic Chiral Quark Models." International Journal of Modern Physics E 06, no. 04 (December 1997): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301397000330.

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The spin and flavor fractions of constituent quarks in the baryon octet are obtained from their lowest order chiral fluctuations involving Goldstone bosons. SU(3) breaking suggested by the mass difference between the strange and up, down quarks is included, as are relativistic effects by means of a light-cone quark model for the proton, and the gluon contribution from the axial anomaly in the singlet channel. Magnetic moments from the Karl-Sehgal formulas are analyzed in this framework as well.

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25

Pan, Ying-Hua, and Wei-Ning Zhang. "Chemical Evolution of Strongly Interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/952607.

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At very initial stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions a wave of quark-gluon matter is produced from the break-up of the strong color electric field and then thermalizes at a short time scale (~1 fm/c). However, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) system is far out of chemical equilibrium, especially for the heavy quarks which are supposed to reach chemical equilibrium much late. In this paper a continuing quark production picture for strongly interacting QGP system is derived, using the quark number susceptibilities and the equation of state; both of them are from the results calculated by the Wuppertal-Budapest lattice QCD collaboration. We find that the densities of light quarks increase by 75% from the temperatureT=400 MeV toT=150 MeV, while the density of strange quark annihilates by 18% in the temperature region. We also offer a discussion on how this late production of quarks affects the final charge-charge correlations.

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26

LAI, XIAOYU, and RENXIN XU. "QUARK-CLUSTER STARS: THE STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 23 (January 2013): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513011331.

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The nature of pulsar-like compact stars is still in controversy although the first pulsar was found more than 40 years ago. Generally speaking, conventional neutron stars and non-mainstream quark stars are two types of models to describe the inner structure of pulsars, with the former composed mainly of hadrons and the latter of a peculiar kind of matter whose state equation should be understood in the level of quarks rather than hadrons. To construct a more realistic model from both theoretical and observational points of view, we conjecture that pulsars could be "quark-cluster stars" which are composed of quark-clusters with almost equal numbers of up, down and strange quarks. Clustering quark matter could be the result of strong coupling between quarks inside realistic compact stars. The lightest quark clusters could be of H-dibaryons, while quark clusters could also be heavier with more quarks. Being essentially related to the non-perturbative quantum-chromo dynamics (QCD), the state of supra-nuclear condensed matter is really difficult to obtain strictly by only theoretical QCD-calculations, and we expect, nevertheless, that astrophysical observations could help us to have a final solution.

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27

Weber, Fridolin, Milva Orsaria, Hilario Rodrigues, and Shu-Hua Yang. "Structure of Quark Stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S291 (August 2012): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312023174.

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AbstractThis paper gives an brief overview of the structure of hypothetical strange quarks stars (quark stars, for short), which are made of absolutely stable 3-flavor strange quark matter. Such objects can be either bare or enveloped in thin nuclear crusts, which consist of heavy ions immersed in an electron gas. In contrast to neutron stars, the structure of quark stars is determined by two (rather than one) parameters, the central star density and the density at the base of the crust. If bare, quark stars possess ultra-high electric fields on the order of 1018 to 1019 V/cm. These features render the properties of quark stars more multifaceted than those of neutron stars and may allow one to observationally distinguish quark stars from neutron stars.

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28

Hein, J., C. Davies, G. P. Lepage, Q. Mason, and H. Trottier. "On the strange quark mass with improved staggered quarks." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 119 (May 2003): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)01529-9.

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29

Aslanzadeh, M., and A. A. Rajabi. "Relativistic three-body quark model of light baryons based on hypercentral approach." International Journal of Modern Physics E 24, no. 05 (May 2015): 1550032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301315500329.

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In this paper, we have treated the light baryons as a relativistic three-body bound system. Inspired by lattice QCD calculations, we treated baryons as a spin-independent three-quark system within a relativistic three-quark model based on the three-particle Klein–Gordon equation. We presented the analytical solution of three-body Klein–Gordon equation with employing the constituent quark model based on a hypercentral approach through which two- and three-body forces are taken into account. Herewith the average energy values of the up, down and strange quarks containing multiplets are reproduced. To describe the hyperfine structure of the baryon, the splittings within the SU(6)-multiplets are produced by the generalized Gürsey Radicati mass formula. The considered SU(6)-invariant potential is popular "Coulomb-plus-linear" potential and the strange and non-strange baryons spectra are in general well reproduced.

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30

Bowers, Jeffrey A. "Strange quarks in colour superconductors." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 30, no. 1 (December 11, 2003): S519—S524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/30/1/062.

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31

Papavassiliou, V., and the G0 Collaboration. "Strange quarks in the nucleon." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 32, no. 12 (November 17, 2006): S81—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/32/12/s10.

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32

KUMAR, K. "Strange quarks and parity violation." Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 45 (2000): S333—S395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6410(00)00110-1.

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33

Karliner, Marek. "Strange quarks in the proton." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 23, no. 2 (August 1991): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(91)90671-z.

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34

Thomas, Anthony W., Phiala E. Shanahan, and Ross D. Young. "Strange Quarks and Lattice QCD." Few-Body Systems 54, no. 1-4 (March 13, 2012): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00601-012-0372-8.

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35

Pollock, Steven J. "Strange quarks in the deuteron." Physical Review D 42, no. 9 (November 1, 1990): 3010–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.42.3010.

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36

RAZEIRA, M., A. MESQUITA, C. A. Z. VASCONCELLOS, B. E. J. BODMANN, M. DILLIG, and G. F. MARRANGHELLO. "STABILITY OF NEUTRON STARS WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF STRANGENESS AND THE ROLE OF δ-MESON." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008574.

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We investigate the role of the strange σ*, ϕ and δ meson fields on the delineation of main properties of neutron stars using a parameterized Lagrangian density model in the effective baryon and meson sectors. We assume, strange quarks are localized within the hyperon fields, which carry the strangeness content of the model. Our main goal is to analyze stability conditions of neutron stars with large amount of strangeness per baryon. Our main result indicates the inclusion of the strange (anti-)quark containing meson field σ*, besides ϕ and δ into nuclear matter, turn the equation of state stiffer this way increasing the gravitational mass of the neutron star.

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37

Ghenam, L., A. Ait El Djoudi, and K. Mezouar. "Deconfining phase transition in a finite volume with massive particles: finite size and finite mass effects." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 2 (February 2016): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0484.

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We study the deconfining phase transition from a hadronic gas phase consisting of massive pions to a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) phase containing gluons, massless up and down quarks, and massive strange quarks. The two phases are supposed to coexist in a finite volume, and the finite size effects are studied, in the two cases of thermally driven and density driven deconfining phase transitions. Finite-mass effects are also examined, then the color-singletness condition for the QGP is taken into account and finite size effects are investigated in this case also.

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38

Mishra, Amruta, and S. P. Misra. "Strange mesons in strong magnetic fields." International Journal of Modern Physics E 30, no. 03 (March 2021): 2150014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301321500142.

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The masses of the strange mesons ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) are investigated in the presence of strong magnetic fields. The changes in the masses of these mesons arise from the mixing of the pseudoscalar and vector mesons in the presence of a magnetic field. For the charged mesons, these mass modifications are in addition to the contributions from the lowest Landau energy levels to their masses. The decay widths, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], in the presence of the magnetic field are studied using a field theoretic model of composite hadrons with constituent quarks/antiquarks. The model uses the free Dirac Hamiltonian in terms of the constituent quark fields as the light quark–antiquark pair creation term and explicit constructions for the meson states in terms of the constituent quarks and antiquarks to study the decay processes. The pseudoscalar–vector (PV) meson mixing leads to a drop (rise) in the mass of the pseudoscalar (longitudinal component of the vector) meson. It is observed that the mass modifications for the hidden strange mesons, arising from [Formula: see text] mixing, are quite prominent, whereas the neutral open strange mesons have only marginal changes in their masses due to mixing. The mass modifications of the charged open strange mesons are due to interplay between the Landau-level contributions and the PV mixing, and, the latter effect is observed to dominate at large values of the magnetic field. The vector meson decay widths ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) involving the charged mesons are observed to be quite different from the widths involving neutral mesons, due to the additional contribution for the charged mesons from the Landau levels.

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39

LIU, LIUMING, SHIQUAN SU, XIN LI, and CHUAN LIU. "A NUMERICAL STUDY OF IMPROVED WILSON QUARK ACTIONS ON ANISOTROPIC LATTICES." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 07n10 (March 28, 2007): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307023092.

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Tadpole improved Wilson quark actions with clover terms on anisotropic lattices are studied numerically. Using asymmetric lattice volumes, the pseudo-scalar meson dispersion relations are measured for 8 lowest lattice momentum modes with quark mass values ranging from the strange to the charm quark with various values of the gauge coupling β and 3 different values of the bare speed of light parameter ν. These results can be utilized to extrapolate or interpolate to obtain the optimal value for the bare speed of light parameter νopt(m) at a given gauge coupling for all bare quark mass values m. In particular, the optimal values of ν at the physical strange and charm quark mass are given for various gauge couplings. The lattice action with these optimized parameters can then be used to study physical properties of hadrons involving either light or heavy quarks.

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40

SU, SHIQUAN, LIUMING LIU, XIN LI, and CHUAN LIU. "A NUMERICAL STUDY OF IMPROVED QUARK ACTIONS ON ANISOTROPIC LATTICES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 05 (February 20, 2006): 1015–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06024967.

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Tadpole improved Wilson quark actions with clover terms on anisotropic lattices are studied numerically. Using asymmetric lattice volumes, the pseudoscalar meson dispersion relations are measured for eight lowest lattice momentum modes with quark mass values ranging from the strange to the charm quark with various values of the gauge coupling β and three different values of the bare speed of light parameter ν. These results can be utilized to extrapolate or interpolate to obtain the optimal value for the bare speed of light parameter ν opt (m) at a given gauge coupling for all bare quark mass values m. In particular, the optimal values of ν at the physical strange and charm quark mass are given for various gauge couplings. The lattice action with these optimized parameters can then be used to study physical properties of hadrons involving either light or heavy quarks.

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41

MARTÍNEZ, A. P., R. G. FELIPE, and D. M. PARET. "MASS–RADIUS RELATION FOR MAGNETIZED STRANGE QUARKS STARS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 08n10 (August 2010): 1511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810017378.

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We review the stability of magnetized strange quark matter (MSQM) within the phenomenological MIT bag model, taking into account the variation of the relevant input parameters, namely, the strange quark mass, baryon density, magnetic field and bag parameter. A comparison with magnetized asymmetric quark matter in β-equilibrium as well as with strange quark matter (SQM) is presented. We obtain that the energy per baryon for MSQM decreases as the magnetic field increases, and its minimum value at vanishing pressure is lower than the value found for SQM, which implies that MSQM is more stable than non-magnetized SQM. The mass–radius relation for magnetized strange quark stars is also obtained in this framework.

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42

BASS, STEVEN D. "THE PROTON SPIN PUZZLE: WHERE ARE WE TODAY?" Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 14 (May 10, 2009): 1087–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309031041.

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The proton spin puzzle has challenged our understanding of QCD for the last 20 years. New measurements of polarized glue, valence and sea quark polarization, including strange quark polarization, are available. What is new and exciting in the data, and what might this tell us about the structure of the proton? The proton spin puzzle seems to be telling us about the interplay of valence quarks with the complex vacuum structure of QCD.

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EVANS, P. W., and B. A. ROBSON. "COMPARISON OF QUARK MIXING IN THE STANDARD AND GENERATION MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 03 (April 2006): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306004077.

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The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Standard Model and the Generation Model are discussed with a view to obtaining a physical understanding of the Cabibbo angle and related quantities. It is proposed that hadrons are composed of mixed-quark states, with the quark mixing parameters being determined by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements. In this model, protons and neutrons contain a contribution of about 5% and 10%, respectively, of strange valency quarks.

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Kamleh, Waseem, Taylor Haar, Yoshifumi Nakamura, and James M. Zanotti. "Single flavour filtering for RHMC in BQCD." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817509004.

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Filtering algorithms for two degenerate quark flavours have advanced to the point that, in 2+1 flavour simulations, the cost of the strange quark is significant compared with the light quarks. This makes efficient filtering algorithms for single flavour actions highly desirable, in particular when considering 1+1+1 flavour simulations for QED+QCD. Here we discuss methods for filtering the RHMC algorithm that are implemented within BQCD, an open-source Fortran program for Hybrid Monte Carlo simulations.

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45

Aniol, K. A., and HAPPEX Collaboration. "Strange quarks in the nucleon sea." European Physical Journal A 31, no. 4 (February 23, 2007): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2006-10207-5.

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46

Kubis, Bastian, and Ulf-G. Meißner. "Chiral dynamics with (non)strange quarks." EPJ Web of Conferences 134 (2017): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201713403002.

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47

Gasser, J., Ch Haefeli, M. A. Ivanov, and M. Schmid. "Integrating out strange quarks in ChPT." Physics Letters B 652, no. 1 (August 2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.06.058.

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48

Pollock, Steven J. "Erratum: Strange quarks in the deuteron." Physical Review D 43, no. 7 (April 1, 1991): 2447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.43.2447.3.

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HENLEY, ERNEST M. "STRANGENESS IN THE NUCLEON." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 10 (October 2013): 1330025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300257.

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Thomas, A. W. "IMPORTANCE OF STRANGE QUARKS IN HADRONS, NUCLEI AND DENSE MATTER." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 12 (December 2010): 2293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310016740.

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We review recent progress in our understanding of the role of strange quarks in the structure of the nucleon. For the contribution to its mass the result is remarkably small, an order of magnitude smaller than commonly assumed. This has profound consequences for the searches for dark matter which are currently underway. There has also been remarkable progress in the understanding of hypernuclei. In particular, there is a very natural explanation at the quark level of why Λ-hypernuclei are bound whereas Σ-hypernuclei are not. The consequences for dense matter, for example in neutron stars, are not yet fully understood but we know they are significant.

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