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Journal articles on the topic 'Strait of Otranto'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Viličić, D., N. Leder, Z. Gržetić, and N. Jasprica. "Microphytoplankton in the Strait of Otranto (eastern Mediterranean)." Marine Biology 123, no. 3 (September 1995): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349240.

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2

Civitarese, G., M. Gačić, A. Vetrano, A. Boldrin, D. Bregant, S. Rabitti, and E. Souvermezoglou. "Biogeochemical fluxes through the Strait of Otranto (Eastern Mediterranean)." Continental Shelf Research 18, no. 7 (June 1998): 773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(98)00016-8.

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3

Ursella, L., V. Kovačević, and M. Gačić. "Tidal variability of the motion in the Strait of Otranto." Ocean Science 10, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-49-2014.

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Abstract. Various current data, collected in the Strait of Otranto during the period 1994–2007, have been analysed with the aim of describing the characteristics of the tidal motions and their contribution to the total flow variance. The principal tidal constituents in the area were the semi-diurnal (M2) and the diurnal (K1), with the latter one predominant. The total flow was, in general, more energetic along the flanks than in the middle of the strait. Specifically, it was most energetic over the western shelf and in the upper layer along the eastern flank. In spite of the generally low velocities (a few cm s−1) of the principal tidal constituents, the tidal variance has a pattern similar to that of the total flow variance, that is, it was large over the western shelf and low in the middle. The proportion of non-tidal (comprising the inertial and sub-inertial low-frequency bands) to tidal flow variances was quite variable in both time and space. The low-frequency motions dominated over the tidal and inertial ones in the eastern portion of the strait during the major part of the year, particularly in the upper and intermediate layers. In the deep, near-bottom layer the variance was evenly distributed between the low frequency, diurnal and semi-diurnal bands. An exception was observed near the western shelf break during the summer season when the contribution of the tidal signal to the total variance reached 77%. This high contribution was mainly due to the intensification of the diurnal signal at that location at both upper and bottom current records (velocities of about 10 cm s−1). Local wind and sea level data were analysed and compared with the flow to find the possible origin of this diurnal intensification. Having excluded the sea-breeze impact on the intensification of the diurnal tidal signal, the most likely cause remains the generation of the topographically trapped internal waves and the diurnal resonance in the tidal response. These waves were sometimes generated by the barotropic tidal signal in the presence of summer stratification and the strong bottom slope. This phenomenon may stimulate diapycnal mixing during the stratified season and enhance ventilation of the near-bottom layers.

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4

Ursella, L., V. Kovačević, and M. Gačić. "Tidal variability of the motion in the Strait of Otranto." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 2 (March 5, 2013): 435–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-435-2013.

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Abstract. Various current data, collected in the Strait of Otranto during the period 1994–2007, have been analysed with the aim of describing the characteristics of the tidal motions and their contribution to the total flow variance. The principal tidal constituents in the area were the semi-diurnal (M2) and the diurnal (K1), with the latter one predominant. The total flow was, in general, more energetic along the flanks than in the middle of the Strait. Specifically, it was most energetic over the western shelf and in the upper layer along the eastern flank. In spite of the generally low velocities (a few cm s−1) of the principal tidal constituents, the tidal variance has a pattern similar to that of the total flow variance, that is, it was large over the western shelf and low in the middle. The proportion of non-tidal (comprising the inertial and sub-inertial low-frequency bands) to tidal flow variances was quite variable in both time and space. The contribution of the low-frequency motions predominated over the tidal and inertial ones in the eastern portion of the strait during the major part of the year, particularly in the upper and intermediate layers. In the deep, near-bottom, layer the variance was evenly distributed between the low frequency, diurnal and semi-diurnal bands. A prominent exception was observed near the western shelf break during the summer season when the contribution of the tidal signal alone to the total variance reached 77%. This high contribution was mainly due to the intensification of the diurnal signal at that location in the proximity of both the surface and bottom layers (velocities of about 10 cm s−1). Local wind and sea level data were analysed and compared with the flow to find the possible origin of this diurnal intensification. Having excluded the sea-breeze impact on the intensification of the diurnal tidal signal, the most likely cause remains the generation of the topographically trapped internal waves and the diurnal resonance in the tidal response. These waves were sometimes generated by the barotropic tidal signal in the presence of summer stratification. The effect was seen only in the presence of the topographic slope change. This phenomenon may stimulate the diapycnal mixing during the stratified season and enhance ventilation of the near-bottom layers.

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5

MANCINI, FRANCESCO, ANTONIO OSCAR LILLO, ROBERTA BARDELLI, SALVATRICE VIZZINI, and GIORGIO MANCINELLI. "Variation in the stable isotope trophic position of the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) from two Mediterranean sites: insights from a global meta-analysis." Mediterranean Marine Science 23, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 850–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.29325.

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A direct consequence of sea warming is the shift in the distribution range of thermo-tolerant species that have the potential to determine novel inter-specific interactions, ultimately altering food web structures and ecosystem processes. In this study, we investigated the trophic position of the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), a pelagic predator that has recently expanded its distribution in the Mediterranean basin and for which scant information is available on its functional role in recently-colonised areas. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes were determined in muscle tissues of bluefish specimens collected in south-east Italy in the Gulf of Taranto (NW Ionian Sea) and in the Strait of Otranto (SW Adriatic Sea) at two coastal sites showing contrasting oceanographic conditions. The bluefish trophic position (TP) was estimated using locally abundant forage fish species as isotopic baselines. The results indicated for bluefish from the Strait of Otranto a TP value of 5.1, significantly higher than that determined in the Gulf of Taranto (4.2), and exceeding stomach content-based estimations reported by the online database FishBase and by literature sources. A synthesis of 30 publications reporting isotopic data for the bluefish and its potential prey at a global scale indicated that the species’ trophic position varied considerably between 2.7 and 5.2. The observed variability depended on locationand on the baseline species used in the estimations. Yet, a significant difference in trophic position was observed for bluefish from transitional and inshore environments as compared with offshore areas, mirroring the results obtained from the Gulf of Taranto and the Strait of Otranto. The findings of the study highlight the high trophic plasticity characterizing the bluefish in recently colonized areas, suggesting that it may play a key role in facilitating the expansion of its distribution range. However, additional investigations are essential to provide an advanced resolution of the bluefish functional role in Mediterranean coastal food webs.

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6

De Lazzari, Amelia, Alfredo Boldrin, Sandro Rabitti, and Margherita M. Turchetto. "Variability and downward fluxes of particulate matter in the Otranto Strait area." Journal of Marine Systems 20, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00076-1.

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7

Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, Ekaterini Souvermezoglou, and Catherine Goyet. "Anthropogenic CO2 fluxes in the Otranto Strait (E. Mediterranean) in February 1995." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 58, no. 11 (November 2011): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.08.008.

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8

Ursella, Laura, Miroslav Gačić, Vedrana Kovačević, and Davide Deponte. "Low-frequency flow in the bottom layer of the Strait of Otranto." Continental Shelf Research 44 (August 2012): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.04.014.

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9

Yari, Sadegh, Vedrana Kovačević, Vanessa Cardin, Miroslav Gačić, and Harry L. Bryden. "Direct estimate of water, heat, and salt transport through the Strait of Otranto." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117, no. C9 (September 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jc007936.

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10

Poulain, P. M., M. Gačcić, and A. Vetrano. "Current measurements in the Strait of Otranto reveal unforeseen aspects of its hydrodynamics." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 77, no. 36 (1996): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96eo00236.

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11

Kovačević, Vedrana, Miroslav Gačić, and Pierre-Marie Poulain. "Eulerian current measurements in the Strait of Otranto and in the Southern Adriatic." Journal of Marine Systems 20, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00086-4.

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12

Vilibić, Ivica, and Mirko Orlić. "Adriatic water masses, their rates of formation and transport through the Otranto Strait." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 49, no. 8 (August 2002): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(02)00028-6.

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13

Socal, Giorgio, Alfredo Boldrin, Franco Bianchi, Giuseppe Civitarese, Amelia De Lazzari, Sandro Rabitti, Cecilia Totti, and Margherita M. Turchetto. "Nutrient, particulate matter and phytoplankton variability in the photic layer of the Otranto strait." Journal of Marine Systems 20, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00075-x.

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14

Musacchio, A., G. Pellegrino, D. Cafasso, A. Widmer, and S. Cozzolino. "A unique A. palustris lineage across the Otranto strait: botanical evidence for a past land-bridge?" Plant Systematics and Evolution 262, no. 1-2 (October 24, 2006): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0469-y.

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15

Opfer-Klinger, Björn. "Albanien als Krisen- und Kriegsgebiet 1908–1921." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 73, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2014-0002.

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Abstract The Albanian national movement was still quite young and heterogeneous when international conflicts lead to the foundation of the Albanian state in 1912/13. Located by the strategically important Strait of Otranto, it came into existence as a compromise and under the protection of the Great Powers in a time when the Osman Empire was collapsing and the South-eastern European States were practising an aggressive policy of expansion. Only a few months later World War I broke out and affected the region severely. Consequently, it took another ten years for the Albanian state to take permanent shape within the changed order of postwar Europe. At this point, however, the political self-concept of Albania had altered pertinently due to constant foreign intervention and occupation by opposing war parties. Some of these influences continue to affect Albania to the present day.

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16

Mudronja, Luka, Marko Katalinić, Rino Bošnjak, Pero Vidan, and Joško Parunov. "Operability Guidelines For Product Tanker In Heavy Weather In The Adriatic Sea." Annual of Navigation 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2015-0008.

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AbstractThis paper presents operability guidelines for seafarers on a product tanker which navigates in the Adriatic Sea during heavy weather. Tanker route starts from the Otranto strait in the south to the island Krk in the north of Adriatic Sea. Heavy weather is caused by south wind called jugo (blowing from E-SE to SS-E, sirocco family). Operability guidelines are given based on an operability criteria platform for presenting ship seakeeping characteristics. Operability criteria considered in this paper are propeller emergence, deck wetness and bow acceleration of a product tanker. Limiting values of mentioned criteria determine sustainable speed. Heavy weather is described by extreme sea state of 7.5 m wave height. Wave spectrum used in this paper is Tabain spectrum which is developed specifically for Adriatic Sea. Seafarer's approach of decisions making in extreme weather is also shown and servers as a guideline for further research of the authors.

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17

Costa, Gabriele, Giorgio Bavestrello, Valerio Micaroni, Maurizio Pansini, Francesca Strano, and Marco Bertolino. "Sponge community variation along the Apulian coasts (Otranto Strait) over a pluri-decennial time span. Does water warming drive a sponge diversity increasing in the Mediterranean Sea?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 7 (August 19, 2019): 1519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000651.

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AbstractClimate change and heavy anthropic pressures are giving rise to important modifications in the rocky benthic communities of the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, sponge assemblages have been deeply affected due to the susceptibility of some species to dramatic phenomena such as mass mortalities or widespread variations in the abundance of other species. For this reason, long-term biodiversity monitoring of the sponge assemblages is important for understanding the direction of changes over time. We studied the sponge fauna living off Tricase Porto (Otranto Strait) and compared its composition with the results of a study conducted in the same area 50 years ago. The comparison indicated that the sponge diversity of this area has strongly increased in the last 50 years and a large number of the sponges recorded in the old survey are still present in the recent community. This evidence matches with other results obtained from different localities of the Mediterranean Sea indicating an increase of sponge diversity, possibly due to the present water warming. The description of two new Demosponge species, Diplastrella boeroi sp. nov. and Spirastrella angulata sp. nov., is also provided.

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18

Zavatarelli, M., and N. Pinardi. "The Adriatic Sea modelling system: a nested approach." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2003): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-345-2003.

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Abstract. A modelling system for the Adriatic Sea has been built within the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot Project. The modelling system consists of a hierarchy of three numerical models (whole Mediterranean Sea, whole Adriatic Sea, Northern Adriatic Basin) coupled among each other by simple one-way, off-line nesting techniques, to downscale the larger scale flow field to highly resolved coastal scale fields. Numerical simulations have been carried out under climatological surface forcing. Simulations were aimed to assess the effectiveness of the nesting techniques and the skill of the system to reproduce known features of the Adriatic Sea circulation phenomenology (main circulation features, dense water formation,flow at the Otranto Strait and coastal circulation characteristics over the northern Adriatic shelf), in view of the pre-operational use of the modelling system. This paper describes the modelling system setup, and discusses the simulation results for the whole Adriatic Sea and its northern basin, comparing the simulations with the observed climatological circulation characteristics. Results obtained with the northern Adriatic model are also compared with the corresponding simulations obtained with the coarser resolution Adriatic model. Key words. Oceanography: general (continental shelf processes; numerical modelling) – Oceanography: physical (general circulation)

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19

Russo, Riccardo, Sara Valente, Giuseppe Colangelo, and Genuario Belmonte. "Meiofauna distribution on hard substrata in a submarine cave." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 8 (May 20, 2015): 1555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541500051x.

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For the first time the meiofauna of the rocky walls of a submarine cave was studied. The cave, known as il Ciolo (Strait of Otranto, south-east Italy) is a closed tunnel about 125 m long, with a maximum depth of 6 m below sea level. The meiofauna was collected from artificial panels and natural rocky walls. This double approach enabled: (1) the description of the community's initial organization (on artificial substrata), and (2), especially for Harpacticoida, its mature composition (on rocky walls), which also helped to establish spatial differences. The collected samples yielded 70 taxa in total. Harpacticoida represented the most important group of organisms in terms of both abundance and identified taxa. The meiofauna assemblage appeared not to be affected by community age, with the exception of the very early stage. The meiofauna of the cave showed assemblage differences from the entrance to the innermost positions, but not as evident as in the case of the macrobenthos. The similarity of community composition at different ages (6, 12 and 24 months) and at different positions along the cave could be the consequence of the specimens’ vagility.

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20

De Vito, D., F. Boero, C. G. Di Camillo, C. Megina, and S. Piraino. "Redescription of the zooxanthellate Eudendrium moulouyensis (Eudendriidae: Hydrozoa) from the Mediterranean Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 8 (September 8, 2008): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002142.

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Eudendrium moulouyensis is a zooxanthellate hydroid originally described from the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, south-western Mediterranean) in summer 1991. According to the original description, this species can be identified due to the occurrence of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the entire endodermal layer of the colony (gastrodermis and tentacle endodermis), a unique feature among the Mediterranean Eudendrium species. However, several aspects of its life cycle and the extent of its phenotypical variability are still unknown. Since winter 2004, colonies of E. moulouyensis were recorded throughout the year from 0.5 m to 30 m depth from the southern Adriatic Sea (Otranto Channel) and the Gibraltar Strait (Alboran Sea). Additional specimens were collected from the northern Adriatic (Vis, Croatia), Sicily Channel (Pantelleria and Lampedusa Islands), and western Sardinia (Costa Paradiso). These findings offered the opportunity to describe for the first time the full life cycle and to elucidate several biological aspects related to phenotypical variation of colony morphology, vertical zonation, seasonality, zooxanthellae–polyp relationship, and cnidome morphology and distribution. The number and morphology of male gonophores per reproductive polyp is described here for the first time, providing a useful taxonomic character to easily discriminate Myrionema amboinense from E. moulouyensis. From the available information, the occurrence of M. amboinense in the Mediterranean Sea should be regarded as doubtful, if they are not accompanied by observations of cnidome, male gonophores or distinctly separate tentacles whorls.

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21

Civitarese, G., M. Gačić, M. Lipizer, and G. L. Eusebi Borzelli. "On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)." Biogeosciences 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 3987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010.

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Abstract. Analysis of 20-year time-series of the vertically averaged salinity and nutrient data in the Southern Adriatic shows that the two parameters are subject to strong decadal variability. In addition, it is documented that nutrient and salinity variations are out of phase. Nutrients in the Ionian and in the Adriatic vary in parallel except that generally the nutrient content in the Adriatic is lower than in the Ionian, a fact that has been attributed to primary producer consumption following the winter convective mixing. As shown earlier, North Ionian Gyre (NIG) changes its circulation sense on a decadal scale due to the Bimodal Oscillating System, i.e. the feedback mechanism between the Adriatic and Ionian. Cyclonic circulation causes a downwelling of the nitracline along the borders of the NIG and a decrease in the nutrient content of the water flowing into the Adriatic across the Otranto Strait, and vice versa. In addition, the highly oligotrophic central area of the Ionian shows annual blooms only during cyclonic NIG circulation. Inversion of the sense of the NIG results in the advection of Modified Atlantic Water or of the Levantine/Eastern Mediterranean waters in the Adriatic. Here, we show that the presence of allochtonous organisms from Atlantic/Western Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean/temperate zone in the Adriatic are concurrent with the anticyclonic and cyclonic circulations of the NIG, respectively. On the basis of the results presented, a revision of the theory of Adriatic ingressions formulated in the early 1950s is proposed.

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22

Civitarese, G., M. Gačić, M. Lipizer, and G. L. E. Borzelli. "On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 6971–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-6971-2010.

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Abstract. Analysis of 20-year time-series of the vertically averaged salinity and nutrient data in the South Adriatic shows that the two parameters are subject to strong decadal variability. In addition, nutrient and salinity variations are out of phase. Nutrients in the Ionian and in the Adriatic vary in parallel except that often the nutrient content in the Adriatic is lower than in the Ionian, a fact that has been attributed to primary producer consumption following the winter convective mixing. Horizontal distribution of the nitracline depth in the Ionian suggests that nutrient content in the Adriatic is a function of the circulation pattern in the Ionian that wells up or wells down the nitracline: cyclonic circulation causes a downwelling of the nitracline along the borders of the Northern Ionian Gyre (NIG) and a decrease in the nutrient content of the water flowing into the Adriatic across the Otranto Strait, and vice versa. The circulation variations are due to the Bimodal Oscillating System, i.e. the feedback mechanism between the Adriatic and Ionian. Inversion of the sense of the NIG results in the advection of Modified Atlantic Water or of the Levantine/Eastern Mediterranean (EMed) waters in the Adriatic. Here, we show that the presence of allochtonous organisms from Atlantic/Western Mediterranean (WMed) and EMed/temperate zone in the Adriatic are concomitant with the anticyclonic and cyclonic circulations, respectively, of the NIG. As a consequence of the NIG inversions, in the Ionian, this highly oligotrophic zone shows annual blooms in its central area only during cyclonic circulation. On the basis of the results presented, a revision of the theory of Adriatic ingressions formulated in the early 1950s is proposed.

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23

Costa, Gabriele, Maurizio Pansini, and Marco Bertolino. "Sponge community variation along the Apulian coasts (Otranto Strait) over a pluri-decennial time span. Does water warming drive a sponge diversity increasing in the Mediterranean Sea? CORRIGENDUM." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 6 (September 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000806.

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24

Ferentinos, George, and Nick Kastanos. "Water circulation patterns in the Otranto Straits, eastern Mediterranean." Continental Shelf Research 8, no. 9 (September 1988): 1025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(88)90037-4.

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25

Kastanos, Nikos, and George Ferentinos. "Mesoscale current variability in the Otranto Straits, Adriatic Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C5 (1991): 8741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89jc03262.

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26

Nichols, Gary. "The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I (review)." Journal of Military History 69, no. 2 (2005): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0118.

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27

Hamilton, C. I. "Book Review: The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I." International Journal of Maritime History 17, no. 1 (June 2005): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140501700191.

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28

Vego, Milan. "Paul G. Halpern The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in WWI. Twentieth-Century Battles. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. Pp. 187, illus., maps." Austrian History Yearbook 37 (January 2006): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780001701x.

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29

Ursella, Laura, Vedrana Kovačević, and Miroslav Gačić. "Footprints of mesoscale eddy passages in the Strait of Otranto (Adriatic Sea)." Journal of Geophysical Research 116, no. C4 (April 8, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006633.

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30

Cardin, Vanessa, Achim Wirth, Maziar Khosravi, and Miroslav Gačić. "South Adriatic Recipes: Estimating the Vertical Mixing in the Deep Pit." Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (November 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.565982.

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The available historical oxygen data show that the deepest part of the South Adriatic Pit remains well-ventilated despite the winter convection reaching only the upper 700 m depth. Here, we show that the evolution of the vertical temperature structure in the deep South Adriatic Pit (dSAP) below the Otranto Strait sill depth (780 m) is described well by continuous diffusion, a continuous forcing by heat fluxes at the upper boundary (Otranto Strait sill depth) and an intermittent forcing by rare (several per decade) deep convective and gravity-current events. The analysis is based on two types of data: (i) 13-year observational data time series (2006–2019) at 750, 900, 1,000, and 1,200 m depths of the temperature from the E2M3A Observatory and (ii) 55 vertical profiles (1985–2019) in the dSAP. The analytical solution of the gravest mode of the heat equation compares well to the temperature profiles, and the numerical integration of the resulting forced heat equation compares favorably to the temporal evolution of the time-series data. The vertical mixing coefficient is obtained with three independent methods. The first is based on a best fit of the long-term evolution by the numerical diffusion-injection model to the 13-year temperature time series in the dSAP. The second is obtained by short-time (daily) turbulent fluctuations and a Prandtl mixing length approximation. The third is based on the zero and first modes of an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the time series between 2014 and 2019. All three methods are compared, and a diffusivity of approximately κ = 5 · 10−4m2s−1 is obtained. The eigenmodes of the homogeneous heat equation subject to the present boundary conditions are sine functions. It is shown that the gravest mode typically explains 99.5% of the vertical temperature variability (the first three modes typically explain 99.85%) of the vertical temperature profiles at 1 m resolution. The longest time scale of the dissipative dynamics in the dSAP, associated with the gravest mode, is found to be approximately 5 years. The first mode of the EOF analysis (85%) represents constant heating over the entire depth, and the zero mode is close to the parabolic profile predicted by the heat equation for such forcing. It is shown that the temperature structure is governed by continuous warming at the sill depth and deep convection and gravity current events play less important roles. The simple model presented here allows evaluation of the response of the temperature in the dSAP to different forcings derived from climate change scenarios, as well as feedback on the dynamics in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Sea.

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