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1
Kimber, Nicholas E., and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Skeletal muscle fat metabolism during post-exercise recovery in humans." Deakin University. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050826.115311.
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Recovery after prolonged or high-intensity exercise is characterised by a substantial increase in adipose tissue lipolysis, resulting in elevated rates of plasma-derived fat oxidation. Despite the large increase in circulating fatty acids (FAs) after exercise, only a small fraction of this is taken up by exercised muscle in the lower extremities. Indeed, the predominant fate of non-oxidised FAs derived from post-exercise lipolysis is reesteriflcation hi the liver. During recovery from endurance exercise, a number of changes also occur hi skeletal muscle that allow for a high metabolic priority towards glycogen resynthesis. Reducing muscle glycogen during exercise potentiates these effects, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating substrate oxidation following exercise remain poorly defined. The broad arm of this thesis was to examine the regulation of fat metabolism during recovery from glycogen-lowering exercise hi the presence of altered fat and glucose availability. In study I, eight endurance-trained males completed a bout of exhaustive exercise followed by ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO)-rich meals (64-70% of energy from CHO) at 1, 4, and 7 h of recovery. Duplicate muscle biopsies were obtained at exhaustion and 3, 6 and 18 h of recovery. Despite the large intake of CHO during recovery (491 ± 28 g or 6.8 + 0.3 g kg-1), respiratory exchange ratio values of 0.77 to 0.84 indicated a greater reliance on fat as an oxidative fuel. Intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) content remained unchanged in the presence of elevated glucose and insulin levels during recovery , suggesting IMTG has a negligible role in contributing to the enhanced fat oxidation after exhaustive exercise. It appears that the partitioning of exogenous glucose towards glycogen resynthesis is of high metabolic priority during immediate post-exercise recovery, supported by the trend towards reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and increased fat oxidation. The effect of altering plasma FA availability during post-exercise recovery was examined in study II. Eight endurance-trained males performed three trials consisting of glycogen-lowering exercise, followed by infusion of either saline (CON), saline + nicotinic acid (NA) (LFA) or Intralipid and heparin (HFA). Muscle biopsies were obtained at the end of exercise (0 h) and at 3 and 6 h in recovery. Altering the availability of plasma FAs during recovery induced changes in whole-body fat oxidation that were unrelated to differences in skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA. Furthermore, fat oxidation and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation appear to be dissociated after exercise, suggesting mechanisms other than phosphorylation-mediated changes in ACC activity have an important role in regulating malonyl-CoA and fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle after exercise. Alternative mechanisms include citrate and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA mediated changes in ACC activity, or differences in malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) activity. Reducing plasma FA concentrations with NA attenuated the post-exercise increase in MCD and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene expression, suggesting that FAs and/or other factors induced by NA are involved hi the regulation of these genes. Despite marked changes hi plasma FA availability, no significant changes in IMTG concentration were detected, providing further evidence that plasma-derived FAs are the preferential fuel source contributing to the enhanced fat oxidation post-exercise during recovery. To further examine the effect of substrate availability after exercise, Study III investigated the regulation of fat metabolism during a 6 h recovery period with or without glucose infusion. Enhanced glucose availability significantly increased CHO oxidation compared with the fasted state, although no differences in whole-body fat oxidation were apparent. Consistent with the similar rates of fat metabolism, no difference hi AMPK or ACCβ phosphorylation were observed between trials. In addition, no significant treatment or time effects for IMTG concentration were detected during recovery. The large exercise-induced PDK4 gene expression was attenuated when plasma FAs were reduced during glucose infusion, supporting the hypothesis that PDK4 is responsive to sustained changes in lipid availability and/or changes in plasma insulin. Furthermore, the possibility exists that the suppression of PDK4 mRNA also reduced PDK activity and thus maintained PDH activity to account for the higher rates of CHO oxidation observed during glucose infusion compared with the control trial.
2
Wadley, Glenn, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Regulation of insulin signalling by exercise in skeletal muscle." Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050826.111050.
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Regular physical activity improves insulin action and is an effective therapy for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known of the mechanisms by which exercise improves insulin action in muscle. These studies investigate the actions of a single bout of exercise and short-term endurance training on insulin signalling. Twenty-four hours following the completion of a single bout of endurance exercise insulin action improved, although greater enhancement of insulin action was demonstrated following the completion of endurance training, implying that cumulative bouts of exercise substantially increase insulin action above that seen from the residual effects of an acute bout of prior exercise. No alteration in the abundance and phosphorylation of proximal members of the insulin-signalling cascade in skeletal muscle, including the insulin receptor and IRS-1 were found. A major finding however, was the significant increase in the serine phosphorylation of a known downstream signalling protein, Akt (1.5 fold, p ≤0.05) following an acute bout of exercise and exercise training. This was matched by the observed increase in protein abundance of SHPTP2 (1.6 fold, p ≤0.05) a protein tyrosine phosphatase, in the cytosolic fraction of skeletal muscle following endurance exercise. These data suggest a small positive role for SHPTP2 on insulin stimulated glucose transport consistent with transgenic mice models. Further studies were aimed at examining the gene expression following a single bout of either resistance or endurance exercise. There were significant transient increases in IRS-2 mRNA concentration in the few hours following a single bout of both endurance and resistance exercise. IRS-2 protein abundance was also observed to significantly increase 24-hours following a single bout of endurance exercise indicating transcriptional regulation of IRS-2 following muscular contraction. One final component of this PhD project was to examine a second novel insulin-signalling pathway via c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation that has recently been shown to be essential for insulin stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. No evidence was found for the tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Cbl in the skeletal muscle of Zucker rats despite demonstrating significant phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt by insulin treatment and successfully immunoprecipitating c-Cbl protein. Surprisingly, there was a small but significant increase in c-Cbl protein expression following insulin-stimulation, however c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation does not appear to be associated with insulin or exercise-mediated glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
3
Askling, Carl. "Hamstring muscle strain." Doctoral thesis, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Laboratory for Biomechanics and Motor Control, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-425.
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Background: Acute hamstring strains are common injuries in different sports. They are often serious, causing long rehabilitation times and a proneness for re-injury. Preliminary observations indicate that the injuries can be of at least two types, one occurring during high-speed running and the other during motions where the hamstring muscles reach extreme lengths.
Aims: To investigate the possible existence of different types of acute hamstring strains in two specific athletic groups, namely sprinters and dancers, as well as the generality of these findings in other sports.
Methods: In the first project, 18 sprinters and 15 dancers with acute first time hamstring strains were prospectively included. All subjects were examined, clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on 4 occasions after injury: at day 2-4, 10, 21 and 42. The follow-up period was 2 years. In the second project, 30 subjects from 21 different sports were prospectively included. All subjects were examined clinically and with MRI. The follow-up period lasted until the subjects returned to sport or finished their sport activity due to the injury.
Results: All sprinters sustained their injuries during competitive high-speed running. In contrast, all dancers encountered their injuries during slow-speed stretching type of exercises. The initial loss of strength and flexibility was significantly greater in sprinters than in dancers. At 42 days after injury, both groups could perform more than 90% of the test values of the uninjured leg. All the sprinters’ injuries were primarily located in biceps femoris long head, whereas the dancers’ injuries were mainly (87%) involving the proximal free tendon of semimembranosus. For the sprinters, involvement of the proximal free tendon, as estimated by MRI, and proximity to the ischial tuberosity, as estimated both by palpation and MRI, were associated with significantly longer time to return to pre-injury level. In the dancers, there were no significant correlations between clinical or MRI parameters and time to return to per-injury level. The time to pre-injury level was significantly longer (median 50 weeks, range 30-76) for the dancers compared to the sprinters (16, 6-50). In the second project, all injuries occurred during movements reaching a position with combined extensive hip flexion and knee extension. They were all located close to the ischial tuberosity and 83% involved the proximal free tendon of semimembranosus. Fourteen subjects (47%) decided to end their sport activity and for the remaining 16 subjects the median time back to sport was 31 (range 9-104) weeks. There were no significant correlations between clinical and MRI parameters and time to return to sport.
Conclusions: There seems to be a link between the injury situation and the two types of acute hamstring strain in sprinters and dancers with respect to clinical findings, injury location, muscles and tissues involved, and time to return to pre-injury level. Proximity of the injury to the ischial tuberosity, as estimated both by palpation and MRI, is associated with longer recovery time. Also in other sports, an injury situation where the hamstrings reach extensive lengths caused a specific injury to the proximal posterior thigh similar to that described in dancers. Due to the prolonged recovery time associated with this type of injury, correct diagnosis based on history, clinical and MRI investigation, and adequate information to the athletes are essential.
För att beställa tryckta exemplar av avhandlingen kontakta Carl Askling, carl.askling@gih.se
4
Zhou, Hehe. "A novel method to measure finite strain fields in human skeletal muscles with cine phase contrast MRI in vivo, non-invasively and dynamically." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 207 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1172112541&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Maenhout, Mascha. "Strain fields within contracting skeletal muscle." Eindhoven : Maastricht : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2002. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7018.
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Clark, Craig B. "Strain and strain rate regulation of skeletal muscle in vitro /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9970679.
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Mills, Lucy. "Skeletal muscle characteristics of commercial and traditional strains of turkey. Skeletal muscle characteristics of commercial and traditional strains of turkey." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.757904.
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McKnight, Nathan L. "Strain and strain rate mechanotransduction in human vascular smooth muscle cells /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3076345.
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Brown, Susan Carol. "Muscle development in large and small strains of mice." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522179.
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Hnot, Melanie L. "Muscle activation and strain in the guinea pig hindlimb /." Connect to online version, 2006. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2006/139.pdf.
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Siththanandan, Verl Balasingham. "Strain dependency of actomyosin kinetics in isometric muscle fibres." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424445.
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Yelizarov, Nikolay. "The effect of electrical intramuscular stimulation on sub acute and chronic hamstring muscle strain injuries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/202.
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Muscle strain injuries affect a wide range of physically active people around the world and are reaching epidemic proportions. Despite the variety of treatment options available in rehabilitation, there are no clear guidelines for electrical stimulation that provide effective reproducible results that address the underlying cause of these injuries. For instance, electrotherapy is inefficient at stimulating muscles, because of imprecise parameters and an ability to target particular muscles. The difference between this study and previous research is the precise delivery of electrical stimulation (intramuscular) at two different frequencies (2 Hz and 50 Hz) and comparing it a control group.
Objective: To determine the difference on muscle strength and functional status between three treatments modalities for sub acute and chronic hamstring strains.
Design: A randomized experimental design was used to compare the effects of low (2 Hz), high (50 Hz) and no-electrical (control) intramuscular stimulation on muscle strength and mental and functional status (AMSMC HEALTH STATUS INDEX). Each group consisted of 18 subjects.
Main Outcome: The difference in treatment modalities was evaluated by comparing the muscle strength test (Biodex Dynamometer) results and the AMSMC HEALTH STATUS INDEX results in pretest and post-test conditions.
Results: The AMSMC HEALTH STATUS INDEX, but not muscle strength test (Biodex), changed significantly after 2-Hz electrical intramuscular stimulation (pre-test µ = 66.56, Std= 11.92, post-test µ= 92.89, Std= 6.25), whereas no statistically significant changes in health status index and muscle strength test occurred with 50-Hz (pre-test = 69.22, Std= 11.31, post-test µ= 70.22, Std= 12.27)) and no-electrical stimulation groups (pre-test µ= 69.11, post-test µ= 73.39, Std= 13.18).
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Evangelidis, Pavlos. "Hamstrings muscle anatomy and function, and implications for strain injury." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18033.
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The main aim of this thesis was to examine hamstrings anatomy and its influence on knee flexor muscle function in healthy young men. A secondary aim was to better understand the implications of hamstrings anatomy and function, and their variability, in relation to the risk of strain injury. The functional and conventional H:Q ratios (examined up to high angular velocities) as well as the knee joint angle-specific isometric H:Q ratio exhibited good test-retest reliability at joint positions that closely replicated the conditions of high injury risk. Football players did not exhibit any differences in angle-specific or peak torque H:Q ratios compared to recreationally active controls. Knee extensor and flexor strength, relative to body mass, of footballers and controls was similar for all velocities, except concentric knee flexor strength at 400° s-1 (footballers +40%; P < 0.01). Muscle volume explained 30-71% and 38-58% of the differences between individuals in knee extensors and flexors torque respectively across a range of velocities. A moderate correlation was also found between the volume of these antagonistic muscle groups (R2= 0.41). The relative volume of the knee extensors and flexors explained ~20% of the variance in the isometric H:Q ratio and ~31% in the high velocity functional H:Q ratio. Biceps femoris long head exhibited a balanced myosin heavy chain isoform distribution (47.1% type I and 52.9 % total type II) in young healthy men, while BFlh muscle composition was not related to any measure of knee flexor maximal or explosive strength. Biceps femoris long head proximal aponeurosis area varied considerably between participants (>4-fold) and was not related to biceps femoris long head maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (r= 0.04, P= 0.83). Consequently, the aponeurosis:muscle area ratio exhibited 6-fold variability (range, 0.53 to 3.09; CV= 32.5%). Aponeurosis size was not related to isometric or eccentric knee flexion strength. The findings of this thesis suggest that the main anatomical factor that contributes to knee flexors function in vivo is hamstrings muscle size, while muscle composition and aponeurosis size do not seem to have a significant influence. The high inter-individual variability of the biceps femoris long head proximal aponeurosis size suggests that a disproportionately small aponeurosis may be a risk factor for strain injury. In contrast, biceps femoris long head muscle composition does not seem to explain the high incidence of strain injuries in this muscle. Quadriceps and hamstrings muscle size imbalances contribute to functional imbalances that may predispose to strain injury and correction of any size imbalance may be a useful injury prevention tool. Finally, regular exposure to football training and match-play does not seem to influence the balance of muscle strength around the knee joint.
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Cheng, George Chen-hsi. "Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell function by mechanical strain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39992.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-192).
by George Chen-hsi Cheng.
Ph.D.
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Vyvial, Brent Aron. "Characterizing strain in the proximal rat tibia during electrical muscle stimulation." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5760.
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Hindlimb unloading is a widely used model for studying the effects of
microgravity on a skeleton. Hindlimb unloading produces a marked loss in bone due to
increased osteoclast activity. Electrical muscle stimulation is being investigated as a
simulated resistive exercise countermeasure to attenuate this bone loss. I sought to
determine the relationship between strain measured at the antero-medial aspect of the
proximal diaphysis of tibia and plantar-flexor torque measured at the ankle during
electrical muscle stimulation as an exercise countermeasure for hindlimb unloading in
rats. A mathematical relationship between strain and torque was established for the
exercise during a 28 day period of hindlimb unloading. The strain generated during the
exercise protocol is sufficient to attenuate bone loss caused by hindlimb unloading.
Twelve six-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with uni-axial strain gages
in vivo on the antero-medial aspect of the proximal diaphysis of the left tibia. Strain and
torque were measured during electrical muscle stimulation for three time points during
hindlimb unloading (Day 0 (n=3), Day 7 (n=3), Day 21 (n=3)). Peak strain decreased
from 1,100 strain at the beginning of the study to 660 strain after 21 days of hindlimb
unloading and muscle stimulation. The peak strain rate measured during muscle
stimulation was 10,350 strain/second at the beginning and decreased to 6,670 strain/second after 21 days. The changes in strain are not significant, but the
underlying trend in strain values may indicate an increase in bone formation due to the
electrical muscle stimulation countermeasure. A mathematical model that relates
measured strain to peak eccentric torque during muscle stimulation was created to facilitate estimation of strain for future studies of electrical muscle stimulation during
hindlimb unloading.
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Pasternyk, Stephanie Marika 1983. "Effect of extracellular matrix and mechanical strain on airway smooth muscle." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111560.
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Airway remodeling in asthma includes alterations in extracellular matrix and airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. For this study, ASM cells were obtained from rats that were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline (SAL) as control. OVA and SAL cells were seeded on plastic control (PC) or on plates coated with decorin or biglycan. OVA cell number was significantly increased versus SAL cells, for cells seeded on PC (48 h). A significant decrease in cell number was observed for both OVA and SAL cells seeded on decorin compared to PC cells (48 h). OVA cells, however, showed a more modest reduction in cell number. Furthermore, biglycan decreased SAL cell number only. Compared to no strain (NS), mechanical strain (S) reduced cell number for OVA and SAL cells on all matrices. In addition, S up-regulated expression of beta 1-integrin relative to NS controls. Results suggest an ability of ASM cells to be modulated by matrix and mechanical stimulation.
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Quintero, Kevin E. "Modeling Adjustable Passive Stiffness in Detrusor Smooth Muscle." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd_retro/130.
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Passive detrusor smooth muscle exhibits both viscoelastic softening and strain softening. Strain softening is a loss of stiffness following a stretch to a longer length and is reversible upon muscle activation. Because of this behavior, steady state passive force in detrusor is not constant for a given muscle length and can be adjusted by an intracellular mechanism. Thus, passive detrusor exhibits adjustable passive stiffness. Existing three-component mechanical models for muscle, the Kelvin and Voigt, are insufficient to display this characteristic. The goal of this thesis is to develop a new biomechanical model for passive force in detrusor by adding additional elements to the Kelvin or Voigt models. Eight mechanical characteristics of detrusor are identified from the literature and with three new experiments, and a novel adjustable passive stiffness model for smooth muscle is proposed. Simulations are performed to demonstrate that the model qualitatively exhibits each of the eight tissue characteristics.
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Martin-Fernandez, Maria Luisa. "The molecular structure and function of straited frog muscle : X-ray diffraction studies with synchrotron radiation." Thesis, Keele University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317678.
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Schad, Joseph, Kate Meltzer, Michael Hicks, David Beutler, Thanh Cao, and Paul Standley. "Cyclic strain upregulates VEGF and attenuates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells." BioMed Central, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610259.
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OBJECTIVE:Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy and proliferation occur in response to strain-induced local and systemic inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which may contribute to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. We hypothesize VSMC strain, modeling normotensive arterial pressure waveforms in vitro, results in attenuated proliferative and increased hypertrophic responses 48 hrs post-strain.METHODS:Using Flexcell Bioflex Systems we determined the morphological, hyperplastic and hypertrophic responses of non-strained and biomechanically strained cultured rat A7R5 VSMC. We measured secretion of nitric oxide, key cytokine/growth factors and intracellular mediators involved in VSMC proliferation via fluorescence spectroscopy and protein microarrays. We also investigated the potential roles of VEGF on VSMC strain-induced proliferation.RESULTS:Protein microarrays revealed significant increases in VEGF secretion in response to 18 hours mechanical strain, a result that ELISA data corroborated. Apoptosis-inducing nitric oxide (NO) levels also increased 43% 48 hrs post-strain. Non-strained cells incubated with exogenous VEGF did not reproduce the antimitogenic effect. However, anti-VEGF reversed the antimitogenic effect of mechanical strain. Antibody microarrays of strained VSMC lysates revealed MEK1, MEK2, phospo-MEK1T385, T291, T298, phospho-Erk1/2T202+Y204/T185+T187, and PKC isoforms expression were universally increased, suggesting a proliferative/inflammatory signaling state. Conversely, VSMC strain decreased expression levels of Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6 by 25-50% suggesting a partially inhibited proliferative signaling cascade.CONCLUSIONS:Subjecting VSMC to cyclic biomechanical strain in vitro promotes cell hypertrophy while attenuating cellular proliferation. We also report an upregulation of MEK and ERK activation suggestive of a proliferative phenotype. Hhowever, the proliferative response appears to be aborogated by enhanced antimitogenic cytokine VEGF, NO secretion and downregulation of Cdk expression. Although exogenous VEGF alone is not sufficient to promote the quiescent VSMC phenotype, we provide evidence suggesting that strain is a necessary component to induce VSMC response to the antimitogenic effects of VEGF. Taken together these data indicate that VEGF plays a critical role in mechanical strain-induced VSMC proliferation and vessel wall remodeling. Whether VEGF and/or NO inhibit signaling distal to Erk 1/2 is currently under investigation.
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Lindberg, Frida. "Ultrasonic Quantification of Skeletal Muscle Dynamics : Feasibility and Limitations." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medicinsk teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122233.
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Pain and disorders of the human skeletal muscles are one of the most common reasons for medical consultations in the western countries today and there is a great need to improve both the understanding and treatment of several different muscular conditions. Techniques describing the muscle function in vivo are often limited by either their invasiveness or lack of spatial resolution. Electromyography (EMG) is the most common approach to assess the skeletal muscle function in vivo, providing information on the neurological input. However, the spatial resolution is in general limited and there are difficulties reaching deep musculature without using invasive needles. Moreover, it does not provide any information about muscle structure or mechanical aspects. Quantitative ultrasound techniques have gained interest in the area of skeletal muscles and enables non-invasive and in-vivo insight to the intramuscular activity, through the mechanical response of the activation. However, these techniques are developed and evaluated for cardiovascular applications and there are important considerations to be made when applying these methods in the musculoskeletal field. This thesis is based on the work from four papers with the main focus to investigate and describe some of these considerations in combination with the development of processing and analyzing methods that can be used to describe the physiological characteristics of active muscle tissue. In the first paper the accuracy of the Doppler based technique Tissue Velocity Imaging (TVI) was evaluated in a phantom study for very low tissue velocities and the effect of the pulse repetition frequency was considered. The second paper presents a biomechanical model to describe the TVI strain’s dependency on the muscle fiber pennation angle. In the third and fourth papers the intramuscular activity pattern was assessed through the regional tissue deformation by motion mode (M-mode) strain imaging. The activity patterns were analyzed during force regulation and for the effects of fatigue. The work of this thesis show promising results for the application of these methods on skeletal muscles and indicate high clinical potential where quantitative ultrasound may be a valuable tool to reach a more multifaceted and comprehensive insight in the musculoskeletal function. However, the methodological considerations are highly important for the optimized application and further evaluation and development of analyzing strategies are needed.QC 20130516
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Cavers, Andrew. "Mechanical strain bioreactor design and assessment for culture of human airway smooth muscle." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59236.
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Bioreactors capable of subjecting cells and tissues to time-varying mechanical strain are one aspect of simulating in vivo conditions. A bioreactor to impart arbitrary strain waveforms on cells or tissue scaffolds for loading conditions found in the airway was designed and developed and, in the process, it was determined that there are sources of experimental error which could invalidate bioreactor experiments if not properly mitigated. Without effective design and validation, bioreactors can impart significantly different stimuli than the assumed experimental conditions. Cyclic strain is thought to play a role in airway remodeling by mediating cytoskeletal contraction of the airway smooth muscle. In vitro experiments have demonstrated varying changes to the cytoskeleton depending on experimental conditions. Based on literature review, the strain waveform, magnitude, mechanical properties of the substrate, and anisotropy of the strain stimulus may all affect airway smooth muscle (ASM) differentiation. A bioreactor capable of imparting a broad range of strain stimulus was developed using stepper motors as actuators to allow open-loop control. Any changes in the cells subjected to cyclic strain in these bioreactors would be assumed to correlate with cyclic strain, but a poorly designed bioreactor could introduce confounding experimental stimuli which could easily invalidate the experiment. Heat generated by the actuators can overheat the cell cultures. Vibration might alter the cytoskeletal response. Strain response across the substrate can drastically vary from modeling predictions depending on the loading conditions and how the substrate has been constrained. Methods of mitigating heat generation and transfer were developed. The vibrations emitted by the two stepper motor options were evaluated. A method of mapping the substrate was developed such that nonplanar strains across the substrate surface could be characterized to validate the experimental conditions prior to testing. Finally, ASM cells were subjected to cyclic and static strain on PDMS substrates and cell realignment evaluated. Cells were noted to realign in the cyclic strain tests, as has been reported in several earlier publications, but also realigned under static strain conditions. The bioreactor design objectives were met.Applied Science, Faculty of
Graduate
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Julien, Mathéau A. "Mechanical Strain-Mediated Syndecan Regulation and Its Effects on Adhesion of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7007.
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An injured vascular system has a substantial impact on an individuals overall health, and an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie blood vessel pathophysiology is required for the development of rational and effective treatment strategies. The phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) during vascular injury, characterized by altered adhesion, migration and synthetic behavior, plays an important role in the eventual outcome. Specifically, the ability of SMCs to adhere to and remodel their extracellular environment via regulation of the syndecan class of cell adhesion molecules dictates the response of the vascular wall to local injury. The effect of in vitro syndecan-4 regulation on SMC adhesion was investigated through the use of a glass microsphere centrifugation assay, and an antisense-mediated reduction in gene expression was found to correlate with decreased adhesive strength. Regulation of syndecan-1, syndecan-2, and syndecan-4 gene expression was observed experimentally by mechanical strain of SMCs. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the kinetics of both static and cyclic mechanical strain were found to modify the gene expression in a time and strain magnitude-dependent manner unique to each syndecan. In particular, the responses of syndecan-4 were acute, but transient, while the evolution of syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 regulation was delayed by comparison. Mechanical strain also modulated syndecan-4 protein expression and ectodomain shedding, as measured by Western immunoblotting, and this effect was found, through selective inhibition, to be at least in part dependent on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling. In particular, intact extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase / stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) signaling pathways were found to be required for the observed strain-induced shedding. These findings offer a better understanding of syndecan function in response to mechanical strain and suggest potential new mechanisms by which physical forces may modulate vascular SMC behavior and regulation during normal physiology, pathologic conditions, and engineered arterial substitute development.
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Stephens, John-Paul. "An analysis of muscle fatigue due to complex tasks and its relation to the strain index." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1804.
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Xia, Ruiping. "Electromyographic patterns of hand muscles during rhythmic finger movements and handwriting." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/b4f7348f-7dec-4be8-b461-ed7242c178c4.
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Geronilla, Kenneth B. "The quantification of oscillatory force parameters that affect eccentric contraction induced injury in an in vivo rodent." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1851.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 65 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62).
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Carroll, Andrew Mark. "Exploration of the genetic architecture of soleus muscle fibre properties in the LG/J and SM/J mouse strains." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=206601.
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Skeletal muscles are involved in numerous processes including postural maintenance, locomotion, ventilation of lungs and protection of the bones and viscera. Muscle also plays important roles in chronic diseases including sarcopenia, cachexia, insulin resistance and diabetes. The major component of muscle is the constituent muscle fibres. Muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), fibre number, and proportion of fibre types are important determinants of muscle function, overall metabolism and the quality and quantity of meat in livestock. Genetic variation plays a substantial role in the variation observed in fibre traits. The underlying pathways and genes remain poorly understood; therefore a greater understanding can potentially lead to treatments of disease. The aim of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms which underlie variation in the number, CSA and type of muscle fibres. Linkage analysis of soleus fibre properties was performed in an F2 intercross, and refined in the F34 intercross of two strains selected for high and low bodyweight, LG/J and SM/J respectively. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were then integrated with LG/J and SM/J muscle transcriptome data to identify candidate genes. Genome-wide association analysis identified 6 QTL affecting properties of muscle fibres. Transcriptome analysis indicated a number of differentially expressed candidate genes within the QTL; Ppp1r16b, Gm826, Chd6, Alad, Akap2, E130308A19Rik, Gm9174 and Hdhd3. Functional testing of a mouse Chd6 knockout 5 model confirmed no involvement in fibre properties and has therefore been discounted from the candidate genes. The genetic mechanisms accounting for the differing fibre properties in the LG/J and SM/J strains have been elucidated in greater detail. Integration of QTL mapping and transcriptome data led to a manageable number of candidate genes which could underlie the effects of the QTL via differential expression or coding sequence differences. Available knockout models will facilitate validation of the candidate genes.
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Kimber, Philip. "Mechanical strain-induced regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production by human vascular smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29387.
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The present thesis investigates the effect of cyclical mechanical strain on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); a potent cytokine produced by human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The initial investigations observed the expression of VEGF mRNA and peptide over time and then the effect of increasing the magnitude of strain applied to the cells.;The second area of study was to identify the effect of strain on a candidate intracellular signalling pathway, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The experiments observed the effect of strain on the level of phosphorylated MAPK within the cells and the actual activity of MAPK isolated from cultured human VSMC. The effect of a MAPK pathway inhibitor (PD98059) on the phosphorylated peptide activity was also analysed.;The data submitted in this thesis demonstrates that the expression of VEGF mRNA and peptide are increased in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to cyclical mechanical strain and that the level of phosphorylated MAPK increases likewise. Furthermore, the addition of a MAPK inhibitor not only reduces the level of MAPK activation, but also the expression of VEGF. Taken together, these data identify a potential mechanism whereby strain can directly effect vascular permeability by regulating the expression of VEGF peptide through the MAP kinase cascade.
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Jeffery, Jay Melvin. "Quantifying the strain response in the rat tibia during simulated resistance training used as a disuse countermeasure." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2087.
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Dominguez, Zachary. "Development of a novel organ culture system allowing independent control of local mechanical variables and its implementation in studying the effects of axial stress on arterial remodeling." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26531.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Vito, Raymond; Committee Member: Gleason, Rudolph; Committee Member: Rachev, Alexander. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Lawson, Andrew James. "Imaging displacement and strain in the medial gastrocnemius muscle during ankle-joint motion using 2D-ciné DENSE MRI." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11758.
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Skeletal muscle structure has been defined on both macro and microscopic levels by gross dissection, light- and electron-microscopy. The basic physiological building blocks involve the electromechanical coupling between interlinking actin and myosin fibres. Detailed intramuscular behaviour during contraction can be clearly defined when examining a single isolated muscle. However, there are few areas in the human body where single muscles act independently to affect motion. This thesis attempts to address the compounded effect that muscles have on each other, while working synergistically in a group, such as the calf muscle.
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Aiello, Brett R. "Correlation of bone strain and muscle function in the hindlimb of the river cooter turtle (Pseudemys concinna)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1341252864.
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Wilfinger, Anke. "Nicht-invasive Bestimmung der Gewebetemperatur der Arbeitsmuskulatur und des Gehirns bei körperlicher Belastung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17655.
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Hyperthermische Behandlungsverfahren im Bereich der Tumortherapie oder sportmedizinische Fragestellungen zum Einfluss verschiedener Belastungen auf verschiedene Gewebe v.a. die Frage einer möglichen belastungsinduzierten Hyperthermie mit möglicher gesundheitlicher Schädigung usw. verlangen nach einem praktikablen Messverfahren zur Überwachung von Gewebetemperaturen während körperlicher Belastung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluss körperlicher Belastung bei moderaten Temperaturbedingungen um 21°C auf die Temperaturveränderung zum einen in der Muskulatur, zum anderen im Gehirn untersucht. Es wird eine praktikable Methodik zur Untersuchung von Gewebetemperaturen am Beispiel Muskulatur und Gehirn während bzw. unmittelbar nach körperlicher Belastung mittels Magnetspektroskopie beschrieben. Zur Bestimmung der Gewebetemperatur im M. gastrocnemius während aerober Belastung bei 30 % MVC und anaerober Belastung unter Ischämie bei 60 % MVC wurden an 21 gesunden männlichen Probanden 31P- spektroskopische Untersuchungen Form eines Tretversuches im MRT durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung der belastungsinduzierten Temperaturentwicklung im Gehirn wurde die 1H-Magnetresonanzspektroskopie (MRS) genutzt. 14 gesunde männliche Probanden wurden während 150 min ohne Flüssigkeitsersatz bei 60 % ihrer individuellen anaeroben Leistungsschwelle auf einem Fahrradergometer belastet. Die Aufzeichnung der Spektren erfolgte zu drei Zeitpunkten prä, post und 3 h post Belastung in drei verschiedenen Voice of Interest (VOI''s) mit einer Grösse von 2 x 2 x 2 cm³= 8ml in der weißen Substanz parietal rechts, in der weißen Substanz parietal links und in der grauen Substanz okzipitoparietal.Method of treatment using hyperthermia in tumor therapy or questions in sports medicine related to the influence of intensive sport activities on different tissue, especially the question of health effects or threat because of the possibility of load induced hyperthermia, need practicable method to measure brain temperature during physical activity. The influence of physical strain on temperature change in differerent tissue, in brain and in muscle, at moderate temperature about 21° C examinated in the present paper. A viable method using MRS for measuring tissue temperature in muscle and brain during physical aktivity resp. directly after load is described. For examination of the influence of different physical load on the local tissue temperature in musculature 31P-MRS was applied. 21 healthy male test person have been examinated using 31P-MRS during aerobic load with 30 % MVC and anaerobic load under ischemia with 60 % MVC . The load, a especially desingned kick experiment, occured directly in the magnetic resonance tomographic unit. 1H-MRS was used for examination of load induced temperature change in brain. 14 healthy male test person were loaded on cycle-ergometer during 150-min without liquid substitute with 60 % individual anaerobic threshold. MR-spectra observed in three different Voice of Interest (VOI''s) sized 2 x 2 x 2 cm³: grey substance occipitoparietal, white substance partietal on the right and white substance parietal on the left.
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Gao, Helen Guoyi Li. "INCREASED FIBROGENIC PROTEINS FOLLOWING PERSISTENT LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IN A RAT MODEL OF LONG-TERM OVERUSE." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/238810.
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Biomedical SciencesM.S.
We examined the relationship between grip strength declines and muscle-tendon responses induced by long-term performance of a high-repetition, low-force (HRLF) reaching task in rats. We hypothesized that grip strength declines would correlate with inflammation, fibrosis and degradation in flexor digitorum muscles and tendons. Grip strength declined after training, and further in weeks 18 and 24, in reach limbs of HRLF rats. Flexor digitorum tissues of reach limbs showed low-grade increases in inflammatory cytokines: IL-1beta after training and in week 18, IL-1alpha in week 18, TNF-alpha and IL-6 after training and in week 24, and IL-10 in week 24, with greater increases in tendons than muscles. Similar cytokine increases were detected in serum with HRLF: IL-1alpha and IL-10 in week 18, and TNF-alpha and IL-6 in week 24. Grip strength correlated inversely with IL-6 in muscles, tendons and serum, and TNF-alpha in muscles and serum. Four fibrogenic proteins, TGFB1, CTGF, PDGFab and PDGFbb, and hydroxyproline, a marker of collagen synthesis, increased in serum in HRLF weeks 18 or 24, concomitant with epitendon thickening, increased muscle and tendon TGFB1 and CTGF. A collagenolytic gelatinase, MMP2, increased by week 18 in serum, tendons and muscles of HRLF rats. Grip strength correlated inversely with TGFB1 in muscles, tendons and serum; with CTGF-immunoreactive fibroblasts in tendons; and with MMP2 in tendons and serum. Thus, motor declines correlated with low-grade systemic and musculotendinous inflammation throughout task performance, and increased fibrogenic and degradative proteins with prolonged task performance. Serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, TGFB1, CTGF and MMP2 may serve as serum biomarkers of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, although further studies in humans are needed.
Temple University--Theses
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Anderson, Matthew T. "The reduction/prevention of muscle and tendon sprains, strains, and overexertion injuries thru pre-work stretching and flexibility training at Polaris Industries, Inc. Osceola facility." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002andersonma.pdf.
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Roser, Alexandra. "An Analysis of Including the Evolution Law for the Serial Element in the Musculoskeletal Modelling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik och hållfasthetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172282.
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In the classic Hill model for muscle contraction, the split between the muscle and tendon is arbitrary and the problem lacks a unique solution. Instead of reformulating the problem to a differential-algebraic equation and solving for a set of initial conditions, a constant tendon length is commonly assumed in musculoskeletal simulation tools. This assumption has not been thoroughly tested and introduces errors of unknown magnitude to the simulations. In this thesis, the contractile element of the Hill model is modelled as a friction clutch in parallel to a viscous damper. This provides an evolution law for the muscle length by which the muscle speed is numerically calculated taking into account a non-zero tendon speed. A simple biceps curl is simulated with the friction clutch model and compared to corresponding commercial musculoskeletal simulations. Overall, the results are similar, in particular for the muscle lengths which are almost identical in every simulation (0.00-0.42% difference). The difference in tendon speed is 0.00-3.26%, with upwards tendencies. In general, the error percentage of the tendon speed appears to decrease by the same amount that the contraction speed is reduced. Conclusively, it can be said that the introduced friction clutch model delivers comparative outcomes to a commercial musculoskeletal simulation software, while not assuming a constant tendon length. However, while presenting a relatively simple solution, an increased computation time is to be expected due to the need of a differential equation solver. Further investigation regarding implementation and computing times in more complex simulations may provide an alternative approach to conventional musculoskeletal simulations.
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Kaziūnaitė, Raminta. "Pasyvios hipertermijos poveikis moterų keturgalvio šlaunies raumens adaptacijai izometrinio krūvio metu ir kardiovaskulinei sistemai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_144936-04233.
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Temperatūra yra svarbi kūno raumenų funkcijai. Jai padidėjus greitėja raumenų susitraukimas ir atsipalaidavimas, didėja išvystomas galingumas, o per didelė raumenų temperatūra gali sumažinti fizinį darbingumą. Padidėjus kūno temperatūrai perduodami nerviniai impulsai smegenims: padidėja prakaitavimas, suaktyvėja kraujo apykaita, susilpnina raumenų veiklą, medžiagų apykaitą, ir tai sukelia nuovargį. Dideli temperatūros pokyčiai gali paveikti maksimaliąją izometrinę jėgą. Aukšta rektalinė temperatūra (daugiau kaip 40ºC) gali neigiamai paveikti centrinę nervų sistemą (CNS) ir šilumos išsiskyrimą iš organizmo. Hipertermija yra limituojantis veiksnys atliekant fizinį krūvį.
Hipotezė: Manom, kad adaptacija pasyviai hipertermijai padidins raumens atsparumą nuovargiui ir izometrinio krūvio jėgą.
Tyrimo tikslas - ištirti pasyvios hipertermijos poveikį moterų keturgalvio šlaunies raumens adaptacijai izometrinio krūvio metu ir širdies kraujotakos sistemai.
Buvo tiriamos 6 sveikos, aktyviai nesportuojančios moterys, kurių amžiaus vidurkis
21,5 ± 1,6 m. Tyrimą sudarė du etapai. Pirmajame etame tiriamieji buvo tiriami esant įparastinės raumens būsenos temperatūrai. Antrajame tyrimo etape, kuris vyko dvi savaites, kai raumuo buvo pašildytas. Buvo matuojama moterų dešinės kojos, keturgalvio šlaunies raumens izometrinė maksimali valinga jėga bei nevalinga jėga, naudojant 1, 10, d10, 20, 50 100 Hz dažnių elektrostimuliaciją. Buvo stebimi širdies kraujagyslių sistemos pokyčiai pasyvios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Temperature is important for muscle function. Muscle contraction and relaxation becomes quicker, development of power increasing as the temperature of the body raises. Immoderate temperature of the muscle, as a result, can decrease physical efficiency. Increased body temperature affects the nerve impulses, transmitted to brains, sweating level and also activates the blood circulation process. Hyperthermia is a limiting factor during the physical load on muscles. Large variations in temperature can cause changes in maximal voluntary force. High rectal temperature (higher than 40ºC) may negatively affect the central nervous system and the thermal emission of the body. Heating affects the skin and superficial layers of human body. Optimal temperature of water in which the muscle is placed during the study is about 45 ºC, because the higher temperature may cause the degradation processes of the proteins. Increased body temperature reduces the metabolism and the activity of the skeletal muscle, which causes the fatigue. Hypothesis: We think that the effect of passive hyperthermia increases the muscle resistance to the fatigue and the increase of the isometric strain. Objective of this research is to explore the effect of passive hyperthermia on women quadriceps adaptation to the isometric strain and cardiovascular system. The experimental group 6 females: age average 21.5 ± 1.6 y. The research consisted of two stages: During the first stage volunteers were tested in the basic... [to full text]
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Hübner, Doreen, Christiane Rieger, Ralf Bergmann, Martin Ullrich, Sebastian Meister, Marieta Toma, Ralf Wiedemuth, et al. "An orthotopic xenograft model for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in mice: influence of mouse strain, tumor cell count, dwell time and bladder pretreatment." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-231536.
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Background
Novel theranostic options for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are urgently needed. This requires a thorough evaluation of experimental approaches in animal models best possibly reflecting human disease before entering clinical studies. Although several bladder cancer xenograft models were used in the literature, the establishment of an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice remains challenging.
Methods
Luciferase-transduced UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells were instilled transurethrally via 24G permanent venous catheters into athymic NMRI and BALB/c nude mice as well as into SCID-beige mice. Besides the mouse strain, the pretreatment of the bladder wall (trypsin or poly-L-lysine), tumor cell count (0.5 × 106–5.0 × 106) and tumor cell dwell time in the murine bladder (30 min – 2 h) were varied. Tumors were morphologically and functionally visualized using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Results
Immunodeficiency of the mouse strains was the most important factor influencing cancer cell engraftment, whereas modifying cell count and instillation time allowed fine-tuning of the BLI signal start and duration – both representing the possible treatment period for the evaluation of new therapeutics. Best orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by transurethral instillation of 1.0 × 106 UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells into SCID-beige mice for 2 h after bladder pretreatment with poly-L-lysine. A pilot PET experiment using 68Ga-cetuximab as transurethrally administered radiotracer revealed functional expression of epidermal growth factor receptor as representative molecular characteristic of engrafted cancer cells in the bladder.
Conclusions
With the optimized protocol in SCID-beige mice an applicable and reliable model of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for the development of novel theranostic approaches was established.
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Hübner, Doreen, Christiane Rieger, Ralf Bergmann, Martin Ullrich, Sebastian Meister, Marieta Toma, Ralf Wiedemuth, et al. "An orthotopic xenograft model for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in mice: influence of mouse strain, tumor cell count, dwell time and bladder pretreatment." BioMed Central, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30688.
Full textAbstract:
Background
Novel theranostic options for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are urgently needed. This requires a thorough evaluation of experimental approaches in animal models best possibly reflecting human disease before entering clinical studies. Although several bladder cancer xenograft models were used in the literature, the establishment of an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice remains challenging.
Methods
Luciferase-transduced UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells were instilled transurethrally via 24G permanent venous catheters into athymic NMRI and BALB/c nude mice as well as into SCID-beige mice. Besides the mouse strain, the pretreatment of the bladder wall (trypsin or poly-L-lysine), tumor cell count (0.5 × 106–5.0 × 106) and tumor cell dwell time in the murine bladder (30 min – 2 h) were varied. Tumors were morphologically and functionally visualized using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Results
Immunodeficiency of the mouse strains was the most important factor influencing cancer cell engraftment, whereas modifying cell count and instillation time allowed fine-tuning of the BLI signal start and duration – both representing the possible treatment period for the evaluation of new therapeutics. Best orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by transurethral instillation of 1.0 × 106 UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells into SCID-beige mice for 2 h after bladder pretreatment with poly-L-lysine. A pilot PET experiment using 68Ga-cetuximab as transurethrally administered radiotracer revealed functional expression of epidermal growth factor receptor as representative molecular characteristic of engrafted cancer cells in the bladder.
Conclusions
With the optimized protocol in SCID-beige mice an applicable and reliable model of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for the development of novel theranostic approaches was established.
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Comellini, Gianmarco. "Lo strappo muscolare degli ischiocrurali nello sportivo. L?efficacia della fisioterapia nella prevenzione delle recidive: revisione sistematica della letteratura." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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ABSTRACT
Background: lo strappo muscolare degli ischiocrurali è un infortunio molto diffuso nel mondo dello sport. Il suo tasso di recidiva è molto alto e nella maggior parte dei casi costringe gli atleti a fermarsi per lunghi periodi. In base alla gravità della lesione possono comparire spasmi, rigidità, indolenzimento muscolare, gonfiore, dolore, menomazione di funzione.
In letteratura sono presenti diverse proposte di trattamento fisioterapico ma non è ancora chiaro quale di queste sia più efficace nel ridurre il rischio di recidiva e la durata del periodo riabilitativo.
Obiettivi: lo scopo di questa revisione sistematica della letteratura è valutare l’efficacia del trattamento dello strappo muscolare degli ischiocrurali nella riduzione del rischio in recidiva e, come outcome secondario, nella riduzione del tempo necessario per il ritorno allo sport.
Metodi di ricerca: le ricerche sono state effettuate sulle banche dati di PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library e SPORT Discus tra giugno e agosto 2019. Sono stati inclusi solo RCT che indagavano l’efficacia di programmi riabilitativi composti da esercizi di rinforzo, esercizi di allungamento ed esercizi di controllo del bacino.
Risultati: sono stati selezionati 5 RCT. Le misure di outcome prese in esame riguardano: il numero di recidive all’interno di un anno di follow-up, la durata del periodo riabilitativo e il tempo necessario per tornare all’attività sportiva.
Conclusioni: Il reclutamento della muscolatura del tronco e del bacino combinato con esercizi di allungamento e di rinforzo potrebbe portare ad una diminuzione delle recidive e della durata del periodo riabilitativo, infatti, il reclutamento del Core durante l’esecuzione degli esercizi potrebbe favorire ad un miglioramento della funzione muscolare e un miglioramento della resistenza dei muscoli agli stress fisici più intensi.
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Carvalho, Nélson Rodrigues de. "EFEITOS DA CRIO E TERMOTERAPIA CONTRA O DANO OXIDATIVO INDUZIDO POR DISTENSÃO MUSCULAR EM RATOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11192.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorSkeletal muscle injuries are among the most frequent causes of functional impairment in muscle tissue, affecting the life quality and are primarily responsible for the loss of rhythm in the case of training athletes. The skeletal muscle lesion most frequent are contusion and strain injury. Thus, developing therapies that mitigate and might accelerate the rehabilitation process of injured tissue are of great importance. For this reason, therapeutic applications of physical agents are gaining prominence, especially in sports medicine for the treatment of skeletal muscle injury, but do not have the mechanism of action fully understood. This study was performed in order to examine whether the modulation of oxidative stress could be an important factor involved in the beneficial effect of cryo and thermoterapy on strain gastrocnemius muscle injury. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to a strain injury and treated with the therapeutic agents in an isolated or combined form. Strain damages caused an increase in muscle and blood oxidative damage. We suggest that this oxidative damage is possible related to the impairment of the muscle cells structure since that we observed a significant positive correlation among the increase in plasma Creatine Kinase levels and in muscle and blood Dichlorofluorescein oxidized and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. The inflammatory response intensity seems to be also an important factor involved in the genesis of the oxidative damage in the initial moments that follows the muscle strain injury. The therapeutic cold seems to be more effective to prevent the damage induced by the strain injury possible due to its capacity to control the muscle cells structure impairment and also to modulate the inflammatory response intensity that follows a muscle strain injury.
Lesões musculares esqueléticas estão entre as causas mais frequentes de comprometimento funcional do tecido muscular, acometendo a qualidade de vida e são as principais responsáveis pela perda do ritmo de treinamento no caso de atletas. As lesões mais frequentes são as contusões e distensões musculares. Assim, o desenvolvimento de terapias que amenizem e possam acelerar o processo de reparo celular e reabilitação tecidual são de grande importância. Desta forma, aplicações terapêuticas de agentes físicos estão ganhando destaque, principalmente na medicina desportiva, no tratamento de lesões musculares esquelética, porém, não apresentam o mecanismo de ação totalmente esclarecido. Este estudo foi realizado para examinar se a modulação do estresse oxidativo poderia ser um importante fator envolvido nos efeitos benéficos da crio e da termoterapia na injuria por distensão no músculo gastrocnemius. Ratos machos Wistar adultos foram submetidos à distensão muscular e tratados com agentes terapêuticos físicos, frio e calor, de forma isolada ou combinada. A lesão por distensão causou um aumento nos marcadores de dano oxidativo, tais como a formação de espécies reativas e peroxidação lipídica no músculo e no sangue. Nós sugerimos que este dano oxidativo é possivelmente relacionado a um prejuízo da estrutura da célula muscular, assim, observamos uma significante correlação positiva entre o aumento nos níveis plasmáticos de Creatina Quinase e no músculo e sangue níveis de Diclorofluoresceina oxidada e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico. A intensidade da resposta inflamatória parece ser também um importante fator envolvido na gênese do dano oxidativo nos momentos iniciais a lesão. O frio terapêutico parece ser o mais efetivo em prevenir o dano induzido pela distensão muscular possivelmente devido a sua capacidade em modular os danos à estrutura da célula muscular e também a intensidade da resposta inflamatória que segue a injuria músculo esquelética.
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Stefanelli, Vinícius Cobos 1985. "Effects of strain-counterstrain technique in masticatory muscles of women with temporomandibular disorder = a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial = Efeitos da técnica de strain-counterstrain sobre os músculos mastigatórios em mulheres com disfunção temporomandibular : ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego placebo-controlado." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290343.
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Orientador: Célia Marisa Rizzatti BarbosaTexto em português e inglês
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A técnica de strain-counterstrain (SCS) é uma das mais utilizadas no tratamento osteopático, proporcionando grande alívio dos sintomas desencadeados por pontos gatilhos miofasciais (PGM), porém poucas são as evidências científicas sobre seus efeitos imediatos e ao longo de um tratamento para pacientes sintomáticos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos imediatos e tardios da SCS nos músculos mastigatórios de pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Para isso foram selecionadas 21 mulheres (25,52±4,11) diagnosticadas com DTM, as quais foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo tratado (n=11) que recebeu a SCS para os PGMs dos músculos temporais, masseteres, pterigóideos mediais e digástricos; e grupo placebo (n=10) que recebeu uma técnica sem efeito terapêutico para os PGMs dos mesmos músculos. As voluntárias passaram por quatro sessões de tratamento, uma vez por semana e foram avaliadas antes (Pré), imediatamente após (Pós) a primeira sessão e de 48 a 72 horas após a quarta e última sessão (Final). Como método de avaliação utilizou-se o limiar de dor a pressão (LDP), amplitude de abertura bucal (AAB) e a eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs). O LDP foi coletado nos seguintes pontos: masseter, temporais e pólo lateral da articulação temporomandibular (ATM). A coleta do sinal eletromiográfico foi realizada nos seguintes músculos: masseteres, parte anterior dos temporais e supra-hioideos. Como resultado foi possível observar aumento do LDP entre as fases Pós e Final (p<0,05), e Pré e Final (p<0,05), e aumento da AAB entre as fases Pré e Pós (p<0,05), e Pré e Final (p<0,001) para o grupo tratado. Para o grupo placebo não foram observadas diferenças significativas, assim como para os resultados da EMGs em ambos os grupos
Abstract: Strain-counterstrain (SCS) is one of the most commonly technique used in osteopathic treatment, providing great relief of symptoms unleashed by myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). However there are few scientific evidence about its about its immediate effects and over a treatment for symptomatic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SCS in masticatory muscles of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Twenty one TMD women (mean age 25.52 ± 4.11) were randomly divided in two groups: treated group (n = 11) which received the SCS for MTrPs of temporal, masseter, medial pyterigoid and digastric muscles; and placebo group (n = 10) which received a non therapeutic technique for MTrPs of the same muscles. The volunteers underwent four treatment sessions, once a week and were evaluated before (Pre), immediately after the first session (Post), and 48 to 72 hours after the fourth session (Final). Outcomes measurement were pressure pain threshold (PPT), range of mouth opening (RMO) and electromyography (EMG). The LDP was collected at points painful in these types of patients: masseter, temporal, lateral pole temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The collect of the sEMG signal was conducted in the following muscles: masseter, anterior part of the temporal and supra-hyoid. It was observed an increase of PPT between Post and Final (p <0.05) and Pre and Final (p <0.05) phases for most points assessed, an increase of RMO between Pre and Post (p <0.05), and Pre and Final (p <0.001) phases in the treated group. In placebo group no significant differences were observed as well as the results of EMG in both groups
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Huber, Adrian Thomas. "Multi-organ non-invasive tissue characterization of fibrosis, adipose tissue, edema and inflammation with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging : applications to myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver interactions Cardiac MR strain: a noninvasive biomarker of fibro-fatty remodeling of the left atrial myocardium Comparison of MR T1 and T2 mapping parameters to characterize myocardial and skeletal muscle involvement in systemic Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy (IIM) Non-invasive differentiation of acute viral myocarditis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with cardiac involvement using magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 mapping CT predicts liver fibrosis: Prospective evaluation of morphology- and attenuationbased quantitative scores in routine portal venous abdominal scans." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS135.
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Cette thèse réalise une preuve de concept pour quantifier la déformation de l’oreillette gauche (OG) en IRM, ainsi que la relaxométrie IRM dans le myocarde, dans les muscles squelettiques et dans le foie. Grâce à l’interaction entre radiologues et ingénieurs, deux logiciels différents ont été développés, appliqués et validés pour l'analyse de la déformation myocardique multi-chambre et pour la cartographie quantitative du T1 multi-organes. La première publication a montré une forte corrélation de la déformation de l’OG, avec le degré de remplacement fibro-graisseux en histologie. Ce biomarqueur d'imagerie fonctionnelle est prometteur, puisque le remodelage structurel du myocarde est un substrat morphologique connu du dysfonctionnement électro-physiologique et de la fibrillation atriale. La deuxième publication a démontré l'influence de la composition et de la vascularisation de différents tissus sur les paramètres cartographiques T1. ΔT1 (prise de contraste musculaire relative) et EHF (prise de contraste musculaire normalisée par la prise de contraste dans le sang) ont été introduits comme alternatives simples au volume extracellulaire (ECV). Dans la troisième publication, les paramètres de relaxométrie appliqués aux muscles squelettiques ont permis une discrimination entre patients avec myocardite aiguë et patients avec des myosites systémiques. La quatrième publication a introduit le T1 du foie pour quantifier l’insuffisance cardiaque chez des patients avec des cardiomyopathies idiopathiques dilatées, montrant de meilleures performances que les paramètres fonctionnels établis tels que les volumes, la fraction d'éjection ou la déformation myocardiqueThis thesis provides a proof of concept for MR atrial strain, as well as MR relaxometry in the myocardium, in skeletal muscles and in the liver. Thanks to a close interaction between radiologist and software engineers, two different softwares were developed, applied and validated: one for multiorgan T1 mapping in the myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver, another one for cardiac four-chamber strain analysis and volumetry. The first publication showed a strong correlation of LA strain with the degree of fibro-fatty replacement in histology. Such functional imaging biomarker in combination with LA volumetry could help to guide clinical decisions, since myocardial structural remodeling is a known morphologic substrate of LA dysfunction, atrial fibrillation and adverse outcome. In the second publication, MR relaxometry parameters applied to the myocardium and skeletal muscles in IIM patients and healthy volunteers were used as a model to demonstrate influences of different tissue composition and vascularization on T1 mapping parameters. ΔT1 and EHF were introduced as simple alternatives to ECV in highly vascularized tissues such as the myocardium. In the third publication, MR relaxometry parameters applied to the skeletal muscls allowed for an accurate discrimination of AVM and IIM with cardiac involvement. However, when applied to the myocardium, parametric mapping did not separate between the two groups. The fourth publication introduced native T1 of the liver an easily accessible and accurate non-invasive imaging associate of congestive HF in IDCM patients with better performance than established functional parameters such as LV volumes, ejection fraction or strain
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Moizé, Arcone Luciana. "Estudio de la aplicación y los efectos a corto plazo del Kinesiotaping sobre el músculo trapecio superior en personas con dolor cervical inespecífico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383525.
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Desde hace unos años se está utilizando el kinesiotaping (KT)
en la práctica del fisioterapeuta como parte del tratamiento en las
distintas patologías del aparato locomotor. Entre los principales
efectos descritos están la analgesia, por disminución de la presión en
los receptores nociceptivos, la mejora de la circulación sanguínea y
linfática y un efecto a nivel del tono del músculo esquelético. Existen
diferentes técnicas de aplicación en función del objetivo que se
busque y la zona donde se aplica, siendo la más utilizada a nivel de la
musculatura esquelética. El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar los
efectos del Kinesiotaping aplicado con la técnica muscular a nivel del
trapecio superior cuando éste se encuentra con una sobrecarga
muscular.
Para ello se ha planteado un ensayo clínico aleatorizado en la que han
formado parte 102 voluntarios mayores de edad de ambos sexos que
padecían dolor inespecífico de la columna cervical con dolor a nivel
del trapecio superior derecho, izquierdo o ambos. Se valoró la
percepción del dolor mediante la escala visual analógica (EVA) y un
algómetro de presión, la movilidad articular activa (ROM) de la
columna cervical, la fuerza muscular isométrica de la musculatura
cervical mediante la MCU y la actividad muscular mediante la
electromiografía de superficie (EMG), tomando como referencia la
contracción voluntaria máxima y el test de fatiga o test isométrico para
el trapecio superior. Se tomaron medidas basales, a los 3 días y a la
semana de empezar el tratamiento.
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A los individuos que se incluyeron en el grupo experimental se les
aplicó la técnica muscular con el KT a nivel del trapecio superior, que
se mantuvo durante 72 horas. Todos los participantes en el estudio
realizaron cada día (hasta la 2 sesión) un estiramiento en tensión
activa del trapecio superior derecho e izquierdo.
El resultado obtenido mostró una diferencia estadísticamente
significativa pre y post tratamiento, tanto en el grupo control como en
el experimental, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente
significativas entre ambos grupos de intervención. Por lo que no se
pudo concluir que el kinesiotaping sea una técnica eficaz en el
tratamiento sintomático del dolor cervical de origen inespecífico si se
compara con la realización de estiramientos en tensión activa del
músculo trapecio superior.
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Rinaldo, Linda, and Irene Sigg. "Rehabilitering vid muskelbristningar i musculus Triceps Surae : En systematisk litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-43044.
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Bakgrund: Muskelbristningar i vadmuskulaturen kan vara svårrehabiliterade varför fysioterapeuter, tillsammans med andra professioner, behöver kunskap om vilka rehabiliteringsmetoder som har starkast evidens. Samstämmighet saknas, därav intresset att kartlägga olika rehabiliteringsmetoder. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva rehabiliteringsmetoder och eventuella rapporterade effekter i samband med muskelbristningar i musculus Triceps Surae samt beskriva studiekvalitet. Metod: Fem artiklar, tre RCT-studier och två observationsstudier, granskades utifrån syfte och frågeställningar och kvalitetsgranskades enligt SBU’s (Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering) granskningsmallar. Databassökningar gjordes i PubMed, Medline och CINAHL Plus. Resultat: Injektioner med trombocytrik plasma, is-behandling och kompression genomfördes som tillägg till ett grundläggande rehabiliteringsprogram. Huvudsakliga utfallsmått var återgång till sport/spel samt smärta. Studiekvaliteten bedömdes vara medelhög och evidensstyrkan begränsad. Slutsats: Rehabilitering vid muskelbristningar i vadmuskulaturen ger förkortad rehabiliteringstid varav PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) är betydelsefullt i det initiala skedet. Kompression och injektion av trombocytrik plasma uppvisar positiv inverkan på rehabiliteringstiden på lång sikt, isbehandling visar ingen effekt på lång sikt. Resultatet indikerar att ökad ålder förlänger rehabiliteringstiden samt ökar risken för återfall. Området är i behov av fler randomiserade kontrollerade studier för att stärka evidensen inom området.
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Fabre, Bernard. "Recherche de microorganismes producteurs d'insecticides criblage, production, purification et identification des produits /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604872d.
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Farron, Joseph W. "Measurement of tendon strain during muscle twitch contractions using ultrasound elastography." 2007. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/154011227.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2007Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59).
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Joubert, Jason E. G. "Changes in muscle activity and kinematics of highly trained cyclists during fatigue." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/30276.
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Up to 85% of cyclists experience repetitive strain injuries (RSI's). During long bouts of repetitive tasks, muscle fatigue may cause mal-alignments in kinematics, having cumulative effects, leading to an RSI. Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine how changes in localized muscle fatigue relate to changes in movement kinematics in highly trained cyclists throughout a full fatigue protocol. Methods: Seven highly trained cyclists participated in a 2 session experiment. Session 1 included a VO2 max test and familiarization trial and Session 2 was the fatigue protocol. Kinematic angles measured were trunk lean, hip, knee, ankle, and knee splay angle. Mean angle (MA) and range of motion (ROM) was calculated for each revolution thought the trial. Muscles monitored were the quadriceps, hamstring, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. EMG median frequency (MDF) for each muscle was calculated for each revolution by averaging MDF for the two halves of each revolution. Cross-correlation analysis was done on MDF and MA data and MDF and ROM data. Results: All subjects exhibited increases in trunk lean and decreases in ankle angle. Non-monotonic changes were observed in trunk lean, ankle, knee splay angle, and among ROM results for all 5 angles. A 1-tailed T-tests for all subjects, revealed that HAM (p = 0.020) and GAS (p = 0.018) exhibited significant muscle fatigue. One-tailed T-tests yielded significantly negative cross-correlation time lags [Greek small letter tau] for trunk lean MA, ROM, and hip MA. Conclusions: Non-monotonic changes are present in kinematics and MDF. Therefore pre vs. post experimental designs cannot quantify fatigue processes. Shifts in trunk lean MA, ROM and hip MA are significantly correlated with preceding decreasing shifts of MDF (indicative of onset of fatigue).text
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Mohammadzadeh, Forough. "Mechanical strain stimulates JNK-mediated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in endothelium /." 2004.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Biology.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11866
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"Using Mechanical Strain as a Vehicle to Direct Fibroblasts-Mediated Myoblast Differentiation and Myotube Function." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25887.
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abstract: Skeletal muscle injury may occur from repetitive short bursts of biomechanical strain that impair muscle function. Alternatively, variations of biomechanical strain such as those held for long-duration are used by clinicians to repair muscle and restore its function. Fibroblasts embedded within the unifying connective tissue of skeletal muscle experience these multiple and diverse mechanical stimuli and respond by secreting cytokines. Cytokines direct all stages of muscle regeneration including myoblasts differentiation, fusion to form myotubes, and myotube functionality. To examine how fibroblasts respond to variations in mechanical strain that may affect juxtapose muscle, a myofascial junction was bioengineered that examined the interaction between the two cell types. Fibroblasts were experimentally shown to increase myoblast differentiation, and fibroblast biomechanical strain mediated the extent to which differentiation occurred. Intereleukin-6 is a strain-regulated cytokine secreted by fibroblasts was determined to be necessary for fibroblast-mediated myoblast differentiation. Myotubes differentiated in the presence of strained fibroblasts express greater number of acetylcholine receptors, greater acetylcholine receptor sizes, and modified to be more or less sensitive to acetylcholine-induced contraction. This study provides direct evidence that strained and non-strained fibroblasts can serve as a vehicle to modify myoblast differentiation and myotube functionality. Further understanding the mechanisms regulating these processes may lead to clinical interventions that include strain-activated cellular therapies and bioengineered cell engraftment for mediating the regeneration and function of muscle in vivo.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2014
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"Isokinetic rehabilitation of ankle sprain." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887062.
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by Yeung Ming San, Josephine.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-172).
ABSTRACT --- p.1
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.4
Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.12
Chapter 2.1 --- Functional Anatomy of Ankle and Subtalar Joint --- p.12
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Bony Configuration --- p.12
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Axis of Motion --- p.13
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Lateral Ligaments --- p.13
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Ankle Musculature --- p.13
Chapter 2.2 --- Biomechanics of Ankle Ligaments --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Characteristics of Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Ligaments for Stability --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Ligaments Properties to Loading --- p.15
Chapter 2.3 --- Lateral Ankle Ligaments Injuries --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Etiology --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Definition of Sprain --- p.18
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Classification of Inversion Ankle Sprain --- p.18
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Diagnosis of Lateral Ligaments Injury --- p.19
Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Anterior Draw Test --- p.19
Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Talar Tilt Test --- p.21
Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Anthrogram --- p.21
Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Controversies in Various Diagnostic Methods for Lateral Ankle Ligaments Injury --- p.21
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Orthopedic Management of Inversion Ankle Sprain --- p.22
Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Operative Method --- p.22
Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Conservative Method --- p.23
Chapter 2.4 --- Rehabilitation of Inversion Ankle Injury --- p.24
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Residual Problems Resulted from Inversion Ankle Injury --- p.24
Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.24
Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Muscle Weakness --- p.25
Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Proprioception --- p.27
Chapter 2.4.1.4 --- Peroneal Muscle Reaction Time --- p.29
Chapter 2.4.1.5 --- Muscle Tightness --- p.30
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Rehabilitation Training --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Muscle Training --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Proprioception Training --- p.32
Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Other Training --- p.32
Chapter 2.5 --- Strength Training --- p.33
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effects of Strength Training --- p.33
Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- On Muscle --- p.33
Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- On Nervous System --- p.33
Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- On Ligaments --- p.34
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Isokinetic Training --- p.34
Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.39
Chapter 3.1 --- Epidemiological Survey --- p.42
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Design of Questionnaire --- p.42
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pilot Study --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Survey --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Isokinetic Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Equipment --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Testing Procedure --- p.51
Chapter 3.3 --- Evaluation for Ankle with Inversion Sprain --- p.59
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial Evaluation --- p.60
Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Criteria for Subjects --- p.60
Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Interview of Subjects --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Testing Procedure --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Training Program --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Various Methods of Training or Exercise --- p.67
Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Isokinetic Exercise Protocol for Ankle --- p.69
Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Design of Training Protocol --- p.71
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Second Evaluation --- p.73
Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Subject --- p.73
Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- The Retest --- p.73
Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.74
Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.75
Chapter 4.1 --- Epidemiological Study --- p.75
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Athletes' Personal Data --- p.75
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Athletes' Injury Data --- p.82
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Residual Problems in Ankle Sprains --- p.84
Chapter 4.2 --- Isokinetic Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Range of Active and Passive Ankle Dorsiflexion --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Muscular Parameters Used for Data Analyzing --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Comparing Muscular Parameters between Dominant and Non-dominant Ankle of Normal Subjects --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Comparing Muscular Parameters between Male and Female Normal Subjects --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.6 --- Torque Ratio and Work Ratio --- p.98
Chapter 4.3 --- Evaluation for Ankles with Inversion Sprain --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial Evaluation --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Anterior Draw Sign --- p.103
Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Range of Motion --- p.103
Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Ankle Functional Rating Scale --- p.104
Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Isokinetic Evaluation --- p.104
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Second Evaluation --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Comparing the Initial and Second Evaluation Ankle Functional Rating Scale --- p.117
Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Comparing Initial and Second Evaluation for Isokinetic Parameters of the Ankle --- p.118
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Correlation of Various Isokinetic Parameters of the Ankle with Ankle Functional Rating Score --- p.124
Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION --- p.127
Chapter 5.1 --- Epidemiological Study --- p.127
Chapter 5.2 --- Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.132
Chapter 5.3 --- Evaluation for Ankle with Inversion Sprain --- p.141
Chapter 5.4 --- Isokinetic Rehabilitation --- p.148
Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations and Future Direction of Research --- p.153
Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.156
Chapter VII. --- REFERENCE --- p.161
APPENDIX I --- p.i
APPENDIX II --- p.vi
APPENDIX III --- p.viii
APPENDIX IV --- p.xiii