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Li, Shunqun, Xuelei Cheng, Jianbao Fu, Lin Pan, and Ran Hai. "Line strain representation and shear strain representation of 3D strain states." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): e0259655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259655.
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The strain state in 3D space is usually expressed by the conventional method of combining three linear and shear strains. Due to the obvious differences between the first two strains, it is necessary to uncover their properties when describing deformation, studying yield and failure, and developing test apparatus or equipment. The difficulties encountered in the above work would be greatly simplified if strain states could be expressed in a single strain form, namely including only linear or shear strains. As a start, this paper explores the meaning and nature of strain states. Then, based on the hypothesis of small deformations, two strain state expressions, the linear strain expression method (LSEM) and shear strain expression method (SSEM), were established for incompressible materials with only linear strain and shear strain as parameters respectively. Furthermore, conditions, implementation steps and specific forms for the application of SSEM in 1D, 2D and 3D strain states are obtained. As an example, two representations based on tetragonal pyramid and rotating tetrahedron are especially given. Therefore, conventional strain representation methods can be expressed as a combination of line strains in a certain direction or a combination of characteristic shear strains. The results of this paper provide a new way for understanding deformation characteristics, revealing yielding process, establishing constitutive models, and developing testing apparatus or equipment.
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Dolzhanskyi, A. M., T. A. Ayupova, O. A. Nosko, O. P. Rybkin, and O. A. Ayupov. "Transition from engineering strain to the true strain in analytical description of metals hardening." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 1 (92) (May 11, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.230321.66.736.
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Purpose of the work is related with the impossibility of correctly estimating the strain hardening of metals (alloys) in the area of their large total deformations due to absence of additivity in the traditionally used value of engineering strain g, its nonlinear change in the area of large values, and absence of data in the technical literature Hall-Petch coefficient Ai for logarithmic true deformations, which led to the task of correct transition from the values of the engineering strain 0 < g < 50...60 % to the value of the true logarithmic strainn 0 < e < 1...3. Methodology. The theoretical analysis of the regularities of deformation hardening of metals (alloys) from the engineering strain is carried out, the transition from engineering to logarithmic ("true") strain of metals (alloys) by analytical representation of metal hardening graphs as a function of logarithmic (true) strain. in contrast to the degree of engineering strain is presented. Originality. Analytical expressions are presented that allow the use of known theoretical data on the strain hardening of metals (alloys) at small (50...60 %) total engineering strains g during cold pressure treatment to transition to logarithmic (true) strain e with large total deformations. Practical value. The obtained mathematical expressions allow to use the accumulated in the technical literature experimental data on the hardening of metals and alloys with small engineering strains in the processes of cold processing of metals (alloys) by pressure to determine the hardening with large total logarithmic (true) strains. These data can also be used to solve metallophysical problems of metal processing by pressure associated with large total compressions.
Keywords: cold forming of metals and alloys; hardening; degree of deformation
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Ouwerkerk, Janneke P., Hanne L. P. Tytgat, Janneke Elzinga, Jasper Koehorst, Pieter Van den Abbeele, Bernard Henrissat, Miguel Gueimonde, et al. "Comparative Genomics and Physiology of Akkermansia muciniphila Isolates from Human Intestine Reveal Specialized Mucosal Adaptation." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081605.
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Akkermansia muciniphila is a champion of mucin degradation in the human gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report the isolation of six novel strains from healthy human donors and their genomic, proteomic and physiological characterization in comparison to the type-strains A. muciniphila MucT and A. glycaniphila PytT. Complete genome sequencing revealed that, despite their large genomic similarity (>97.6%), the novel isolates clustered into two distinct subspecies of A. muciniphila: Amuc1, which includes the type-strain MucT, and AmucU, a cluster of unassigned strains that have not yet been well characterized. CRISPR analysis showed all strains to be unique and confirmed that single healthy subjects can carry more than one A. muciniphila strain. Mucin degradation pathways were strongly conserved amongst all isolates, illustrating the exemplary niche adaptation of A. muciniphila to the mucin interface. This was confirmed by analysis of the predicted glycoside hydrolase profiles and supported by comparing the proteomes of A. muciniphila strain H2, belonging to the AmucU cluster, to MucT and A. glycaniphila PytT (including 610 and 727 proteins, respectively). While some intrinsic resistance was observed among the A. muciniphila straind, none of these seem to pose strain-specific risks in terms of their antibiotic resistance patterns nor a significant risk for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants, opening the way to apply the type-strain MucT or these new A. muciniphila strains as next generation beneficial microbes.
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Sirkis, J. S., Y. L. Lo, and P. L. Nielsen. "Phase-Strain Model for Polarimetric Strain Sensors Based on Fictitious Residual Strains." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 5, no. 4 (July 1994): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9400500405.
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Kitagawa, Masayoshi, Tetsuyuki Onoda, and Kazunobu Mizutani. "Stress-strain behaviour at finite strains for various strain paths in polyethylene." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02403638.
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Misic, Dusan, Zorica Stosic, Ferenc Kiskarolj, Vladica Adamov, and Ruzica Asanin. "Investigations of multiresistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and extended spectrum beta: Lactamase effect (ESBL test) in strains E.coli and salmonella originating from domestic animals." Veterinarski glasnik 60, no. 1-2 (2006): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0602021m.
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The presence of multiresistance to the effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and extended spectrum beta-lactamase were examined in 45 strains of E. coli and 35 strains of Salmonella. The strains of E. coli originated from several species of domestic animals: dogs, cats, poultry, and cattle, and 30 strains of Salmonella originated from poultry, 4 strains from cattle, and 1 strain from swine. The presence of the following serovarieties was established using serological examinations: Salmonella Enteritidis 17 strains, Salmonella Gallinarum 1 strain, Salmonella Hartford 5 strains, Salmonella Anatum 1 strain, Salmonella Typhimurium 4 strains, Salmonella Agona 1 strain, Salmonella Infantis 1 strain, Salmonella Thompson var. Berlin 1 strain, Salmonella Tennessee 1 strain, Salmonella Senftenberg 1 strain, Salmonella Glostrup 1 strain, and Salmonella Hadar 1 strain. In the examinations of the listed strains we used antibiogram discs of ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cephtriaxon, cephotaxim, cephtazidime, aztreonam, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cyprofloxacine, and a combination of sulphamethoxasole and trimethoprim. The lowest prevalence of multiresistance in E. Coli strains to 3 or more antibiotics was established in dogs 20%, and the highest in 60% strains originating from swine. In 62.88% strains of Salmonella we established sensitivity to all applied antibiotics. Resistance was also established in a small number of the examined strains to ampicillin (11 strains), to tetracycline (5 strains), to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (5 strains), to sulphamethoxasole with trimethoprim (5 strains), to gentamycin (3 strains), and to cloramphenicol (1 strain). Of all the examined strains of Salmonella, 6 strains originating from poultry exhibited multiresistence. The presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase effects examined using the ESBL test, was not established in strains of E. coli and Salmonella strains.
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Best, T. M., J. H. McElhaney, W. E. Garrett, and B. S. Myers. "Axial Strain Measurements in Skeletal Muscle at Various Strain Rates." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794179.
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A noncontact optical system using high speed image analysis to measure local tissue deformations and axial strains along skeletal muscle is described. The spatial resolution of the system was 20 pixels/cm and the accuracy was ±0.125mm. In order to minimize the error associated with discrete data used to characterize a continuous strain field, the displacement data were fitted with a third order polynomial and the fitted data differentiated to measure surface strains using a Lagrangian finite strain formulation. The distribution of axial strain along the muscle-tendon unit was nonuniform and rate dependent. Despite a variation in local strain distribution with strain rate, the maximum axial strain, Exx = 0.614 ± 0.045 mm/mm, was rate insensitive and occurred at the failure site for all tests. The frequency response of the video system (1000 Hz) and the measurement of a continuous strain field along the entire length of the structure improve upon previous noncontact optical systems for measurement of surface strains in soft tissues.
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Ayers, Jacob I., Anthony E. Kincaid, and Jason C. Bartz. "Prion Strain Targeting Independent of Strain-Specific Neuronal Tropism." Journal of Virology 83, no. 1 (October 29, 2008): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01745-08.
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ABSTRACT While neuropathological features that define prion strains include spongiform degeneration and deposition patterns of PrPSc, the underlying mechanism for the strain-specific differences in PrPSc targeting is not known. To investigate prion strain targeting, we inoculated hamsters in the sciatic nerve with either the hyper (HY) or drowsy (DY) strain of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. Both TME strains were initially retrogradely transported in the central nervous system (CNS) exclusively by four descending motor tracts. The locations of HY and DY PrPSc deposition were identical throughout the majority of the incubation period. However, differences in PrPSc deposition between these strains were observed upon development of clinical disease. The differences observed were unlikely to be due to strain-specific neuronal tropism, since comparison of PrPSc deposition patterns by different routes of infection indicated that all brain areas were susceptible to prion infection by both TME strains. These findings suggest that prion transport and differential susceptibility to prion infection are not solely responsible for prion strain targeting. The data suggest that differences in PrPSc distribution between strains during clinical disease are due to differences in the length of time that PrPSc has to spread in the CNS before the host succumbs to disease.
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Glisson, Richard R., Douglas S. Musgrave, Robert D. Graham, and Thomas P. Vail. "Validity of Photoelastic Strain Measurement on Cadaveric Proximal Femora." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 4 (March 22, 2000): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287162.
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Rosette strain gages indicate shear and principal strains at specific points, whereas photoelastic coatings provide shear strain information over a broad area. Information regarding bone loading and load transfer from a prosthetic implant to adjacent bone can be obtained using either strain-measuring technique on loaded femora. This study compared proximal femoral strains derived from photoelastic coatings to those obtained from rosette strain gages applied directly to the bone in order to determine the relationships between photoelastic shear strains and rosette shear and principal strains. Photoelastic shear strains underestimated rosette shear strains and exceeded the larger of the rosette principal strains. Principal strains derived from photoelastic coatings augmented with strain separator gages underestimated their rosette counterparts in most instances. Correlation was strong and nearly linear for all measures, indicating that photoelastic coatings can accurately express proportional strain changes despite imperfect agreement in absolute strain magnitudes. The best agreement between absolute strain magnitudes occurred in the proximal medial, or calcar, region. Understanding the relationships between the various measures obtained using the two strain measurement methods will allow more accurate estimates of actual strains to be made from photoelastic coatings. [S0148-0731(00)01704-0]
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Bressan, J. D., and J. A. Williams. "Limit strains in the sheet forming of strain and strain-rate sensitive materials." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 11, no. 3 (July 1985): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(85)90003-8.
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Wang, Y. M., J. Y. Huang, T. Jiao, Y. T. Zhu, and A. V. Hamza. "Abnormal strain hardening in nanostructured titanium at high strain rates and large strains." Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 5 (December 16, 2006): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0822-0.
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Christensen, H., A. M. Bojesen, and M. Bisgaard. "Mannheimia caviae sp. nov., isolated from epidemic conjunctivitis and otitis media in guinea pigs." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.026518-0.
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Strains T138021-75T, Pg19 and Pg20 (taxon 25 of Bisgaard) were isolated from guinea pigs and characterized. Strains T138021-75T and Pg20 showed identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and were distantly related to the published strain P224 with the highest 16S rRNA similarity of 98.6 %. These two strains showed 97.8 % sequence similarity with the type strain and other strains of Mannheimia glucosida and 97.3 % similarity with the type strain of Mannheimia varigena, but <97 % similarity with all other type strains of the genus Mannheimia, including Mannheimia haemolytica (96.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis of rpoB gene sequences showed that strain P224 had a distant position (89.9 % gene sequence similarity) compared with the three other strains (T138021-75T, Pg20 and Pg19), which had identical gene sequences. These three novel strains also shared identical recN gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the recN gene sequences showed a close relationship between the three novel strains and strain P224. The DNA–DNA reassociation value between strain T138021-75T and P224 was 81.6 % and 40.3 % between strain T138021-75T and the type strain of M. glucosida. Based on the DNA–DNA reassociation data, strain T138021-75T belonged to a separate species that was closely related to strain P224. Strain P224 differed from strains T138021-75T, Pg20 and Pg19 in the following phenotypic characteristics: activity of ornithine carboxylase, hydrolysis of glycosides, and acid formation from maltose, dextrin, melibiose and raffinose, as well as reactions for α-galactosidase and β-xylosidase. Whole genome similarity calculations based on recN gene sequences showed that strains T138021-75T and P224 were related at the species level (0.932), whereas 16S rRNA and partial rpoB gene sequence comparisons showed a more divergent position of strain P224 compared with the novel strains, including a different host of isolation. The results showed that the three strains of taxon 25 represent a novel species for which the name Mannheimia caviae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain, T138021-75T ( = CCUG 59995T = DSM 23207T) was isolated from purulent conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Previous publications have documented both ubiquinones and demethylmenaquinone to be present in the type strain. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain has been found to be 41.4 mol% (T m).
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Lang, Elke, and Hans Reichenbach. "Designation of type strains for seven species of the order Myxococcales and proposal for neotype strains of Cystobacter ferrugineus, Cystobacter minus and Polyangium fumosum." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_11 (November 1, 2013): 4354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.056440-0.
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Ten species of the order Myxococcales with validly published names are devoid of living type strains. Four species of the genus Chondromyces are represented by dead herbarium samples as the type material. For a species of the genus Melittangium and two species of the genus Polyangium , no physical type material was assigned at the time of validation of the names or later on. In accordance with rule 18f of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria the following type strains are designated for these species: strain Cm a14T ( = DSM 14605T = JCM 12615T) as the type strain of Chondromyces apiculatus , strain Cm c5T ( = DSM 14714T = JCM 12616T) as the type strain of Chondromyces crocatus , strain Sy t2T ( = DSM 14631T = JCM 12617T) as the type strain of Chondromyces lanuginosus , strain Cm p51T ( = DSM 14607T = JCM 12618T) as the type strain of Chondromyces pediculatus , strain Me b8T ( = DSM 14713T = JCM 12633T) as the type strain of Melittangium boletus , strain Pl s12T ( = DSM 14670T = JCM 12637T) as the type strain of Polyangium sorediatum and strain Pl sm5T ( = DSM 14734T = JCM 12638T) as the type strain of Polyangium spumosum . Furthermore, the type strains given for three species of the genera Cystobacter and Polyangium had been kept at one university institute and have been lost according to our investigations. In accordance with Rule 18c of the Bacteriological Code, we propose the following neotype strains: strain Cb fe18 ( = DSM 14716 = JCM 12624) as the neotype strain of Cystobacter ferrugineus , strain Cb m2 ( = DSM 14751 = JCM 12627) as the neotype strain of Cystobacter minus and strain Pl fu5 ( = DSM 14668 = JCM 12636) as the neotype strain of Polyangium fumosum . The proposals of the strains are based on the descriptions and strain proposals given in the respective chapters of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2005).
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Wang, Xiao Xiao, Luo Jun Gong, Wei Han, and Qian Qian Yan. "The Microbial Diversity Analysis of Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment in Village." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1098.
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This paper uses the method of 16SrRNA to analyze the microbial diversity in wetland wastewater treatment of Wuhan galaxy ecological agriculture Co., LTD . Using the method of 16SrRNA, we can get the molecular identification of the strain from screening , determine the 16SrRNA gene sequence and analyzes the homology of the corresponding sequence of related bacteria. The result shows that 32 strains are Bacillus subtilis, two strains are Bacillus licheniformis, six strains are Staptococcus cohnii, one strain is Staphylococcus epidermidis, one strain is Pseudomonas synxantha, and one strain is People umber bacillus in the first wetland. 36 strains are Bacillus subtilis, three strains are Bacillus licheniformis, one strains are Staptococcus cohnii, one strain is Proteus mirabilis, and two strain Staphylococcus epidermidis are the second wetland. The main strain in the two-stage wetland both are Bacillus subtilis.
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Shrestha, J. N. B., and A. A. Grunder. "Body weights, carcass characteristics, fat content, and their relationships in ganders of the Selected Chinese and Synthetic strains, and Embden-sired strain crosses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-032.
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In 1986, 247 ganders of the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains, and Large Embden and Small Embden- sired strain crosses at the Greenbelt farm of the Centre for Food and Animal Research in Ottawa, Canada, were evaluated. The Chinese and Synthetic (developed from the Pilgrim, Chinese and Hungarian) strains had been selected for four generations to increase egg production over a 24-wk laying period and body weight at 16 wk of age, and simultaneously decrease total fat content. Two Embden strains, Large and Small, denoting contrasting body sizes, had been imported from the United States of America for potential use in crossbreeding as terminal sire strains. Strains and strain crosses were ranked from high to low, for body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age, liveweight at slaughter and eviscerated carcass weight. Large Embden × Selected Chinese were largest followed by Small Embden × Selected Synthetic and Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain crosses, in turn followed by the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains. Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different except for body weight at 9 wk of age and eviscerated carcass weight. The Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had a dressing percent of 63, significantly higher than 60–61% for the remaining strains or strain crosses. In general, the ranking of strains and strain crosses for liver weight was similar to rankings for body weights, except that the Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different from the Selected Chinese strain, and the Small and Large Embden-sired Selected Chinese crosses had similar liver weight. The Selected Synthetic strain had a significantly smaller neck than that of the other strains and strain crosses; Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different. Large Embden × Selected Chinese and Small Embden × Selected Synthetic strain crosses and the Selected Chinese strain had similar neck weight. When fat was expressed as a percentage of carcass weight, the strains and strain crosses had similar proportion of abdominal fat. On the other hand the Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had significantly more intestinal fat (4.83%) than any of the strains and strain crosses (2.97 to 3.73%) and a similar proportion of total fat (10.87%) to the Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross (8.79%) but significantly more than the remaining strains and strain crosses (7.53 to 8.20%). The correlations of body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age with eviscerated carcass weight (0.65 and 0.90), abdominal fat weight (0.32 and 0.59), intestinal fat weight (0.27 and 0.55) and total fat weight (0.23 and 0.47) were deemed potentially useful. The correlations between percentage of fat parameters and body weights were low (0.20 a n d 0.37) or negligible. The inherent potential in the large-bodied Embden strain for growth can complement the small-bodied Selected Chinese strain that excels in egg production, fertility and hatchability to produce a strain cross with considerable promise for commercial production of goose meat. Key words: Chinese strain, Synthetic strain, Embden strain, body weights, abdominal and intestinal fat
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Takahashi, Tatsuki, Maho Inukai, Michihito Sasaki, Madlin Potratz, Supasiri Jarusombuti, Yuji Fujii, Shoko Nishiyama, et al. "Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Rabies Virus Strain Isolated from a Dog in Tokyo, Japan in the 1940s." Viruses 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12090914.
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The rabies virus strain Komatsugawa (Koma), which was isolated from a dog in Tokyo in the 1940s before eradication of rabies in Japan in 1957, is known as the only existent Japanese field strain (street strain). Although this strain potentially provides a useful model to study rabies pathogenesis, little is known about its genetic and phenotypic properties. Notably, this strain underwent serial passages in rodents after isolation, indicating the possibility that it may have lost biological characteristics as a street strain. In this study, to evaluate the utility of the Koma strain for studying rabies pathogenesis, we examined the genetic properties and in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Genome-wide genetic analyses showed that, consistent with previous findings from partial sequence analyses, the Koma strain is closely related to a Russian street strain within the Arctic-related phylogenetic clade. Phenotypic examinations in vitro revealed that the Koma strain and the representative street strains are less neurotropic than the laboratory strains. Examination by using a mouse model demonstrated that the Koma strain and the street strains are more neuroinvasive than the laboratory strains. These findings indicate that the Koma strain retains phenotypes similar to those of street strains, and is therefore useful for studying rabies pathogenesis.
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Guo, Qinggang, Shezeng Li, Xiuyun Lu, Hui Gao, Xiaoguang Wang, Yinan Ma, Xiaoyun Zhang, Peipei Wang, and Ping Ma. "Identification of a New Genotype of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on Cotton in China." Plant Disease 99, no. 11 (November 2015): 1569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1238-re.
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Genetic composition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum strains, including race 3, 7, and 8, Australian genotype strain, and 80 strains collected from China, were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Based on AFLP analysis, these strains were separated into four groups. Race 3, strain CN3, was the only strain in group A. Race 8, strain CN8, was the only strain in group B. Race 7, strain CN7, was grouped with 75 strains from China in group C. The Australian genotype strain ATCC96291 was grouped with five strains from China in group D. Evolution of the five native strains in group D was studied using multigene genealogies. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the five strains of group D had a closer genetic relationship to the Australian genotype strain than the other races based on the combined elongation factor, β-tubulin, and phosphate permase gene sequence data. Group D was further tested for pathogenicity and virulence on four cotton cultivars from Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) and Sea Island (G. barbadense) cotton. All five strains caused typical Fusarium wilt symptoms on all four cotton cultivars but virulence were relatively low compared with race 3, race 7, and race 8.
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Galletti, Maria F. B. M., Massaro W. Ueti, Donald P. Knowles, Kelly A. Brayton, and Guy H. Palmer. "Independence of Anaplasma marginale Strains with High and Low Transmission Efficiencies in the Tick Vector following Simultaneous Acquisition by Feeding on a Superinfected Mammalian Reservoir Host." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 4 (February 2, 2009): 1459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01518-08.
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ABSTRACT Strain superinfection occurs when a second pathogen strain infects a host already carrying a primary strain. Anaplasma marginale superinfection occurs when the second strain carries a variant repertoire different from that of the primary strain, and the epidemiologic consequences depend on the relative efficiencies of tick-borne transmission of the two strains. Following strain superinfection in the reservoir host, we tested whether the presence of two A. marginale (sensu lato) strains that differed in transmission efficiency altered the transmission phenotypes in comparison to those for single-strain infections. Dermacentor andersoni ticks were fed on animals superinfected with the Anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale vaccine strain (low transmission efficiency) and the A. marginale St. Maries strain (high transmission efficiency). Within ticks that acquired both strains, the St. Maries strain had a competitive advantage and replicated to significantly higher levels than the vaccine strain. The St. Maries strain was subsequently transmitted to naïve hosts by ticks previously fed either on superinfected animals or on animals singly infected with the St. Maries strain, consistent with the predicted transmission phenotype of this strain and the lack of interference due to the presence of a competing low-efficiency strain. The vaccine strain was not transmitted by either singly infected or coinfected ticks, consistent with the predicted transmission phenotype and the lack of enhancement due to the presence of a high-efficiency strain. These results support the idea that the strain predominance in regions of endemicity is mediated by the intrinsic transmission efficiency of specific strains regardless of occurrence of superinfection.
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Belytschko, T., Xiao-Jun Wang, Z. P. Bazant, and Y. Hyun. "Transient Solutions for One-Dimensional Problems With Strain Softening." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173062.
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Closed-form solutions are presented for the transient response of rods in which strain softening occurs and the stress-strain laws exhibit nonvanishing stresses after the strain-softening regime. It is found that the appearance of any strain softening results in an infinite strain rate if the material is inviscid. For a stress-strain law with a monotonically decreasing stress the strains are infinite also. If the stress increases after the strain-softening portion, the strains remain finite and the strain-softening point moves through the rod.
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Ntaila, Yamikani Willie. "Comparison of Growth Performance of three Strains of Clarias gariepinus: Hybrid Strain, Selective Breeding Strain and Wild Strain Reared in Concrete Tanks." African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 4, no. 4 (October 3, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafs-vcd3q075.
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A comparative study was conducted to investigate the growth performance of three strains of Clarias gariepinus reared in concrete tanks. The experiment was carried out for the period of three weeks. Three strains of Clarias gariepinus which were compared were hybrid strain, selective breeding strain and the pure/wild strain. The experimental fish were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. Each treatment was therefore replicated three times with 60 fry per replicate in concrete tanks. At harvest there was no significant difference among Hybrid strain, Selective breeding strain and wild strain (P˃0.05) in fish’ final body weight (1.83±0.11, 1.178±0.46 and 1.739±0.42). The SGR for hybrid strain, selective breeding strain and wild strains were 12.93 ±0.23, 4.53±0.22and 12.81±0.26. The survival rate for hybrid strain, selective breeding strain and pure strain 70%, 80% and 66.66 %respectively. The was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in FCR (2.12±0.01, 2.12±0.03 and 2.11±0.01) for hybrid strain, selective breeding strain and wild strain respectively. Though the difference was not that significant the pure Clarias gariepinus had the lower FCR as compared to the others. Therefore, this study recommends that hybrid Clarias gariepinus has a good performance as compared to the selective breeding strain and the wild Clarias gariepinus.
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Moon, Byongook, Kraig Hays, and David Blurton. "General strain theory, key strains, and deviance." Journal of Criminal Justice 37, no. 1 (January 2009): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.12.011.
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Song, Sok, Gyu-Nam Park, Jihye Shin, Ki-Sun Kim, Byung-Hyun An, SeEun Choe, Song-Yi Kim, Bang-Hun Hyun, and Dong-Jun An. "Rescue of a Live-Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus HSGP Strain Using a Virulent Strain and a Partially Attenuated Strain." Viruses 15, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15071601.
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In South Korea in 2013, the G1-based vaccine failed to prevent an outbreak of G2b-type porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is more pathogenic than the traditional G1-type strain, thereby allowing the virus to spread. In 2017 and 2018, field samples were cultured sequentially on Vero cells to isolate HS (virulent) and SGP-M1 (partially attenuated) strains, respectively, of the G2b type. The HS strain harbors a single amino acid (aa) change and two aa deletions in the N-terminal domain of S1 (55I56G57E→55K56Δ57Δ). The SGP-M1 strain harbors a seven aa deletion in the C-terminal domain of S2 (1380~1386ΔFEKVHVQ). By co-infecting various animal cells with these two strains (HS and SGP-M1), we succeeded in cloning strain HSGP, which harbors the mutations present in the two original viruses. The CPE pattern of the HSGP strain was different from that of the HS and SGP-M1 strains, with higher viral titers. Studies in piglets showed attenuated pathogenicity of the HSGP strain, with no clinical symptoms or viral shedding, and histopathologic lesions similar to those in negative controls. These findings confirm that deletion of specific sequences from the S gene attenuates the pathogenicity of PEDV. In addition, HSGP strains created by combining two different strains have the potential for use as novel attenuated live vaccine candidates.
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Frasson, David, Matije Udovičić, Beat Frey, Aleš Lapanje, De-Chao Zhang, Rosa Margesin, and Martin Sievers. "Glaciimonas alpina sp. nov. isolated from alpine glaciers and reclassification of Glaciimonas immobilis Cr9-12 as the type strain of Glaciimonas alpina sp. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_6 (June 1, 2015): 1779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000174.
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Psychrophilic bacterial strains were isolated from alpine glaciers in Switzerland and characterized taxonomically. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA and rpoB genes, three of those strains, strain 79 ( = CCOS 247), strain 4/58 ( = CCOS 250) and strain 4/56 ( = CCOS 258) clustered together with strain Cr9-12T and separately from the type strains Glaciimonas immobilis Cr9-30T and Glaciimonas singularis LMG 27070T. Strain Cr9-12T has been previously described as a strain of G. immobilis . The three newly isolated strains were compared phenotypically with strain Cr9-12T and with the type strains of the species G. immobilis and G. singularis . Cr9-12T and the three novel strains from an alpine glacier in Switzerland were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and psychrophilic and showed good growth throughout a temperature range of 1–20 °C and characteristically oxidized d-mannitol, l-fucose and bromosuccinic acid. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain Cr9-12T and the three novel strains were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinone of these strains was ubiquinone 8 (UQ-8). The genomic DNA G+C content of Cr9-12T was 49.2 mol%. The combined data from phenotypic, phylogenetic and DNA–DNA relatedness studies strongly support the reclassification of strain Cr9-12T as representing a novel species. This strain and the isolates 79 ( = CCOS 247), 4/58 ( = CCOS 250) and 4/56 ( = CCOS 258) are representatives of a novel species of the genus Glaciimonas , for which the name Glaciimonas alpina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Glaciimonas alpina is Cr9-12T ( = CCOS 761T = DSM 22814T).
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Junkum, Anuluck, Atchariya Jitpakdi, Narumon Komalamisra, Narissara Jariyapan, Pradya Somboon, Paul A. Bates, and Wej Choochote. "Comparative morphometry and morphology of Anopheles aconitus Form B and C eggs under scanning electron microscope." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500005.
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Comparative morphometric and morphological studies of eggs under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were undertaken in the three strains of two karyotypic forms of Anopheles aconitus, i.e., Form B (Chiang Mai and Phet Buri strains) and Form C (Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son strains). Morphometric examination revealed the intraspecific variation with respect to the float width [36.77 ± 2.30 µm (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 38.49 ± 2.78 µm (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) = 39.06 ± 2.37 µm (Form B: Phet Buri strain) > 32.40 ± 3.52 µm (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)] and number of posterior tubercles on deck [2.40 ± 0.52 (Form B: Phet Buri strain) = 2.70 ± 0.82 (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) < 3.10 ± 0.32 (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 3.20 ± 0.42 (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)], whereas the surface topography of eggs among the three strains of two karyotypic forms were morphologically similar.
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Cadillo-Quiroz, Hinsby, Suzanna L. Bräuer, Noah Goodson, Joseph B. Yavitt, and Stephen H. Zinder. "Methanobacterium paludis sp. nov. and a novel strain of Methanobacterium lacus isolated from northern peatlands." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_5 (May 1, 2014): 1473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.059964-0.
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Two mesophilic, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, designated strains SWAN1T and AL-21, were isolated from two contrasting peatlands: a near circumneutral temperate minerotrophic fen in New York State, USA, and an acidic boreal poor fen site in Alaska, USA, respectively. Cells of the two strains were rod-shaped, non-motile, stained Gram-negative and resisted lysis with 0.1 % SDS. Cell size was 0.6×1.5–2.8 µm for strain SWAN1T and 0.45–0.85×1.5–35 µm for strain AL-21. The strains used H2/CO2 but not formate or other substrates for methanogenesis, grew optimally around 32–37 °C, and their growth spanned through a slightly low to neutral pH range (4.7–7.1). Strain AL-21 grew optimally closer to neutrality at pH 6.2, whereas strain SWAN1T showed a lower optimal pH at 5.4–5.7. The two strains were sensitive to NaCl with a maximal tolerance at 160 mM for strain SWAN1T and 50 mM for strain AL-21. Na2S was toxic at very low concentrations (0.01–0.8 mM), resulting in growth inhibition above these values. The DNA G+C content of the genomes was 35.7 mol% for strain SWAN1T and 35.8 mol% for strain AL-21. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains are members of the genus Methanobacterium . Strain SWAN1T shared 94–97 % similarity with the type strains of recognized species of the genus Methanobacterium , whereas strain AL-21 shared 99 % similarity with Methanobacterium lacus 17A1T. On the basis of phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SWAN1T ( = DSM 25820T = JCM 18151T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, Methanobacterium paludis sp. nov., while strain AL-21 is proposed as a second strain of Methanobacterium lacus .
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YANTI, YULMIRA, WARNITA WARNITA, REFLIN REFLIN, and HASMIANDY HAMID. "Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis and promote the growth of tomatoYanti Y, Warnita, Reflin. 2018. Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstoni." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190612.
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Yanti Y, Warnita, Reflin. 2018. Short Communication: Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis and promote the growth of tomato. Biodiversitas 19: xxxx. A microbial consortium is a group of different species of microorganisms and acts as a community. Combinations of biocontrol strains are expected to have a better result to suppress multiple plant diseases. Our previous research had selected four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains from chili (B. pseudomycoides strain NBRC 101232, B. cereus strain CCM 2010, Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112, Serratia nematodiphila strain DZ0503SBS1) and three strains from tomato (Bacillus pseudomycoides strain NBRC 101232, Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112, Bacillus thuringiensis strain ATCC 10792 ) which had ability to promote growth and control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis indigenously. The strains were used in the development of PGPR consortiums to increase their ability for biocontrol agent of Ralstonia syzigii subsp. indonesiensis and promoting the growth of tomato. Results showed that not all strains had good compatibility to grow together. Ten consortiums were developed based on their compatibilities. All consortiums exhibited the capability to reduce bacterial wilt disease development and also promote the growth of tomato. The consortium consisted of Serratia nematodiphila strain DZ0503SBS1, B. cereus strain CCM 2010, Bacillus aryabhattai strain B8W22 and Bacillus cereus strain IAM 12605 resulted in the best ability to reduce disease development and promote growth and yield of tomato.
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Siqueira, Franciele Maboni, Samuel Paulo Cibulski, Fabiana Quoos Mayer, David Driemeier, Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, and Agueda Palmira Castagna de Vargas. "Genome sequencing of two Bacillus anthracis strains: a virulent strain and a vaccinal strain." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 1 (January 2018): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2017.04.007.
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Ghosh, Souvik, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Mohammad Akram Hossain, Mohammed Mahbub Alam, Muzahed Uddin Ahmed, and Nobumichi Kobayashi. "Full genomic analyses of two human G2P[4] rotavirus strains detected in 2005: identification of a caprine-like VP3 gene." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.029868-0.
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Although G2P[4] rotaviruses are common causes of infantile diarrhoea, to date only the full genomes of the prototype (strain DS-1) and another old strain, TB-Chen, have been analysed. We report here the full genomic analyses of two Bangladeshi G2P[4] strains, MMC6 and MMC88, detected in 2005. Both the strains exhibited a DS-1-like genotype constellation. Excluding the VP4 and VP7 genes, and except for VP3 of MMC88, the MMC strains were genetically more closely related to the contemporary G2P[4] and several non-G2P[4] human strains than the prototype G2P[4] strain. However, by phylogenetic analyses, the VP2, VP3 (except MMC88), NSP1 and NSP3–5 genes of these strains appeared to share a common origin with those of the prototype strain, whilst their VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes clustered near a caprine strain. The VP3 gene of MMC88 exhibited maximum relatedness to a local caprine strain, representing the first reported human G2P[4] strain with a gene of animal origin.
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Ren, Shuzheng, Jie Zhang, and Dwight A. Hennessy. "Psychological strains and psychological distress among Chinese rural migrant workers." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818766377.
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This research note reports on a study that examined the psychological strains among migrant workers in China, and the potential negative life impact of these strains. It was hypothesized that psychological strains, resulting from social and psychological conflicts (value strain, aspiration strain, deprivation strain and coping strain), would be associated with greater psychological distress. Most of the sampled migrant workers experienced at least one of four types of strain. Independently, greater levels of all four types of strain were related to elevated self-reported psychological distress. Regression analyses showed that coping strain was the strongest predictor of psychological distress, whereas deprivation strain was not predictive when other types of strain were simultaneously considered. It is concluded that further research regarding the combined impact of social and personal factors in impacting both healthy and unhealthy psychological outcomes within the population of migrant workers in China is needed.
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Saito, Mika, Douangdao Soukaloun, Khampe Phongsavath, Bounlay Phommasack, and Yoshihiro Makino. "Epidemiological Study of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Vientiane, Lao PDR, in 1990s." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/235934.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was conducted using core-premembrane and envelope gene sequence data of two strains from Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, in 1993 and five from Okinawa, Japan, in 2002 and 2003, and previously published strains. The two Vientiane strains designated as LaVS56 and LaVS145 belonged to genotype 1 (G1) and the same subcluster of G1 as Australian strain in 2000, Thai strains in 1982–1985 and 2004-2005, and Vietnamese strain in 2005, but were distinct from the subcluster of recently distributing G1 strains widely in Asia including Okinawan strains and recent Lao strain in 2009. These clusters with own distinct distributions indicated involvements of different mechanisms and routes of spreading viruses and clarified that Australian G1 strain is from Southeast Asia, not from East Asia. Both Vientiane strains were antigenically close to P19-Br (G1, isolate, Thailand), but distinct from Nakayama (G3, prototype strain, Japan), Beijing-1 (G3, laboratory strain, China), and JaGAr#01 (G3, laboratory strain, Japan), demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests using polyclonal antisera. These results together with seroepidemiologic study conducted in Vientiane strongly suggest that diversified JEV cocirculated there in early 1990s.
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Voigt, J. U., and F. A. Flachskampf. "Strain and strain rate." Zeitschrift f�r Kardiologie 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-004-0047-7.
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Herbert, Silvia, Steven W. Newell, Chia Lee, Karsten-Peter Wieland, Bruno Dassy, Jean-Michel Fournier, Christiane Wolz, and Gerd Döring. "Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 and Type 8 Capsular Polysaccharides by CO2." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 4609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.15.4609-4613.2001.
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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus expression of capsular polysaccharide type 5 (CP5) has been shown to be downregulated by CO2. Here we show that CO2 reduces CP5 expression at the transcriptional level and that CO2regulates CP8 expression depending on the genetic background of the strains. Growth in the presence of air supplemented with 5% CO2 caused a significant decrease in CP8 expression in fourS. aureus strains, a marginal effect in four strains, and higher CP8 expression in strain Becker. Absolute CP8 expression in the nine S. aureus strains differed largely from strain to strain. Four groups of strains were established due to sequence variations in the promoter region of cap5 andcap8. To test whether these sequence variations are responsible for the different responses to CO2, promoter regions from selected strains were fused to the reporter genexylE in pLC4, and the plasmids were electrotransformed into strains Becker and Newman. XylE activity was negatively regulated by CO2 in all derivatives of strain Newman and was always positively regulated by CO2 in all derivatives of strain Becker. Differences in promoter sequences did not influence the pattern of CP8 expression. Therefore, the genetic background of the strains rather than differences in the promoter sequence determines the CO2 response. trans-acting regulatory molecules may be differentially expressed in strain Becker versus strain Newman. The strain dependency of the CP8 expression established in vitro was also seen in lung tissue sections of patients with cystic fibrosis infected with CP8-positive S. aureus strains.
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BAAGWALA, WASIM Y., DR NISHA K. SHAH, and DIVYA M. "STRAIN IMPROVEMENT OF ACCLIMATIZED STRAIN BY MUTAGENESIS FOR HYPER PRODUCTION OF ENDOGLUCANASE." Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 3, no. 3 (September 2016): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2016.3.3.7.
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Laarakker, MC, F. Ohl, and HA van Lith. "Reducing the number of animals used in behavioural genetic experiments using chromosome substitution strains." Animal Welfare 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029936.
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AbstractChromosome substitution strains (also called consomic lines or strains) are strains in which a single, full-length chromosome from one inbred strain — the donor strain — has been transferred onto the genetic background of a second inbred strain — the host strain. Based on the results obtained from behavioural tests with the two parental strains, the minimum number of animals from each of the host and consomic strains that are required for a successful behavioural genetic analysis can be estimated. Correct application of statistical knowledge can lead to a further reduction in the number of animals used in behavioural genetic experiments using chromosome substitution strains.
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Sica, Jacopo, Chiara Vendramini, Chiara Nadai, Zeno Molinelli, Milena Carlot, Alessio Giacomini, and Viviana Corich. "Strain prevalence and killer factor only partially influence the fermentation activity of pairwise Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains inoculation." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 29, 2024): e0300212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300212.
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Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae starters are single-strain cultures widely used in winemaking to optimise the fermentation process and improve the organoleptic quality of wine. Unfortunately, the worldwide extensive use of a limited number of industrial strains led to the standardisation of the sensory properties, reducing the identity of wines. Therefore, the use of multi-strain S. cerevisiae starters can be an alternative tool to alter the sensory profile of wines, increasing the diversity of wine styles. However, this strategy may be interesting only if the overall fermentation kinetics is not affected. To date, there is a lack of information regarding the influence of multi-strain starters on the overall fermentation process in wine. In this context, killer toxins, affecting the viability of sensitive strains, can play a significant role. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pairing eight wine strains of S. cerevisiae (two sensitive, three neutral and three killer) in co-fermentations compared to single-strain fermentations. Results evidenced that, among co-fermentations where the strain prevalence was significant, the killer strains constituted 79% to 100% of the total yeast population when co-inoculated with a sensitive one. However, in most of the cases, co-fermentations kinetics were similar to those of sensitive strains or worse than both strains. Thus, the presence of a killer strain alone is not sufficient to predict the overall fermentation progress, which is an essential information in winemaking. Interestingly, the neutral strain P304.4 was always prevalent, regardless of the second strain and, in most of the co-fermentations, the overall fermentation trend was similar to the P304.4 single-strain fermentation. Regardless of killer activity, our results suggest that the effect of strains on fermentative kinetics is still unpredictable, and further studies are needed to thoroughly explore strain to strain interactions in winemaking.
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Carabello, Alina, Constanze Neupetsch, Michael Werner, Christian Rotsch, Welf-Guntram Drossel, and Dirk Zajonz. "Comparison of Resistive and Optical Strain Measurement for Early Fracture Detection." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3050.
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AbstractTo increase learning success in surgical training, physical simulators are supplemented by measurement technology to generate and record objective feedback and error detection. An opportunity to detect fractures following hip stem implantation early can be measurement of occurring strains on bone surface. These strains can be determined while using strain gauges, digital image correlation (DIC) or photoelasticity. In this research strain gauges and DIC were compared regarding their suitability as strain measurement tools for use in physical simulators. Therefore a testing method was described to replicate the implantation of a hip stem. Testing devices modelled on a realistic prosthesis were pressed into prepared porcine femora in a two-step procedure with a material testing machine. The local strains occurring on bone surface were determined using an optical measurement system for DIC and strain gauges. The initial fractures in the tested femora are located medial-anterior in most cases (73,6%). With increasing indentation depth of the test device, the strains on bone surface increase. Comparing the local strains determined by DIC and strain gauges consistencies in curves are noticeable. Maximal determined strains before fracturing amount to 0,69% with strain gauges and 0,75% with DIC. In the range of the fracture gap, strain gradients are determined by using DIC. However the detected surfaces are of low quality caused by gaps and motion artefacts. The results show strains on bone surfaces for early fracture detection are measurable with strain gauges and DIC. DIC is assessed as less suitable compared to strain gauges. Furthermore strain gauges have greater level of integration and economic efficiency, so they are preferred the use in surgical training simulators.
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Ahn, Yura, Hyun Jung Koo, Seung Ah Lee, DaSol Jung, Joon-Won Kang, and Dong Hyun Yang. "Reference ranges of computed tomography-derived strains in four cardiac chambers." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 6, 2024): e0303986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303986.
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Research on cardiovascular diseases using CT-derived strain is gaining momentum, yet there is a paucity of information regarding reference standard values beyond echocardiography, particularly in cardiac chambers other than the left ventricle (LV). We aimed to compile CT-derived strain values from the four cardiac chambers in healthy adults and assess the impact of age and sex on myocardial strains. This study included 101 (mean age: 55.2 ± 9.0 years, 55.4% men) consecutive healthy individuals who underwent multiphase cardiac CT. CT-derived cardiac strains, including LV global and segmental longitudinal, circumferential, and transverse strains, left atrial (LA), right atrial (RA), and right ventricle (RV) strains were measured by the commercially available software. Strain values were classified and compared by their age and sex. The normal range of CT-derived LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global radial strain (GRS) were −20.2 ± 2.7%, −27.9 ± 4.1%, and 49.4 ± 12.1%, respectively. For LA, reservoir strain, pump strain, and conduit strain were 28.6 ± 8.5%, 13.2 ± 6.4%, and 15.5 ± 8.6%, respectively. The GLS of RA and RV were 27.9 ± 10.9% and −22.0 ± 5.7%, respectively. The absolute values of GLS of RA and RV of women were higher than that in men (32.4 ± 11.4 vs. 24.3 ± 9.1 and −25.2 ± 4.7 vs. −19.4 ± 5.0, respectively; p<0.001, both). Measurement of CT-derived strain in four cardiac chambers is feasible. The reference ranges of CT strains in four cardiac chambers can be used for future studies of various cardiac diseases using the cardiac strains.
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Hensley, Sarah A., Jong-Hyun Jung, Cheon-Seok Park, and James F. Holden. "Thermococcus paralvinellae sp. nov. and Thermococcus cleftensis sp. nov. of hyperthermophilic heterotrophs from deep-sea hydrothermal vents." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_11 (November 1, 2014): 3655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.066100-0.
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Two heterotrophic hyperthermophilic strains, ES1T and CL1T, were isolated from Paralvinella sp. polychaete worms collected from active hydrothermal vent chimneys in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Both were obligately anaerobic and produced H2S in the presence of elemental sulfur and H2. Complete genome sequences are available for both strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains are more than 97 % similar to most other species of the genus Thermococcus . Therefore, overall genome relatedness index analyses were performed to establish that these strains are novel species. For each analysis, strain ES1T was determined to be most similar to Thermococcus barophilus MPT, while strain CL1T was determined to be most similar to Thermococcus sp. 4557. The average nucleotide identity scores for these strains were 84 % for strain ES1T and 81 % for strain CL1T, genome-to-genome direct comparison scores were 23 % for strain ES1T and 47 % for strain CL1T, and the species identification scores were 89 % for strain ES1T and 88 % for strain CL1T. For each analysis, strains ES1T and CL1T were below the species delineation cut-off. Therefore, based on their whole genome sequences, strains ES1T and CL1T are suggested to represent novel species of the genus Thermococcus for which the names Thermococcus paralvinellae sp. nov. and Thermococcus cleftensis sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains are ES1T ( = DSM 27261T = KACC 17923T) and CL1T ( = DSM 27260T = KACC 17922T).
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Brown, Gerry, Zeayen Khan, and Ran Lifshitz. "Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: strain identification by restriction fragment length polymorphisms." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-042.
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A genomic library of the Pseudomonas putida strain GR12-2 was screened to identify both genus-universal and strain-specific 8-kilobase inserts. The genus-universal clone (pAM141), in combination with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, PstI, and PvuII, was used to generate unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms for 20 related plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and seven reference strains. Strain restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles based on the genus-universal clone pAM141 allow positive identification of individual pseudomonad strains. The strain-specific clone (pAM227) clearly distinguished the parent strain (GR12-2) from 16 other pseudomonad strains, including 8 P. putida, 7 P. fluorescens, and 1 P. cepacia. pAM227 may be useful for monitoring the fate of the P. putida strain GR12-2 in the environment. Key words: pseudomonads, rhizobacteria, restriction fragment length polymorphism, strain identification.
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Sasaki, Yasushi, Manabu Iguchi, and Mitsutaka Hino. "Measuring Strains for Hematite Phase in Sinter Ore by Electron Backscattering Diffraction Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.237.
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Based on the relationship between quantified blurring degree of Kikuchi bands obtained by an electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique and macroscopic strains measured by a strain gauge, the local compression strain SEBSD in sinter ore has been evaluated under various conditions. There is a good linear relationship between the SEBSD and the strains measured by a strain gauge. The local strain SEBSD evaluated by EBSD patterns can be used as an index of local strains.
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Samadlouie, Hamid Reza, Shahrokh Gharanjik, and Zohreh Beygom Tabatabaie. "Optimization of the Production of ε-Poly-L-Lysine by Novel Producer Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Dairy Products." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 5, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2145656.
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New strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from different traditional dairy products. Six new strains named Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain A01, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain D01, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain E01, Lactococcus lactis strain G01, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain C01, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain F01 were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing, morphological and biochemical traits. All strains have been registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with accession numbers MN611241.1, MN611300.1, MN611301.1, MN611303.1, MN611241.1, and MN611299.1, respectively. Having found ε-Poly-L-Lysine (ε-PL) in all strains isolated, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain A01 was identified as an active producer of ε-Poly-L-Lysine (ε-PL). The one-factor-at-a-time method and central composite design were applied to optimize ε-Poly-L-Lysine (ε-PL). A predicted 200 ppm of ε-PL was obtained in the medium containing the lowest level of glucose, 25 g/l, and yeast extract, 6 g/l.
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Luong, Thanh T., Mei G. Lei, and Chia Y. Lee. "Staphylococcus aureus Rbf Activates Biofilm Formation In Vitro and Promotes Virulence in a Murine Foreign Body Infection Model." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 1 (October 27, 2008): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00872-08.
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ABSTRACT We previously identified Rbf as an activator for biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces in Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325-4. However, strain 8325-4 contains genetic mutations that may affect biofilm formation. To extend the observation to other strains, we used strain Newman, a weak biofilm producer, and strain UAMS-1, an osteomyelitis clinical strain, in this study. We found that mutations in the chromosomal rbf gene did not affect biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces in these strains, but transformants of these strains carrying a multiple-copy plasmid containing the rbf gene formed stronger biofilms than the wild-type strains and the mutant strains. Using the flow cell method, we found that the chromosomal mutation in the rbf gene delayed biofilm formation, whereas strains with a plasmid containing the rbf gene accelerated biofilm formation in strains Newman and UAMS-1. These results led us to conclude that rbf is an activator of biofilm formation in different strains of S. aureus, although the degree of activation varies among strains. In a murine model of foreign body infection, the rbf mutations in strain Newman, but not in strain UAMS-1, reduced the bacterial survival rate in catheter lumen. However, UAMS-1 carrying multiple copies of rbf in a plasmid increased the bacterial survival rate. The animal studies therefore suggest that Rbf has a role in S. aureus virulence.
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Yang, Y. H., Y. J. Yang, W. Y. Gao, J. J. Guo, Y. H. Wu, and Y. D. Wu. "Introgression of a disrupted cadherin gene enables susceptibleHelicoverpa armigerato obtain resistance toBacillus thuringiensistoxin Cry1Ac." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 2 (October 28, 2008): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006226.
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AbstractA disrupted allele (r1) of a cadherin gene (Ha_BtR) is genetically associated with incompletely recessive resistance toBacillus thuringiensistoxin Cry1Ac in a Cry1Ac-selected strain (GYBT) ofHelicoverpa armigera. Ther1allele ofHa_BtRwas introgressed into a susceptible SCD strain by crossing the GYBT strain to the SCD strain, followed by repeated backcrossing to the SCD strain and molecular marker assisted family selection. The introgressed strain (designated as SCD-r1, carrying homozygousr1allele) obtained 438-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, >41-fold resistance to Cry1Aa and 31-fold resistance Cry1Ab compared with the SCD strain; however, there was no significant difference in susceptibility to Cry2Aa between the integrated and parent strains. It confirms that the loss of function mutation ofHa_BtRalone can confer medium to high levels of resistance to the three Cry1A toxins inH. armigera. Reciprocal crosses between the SCD and SCD-r1 strains showed that resistance to Cry1Ac in the SCD-r1 strain was completely recessive. Life tables of the SCD and SCD-r1 strains on artificial diet in the laboratory were constructed, and results showed that the net replacement rate (R0) did not differ between the strains. The toxicity of two chemical insecticides, fenvalerate and monocrotophos, against the SCD-r1 strain was not significantly different from that to the SCD strain. However, larval development time of the SCD-r1 strain was significantly longer than that of the SCD strain, indicating a fitness cost of slower larval growth is associated withHa_BtRdisruption inH. armigera.
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Alaca, B. Erdem, K. Bugra Toga, Orhan Akar, and Tayfun Akin. "Strain-controlled bulge test." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 12 (December 2008): 3295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0395.
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A closed-loop approach is adopted to implement strain rate control during the bulge test. Due to the difficulty of measuring strains directly, the technique is based on the conversion of displacement measurements to the corresponding strains using the plane-strain formulation. The necessary temporal evolution of the midpoint displacement of a rectangular diaphragm is derived under the condition of constant strain rate and is imposed as a control criterion. The technique is demonstrated on 500-nm-thick Au diaphragms by applying strain rates ranging from 2 × 10−6 to 2 × 10−4 s–1. By measuring the corresponding yield strength values, a strain rate sensitivity of 0.11 is obtained, which is close to what was previously reported on similar specimens using the microbending test.
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Baumgardt, Sandra, Igor Loncaric, Peter Kämpfer, and Hans-Jürgen Busse. "Corynebacterium tapiri sp. nov. and Corynebacterium nasicanis sp. nov., isolated from a tapir and a dog, respectively." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_11 (November 1, 2015): 3885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000510.
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Two Gram-stain-positive bacterial isolates, strain 2385/12T and strain 2673/12T were isolated from a tapir and a dog's nose, respectively. The two strains were rod to coccoid-shaped, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity identified Corynebacterium singulare CCUG 37330T (96.3 % similarity) as the nearest relative of strain 2385/12T and suggested the isolate represented a novel species. Corynebacterium humireducens DSM 45392T (98.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) was identified as the nearest relative of strain 2673/12T. Results from DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strain of C. humireducens demonstrated that strain 2673/12T also represented a novel species. Strain 2385/12T showed a quinone system consisting predominantly of menaquinones MK-8(H2) and MK-9(H2) whereas strain 2673/12T contained only MK-8(H2) as predominant quinone. The polar lipid profiles of the two strains showed the major compounds phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. Phosphatidylinositol was identified as another major lipid in 2673/12T whereas it was only found in moderate amounts in strain 2385/12T. Furthermore, moderate to minor amounts of phosphatidylinositol-mannoside, β-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerol and variable counts of several unidentified lipids were detected in the two strains. Both strains contained corynemycolic acids. The polyamine patterns were characterized by the major compound putrescine in strain 2385/12T and spermidine in strain 2673/12T. In the fatty acid profiles, predominantly C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 0 were detected. The two strains are distinguishable from each other and the nearest related established species of the genus Corynebacterium phylogenetically and phenotypically. In conclusion, two novel species of the genus Corynebacterium are proposed, namely Corynebacterium tapiri sp. nov. (type strain, 2385/12T = CCUG 65456T = LMG 28165T) and Corynebacterium nasicanis sp. nov. (type strain, 2673/12T = CCUG 65455T = LMG 28166T).
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Tudor-Nelson, S. M., G. V. Minsavage, R. E. Stall, and J. B. Jones. "Bacteriocin-Like Substances from Tomato Race 3 Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria." Phytopathology® 93, no. 11 (November 2003): 1415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.11.1415.
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Tomato race 3 (T3) strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria are antagonistic in vitro to tomato race 1 (T1) strains of the bacterium. All T1 strains and 11 strains of other X. campestris pathovars tested were inhibited by T3 strains. Sensitivity of tomato race 2 (T2) strains was variable. No strains from other bacterial genera tested were inhibited. Cell-free filtrates from T3 strains were inhibitory to sensitive strains. The inhibitory activity of these filtrates was lost after treatment at temperatures above 80°C and with selected protease enzymes. However, treatment with trypsin or DNase had no effect on their activity. Seven cosmid clones from a genomic library of a T3 strain were selected for their ability to consistently inhibit a sensitive indicator strain in plate assays. Southern hybridization analysis placed these into three bacteriocin (BCN)-producing groups designated BCN-A, BCN-B, and BCN-C. The BCN-like groups could be differentiated by variations in inhibitory spectra and levels of activity in plate assays. Mutations that inactivated expression of each BCN group individually in a wild-type T3 strain had inhibitory activity confirming that multiple BCNs are present in the T3 strain. T3 strains were inhibitory to a sensitive indicator strain in tomato leaf tissue, but this effect was observed only when T3 strains were applied in advance of the sensitive strain. BCN-A was the major BCN-like substance involved in the suppression of the sensitive indicator strain in tomato leaf tissues.
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Yamada, Takeshi, Hiroyuki Imachi, Akiyoshi Ohashi, Hideki Harada, Satoshi Hanada, Yoichi Kamagata, and Yuji Sekiguchi. "Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0.
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Thermophilic (strain GOMI-1T) and mesophilic (strain KOME-1T) strains were isolated from two different cultures of propionate-degrading consortia obtained from thermophilic digester sludge and rice paddy soil, respectively. The two strains were non-spore-forming, non-motile and Gram-negative. Both strains were obligately anaerobic micro-organisms, showing multicellular filamentous morphotypes more than 100 μm in length. The cell width for strain GOMI-1T was 0.2–0.4 μm and that of strain KOME-1T was 0.4–0.6 μm. Strain GOMI-1T could grow at 45–65 °C with a pH range of 6.0–7.5 (optimum growth at 55 °C, pH 7.0). The temperature range for growth of strain KOME-1T was 30–40 °C and the pH range was pH 5.0–8.5 (optimum growth around 37 °C, pH 7.0). Yeast extract was required for growth of both strains. Strain GOMI-1T was able to grow with a number of carbohydrates in the presence of yeast extract. In yeast extract-containing medium, strain KOME-1T could utilize proteins and a limited range of sugars for growth. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains GOMI-1T and KOME-1T were respectively 54.7 and 57.6 mol%. Major fatty acids of strain GOMI-1T were C16 : 0, C14 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0, whereas those of strain KOME-1T were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C14 : 0. Based on comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains GOMI-1T and KOME-1T, the strains were placed in different phylogenetic positions in the class Anaerolineae of the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi. Their phenotypic and genetic traits strongly supported the conclusion that the strains should be described as two independent taxa in the class Anaerolineae. Hence, we propose the names Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov., and Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., for strains GOMI-1T and KOME-1T. The type strains of Bellilinea caldifistulae and Longilinea arvoryzae are respectively GOMI-1T (=JCM 13669T =DSM 17877T) and KOME-1T (=JCM 13670T =KTCC 5380T).
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Wang, Ze-Xiang, Rui-Si Hu, Chun-Xue Zhou, Jun-Jun He, Hany M. Elsheikha, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "Label-Free Quantitative Acetylome Analysis Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Specific Acetylomic Signatures." Microorganisms 7, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110510.
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Distinct genotypic and pathogenic differences exist between Toxoplasma gondii genotypes. For example, genotype I is highly virulent, whereas genotype II and genotype III are less virulent. Moreover, Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9) is also virulent. Here, we compare the acetylomes of genotype 1 (RH strain) and Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9, PYS strain) of T. gondii. Using mass spectrometry enriched for acetylated peptides, we found a relationship between the levels of protein acetylation and parasite genotype-specific virulence. Notably, lysine acetylation was the largest (458 acetylated proteins) in RH strain, followed by PYS strain (188 acetylated proteins), whereas only 115 acetylated proteins were detected in PRU strain. Our analysis revealed four, three, and four motifs in RH strain, PRU strain and PYS strain, respectively. Three conserved sequences around acetylation sites, namely, xxxxxKAcHxxxx, xxxxxKAcFxxxx, and xxxxGKAcSxxxx, were detected in the acetylome of the three strains. However, xxxxxKAcNxxxx (asparagine) was found in RH and PYS strains but was absent in PRU strain. Our analysis also identified 15, 3, and 26 differentially expressed acetylated proteins in RH strain vs. PRU strain, PRU strain vs. PYS strain and PYS strain vs. RH strain, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large proportion of the acetylated proteins are involved in metabolic processes. Pathways for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were featured in the top five enriched pathways in all three strains. However, acetylated proteins from the virulent strains (RH and PYS) were more enriched in the pyruvate metabolism pathway compared to acetylated proteins from PRU strain. Increased levels of histone-acetyl-transferase and glycyl-tRNA synthase were detected in RH strain compared to PRU strain and PYS strain. Both enzymes play roles in stress tolerance and proliferation, key features in the parasite virulence. These findings reveal novel insight into the acetylomic profiles of major T. gondii genotypes and provide a new important resource for further investigations of the roles of the acetylated parasite proteins in the modulation of the host cell response to the infection of T. gondii.
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Zhang, Shiwen, Yufei Zhou, Shuguang Han, Yanfang Ma, Cheng Wang, and Yinglong Hou. "The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Strain Analysis in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2023 (February 6, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5996741.
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Background. Strain analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is critical for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Our study aimed to identify the diagnostic and prognostic value of strain analysis revealed by CMR in HFpEF. Methods. Participants in HFpEF and control were recruited according to the guideline. Baseline information, clinical parameters, blood samples were collected, and echocardiography and CMR examination were performed. Various parameters, including global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain (GCS) and global radial strain in left ventricle (LV), right ventricle (RV), and left atrium, were measured from CMR. Receiver operator curve (ROC) was established to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of strains in HFpEF. Results. Seven strains, with the exception of RVGCS, were employed to generate ROC curves after t-test. All strains had significant diagnostic value for HFpEF. The area under curve (AUC) of LV strains was greater than 0.7 and the AUC of the combined analysis of LV strains was 0.858 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.798–0.919, sensitivity: 0.713, specificity: 0.875, P < 0.001 ), indicating that they had a higher diagnostic value than individual LV strains. However, individual strains had no predictive value in identifying end-point events in HFpEF, the AUC of coanalysis of LV strains was 0.722 (95% CI: 0.573–0.872, sensitivity: 0.500, specificity: 0.959, P = 0.004 ), indicating its prognostic relevance. Conclusion. Individual strain analysis in CMR may be useful for diagnosing HFpEF, the combination of LV strain analysis had the highest diagnostic value. Moreover, the prognostic value of individual strain analysis in predicting HFpEF outcome was not satisfactory while the combined usage of LV strain analysis was prognostically valuable in HFpEF outcome prediction.
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Bowles, J., D. Blair, and D. P. McManus. "Molecular genetic characterization of the cervid strain (‘northern form’) ofEchinococcus granulosus." Parasitology 109, no. 2 (August 1994): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076332.
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SUMMARYWe have used a number of molecular genetic approaches to characterize the cervid strain (‘northern form’) ofEchinococcus granulosus.PCR–RFLP analysis of the nuclear ITS1 region of the rDNA repeat can readily distinguish the cervid form from other strains ofE. granulosus. The complexity of the RFLP patterns obtained suggests that a number of distinct ITS1 types are present in this strain which may represent an inter-strainE. granulosushybrid. Mitochondrial CO1 sequence of the cervid genotype was ambiguous at 18 positions and closely resembles a cluster of previously characterizedE. granulosusgenotypes, G1 (common, domestic sheep)/G2 (Tasmanian sheep)/G3 (buffalo). In contrast, mitochondrial ND1 sequence, although unique, suggests that the cervid form is most similar to strains represented by the G6 (camel)/G7 (pig) genotypes. We assume that the CO1 and ND1 sequences obtained for the cervid genotype are linked in a single mitochondrial genome although this is difficult to explain if conventional molecular genetics of mitochondrial DNA are assumed. Based on its unique ND1 sequence and ITS1 PCR–RFLP pattern, the cervid strain appears to represent a distinct genotype (designated G8) ofE. granulosus.