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Jacot, Benjamin (Benjamin Paul Emmanuel). "A strain tensor method for three-dimensional optimal Michell structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104125.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-95).
In the design of discrete structures such as trusses and frames, important quantitative goals such as minimal weight or minimal compliance often dominate. Many numerical techniques exist to address these needs. However, an analytical approach exists to meet similar goals, which was initiated by A.G.M. Michell (1904) and has been mostly used for two-dimensional structures so far. This thesis develops a method to extend the existing mainly two-dimensional approach to apply to three-dimensional structures. It will be referred as the Michell strain tensor method (MSTM). First, the proof that MSTM is consistent with the existing theory in two dimensions is provided. Second, two-dimensional known solutions will be replicated based on MSTM. Finally, MSTM will be used to solve new three- dimensional cases.
by Benjamin Jacot.
M. Eng.
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Rönnbrant, Anders. "Implementing a visualization tool for myocardial strain tensors." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5173.
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The heart is a complex three-dimensional structure with mechanical properties that are inhomogeneous, non-linear, time-variant and anisotropic. These properties affect major physiological factors within the heart, such as the pumping performance of the ventricles, the oxygen demand in the tissue and the distribution of coronary blood flow.
During the cardiac cycle the heart muscle tissue is deformed as a consequence of the active contraction of the muscle fibers and their relaxation respectively. A mapping of this deformation would give increased understanding of the mechanical properties of the heart. The deformation induces strain and stress in the tissue which are both mechanical properties and can be described with a mathematical tensor object.
The aim of this master's thesis is to develop a visualization tool for the strain tensor objects that can aid a user to see and/or understand various differences between different hearts and spatial and temporal differences within the same heart. Preferably should the tool be general enough for use with different types of data.
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Kellermann, David Conrad Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Strongly orthotropic continuum mechanics." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41454.
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The principal contribution of this dissertation is a theory of Strongly Orthotropic Continuum Mechanics that is derived entirely from an assertion of geometric strain indeterminacy. Implementable into the finite element method, it can resolve widespread kinematic misrepresentations and offer unique and purportedly exact strain-induced energies by removing the assumptions of strain tensor symmetry. This continuum theory births the proposal of a new class of physical tensors described as the Intrinsic Field Tensors capable of generalising the response of most classical mechanical metrics, a number of specialised formulations and the solutions shown to be kinematically intermediate. A series of numerical examples demonstrate Euclidean objectivity, material frame-indifference, patch test satisfaction, and agreement between the subsequent Material Principal Co-rotation and P??I??C decomposition methods that produce the intermediary stress/strain fields. The encompassing theory has wide applicability owing to its fundamental divergence from conventional mechanics, it offers non-trivial outcomes when applied to even very simple problems and its use of not the Eulerian, Lagrangian but the Intrinsic Frame generates previously unreported results in strongly orthotropic continua.
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Lundgren, Katarina. "Investigation of transmural cardiac and fiber strain in ischemic and non-ischemic tissue during diastole." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7955.
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The cardiac wall has complex three-dimensional fiber structures and mechanical properties that enable the heart to efficiently pump the blood through the body. By studying the myocardial strains induced during diastole, information about the pumping performance of the heart and what mechanisms that are responsible for this effective blood filling, can be achieved. Two different computation methods for myocardial strain, both based on data acquired from marker technique, were compared using a theoretical cylinder model. The non-homogeneous polynomial fitting method yielded higher accuracy than a homogeneous tetrahedron method, and was further used to investigate cardiac and fiber strains at different wall depths and myocardial regions in normal and ischemic ovine hearts. Large spatial and regional variations were found, as well as alterations, conveyed by ischemic conditions, of fiber mechanisms responsible for the circumferential expansion and wall thinning during diastole.
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Kindberg, Katarina. "Regional Kinematics of the Heart: Investigation with Marker Tracking and with Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1735.
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The pumping performance of the heart is affected by the mechanical properties of the muscle fibre part of the cardiac wall, the myocardium. The myocardium has a complex structure, where muscle fibres have different orientations at different locations, and during the cardiac cycle, the myocardium undergoes large elastic deformations. Hence, myocardial strain pattern is complex. In this thesis work, a computation method for myocardial strain and a detailed map of myocardial transmural strain during the cardiac cycle are found by the use of surgically implanted metallic markers and beads. The strain is characterized in a local cardiac coordinate system. Thereafter, non-invasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is used to compare strain at different myocardial regions. The difference in resolution between marker data and PC-MRI data is elucidated and some of the problems associated with the low resolution of PC-MRI are given.
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Song, Min Jae. "Direct tensor expression by Eulerian approach for constitutive relations based on strain invariants in transversely isotropic green elasticity - finite extension and torsion." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1667.
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Sigfridsson, Andreas. "Multidimensional MRI of Myocardial Dynamics : Acquisition, Reconstruction and Visualization." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medicinsk informatik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51489.
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Methods for measuring deformation and motion of the human heart in-vivo are crucial in the assessment of cardiac function. Applications ranging from basic physiological research, through early detection of disease to follow-up studies, all rely on the quality of the measurements of heart dynamics. This thesis presents new improved magnetic resonance imaging methods for acquisition, image reconstruction and visualization of cardiac motion and deformation.As the heart moves and changes shape during the acquisition, synchronization to the heart dynamics is necessary. Here, a method to resolve not only the cardiac cycle but also the respiratory cycle is presented. Combined with volumetric imaging, this produces a five-dimensional data set with two cyclic temporal dimensions. This type of data reveals unique physiological information, such as interventricular coupling in the heart in different phases of the respiratory cycle.The acquisition can also be sensitized to motion, measuring not only the magnitude of the magnetization but also a signal proportional to local velocity or displacement. This allows for quantification of the motion which is especially suitable for functional study of the cardiac deformation. In this work, an evaluation of the influence of several factors on the signal-to-noise ratio is presented for in-vivo displacement encoded imaging. Additionally, an extension of the method to acquire multiple displacement encoded slices in a single breath hold is also presented.Magnetic resonance imaging is usually associated with long scan times, and many methods exist to shorten the acquisition time while maintaining acceptable image quality. One class of such methods involves acquiring only a sparse subset of k-space. A special reconstruction is then necessary in order to obtain an artifact-free image. One family of these reconstruction techniques tailored for dynamic imaging is the k-t BLAST approach, which incorporates data-driven prior knowledge to suppress aliasing artifacts that otherwise occur with the sparse sampling. In this work, an extension of the original k-t BLAST method to two temporal dimensions is presented and applied to data acquired with full coverage of the cardio-respiratory cycles. Using this technique, termed k-t2 BLAST, simultaneous reduction of scan time and improved spatial resolution is demonstrated. Further, the loss of temporal fidelity when using the k-t BLAST approach is investigated, and an improved reconstruction is proposed for the application of cardiac function analysis.Visualization is a crucial part of the imaging chain. Scalar data, such as regular anatomical images, are straightforward to display. Myocardial strain and strain-rate, however, are tensor quantities which do not lend themselves to direct visualization. The problem of visualizing the tensor field is approached in this work by combining a local visualization that displays all degrees of freedom for a single tensor with an overview visualization using a scalar field representation of the complete tensor field. The scalar field is obtained by iterated adaptive filtering of a noise field, creating a continuous geometrical representation of the myocardial strain-rate tensor field.The results of the work presented in this thesis provide opportunities for improved imaging of myocardial function, in all areas of the imaging chain; acquisition, reconstruction and visualization.
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Eissa, Leila. "Utilisation de méthodes de l'astrogéodésie et de la géodésie spatiale pour des études de déformations de l’écorce terrestre : représentations de déformations et de leur degré de signification par des tenseurs régulièrement répartis." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1018/document.
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Les outils de la géodésie spatiale sont aujourd'hui très fortement impliqués dans les études géophysiques. Le champ de déformations horizontales d'un site d'étude est fourni par les vecteurs déplacement ou par un champ tensoriel. Ce dernier possède l'avantage d'être indépendant de tout référentiel, contrairement à ce qui est nécessaire pour exprimer les vecteurs vitesse. Néanmoins, les méthodes de calcul de tenseurs dépendent souvent d'une décomposition arbitraire en figures élémentaires à partir des points de mesures géodésiques. De plus, la représentation de ces tenseurs selon leurs axes principaux est d'une lecture et d'une interprétation assez difficiles et nécessitent un certain entraînement. Cette thèse traite, dans un premier temps, le problème de fournir un champ continu de déformations sous la forme des tenseurs régulièrement répartis, de façon peu dépendante des points de mesure, et dans un deuxième temps, de fournir une représentation cartographique intuitive de ces tenseurs avec, pour la première fois, une représentation simultanée de leur degré de significativité. L'estimation des incertitudes de la déformation obtenue est analysée selon deux points de vue : d'une part, une méthode de Monte Carlo est appliquée pour la détermination des barres d'erreurs liées aux mesures, son résultat permet le calcul de degré de significativité des tenseurs par comparaison des valeurs de tenseurs par rapport à leurs incertitudes, et d'autre part, une estimation des contraintes imposées par la géométrie de distribution des points de mesures qui est ensuite combinée avec la première source d'erreur. La nouvelle approche de représentation a été analysée via une enquête auprès d'un groupe de géophysiciens, en leur fournissant plusieurs possibilités de représentations. En se basant sur les résultats de cette enquête, nous avons pu valider la nouvelle représentation qui permet de mettre en évidence certains aspects mal mis en évidence par la représentation classique, et donc le choix des éléments graphiques de la carte permettant de fournir la représentation la plus intuitive possibleSpace geodesy tools are now strongly involved in geophysical studies. The horizontal deformation field for a region of interest is provided by two main methods : a velocity field and a strain tensor field. A strain tensors field solution has the advantage of being independent of the reference frame in which the velocities are expressed. Nevertheless, the current methods of calculation of a strain tensors field depend on the positioning of geodetic points. Furthermore, the current mapping method of tensors by their mains axis is not easy to read and to interpret, needing some training. This thesis is devoted to the problem of calculating a continuous field of regularly spaced strain tensors, and providing an intuitive mapping method of these tensors with a simultaneous representation of their significance level on the same map. The estimation of uncertainties related to the deformation field is made in two steps : firstly, a Monte Carlo method is applied for the calculation of uncertainties related to the measurements, its results allow to define the significance level of tensors by normalizing tensor's values with respect to their related uncertainties, then, the constraints coming from the distribution of the network of measurement points are calculated and combined with the first source of error. The new approach of mapping tensors was analyzed through an opinion survey by providing several possibilities of representation. The results of this opinion survey allowed us to validate this new mapping method by geophysicists for representing a deformation field, because it allows highlighting some aspects not well illustrated by the classical mapping method of tensors, and therefore choosing the graphical elements of the map which provide the best intuitive method of mapping a strain tensors field
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ALBISETTI, A. FIGINI. "Structural and Thermodiffractometric Studies of Coordination Polymers Containing Ditopic Exobidentate Nitrogen Ligand." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/57743.
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Zahradník, Martin. "Dynamic control of magnetization for spintronic applications studied by magneto-optical methods." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS155/document.
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Deux mécanismes importants reliant la préparation des couches ultraminces d’oxydes magnétiques à leurs propriétés physiques ont été étudiés dans ce travail. En premier lieu, l’influence de la contrainte épitaxiale sur les propriétés magnéto-optiques de la manganite La₂/₃Sr₁/₃MnO₃ (LSMO) a été étudiée. Les couches ultraminces ont été déposées par ablation laser pulsé sur quatre substrats différents, ce qui a fourni différentes valeurs statiques de la contrainte épitaxiale. Les propriétés magnétiques ont été révélées comme se détériorant avec l’augmentation de la contrainte, ce qui était prévisible à cause de la distorsion grandissante de la maille unitaire ainsi qu’à cause de l’effet de la couche magnétiquement inerte. La combinaison de l’ellipsométrie spectroscopique et de la spectroscopie Kerr magnéto-optique a été utilisée afin de déterminer les spectres des éléments diagonaux et non diagonaux du tenseur de permittivité. L’étude des éléments non-diagonaux a confirmé la présence déjà rapportée de deux transitions électroniques dans les spectres de toutes les couches. De plus, elle a révélé une autre transition électronique autour de l’énergie de 4.3 eV, mais seulement dans les spectres des couches déposées avec une contrainte compressive. Nous avons proposé la classification de cette transition comme une transition paramagnétique du champ cristallin Mn t2g → eg. Cette classification a été confortée par des calculs ab initio. Nous avons ainsi montré le rôle clé de la contrainte dans le contrôle des propriétés magnéto-optiques des couches pérovskites ultraminces. En revanche, l’application dynamique de la contrainte par l’utilisation d’une sous-couche piézoélectrique est restée peu concluante. Le transfert de la contrainte entre la sous-couche piézoélectrique et la couche LSMO nécessite des améliorations ultérieures. En second lieu, l’influence de la désorientation du substrat a été étudiée par rapport à la dynamique de l’aimantation dans l’oxyde SrRuO₃ (SRO). Comme attendu, nous avons trouvé qu’un grand angle de désorientation mène à la suppression de la croissance de plusieurs variants cristallographiques du SRO. Au moyen de la microscopie à force magnétique, nous avons montré que la présence de plusieurs variants de SRO mène à l’augmentation de la densité de défauts agissant comme points d’ancrage ou de nucléation pour les domaines magnétiques. Nous avons donc montré que l’emploi d’un substrat vicinal est important pour la fabrication des couches ultraminces de SRO de haute qualité, avec une faible densité de défauts cristallographiques et d’excellentes propriétés magnétiquesTwo important mechanisms in preparation of ultrathin films of magnetic oxides were systematically investigated in this work. First, influence of epitaxial strain on resulting magneto-optical properties of La₂/₃Sr₁/₃MnO₃ (LSMO) ultrathin films was studied. The investigated films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on four different substrates, providing a broad range of induced epitaxial strains. Magnetic properties were found to deteriorate with increasing value of the epitaxial strain, as expected due to the unit cell distortion increasingly deviating from the bulk and effect of the magnetically inert layer. A combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy was used to determine spectra of the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of permittivity tensor. The off-diagonal elements confirmed presence of two previously reported electronic transitions in spectra of all films. Moreover, they revealed another electronic transition around 4.3 eV only in spectra of films grown under compressive strain. We proposed classification of this transition as crystal field paramagnetic Mn t2g → eg transition, which was further supported by ab initio calculations. A key role of strain in controlling electronic structure of ultrathin perovskite films was demonstrated. Dynamic application of strain via use of piezoelectric underlayer remained inconclusive, requiring further improvement of the strain transfer from the piezoelectric layer into the LSMO. Second, influence of substrate miscut on magnetization dynamics in SrRuO₃ (SRO) was studied. As expected we found that high miscut angle leads to suppression of multi-variant growth. By means of magnetic force microscopy we showed that presence of multiple SRO variants leads to higher density of defects acting as pinning or nucleation sites for the magnetic domains, which consequently results in deterioration of magnetic properties. We demonstrated that use of vicinal substrate with high miscut angle is important for fabrication of high quality SRO ultrathin films with low density of crystallographic defects and excellent magnetic properties
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Bot, Anna. "Rupture continentale oblique : évolution tectonique du Golfe de Californie (Basse californie du Sud) du Néogène à l'actuel." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0050/document.
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Le Golfe de Californie (GOC) est un exemple de rift très oblique, au stade d'accrétion depuis 3,6 Ma au sud. La déformation continentale débute au Miocène dans un contexte arrière-arc, en relation avec la subduction de la plaque Pacifique sous la Plaque Nord-Américaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer I'histoire de la déformation à I'origine de la rupture continentale ainsi que les phénomènes post-rupture. Cette étude utilise des données tectoniques, sismologiques et géomorphologiques sur la marge Ouest du GOC en Basse Californie du Sud. Elles sont calées temporellement par des datations d'isotopes radiogéniques et cosmogéniques. Une histoire polyphasée de la déformation, essentiellement post-magmatique, est proposée en termes d'évolution des directions des failles et de déformations relativement à la cinématique des plaques. Je démontre dans cette zone que la déformation qui conduit à l'amincissement et à l'étirement lithosphérique est d'abord fortement oblique et devient transtensive et moins oblique relativement à la cinématique à partir de 7-8 Ma. La marge étudiée est intégrée de manière cohérente à I'ensemble des domaines déformés associés à la formation du GOC. On montre notamment que les marges du GOC sont diachrones et qu'elles se forment par migration vers I'Ouest de la déformation vers la zone de subduction, qui devient inactive vers 12 Ma. La dynamique post-breakup du GOC est interprétée en termes de mobilisation par fluage de la croûte inférieure en relation avec un évènement thermique lié à la rupture du slab. En conclusion, l'évolution du GOC ne peut s'expliquer par les modèles simples de rifting oblique et de formation de marges passivesThe Gulf of California (GOC) is an example of highly-oblique rift. Oceanic accretion started 3.6 Ma ago at its southern end. The earliest continental extension started during the Miocene, in a back-arc setting, in connection with the subduction of the Pacific plate (PAC) beneath North America (NAM). ln this study, I reconstitute the strain evolution along the proximal Baja California margin. For this, I used original tectonic and seismological data which I collected in Baja California Sur (BCS). Those data were time-constrained with absolute dating (radiogenic and cosmogenic isotopes). I outline that the main stretching and thinning of the Late Miocene-Pliocene Baja California margin was highly oblique regarding NAM-PAC kinematic vector, turning less oblique. By integrating the studied margin in the evolution of the GOC, it is proposed that the final break-up mechanism occurred within a broad semi-ductile right-lateral central shear-zone. lt is shown that the two GOC passive margins didn't form at the same time, crustal strain migrating westward during the Miocene in response to a probable retreat of the dying slab. The active post-breakup deformation in the proximal BCS is best interpreted in connection with an outward flow of the lower crust in a trend compatible with the margin shaping inherited from the major GOC-normal to GOC-oblique Miocene crustal deformation. This ductile flow would be enhanced by the heat input from the slab rupture. To conclude, the GOC evolution as an oblique rift system adjusts with no existing analogical or numerical model of strain field evolution of oblique rifting, a probable consequence to the complex dynamics in back-arc settings
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Campbell, Katherine Gillian. "An investigation into strain within the patellar tendon." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12050/.
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Tendon injuries have, for many years, frustrated clinicians and patients alike due to their longevity and resistance to therapy. In recent years there has been good response in the extensor tendons of the lower limb to an intense painful eccentric exercise protocol. As yet there is no established reason known why a tendon should develop degeneration within its structure or why it should respond to the eccentric exercises. We do however know that, like bone, tendons are biologically active and rapidly adapt to the mechanical environment to which they are exposed. Recent investigations have revealed that within a tendon such as the Achilles or the patellar tendon there may be regions that experience different strains to the rest of the tendon. Much of this work has been in vitro and an ultimate goal would be the development of a non-invasive method by which intra-tendinous strain might be measured. The basis of this thesis is the validation of an existing grey-scale speckle pattern matching software programme developed for tracking motion through serial ultrasound images. Through in vitro and in vivo work we have developed its use for tracking the unique type of speckle found in tendons. By verifying, in vitro, that the displacements tracked in phantoms and tendons alike are representative of reality we provide confidence in the use of an exciting tool for measuring tendon motion in vivo. Furthermore, we have established the method by which the tracking can be adapted to accurately represent tendon strain in vitro which again provides assurance for its reliability when applied to examine tendon strain in vivo. The methods of data collection and analysis developed in this study provide the foundations for an exciting avenue of research into tendon biomechanics.
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Lam, Daniel F. "STRAIN CONCENTRATION AND TENSION DOMINATED STIFFENED AEROSPACE STRUCTURES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1145393262.
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Avella, Charlotte Sinclair. "Strain related differential regulation of tendon extracellular matrix proteins." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558956.
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Lister, Stephanie A. "Efficacy of tarsal immobilization to alleviate Achilles tendon strain in vivo - direct measurements via a differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) strain gauge in a canine model." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/744.
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Hess, Aaron. "Calculating 3D intramyocardial strain tensors in a single slice of myocardium using MRI." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3245.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-112).Strain is a measure of cardiac deformation and provides information on the mechanical and functional properties of the heart. As this deformation occurs in three dimensions (3D), a 3D measure of strain is appropriate, however, currently the procedures for measuring 3D intramyocardial strain fields are limited to a handful of techniques. The only widely accepted method being the use of tagging in orthogonal image planes that requires the imaging of the entire myocardial volume, followed by lengthy and time consuming post processing. A method to combine cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (cine-DENSE) and cine strain encoded MRI (cine-SENC) for the formulation of the complete 3D strain tensor field for a single slice of myocardium is proposed.
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Li, Hongying. "Fiber tracking and fiber architecture description in cardiac DT-MRI." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0125.
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La connaissance de l’architecture tridimensionnelle (3D) des fibres est cruciale dans la compréhension de la fonction du cœur humain. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique du tenseur de diffusion (IRM-DT) est une technique permettant de mesurer la diffusion des molécules d’eau dans des tissus humains, et donc d’étudier de manière non-invasive l’architecture 3D des fibres du cœur humain. Dans l’IRM-TD cardiaque, la tractographie des fibres est essentielle pour représenter et visualiser l’architecture des fibres, mais souvent utilisée qualitativement comme une dernière étape qui consiste à visualiser sur l’écran l’architecture myocardique obtenue à partir des données IRM-TD. Cependant, cette visualisation qualitative n’est pas suffisante pour décrire de manière objective et complète l’architecture des fibres. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer de nouvelles approches pour la tractographie et pour la description quantitative de l’architecture des fibres cardiaques du cœur humain en IRM-TD cardiaque. Les travaux de cette thèse se focalisent sur trois axes. Le premier est le développement d’un algorithme de tractographie probabiliste, qui prend en compte la corrélation spatiale des fibres pendant le suivi des fibres myocardiques. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la méthode proposée est robuste au bruit. Les fibres produites sont plus régulières et plus lisses, et la configuration des fibres cardiaques est plus facile à observer. Le second axe concerne une nouvelle notion de dépliement de fibres pour décrire les fibres du cœur humain, qui sont souvent complexes dans l’espace 3D. L’idée est d’analyser cette architecture 3D dans un espace réduit à deux dimensions (2D), en utilisant une technique d’apprentissage de variété. L’approche de dépliement proposée permet la description quantitative de l’architecture 3D de fibres cardiaques dans un plan 2D. Les résultats montrent qu’il est beaucoup plus facile d’observer et d’étudier les caractéristiques des fibres cardiaques après les avoir dépliées, et qu’il semble exister des formes de fibres caractéristiques du cœur humain. Le dernier axe consiste en la fusion de fibres, qui est obtenue en moyennant les fibres selon une grille. Cette approche fournit des architectures de fibres simplifiée à différentes échelles, et permet de mieux mettre en évidence la configuration des fibres cardiaquesIt is important to study the cardiac fiber architecture in order to understand the heart function. Diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) is the only noninvasive technique that allows studying cardiac fiber architecture in vivo. Tractography is essential in representing and visualizing cardiac fiber architecture in DT-MRI, but is often employed qualitatively. The motivation of this thesis is to develop technique for studying the cardiac fiber architecture from the fiber tracts provided by the tractography process in cardiac DT-MRI. Our goal is to develop tractography algorithm and approaches for the quantitative description of cardiac fiber architecture. My work is composed of three main axis. The first is the development of a probabilistic tractography algorithm, which takes fiber spatial correlation into accounts in tracing fibers. Experimental results show that the proposed method is meaningfully more robust to noise than the streamlining method, and produces more regular and smoother fibers, which enables cardiac fiber configurations to be more clearly observed. The second concerns a new framework, namely cardiac fiber unfolding, which is an isometric mapping. Our fiber unfolding framework allows the quantitative description of three dimensional cardiac fiber architecture in a two dimensional plan. Our experimental results show that fiber tract pattern can be observed much easier by unfolding them in a plane, and several cardiac fiber patterns were found. The last axis consists in merging fibers, which is achieved by averaging fibers according to a grid. This fiber merging approach provide simplified fiber architecture at different scale as output that highlights the cardiac fiber configuration
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Ohuegbe, Chyke Ihechikara. "Measurement of supraspinatus tendon strain ration with sonoelastography : an exploratory study." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measurement-of-supraspinatus-tendon-strain-ration-with-sonoelastography(61297ead-9fad-48b8-840a-d74880c2a37b).html.
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Purpose - The aim of this study was to measure the strain ratio of supraspinatus tendon, and assess the accuracy of sonoelastography when compared with grey-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of supraspinatus tendinopathy in patients with shoulder pain. The findings were compared with clinical diagnosis and strain ratio results. Materials and Methods - The study was undertaken in three phases. In phase 1, 284 asymptomatic supraspinatus tendons of healthy volunteers were assessed by grey-scale ultrasound and sonoelastography to obtain baseline results which included strain ratio. In phase 2, 204 consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with supraspinatus tendinopathy, results of sonoelastography (index test) were compared with grey-scale ultrasound and clinical diagnosis (reference test). Strain ratio is proposed as a new reference standard and was used to test the accuracy of diagnosis. Supraspinatus tendons abnormalities detectable by grey-scale ultrasound were defined as swelling, hypoechoic or hyperechoic intratendinous lesions, while supraspinatus pathological alterations detectable by sonoelastography were defined as intratendinous tissue softening shown as experimentally proven colour changes and strain ratio values below cut-off value of 4.0 (p ≤ 0.0001). In phase 3, intra-observer and inter-observer variability evaluation was done to assess the supraspinatus tendons of healthy volunteers. Results - The overall mean strain ratio value in healthy supraspinatus tendons was 5.6 (± 1.24 SD). In healthy supraspinatus tendons, 9.9% showed evidence of softening suggesting subclinical tendinopathy which was not evident on grey-scale ultrasound. The correlation (kappa) between sonoelastography and grey-scale ultrasound in healthy volunteers was 0.42 showing moderate agreement (p < 0.001). In patients with tendinopathy, the mean strain ratio value was smaller and measured 3.59 (± 5.16 SD) with a significant statistical difference from those without tendinopathy (p = 0.001). When clinical diagnosis was used as the reference standard, sonoelastography showed better accuracy than grey-scale ultrasound {65% (CI: 59 - 70%) compared to 59% (CI: 59 - 70%)}, sensitivity {75% (CI: 60 - 86% compared to 65% (CI: 50 – 78%)} and specificity {63% (CI: 59 - 66%) compared to 57% (CI: 54 – 61%)} (p < 0.001). When strain ratio was used as the reference standard, sonoelastography also showed better accuracy than grey-scale ultrasound {92% (CI: 88 - 94%) compared to 68% (CI: 62 - 72%)}, sensitivity {98% (CI: 92 - 100%) compared to 73% (CI: 58 – 84%)} and specificity {88% (CI: 85 - 90%) compared to 67% (CI: 63 – 69%)} (p < 0.001). There was a statistically good agreement in the symptomatic group between sonoelastography and strain ratio (k = 0.84; p < 0.0005). The kappa measure of agreement between grey-scale ultrasound and sonoelastography was fair with a value of k = 0.35 (p < 0.0005). There was significant statistical difference in the mean score for the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups (p = 0.001). The kappa values for the intra-observer agreement showed very good level of agreement within each observer. Comparison of the inter-rater agreements between the two groups showed good and reproducible kappa values of 0.715 (Group 1) and 0.750 (Group 2). Conclusion - Sonoelastography has been shown to be a valuable imaging modality in the detection of intratendinous tendinopathy. It improved the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of detection of tendinopathy when compared with grey-scale ultrasound. Strain ratio colour grading is proposed as new reference standard for supraspinatus tendinopathy.
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Atalay, Ozgur. "Development and investigation of weft knitted strain sensor." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-and-investigation-of-weft-knitted-strain-sensor(54fffacb-d1d7-4e9e-9d8f-7f33d4b90d66).html.
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This thesis presents a study of the sensing properties exhibited by textile-based knitted strain sensors. Sensing fabrics were manufactured from silver-plated conductive nylon and non-conducting elastomeric yarns. The component yarns offered similar diameters, bending characteristics and surface friction, but their production parameters differed in respect of the yarn input tension, the number of conductive courses in the sensing structure and the elastomeric yarn extension characteristics. The knitted sensors were manufactured using flat-bed knitting technology, and electro-mechanical tests were performed on the specimens using a tensile testing machine to apply strain whilst the sensor was incorporated into a Wheatstone bridge arrangement to allow electrical monitoring. The novel operational principle relies on the separation under strain of adjacent conducting knitted loops which are normally held in contact by the elastomeric yarn. The results confirm that production parameters play a fundamental role in determining the physical behaviour and the sensing properties of knitted sensors and the response could be engineered by varying the production parameters of specific designs. Results showed that the knitted structures could be manipulated to produce gauge factor values between 2.26 and 0.23 for sensors with working ranges of 8.4 % and 3.3 % respectively when the elastomeric yarn had 8 cN input tension. The generated signals were stable and repeatable, and under cyclic testing proved to be substantially free from long-term drift. A textile-based strain sensor was developed to create a respiration belt; this was realised by bringing together the extensible knitted sensor and a relatively inelastic textile strap. Machine simulations and real time measurements on a human subject were performed to calculate average breathing frequencies under different static and dynamic conditions. Various respiration rates were monitored to simulate different medical conditions and with the belt located either round the torso or in the abdominal area, the sensor yielded a satisfactory response. However, body motion artefacts affected the signal quality under dynamic conditions and an additional signal-processing step was added to separate unwanted interference from the breathing signal. Electro-mechanical modelling was developed by exploiting Peirce`s loop model in order to describe the fabric geometry under static and dynamic conditions. Kirchhoff`s node and loop equations were employed to create a generalised solution for the equivalent electrical resistance of the textile sensor for a given knitted loop geometry and for a specified number of loops. Experimental results were obtained from the sensor for strain levels up to 40% and these correlate well with the modelled data; a maximum error of 2.13 % was found between the experimental and modelled resistance-strain relationships.
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Way, Louise. "The use of a novel miniature strain device to investigate the response of tendon cells to In vitro tensile strain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574561.
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The aim of this work was to study the cell biology of tendons and their response to in vitro tensile strain with a view to elucidating how cells sense mechanical load and what changes occur to the cells in response. This work was done in order to provide some scientific background to aid the improvement of strategies for the treatment and prevention of tendon damage and develop appropriate methodologies related to the mechanical stimulation of tissue engineered tendons. A miniature cyclic straining device was designed (in collaboration with Electrical Engineering) which utilised a 50ml centrifuge tube containing two clamps, controlled via a stepper motor. This was programmed using Visual Basic enabling a defined magnitude and duration of strain to be applied to the tissue or monolayer of cells within the incubator. The design offered numerous benefits over the more commonly-used commercially available bioreactors; in that the system was relatively inexpensive to make, multiple repeats could be carried out simultaneously, only comparatively small amounts of media were required and, as the device was small, it could be kept in the incubator for the duration of the experiment. This design was developed further by re-orientating the clamps and stepper motor to create a horizontal device which could be placed in a Petri-dish and used with a dipping lens con focal microscope to image the response of cells to strain in real-time. Due to the variability in primary cell attachment to the PLA surfaces, alternative methods of cell seeding were investigated. Cytocentrifugation provided a reliable method of attaching a pre-determined number of cells to the surface; cells had an improved plating efficiency and less variation in distribution, whilst remaining viable. This method was also tested on Azowipes tm, which were used as a model 3D scaffold in order to see whether this method had potential for use in tissue engineering. Cells penetrated to the centre of the scaffold, in the order of mm's, an improved penetration compared to the gravity-seeded controls. Cells continued to produce collagen and synthesise DNA after cytocentrifugation onto the 3D scaffold. Monolayer cultures of cells on collagen-coated PLA were exposed to cyclic mechanical strain in the custom-made mechanical straining devices. The effect of specific durations and magnitude of strains on cell number was compared to mono layers of cells which were either maintained in an unloaded state or experienced static tensile strain. However, monolayer cultures of cells do not accurately represent in vivo cell behaviour, as proliferation is much increased in 20 cultures as opposed to what is seen physiologically in tendon tissue. For this reason, intact rat tail tendon fascicles were investigated as they have a regular and relatively uniform composition and the cells remain in their native extracellular matrix. In situ 3D information regarding the cells residing in intact tail tendon fascicles under tension was obtained using multiphoton microscopy. Mechanical stress was applied to the fascicles and a wavelength of 900nm was used to image tendon cells stained with Acridine Orange whilst simultaneously imaging the collagen extracellular matrix using Second Harmonic Generation. The data was then used to inform 'The Virtual Tendon Project' about local variations in strain and demonstrated the requirement for 3D image processing to reliably describe local strains in the matrix. Cell proliferation in response to mechanical stimulation was studied by the uptake of EdU, a relatively new method which was optimised for tendon tissue (Way et al., 20 I 0). The EdU technology, together with histological sectioning, was used to study the effects of obesity and age on tendons in vivo. Rats were fed a high fat diet and tendons from the tail, Achilles and patellar were dissected. Fewer collagen fibres with greater inter-fibrillar spaces were seen in the histological sections taken from the Achilles of the rats fed a high fat diet and the cells had a greater proliferative index than those of the control. In the ageing studies a decrease in cell area and an increase in proliferative index were apparent in the Achilles of the mature rat compared to the 2 month old rat. The methodologies developed in this project predominantly use the simple tendons of the tail to help describe how cells residing in tendon respond to mechanical strain and together with 'The Virtual Tendon Project' go some way towards describing the complex 3D local strain environment present in this tissue.
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Davis, Deborah D. "Strain rate effects on structure-property relationship in the rabbit patellar tendon." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-08082008-152236.
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Vadlamani, Deepika. "Strain energy density based failure criterion for GFRP coupons under tension and bending." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5221.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxii, 209 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-209).
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Günnel, Andreas, and Roland Herzog. "Optimal Control Problems in Finite-Strain Elasticity by Inner Pressure and Fiber Tension." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-209295.
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Optimal control problems for finite-strain elasticity are considered. An inner pressure or an inner fiber tension is acting as a driving force. Such internal forces are typical, for instance, for the motion of heliotropic plants, and for muscle tissue. Non-standard objective functions relevant for elasticity problems are introduced. Optimality conditions are derived on a formal basis, and a limited-memory quasi-Newton algorithm for their solution is formulated in function space. Numerical experiments confirm the expected mesh-independent performance.
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Wu, Xiaoxia. "Effect of strain gradient on the nucleation of martensite in rod under tension /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202003%20WU.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-81). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Cardoso, Kelen Cristiane 1974. "Aplicação de técnicas ópticas de Moiré na determinação da distribuição de tensão e deformação em elementos de máquinas." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256802.
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Orientador: Inácio Maria Dal FabbroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T14:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_KelenCristiane_M.pdf: 10447047 bytes, checksum: bd1de8c6f17c3f3f8e755c78ecee3801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A determinação de tensões e deformações é amplamente empregada na engenharia. Métodos clássicos de extensometria elétrica, extensometria mecânica e simulações por elementos finitos são úteis e permitem qualificar e quantificar a distribuição de carga em elementos de extrutura. Estudos fotoelásticos vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço, pois facilitam a determinação e permitem a visualização da distribuição de tensões no espécimen em estudo de maneira rápida e confiável. As técnicas de moiré de sombra e projeção são os métodos mais comumente utilizados devido principalmente à simplicidade e rapidez de medição, tornando-os objeto de frequentes estudos em vários tipos de aplicações. A vantagem de se utilizar as técnicas de moiré está associada à simplicidade dos equipamentos necessários, simplicidade de aquisição e processamento de imagens, além de ser adequadas ao estudo de corpos de geometria simples ou complexa. A proposta deste trabalho se identifica em qualificar e quantificar as distribuições de deformação e tensão em uma mola membrana, como elemento de máquina de geometria complexa pela aplicação de técnica de moiré. Para este trabalho foi escolhido à mola membrana como elemento de máquina de geometria complexa, sendo um elemento de papel muito importante na montagem do conjunto de embreagem, pois o desalinhamento das linguetas pode resultar em trepidação ou vibração no pedal, gerando dificuldade de acionamento do mecanismo, podendo gerar também deformações dos componentes, e com isso desgaste prematuro do sistema em pauta. O deslocamento da mola membrana no acionamento da embreagem promove uma alteração na distribuição de tensão e deformação em seu perfil assim como nos componentes associados à mola, e o desalinhamento das linguetas faz com que essa distribuição não seja uniforme. A técnica de moiré de sombra pode auxiliar a simulação para determinar a deformação, a tensão bem como a distribuição de pressão sobre a superfície da mola membrana. A simulação computacional por elementos finitos e a técnica de extensometria com strain gauges, será utilizado como base de comparação entre os resultados obtidos por moiré de forma a proporcionar uma validação da técnica em estudo em elementos mecânicos de geometria não simples
Abstract: A diaphragm spring was chosen as a machine element of complex geometry, which integrates the clutch assembly. The tabs misalignment may result in vibrations transmitted to the clutch system, as well as difficulties in driving the pedal and can also generate components deformation and thus premature wearing of the whole clutch system. The displacement of the diaphragm spring during clutch driving promotes alterations on the stress and strain distribution on its profile as well as on the components associated to the spring, and tabs misalignment turns this distribution not uniform. The determination of stress and strain is widely used in engineering. Classical methods as electrical strain gage, mechanical gage and finite element simulations are useful to the qualification and quantification of load distribution in the specimens. Photoelastic techniques are gaining space, because it facilitates the stress and strain distribution determination, allowing clear visualization of the undergoing phenomena based on a quick and reliable experimentation. The shadow moiré and projection moiré techniques are the most commonly used methods primarily due to its measurement simplicity and quickness which supports frequent studies and proposed applications. The advantage of using moiré techniques is associated to the requirement of simple experimental setup for image acquisition and processing as well as its application to bodies of simple or complex geometry. The purpose of this study was to apply a moiré technique to obtain the stress and strain qualification and quantification on a spring membrane taken as a machine component of complex geometry. The shadow moiré technique can assist the simulation to determine the strain and stress distribution on diaphragm spring surface. The computer simulation by finite element technique and strain gauges, were used as the basis of comparison between the results obtained by the moiré method to validate the application of the proposed optical method to study of mechanical elements of complex geometry
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola
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Bartels, Peter Atwood. "Net section rupture in tension members with connection eccentricity." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1497.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 101 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80).
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Dunford, Kristin Marie. "Effect of Postmortem Time and Preservation Fluid on the Tensile Material Properties of Bovine Liver Parenchyma." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90179.
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The liver is one of the most frequently injured abdominal organs in motor vehicle collisions. Although previous studies have quantified the tensile failure properties of human liver parenchyma at 48hrs postmortem, it is currently unknown how the material properties change between time of death and 48hrs postmortem. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of postmortem degradation on the tensile material properties of bovine liver parenchyma when stored in DMEM or saline. Fourteen fresh bovine livers were obtained from a local slaughter house and stored in either DMEM or saline as large blocks, small blocks, or slices of tissue. Multiple parenchyma dog-bone samples from each liver were tested once to failure at three time points: ~6hrs, ~24hrs, and ~48hrs postmortem. The data were then analyzed to determine if there were significant changes in the material properties with respect to postmortem time. The results showed that the failure strain decreased significantly between 6hrs and 48hrs after death when stored as large blocks in saline. Conversely, neither the failure stress nor failure strain changed significantly with respect to postmortem time when stored as large blocks in DMEM. The modulus did not significantly change for tissue stored as large blocks in either fluid. Preliminary results indicated that reducing the tissue storage size had a negative effect on the material properties and cellular architecture. Overall, this study illustrated that the effects of postmortem liver degradation varied with respect to the preservation fluid, storage time, and storage block size.MS
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Arble, Jessica R. "An Examination of the LG/J Murine Strain as a Model of Tendon Regeneration." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460730232.
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Kemper, Andrew Robb. "Material Properties of Human Rib Cortical Bone from Dynamic Tension Coupon Testing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43709.
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The purpose of this study was to develop material properties of human rib cortical bone using dynamic tension coupon testing. This study presents 117 human rib cortical bone coupon tests from six cadavers, three male and three female, ranging in age from 18 to 67 years old. The rib sections were taken from the anterior, lateral, and posterior regions on ribs 1 through 12 of each cadaver's rib cage. The cortical bone was isolated from each rib section with a low speed diamond saw, and milled into dog bone shaped tension coupons using a small computer numerical control machine. A high-rate servo-hydraulic Material Testing System equipped with a custom slack adaptor, to provide constant strain rates, was used to apply tension loads to failure at an average rate of 0.5 strains/sec. The elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate stress, ultimate strain, and strain energy density were determined from the resulting stress versus strain curves. The overall average of all cadaver data gives an elastic modulus of 13.9 GPa, a yield stress of 93.9 MPa, a yield strain of 0.883 %, an ultimate stress of 124.2 MPa, an ultimate strain of 2.7 %, and a strain energy density of 250.1 MPa-strain. For all cadavers, the plastic region of the stress versus strain curves was substantial and contributed approximately 60 strain % to the overall response and over 80 strain % in the tests with the 18 year old cadaver. The rib cortical bone becomes more brittle with increasing age, shown by an increase in the modulus (p < 0.01) and a decrease in peak strain (p < 0.01). In contrast to previous three-bending tests on whole rib and rib cortical bone coupons, there were no significant differences in material properties with respect to rib region or rib level. When these results are considered in conjunction with the previous three-point bending tests, there is regional variation in the structural response of the human rib cage, but this variation appears to be primarily a result of changes in the local geometry of each rib while the material properties remain nearly constant within an individual.Master of Science
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Guenther, Cristy Louise. "Evaluation of shear and diagonal tension in plain concrete." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400964851&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Whitezell, Marc A. "Development of a Strain Energy Storage Mechanism Using Tension Elements to Enhance Golf Club Performance." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1258.pdf.
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Sandora, Normalina. "Regeneration of decellularised tendon by human mesenchymal stem cells in response to uniaxial tensile strain." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16429/.
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Injury of ligaments is very common, and a total tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) demands replacement. Ideally, a graft for ligament replacement should be able to regenerate into a native like ligament, and restore physiological and anatomical function immediately after transplantation. The University of Leeds has developed a protocol to generate an acellular tendon scaffold derived from allograft/ xenograft using decellularisation technology. The aims of the study were to study the differentiation of human bone marrow derived multipotential stromal cells (BM-MSC) seeded onto the decellularised porcine patella tendon scaffold in response to cyclic tensile strain. Porcine patellar tendons were harvested and decellularised using the Leeds protocol. The decellularised tendon scaffolds were then characterised to determine their: (i) acellularity, (ii) histoarchitecture, (iii) extracellular matrix components (iv) levels of DNA (v) sterility, and (vi) biocompatibility. The decellularisation protocol was found to have minimal effect on the tissue histoarchitecture, and consistently generated sterile, non-toxic acellular scaffolds among different batches, with 98 – 99 % DNA removal compared to native tissue. Both porcine and human BM-MSCs were characterised using a range of antibodies to CD markers and trilineage differentiation and shown to have properties consistent with multipotential stromal cells. Human BM-MSCs were seeded directly onto appropriately sized samples of porcine patella tendon scaffolds at 1 x 105 cells.cm-2 for 12 hours, and then transferred to culture wells of TenCell-1 (a physically interactive rig for delivery of cyclic tensile strain). The cell-seeded tendon scaffolds were cultured either statically or with 4, 6 or 8 % cyclic tensile strain for 4/24 hours at 1 Hz, for 7 days. The response of the cells to cyclic tensile strain was investigated using viability assays (Live/Dead assay and ATPlite™ assay), histology, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR and gel electrophoresis). The mechanical properties of the scaffolds before and after incubation with cells were determined using uniaxial tensile testing. Under 4, 6 and 8 % cyclic tensile strain, the cell seeded scaffolds had a histological appearance of tendon-like tissue. When cultured under 6 and 8 % cyclic tensile strain, there was evidence that the MSCs were differentiating into tenogenic cells by expressing scleraxis, tenascin C, collagen I and collagen III genes. Cell-seeded scaffolds cultured under 6 % cyclic tensile strain had the highest viability and the matrix stiffness, was significantly increased compared to cell-seeded scaffolds cultured at 4 or 8 % cyclic tensile strain. The cell-seeded scaffolds incubated statically for 7 days showed matrix disorganization, had lower cell viability and less cell infiltration compared to samples incubated with cyclic strain.
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Youssef, Nivine T. M. "Dynamic surface tension and strain rate dependent viscosity : material characterization using free surface oscillating jets /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488192447428292.
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Abul-Hamayel, Ismat A. A. 1960. "MOMENT ROTATION CURVES FOR TOP AND SEAT CONNECTIONS (STATIC LOADING, TENSION)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291311.
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Cai, Yang. "High Tension without War: Interpreting Taiwan Strait Relations from 1990 to 2005." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/5.
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This study interprets the puzzling absence of war among the US, China, and Taiwan from 1990 to 2005, when identity politics across the Taiwan Strait caused high tensions. The application of realist constructivism theory to this case would produce a prediction of war there resulting from conflicting identities, which produce irreconcilable conflicts of interests over territorial claims. However, the application of four other, relevant international relations theories explains this absence of war during this period. A zero-sum game of competing identities was replaced by a positive-game resulting from three liberal theories promoting inter-state cooperation: complex interdependence; state trading identities; and issue-linkage functions and one alternative realist theory, offensive realism, which shows that the balance of power deters war. Assuming China’s increased defense spending does not alter the balance of power in its favor, the current relative peace will continue to prevail, at least in the short to medium term.
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Gao, Liang. "Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging of Human Posterior Tibial Tendon." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338897.
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Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a common degenerative condition leading to a severe impairment of gait. There is currently no effective method to determine whether a patient with advanced PTTD would benefit from several months of bracing and physical therapy or ultimately require surgery. Tendon degeneration is closely associated with irreversible degradation of its collagen structure, leading to changes to its mechanical properties. If these properties could be monitored in vivo, it could be used to quantify the severity of tendonosis and help determine the appropriate treatment. Ultrasound elasticity imaging (UEI) is a real-time, noninvasive technique to objectively measure mechanical properties in soft tissue. It consists of acquiring a sequence of ultrasound frames and applying speckle tracking to estimate displacement and strain at each pixel. The goals of my dissertation were to 1) use acoustic simulations to investigate the performance of UEI during tendon deformation with different geometries; 2) develop and validate UEI as a potentially noninvasive technique for quantifying tendon mechanical properties in human cadaver experiments; 3) design a platform for UEI to measure mechanical properties of the PTT in vivo and determine whether there are detectable and quantifiable differences between healthy and diseased tendons. First, ultrasound simulations of tendon deformation were performed using an acoustic modeling program. The effects of different tendon geometries (cylinder and curved cylinder) on the performance of UEI were investigated. Modeling results indicated that UEI accurately estimated the strain in the cylinder geometry, but underestimated in the curved cylinder. The simulation also predicted that the out-of-the-plane motion of the PTT would cause a non-uniform strain pattern within incompressible homogeneous isotropic material. However, to average within a small region of interest determined by principal component analysis (PCA) would improve the estimation. Next, UEI was performed on five human cadaver feet mounted in a materials testing system (MTS) while the PTT was attached to a force actuator. A portable ultrasound scanner collected 2D data during loading cycles. Young's modulus was calculated from the strain, loading force and cross sectional area of the PTT. Average Young's modulus for the five tendons was (0.45±0.16GPa) using UEI. This was consistent with simultaneous measurements made by the MTS across the whole tendon (0.52±0.18GPa). We also calculated the scaling factor (0.12±0.01) between the load on the PTT and the inversion force at the forefoot, a measurable quantity in vivo. This study suggests that UEI could be a reliable in vivo technique for estimating the mechanical properties of the human PTT. Finally, we built a custom ankle inversion platform for in vivo imaging of human subjects (eight healthy volunteers and nine advanced PTTD patients). We found non-linear elastic properties of the PTTD, which could be quantified by the slope between the elastic modulus (E) and the inversion force (F). This slope (ΔE/ΔF), or Non-linear Elasticity Parameter (NEP), was significantly different for the two groups: 0.16±0.20 MPa/N for healthy tendons and 0.45±0.43 MPa/N for PTTD tendons. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83±0.07, which indicated that the classifier system is valid. In summary, the acoustic modeling, cadaveric studies, and in vivo experiments together demonstrated that UEI accurately quantifies tendon mechanical properties. As a valuable clinical tool, UEI also has the potential to help guide treatment decisions for advanced PTTD and other tendinopathies.
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Brown, Phillip G. M. "2D ultrasound elastography as a functional measure of healing of the Achilles tendon in vivo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2d0a97e-d557-4b5a-869a-36cbd33b9994.
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The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the human body, which elastically stores and releases energy to facilitate walking and running. Tendons can suffer from a range of pathologies, most notably that of complete rupture, which affects athletes, physically active workers and the aged. There is a growing demand for in vivo methods of objectively measuring tendon health for aiding diagnosis, monitoring therapy and for assessment of new treatments. Knowledge of the changes in mechanical properties during the healing process is also limited and new methods to accurately and consistently estimate these could provide insights into the healing process and guide future research efforts. This thesis presents the development and use of 2D ultrasound elastography, a quantitative strain estimation imaging technique, as a tool to measure changes in the tensile mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. This technique performs frame-to-frame block matching of image texture to track motion in an ultrasound signal sequence and create a strain estimation field from the spatial derivative of the motion. Elastography in the image-lateral direction of sagittal plane scans is of particular interest as this is in line with the longitudinal axis of the tendon, but presents extra accuracy issues from out of plane motion and lower image spatial resolution. Tendon rupture also presents unique problems to image acquisition and analysis- patient pain and safety are important considerations and disruption of the ultrasound texture can make 2D motion tracking more difficult. A new 2D elastography block matching algorithm, named `AutoQual', was developed to enable accurate tracking of motion in the image-lateral direction and reduce the impact of artefacts and errors common with damaged Achilles tendons image sequences. It was shown to outperform a multiscale block matching method when tested using ultrasound sequences from in vivo and gelatine phantom experiments. The input parameters of this algorithm were then optimised using the phantom data for benchmarking. The AutoQual algorithm was then used to analyse ultrasound sequences from a 24-week longitudinal study of 21 subjects with ruptured Achilles tendons to assess lateral, axial and principal strains during controlled passive motion of the foot or axial palpation of the ultrasound probe. Lateral and principal strains from controlled dorsiflexion were shown to be more repeatable and more sensitive to change than axial strains with manual palpation. This experience with lateral strain imaging from ruptured Achilles tendons gave an increased knowledge of the strain imaging artefacts and features that can occur. These are described in detail in order that they may be further mitigated in quantitative analysis by optimising acquisition protocols, further amendment of the block tracking algorithm, or exclusion of erroneous areas when selecting regions of interest. Regularisation is a potential solution to some common artefacts such as discontinuities from poor tracking in shadow regions. Regularisation of the lateral displacement fields is investigated using 2D bicubic smoothing splines. The regularisation parameters used are shown to have minimal effect on quantitative analysis and can aid visual clarity or reduce artefacts within certain settings. However, regularisation was also shown to cause large errors when parameters were set more aggressively. Finally, it is identified that cumulative lateral strain measurement of the Achilles and other tendons is feasible but that future work is needed to further improve the quality of force and cross sectional area measurements in order to infer mechanical properties accurately. Repeatable high force motion protocols also need to be developed to measure healthy tendons and to ensure comparable results between different patients and research groups.
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Gonzalez, Lisa. "Investigation of the shear lag coefficient for welded tension members." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45973.
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Shear lag is a non-uniform distribution of stress resulting when all cross sectional elements are not directly connected. This phenomenon renders the cross section only partially effective in resisting tensile loads. In this investigation, both experimental and analytical studies were conducted to ascertain the shear lag coefficients to be used in design of welded tension members by the AISC Specifications [1989].
Four types of specimens (angles, plates, channels, and tees), were tested, each with three weld configurations (longitudinal welds only, transverse welds only, and a combination of both transverse and longitudinal welds). The specimens were statically loaded in tension to failure. Experimental shear lag coefficients are presented and compared to theoretical values.
Master of Science
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Karlsson, Patrik. "Determination of viscoelastic properties of adhesives." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35521.
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A research project at Linnaeus University focuses on optimizing theadhesives joints between wood and glass, with the aim of obtain stiffcomponents that can act as a load and stabilizing elements and still betransparent. But there is, however, still a lack of knowledge regarding theadhesive materials which need to be further investigated. This thesis focused on testing six different adhesives in relaxation and todetermine the viscosity (η) and modulus of elastic (MOE, E). Viscosity andMOE are then used in combination in a standard linear solid model (SLS)describing the viscoelasticity mathematically. Figures and tables are used topresent the results and the evaluation. The so determined parameters can beused in e.g. finite element models for the design of load bearing timber glasscomposites.
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Geremia, Jeam Marcel. "Ruptura total do tendão de Aquiles : propriedades mecânicas tendíneas em indivíduos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de reabilitação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/40435.
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Introdução. Rupturas agudas do tendão de Aquiles afetam as propriedades mecânicas tendíneas. Estudos vêm preconizando o uso de mobilização precoce (tratamento acelerado) para evitar grandes prejuízos tendíneos. Entretanto, estudos que avaliem as propriedades mecânicas do tendão de Aquiles de humanos após ruptura total, submetidos à mobilização precoce, não foram encontrados na literatura específica da área. Objetivo: comparar as propriedades mecânicas e morfológicas do tendão de Aquiles entre pacientes submetidos a tratamento conservador e pacientes submetidos a tratamento acelerado (mobilização precoce) após a sutura do tendão de Aquiles. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi dividida intencionalmente em três grupos: controle (CTR; n=9), grupo conservador (CON; n=9; Pós-Cirúrgico: 28,3±3,6 meses) e grupo acelerado (ACE; n=9; Pós-Cirúrgico: 29,8±4,8 meses). Um dinamômetro isocinético foi utilizado para avaliação do torque dos grupos musculares flexores plantares e flexores dorsais do tornozelo. Foram obtidos os valores de área de secção transversa (AST) e comprimento do tendão (CT) de Aquiles. Para a avaliação da relação stress-strain os sujeitos realizaram duas contrações voluntárias máximas em rampa para flexão plantar no ângulo de 0º com duração de 10 segundos cada. Durante as duas contrações voluntárias máximas o deslocamento da JMT do músculo gastrocnêmio medial com o tendão de Aquiles foi verificado por meio de ultrassonografia utilizando uma sonda com arranjo linear. Simultaneamente a este procedimento, foi adquirido o sinal eletromiográfico do músculo tibial anterior, utilizado para a correção da força do tendão de Aquiles. As imagens necessárias para o cálculo do strain, bem como os sinais EMG e de torque foram sincronizados. Os valores máximos de stress, strain, força, deformação, módulo de Young, CT e AST foram comparados. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas propriedades mecânicas e morfológicas entre membros do grupo CTR. Não houve diferença significativa entre os membros saudáveis dos grupos CON e ACE e os do grupo CTR. Dessa forma, os membros saudáveis dos grupos CON e ACE foram utilizados como controle do membro lesão em ambos os grupos. Tanto no grupo CON, quanto no grupo ACE, o stress, a força e o módulo de Young apresentaram menores valores no membro lesionado, enquanto que o strain obtido em 10MPa e a AST foram maiores neste membro comparado ao contralateral saudável. Não houve diferença significativa no CT entre os membros, independente do grupo. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas propriedades mecânicas, bem como na morfologia do tendão de Aquiles na comparação entre os membros lesionados dos grupos CON e ACE. Discussão: Esta maior complacência tendínea encontrada nos tendões lesados, independente do grupo, pode estar associada tanto as adaptações decorrentes da lesão que não recuperaram a níveis de normalidade, bem como a mudança nos hábitos de vida após a lesão. Além disso, o protocolo acelerado de reabilitação não foi capaz de reduzir as perdas advindas da ruptura tendínea. Tal resultado pode estar associado à especificidade do protocolo utilizado, que foi desenhado para ganho de flexibilidade no tornozelo e não para força muscular. Conclusão: Em um período mínimo de 21 meses de pós-operatório o tendão de Aquiles ainda apresenta efeitos deletérios da ruptura total nas propriedades estruturais e mecânicas do tendão. O protocolo de reabilitação utilizado não foi eficaz para a redução de tais efeitos.Introduction. Acute Achilles tendon rupture affects the mechanical properties of the tendon. Despite the tendinous adaptations generated by decreased use, few studies have used early weight bearing (accelerated treatment) to avoid the large losses in the musculoskeletal tissues. In addition, studies that evaluated the mechanical properties of human Achilles tendon after acute rupture, subjected to early weight bearing were not found. Purpose: to compare the mechanical and morphological properties of the Achilles tendon between patients undergoing conservative and accelerated treatment, after Achilles tendon suture. Materials and Methods: subjects were intentionally allocated into three groups: control (CTR; n=9), conservative treatment (CON; n=9; Postsurgical time: 28.3±3.6 months) and accelerated treatment (ACC; n=9; Postsurgical time: 29.8±4.8 months). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate the torque production of ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexor muscles. The values of Achilles tendon cross sectional area (CSA) and length were obtained. To evaluate the stress-strain relation, patients were asked to produce two isometric maximal voluntary contractions during a ramp protocol (angle: neutral position; duration: 10 seconds) of the plantar flexor muscles. During the maximal contractions the displacement of the myotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle was evaluated by ultrasound with a linear array probe. Simultaneously, the electromyography (EMG) signal of the tibialis anterior was recorded, and used to correct the Achilles tendon force. The ultrasound images, EMG signals and torque were synchronized. The maximal values of stress, strain, force, displacement, Young’s modulus, tendon length and CSA were compared. Results: there were no significant differences in the morphological and mechanical properties between limbs in the CTR group. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the morphological and mechanical properties between healthy limbs amongst groups. Thus, the healthy limbs of the CON and ACC groups were used as control of the injured limb. In CON and ACC groups the stress, force and Young’s modulus had lower values in the injured limb compared to the contralateral healthy limb, while the strain obtained at 10MPa and the CSA were higher in the injured limb. There were no significant differences in the tendon length between groups and limbs. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the morphological and mechanical properties between injured limbs (CON and ACC). Discussion: The highest tendinous compliance found on the injured tendons, independent of the group might be associated to both the adaptations due to injury that did not return to normal healthy levels and to possible changes in the daily life activities after injury. In addition, the accelerated treatment was unable to reduce the losses due to tendon rupture. These results might be associated to the specificity of the rehabilitation protocol used that was designed for the gain of flexibility and not for strength gains. Conclusion: Twenty-one months post-surgery were unable to recover the deleterious effects of acute Achilles tendon rupture on the structural and mechanical tendon properties. The accelerated rehabilitation protocol was ineffective to reduce these deleterious effects.
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Santos, André Pereira dos. "Strain effect on the properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 films." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22592.
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Mestrado em Engenharia de MateriaisEste trabalho é sobre materiais cerâmicos isentos de chumbo destinados a aplicações electromecânicas e candidatos à substituição de electrocerâmicos à base de chumbo. O titanato zirconato de chumbo (PZT) é o cerâmico piezoeléctrico mais utilizado em todo o mundo. No entanto, contém mais de 60 % de chumbo que é um elemento tóxico para os seres humanos e para o ambiente. Em 2003, a União Europeia aprovou uma directiva que proíbe e restringe o uso de elementos potencialmente perigosos, tais como o chumbo. Devido à inexistência de materiais aptos para a substituição do PZT, foi feita uma exceção até ser encontrado um material alternativo competitivo. O niobato de potássio e sódio (KNN), devido à sua elevada temperature de Curie e propriedades piezoeléctricas moderadas, é um dos materiais isentos de chumbo mais promissores para substituição do PZT. No entanto, a sua efetiva adopção industrial requer, entre outros aspectos, a optimização das suas propriedades. A maioria da literatura está focada em materiais cerâmicos densos com base em KNN. Recentemente, os filmes de KNN receberam bastante atenção, pois é uma das alternativas mais promissoras para várias aplicações, como por exemplo, sensores, atuadores, sistemas de colheita de energia e sistemas microelectromecânicos (MEMS). Essa atenção deve-se às altas propriedades piezoelétricas nas suas contrapartidas cerâmicas. No entanto, duas questões principais ainda impedem a fabricação de filmes de KNN de alta qualidade: tensão exercida entre o filme de KNN e o substrato e a perda de óxidos alcalinos durante a sua preparação. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objectivo o estudo da influência de tensões existentes nos filmes de KNN nas propriedades elétricas. Para este fim, filmes de KNN com i) 20% de excesso de potássio e sódio e uma concentração molar de 0,4; ii) 20% de excesso de potássio e sódio e concentração molar de 0,2; iii) 5% de potássio com concentração molar de 0,4 e iv) 5% de potássio e concentração molar de 0,2 foram depositados em substratos de Si/SiO2, Al2O3 policristalino, Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt, Al2O3/Pt e SrTiO3/Pt. Verificou-se que os filmes finos de KNN têm uma estrutura perovskita sem fases secundárias. Os filmes finos de KNN com 20% de excesso de potássio e sódio depositado nos substratos de Al2O3/Pt e SrTiO3/Pt mostram uma orientação preferencial ao longo do pico (100), tendo um fator de Lottering maior que 38% (f100> 38%) Os filmes finos de KNN depositados nos substratos de Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt encontram-se sob uma tensão de tracção, enquanto que os filmes finos de KNN depositados nos substratos de SrTiO3/Pt e Al2O3/Pt estão sob uma tensão compressiva. Entre os filmes finos de KNN com 20% de excesso de potássio e sódio e concentração de 0,2 M, o filme que apresenta a permitividade mais elevada (ε´ = 585 (10 kHz) with tanδ = 0.182) é filme depositado no subtrato de SrTiO3/Pt e o filme depositado em Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt é o que apresenta as perdas mais baixas (ε' = 382 (10 kHz) com tanδ = 0,093). O ultimo filme, apresenta valores de polarização remanescente mais elevados (Pr = 9,57 μC/cm2 (a 50 Hz) com Ec = 36 kV/cm). Os filmes finos de KNN com 5% de excesso de potássio com uma concentração molar de 0,2 têm o Pr mais elevado nos filmes depositados nos substratos de SrTiO3/Pt (Pr = 4,55 μC/cm2 (a 50 Hz) com Ec = 34 kV/cm). Os filmes depositados em Al2O3/Pt têm a menor permitividade e polarização moderada, mas são os que mais sustentam altos campos elétricos, mostrando “loops” de histerese quadrados. As imagens de PFM mostram que os filmes finos de KNN com uma concentração molar de 0,4 depositados nos substratos de Al2O3/Pt e SrTiO3/Pt têm domínios bem definidos, com um tamanho médio que varia entre os 75 e os 100 nm, sendo separados por paredes com um domínio de 180o. Para os filmes com uma concentração molar de 0,2, são observados domínios com escala micrométrica e obtidas curvas de histerese piezoeléctricas locais. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem definitivamente para o conhecimento no campo dos materiais piezoelétricos sem chumbo.
This work is about lead-free piezoelectric materials intended for electromechanical and energy harvesting applications. One of the most widely used piezoelectric ceramics is lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, it contains more than 60% of lead that is toxic for humans and environment. In 2003, a directive from European Union has prohibited the use of potentially hazardous elements as lead. Due to the lack of competitive materials for PZT replacement an exception was created until a competitive alternative be found. Potassium and sodium niobate (KNN) due to its high Curie temperature and moderate piezoelectric properties is currently one of the most promising lead-free materials for PZT substitution. However, its effective industrial adoption requires, among others, optimization of its properties. Most literature is focused on KNN-based bulk materials. Recently, KNN based films have received more attention as one of the promising alternatives in various applications, such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting systems and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This attention is due to the high piezoelectric properties in their bulk counterparts. However, two main issues still inhibit the fabrication of high-quality KNN-based films: stress/strain exerted between the KNN film and the substrate and the loss of alkali oxides during its preparation. In this context, in this work the influence of stress/strain applied to KNN films on the electrical properties is studied. For this purpose, KNN films with i) 20% excess of potassium and sodium and 0.4 M concentration, ii) 20% excess of potassium and sodium and 0.2 M concentration, iii) 5% of potassium and 0.4 M concentration and iv) 5% of potassium and 0.2 M concentration were deposited on: Si/SiO2, polycrystalline Al2O3, Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt, Al2O3/Pt and SrTiO3/Pt substrates. It was found that KNN thin films have a perovskite structure without secondary phases. KNN thin films with 20% excess of potassium and sodium deposited on Al2O3/Pt and SrTiO3/Pt substrates show a preferential orientation along (100) direction and have Lottering factor higher than 38% (f100 > 38%). KNN thin films deposited on Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrates are found to be under a tensile strain, while the KNN films deposited on SrTiO3/Pt and Al2O3/Pt substrates are under a compressive strain. Among the KNN thin films with 20% excess of potassium and sodium and 0.2 M concentration, the film that show the highest permittivity (ε´ = 585 (10 kHz) with tanδ = 0.182) is that on SrTiO3/Pt, while the one deposited on Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrate possesses the lowest losses (ε´ = 382 (10 kHz) with tanδ = 0.093). The later film shows as well the highest values of remnant polarization (Pr = 9.57 μC/cm2 (at 50 Hz) with Ec = 36 kV/cm). However, the KNN thin films with 5% excess of potassium and 0.2 M concentration that has the highest Pr is the film deposited on SrTiO3/Pt substrates (Pr = 4.55 μC/cm2 (at 50 Hz) with Ec= 34 kV/cm). The films deposited on Al2O3/Pt have the lowest permittivity and moderate polarization, but they are the most sustainable to high electric field, showing square-like hysteresis loops. The PFM images shows that the KNN thin films with 0.4 M concentration deposited on SrTiO3/Pt and Al2O3/Pt substrates have well defined domains with average size between 75 and 100 nm, separated by 180o domain walls. For the films with 0.2 M concentration micrometre scale domains are observed and local piezoelectric loops are obtained. The results of this study definitely contribute to the knowledge in the field of lead-free piezoelectric materials.
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SCHANTZ, ERIC J. "A NEW DYNAMIC CULTURE SYSTEM DESIGNED TO PROVIDE CONTROLLED STRAIN TO CELL SEEDED COLLAGEN CONSTRUCTS FOR TENDON REPAIR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin992533611.
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Deshpande, Yogesh. "Quasi-static and Dynamic Mechanical Response of T800/F3900 Composite in Tension and Shear." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525276843674052.
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Katzenberger, Jr Michael J. "Effects of Sex, Strain Rate, and Age on the Tensile and Compressive Material Properties of Human Rib Cortical Bone." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102889.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex, loading rate, and age on the tensile and compressive material properties of human rib cortical bone over a wide range of subject demographics. Tension coupons were tested from sixty-one (n = 61) subjects (M = 32, F = 29) ranging in age from 17 to 99 years of age (Avg. = 56.4 +/- 26.2 yrs.). Compression samples were tested from thirty (n = 30) subjects (M = 19, F = 11) ranging in age from 18 to 95 years of age (Avg. = 49.0 +/- 23.9 yrs.). For each subject, one coupon/sample was tested to failure on a material testing system at a targeted strain rate of 0.005 strain/s, while a second coupon/sample was tested at 0.5 strain/s. A load cell was used to measure axial load for both the tension coupons and compression samples. An extensometer was used to measure displacement within the gage length of the tension coupons and a deflectometer was used to measure displacement of the compression samples. Tension data were obtained from fifty-eight (n = 58) coupons at 0.005 strain/s and fifty-eight (n = 58) coupons at 0.5 strain/s, with fifty-five (n = 55) matched pairs. Compression data were obtained from thirty (n = 30) compression samples at 0.005 strain/s and thirty (n = 30) samples at 0.5 strain/s. The elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate stress, elastic strain energy density (SED), plastic SED, and total SED were then calculated for each tensile and compression test. In addition, failure stress and failure strain were calculated for each tension test. There were no significant differences in the tensile material properties between sexes and no significant interactions between age and sex for either method of loading. In regard to the differences in tensile material properties with respect to loading rate, yield stress, yield strain, failure stress, ultimate stress, elastic SED, plastic SED, and total SED were significantly lower at 0.005 strain/s compared to 0.5 strain/s. All material properties were significantly lower at 0.005 strain/s compared to 0.5 strain/s in compression. Spearman correlation analyses showed that all tensile material properties had significant negative correlations with age at 0.005 strain/s except modulus. At 0.5 strain/s, all tensile material properties except yield strain had significant negative correlations with age. No significant correlations were observed in material properties with respect to advanced age in compression at either loading rate. Although the results revealed that the tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone varied significantly with respect to chronological age, the R2 values only ranged from 0.15 - 0.62, indicating that there may be other underlying variables that better account for the variance within a given population. Overall, this is the first study to analyze the effects of sex, loading rate, and age on tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone using a reasonably large sample size and the first study to test the compressive material properties of human rib cortical bone. The results of this study provide data that allows FEMs to better assess thoracic injury risk for all vehicle occupants. Additionally, this study provides the necessary data to more accurately model and assess differences in the material response of the rib cage for nearly all vehicle occupants of driving age.Master of Science
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Kemper, Andrew Robb. "The Biomechanics of Thoracic Skeletal Response." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37635.
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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that in 2008 there were a total of 37,261 automotive related fatalities, 26,689 of which were vehicle occupants. It has been reported that in automotive collisions chest injuries rank second only to head injuries in overall number of fatalities and serious injuries. In frontal collisions, chest injuries constitute 37.6% of all AIS 3+ injuries, 46.3% of all AIS 4+ injuries, and 43.3% of all AIS 5+ injuries. In side impact collisions, it has been reported that thoracic injuries are the most common type of serious injury (AISâ ¥3) to vehicle occupants in both near side and far side crashes which do not involve a rollover. In addition, rib fractures are the most frequent type of thoracic injury observed in both frontal and side impact automotive collisions.
Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), i.e. crash test dummies, and finite element models (FEMs) have proved to be integral tools in the assessment and mitigation of thoracic injury risk. However, the validation of both of these tools is contingent on the availability of relevant biomechanical data. In order to develop and validate FEMs and ATDs with improved thoracic injury risk assessment capabilities, it is necessary to generate biomechanical data currently not presented in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to present novel material, structural, and global thoracic skeletal response data as well as quantify thoracic injury timing in both frontal belt loading and side impact tests using cadaveric specimens.Ph. D.
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Cai, Yang. "High tension without war [electronic resource] : interpreting Taiwan Strait relations from 1990 to 2005 /." unrestricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11182005-221708/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.Title from title screen. Henry F. Carey, committee chair; Kim Reimann, William Downs, committee members Electronic text (84 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 30, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-82).
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Kersauson, Malo de. "Vers un laser germanium dopé N et contraint en tension." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112107/document.
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Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié différentes approches qui devraient permettre d’obtenir l’effet laser dans le germanium. Nous avons pu montrer expérimentalement l’influence du dopage et de la déformation sur la structure de bande du germanium, et l’adéquation avec les modèles concluants à l’existence de gain. Nous avons exploré les possibilités offertes par l’hétéro-épitaxie sur III-V pour obtenir une déformation en tension du germanium. Nous avons évalué la déformation résultante par des mesures croisées de rayons X, de diffusion Raman et de photoluminescence, et étudié l’évolution de la qualité des couches épitaxiées en fonction de la déformation et de l’épaisseur. Une nouvelle méthode de déformation du germanium, s’appuyant sur le dépôt par plasma de couches contraintes de nitrure, a été introduite et étudiée. L’effet laser a été recherché par la conception de guides ridges et microdisques déformés par ces dépôts. Plusieurs voies d’application de la déformation dans ces cavités ont été explorées à travers des simulations par éléments finis et la conception de structures de test. Cette optimisation préalable nous a permis d’observer sur les microdisques une déformation biaxiale de 1.11%. En uniaxial, nous avons pu appliquer au germanium une déformation de 1.07% et montrer expérimentalement l’importance de la direction de la déformation dans l’augmentation de la luminescence. Nous avons pu observer et mesurer un gain optique net de 80 cm⁻¹ dans des structures déformées uniaxialement à 0.8%In this PhD work, we studied different approaches that should lead to a germanium laser. We have experimentally shown the influence of strain and doping on the germanium band structure, and the adequacy of the existing models. We explored the possibilities offered by heteroepitaxy on III-V compounds to apply stress. We investigated the resulting strain by cross-checking X-rays, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements, and analysed the quality of the grown layers depending on strain and thickness. A new method to apply strain to the germanium, by means of plasma deposited stressed nitride layers, was introduced and studied. Lasing has been pursued by conceiving ridges and microdisks strained by this method. An optimization of the geometry was performed through finite element modeling and the production of test structures. This optimization allowed to achieve a maximum biaxial strain of 1.1%. For uniaxial strains, we observed a maximum of 1.07% and showed experimentally the importance of the crystalline orientation in the enhancement of the emission. We demonstrated a modal gain value of 80 cm⁻¹ in ridges uniaxially strained at 0.8%
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Röder, Christian. "Strain, charge carriers, and phonon polaritons in wurtzite GaN - a Raman spectroscopical view." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-173073.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der ramanspektroskopischen Charakterisierung von Galliumnitrid (GaN). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Waferkrümmung und mechanischer Restspannungen wird diskutiert. Mit Hilfe konfokaler Mikro-Ramanmessungen wurden Dotierprofile nachgewiesen sowie die Ladungsträgerkonzentration und -beweglichkeit ermittelt. Sämtliche Ramantensorelemente von wz-GaN wurden erstmals durch die Anwendung verschiedener Streugeometrien bestimmt. Eine neu entwickelte Vorwärtsstreuanordnung ermöglichte die Beobachtung von Phonon-Polaritonen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass von der theoretischen und experimentellen Betrachtung der Ramanstreuintensitäten dieser Elementaranregungen eindeutig das Vorzeichen der Faust-Henry-Koeffizienten von wz-GaN abgeleitet werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden alle Faust-Henry-Koeffizienten für GaN experimentell bestimmtThis thesis focuses on special aspects of the Raman spectroscopical characterization of wurtzite gallium nitride (wz-GaN). The correlation between wafer curvature and residual stress is discussed. By means of confocal micro-Raman measurements doping profiles were detected as well as the density and mobility of free charge carriers were deduced. All Raman scattering cross sections of wz-GaN were determined the first time using different scattering configurations. A novel method for near-forward scattering was developed in order to observe phonon polaritons with pure symmetry. It is shown that the theoretical and experimental consideration of the Raman scattering efficiency of these elementary excitations allow for determining the sign of the Faust-Henry coefficients of wz-GaN unambiguously. The Faust-Henry coefficients of GaN were deduced from Raman scattering efficiencies of corresponding TO and LO phonons
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Kojima, Alberto Noriyuki [UNESP]. "Extensometria: avaliação de implantes de sextavado externo posicionados na configuração linear e compensada (offset), sob carregamento axial." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105530.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio da extensometria, a distribuição de tensões ao redor de implantes em função dos diferentes locais para carregamento, tipo de coifa (plástica ou usinada) e configuração (linear e compensada). Para tanto, em um bloco de poliuretano, foram posicionados paralelos entre si e com uma configuração linear, implantes auto-rosqueáveis de hexágono externo, com dimensões de 3,75 X 13mm, a uma distancia de 7mm, de centro a centro. Em um outro bloco a fixação do meio foi deslocada em 2mm para gerar uma configuração compensada (offset). Pilares protéticos Micro-unit, com 3mm de cinta foram instalados sobre as fixações. Com duas matrizes em aço inoxidável foram confeccionados 10 enceramentos para cada bloco, distribuídos da seguinte forma: 5 para coifa plástica e 5 para coifas usinadas (n=5). A seguir esses padrões foram fundidos com uma liga de Co-Cr. Quatro extensômetros (strain gauges) foram colados na superfície superior de cada bloco tangenciando a plataforma de cada fixação. Um carregamento de 30kg durante 10s foi feito em cinco posições (A, B, C, D, E), sendo repetido três vezes para aquisição dos dados (em με) pela aparelho condicionador de sinais. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Como conclusão da análise dos resultados obtidos pudemos observar que não houve diferença na utilização de coifas plásticas e usinadas, que não houve diferença entre as configurações linear e compensada; havendo diferença estatisticamente significante para os locais de carregamento
The aim of this study was to evaluate, using strain gauge, the load distribution surround the implants according differents loading sites, coping types (plastic and machined) and configuration (linear and offset). In one polyurethane block, three cylindrical implants with external hexagon (3.75mm x 13mm) were fixed parallel with 7mm between their centers in a linear configuration. In another block the midle implant was positioned in a 2mm offset. Micro-units abutments with 3mm of metallic neck were fixed. With two metallics matrix, it was manufactured 10 wax patterns for each block, distributed in the following form: 5 for plastic copings and 5 for machined copings (n=5). After, patterns were casted in cobalt-chromium alloy. Four strain gauges were positioned on the upper surface of each polyurethane model around the implants. An axial load of 30kg within 10 seconds in five positions (A, B, C, D, E), with three repetead measurements for data aquisition (in με) by the multichanel bridge machine. The datas were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Such as conclusion from the obtained data treatment: there was no difference between the plastic and machined copings, there was no difference between the linear and offset configuration; there was statiscal significance only with the differents loading sites.
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Saito, Edson Hiroshi. "Medição de tensões em componentes mecânicos utilizando a técnica ESPI." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263913.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A técnica ESPI, sigla em inglês - Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry -, ou ainda, Interferometria Eletrônica por Padrão de Speckle, surgiu em conseqüência do desenvolvimento da metrologia a laser, que possui como característica o chamado efeito speckle. Este efeito é o fenômeno óptico de interferência de ondas eletromagnéticas coerentes - que é o caso do Laser - que possibilita a geração de padrões de franjas de interferência, a partir das quais é possível medir o deslocamento de superfícies e posteriormente calcular as tensões e deformações. Por se tratar de uma metodologia não destrutiva e sensível a pequenos deslocamentos, essa metodologia tem se difundido na indústria para medição de Tensões em componentes mecânicos de formas complexas e como aplicação de apoio para outras técnicas como análise por Elementos Finitos. O objetivo deste trabalho é a aplicação da técnica ESPI em componentes mecânicos fazendo uso de uma metodologia através da qual seja possível estabelecer um procedimento de medição da tensão com confiabilidade. O desafio é estabelecer a adequada aplicação da ferramenta em ambiente industrial, onde há a interferência de ruídos, temperatura, vibração, além de uma adequação de equipamentos de ensaio que pode influenciar diretamente nos resultados de medições. A correta medição das tensões e deformações através de um ensaio não destrutivo e de rápido diagnóstico pode trazer diversos benefício, dentre os quais as cifras gastas em peças destruídas, tempo de medição e economia de mão-de-obra. Os resultados do presente trabalho são a determinação das variáveis influentes na aplicação do ESPI, levantamento das causas raízes dos problemas de medição e, a partir dessas informações, consolidar um procedimento padrão para aplicação em medição de tensões em componentes utilizando a técnica ESPI
Abstract: The ESPI technique - Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry - has emerged as a result of the development of laser metrology, which is characterized as the so-called speckle effect. This effect is an optical phenomenon of coherent electromagnetic waves interference - as Laser. It allows the generation of fringes interference from which it can be measured the displacement of surfaces and therefore calculated the stresses and strains. As a no-destructive methodology and being sensible to small displacements, it has being spread out in the industry by measuring Stress and Displacements in complex mechanical components and as a support to Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) and others techniques. The objective of this work is the application of the ESPI technique testing mechanical components making use of a systematic methodology by which it will be able to establish a procedure for measuring stress with reliability. The challenge is to establish the application procedure in the industrial environment, where there are a lot of interferences like noises, temperature variation, vibration etc., besides the fact that the testing equipment to be adapted to static tests can influences in the results. The stress and displacements measurement in a nodestructive test and fast result diagnose can bring a lot of benefits in financial terms serving as a support tool for other testing procedures. The results from this project are the determination of main variables for ESPI application, establishment of root causes in measurements problems using ESPI, and hence consolidate a standard procedure for ESPI application in strain /stress measurement in mechanical components
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica