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1
Liu, Gang, Qi-Ang Wang, Guiyue Jiao, Pengyuan Dang, Guohao Nie, Zichen Liu, and Junyu Sun. "Review of Wireless RFID Strain Sensing Technology in Structural Health Monitoring." Sensors 23, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156925.
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Strain-based condition evaluation has garnered as a crucial method for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of large-scale engineering structures. The use of traditional wired strain sensors becomes tedious and time-consuming due to their complex wiring operation, more workload, and instrumentation cost to collect sufficient data for condition state evaluation, especially for large-scale engineering structures. The advent of wireless and passive RFID technologies with high efficiency and inexpensive hardware equipment has brought a new era of next-generation intelligent strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Thus, this study systematically summarizes the recent research progress of cutting-edge RFID strain sensing technologies. Firstly, this study introduces the importance of structural health monitoring and strain sensing. Then, RFID technology is demonstrated including RFID technology’s basic working principle and system component composition. Further, the design and application of various kinds of RFID strain sensors in SHM are presented including passive RFID strain sensing technology, active RFID strain sensing technology, semi-passive RFID strain sensing technology, Ultra High-frequency RFID strain sensing technology, chipless RFID strain sensing technology, and wireless strain sensing based on multi-sensory RFID system, etc., expounding their advantages, disadvantages, and application status. To the authors’ knowledge, the study initially provides a systematic comprehensive review of a suite of RFID strain sensing technology that has been developed in recent years within the context of structural health monitoring.
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Grossman, Barry G., Li-Tien Huang, Paul J. Cosentino, and Wulf von Eckroth. "Three-Dimensional Structural Strain Measurement with the Use of Fiber-Optic Sensors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1596, no. 1 (January 1997): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1596-07.
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Three-dimensional strain sensing inside a structure is not feasible with conventional strain sensing techniques such as electrical strain gauges, which are limited to surface measurements. Three-dimensional strain measurement inside a structure would find uses in a variety of new applications: enhanced understanding and detection of composite failure modes, such as delamination; sensing for adaptive structural control; intelligent vehicle highway systems; and structural health monitoring systems for civil structures. The latter application could involve remotely monitoring structural integrity during and after an earthquake, for example. A fiber-optic strain sensor array (FOSSA) in a planar, patch-like configuration was developed, and accurate measurement of the three principal strains inside a simple structure was demonstrated. The planar configuration was chosen to avoid the difficulty and structural degradation of embedding optical sensors in three planes. Two extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensors and one polari-metric sensor form the planar sensor array. The two EFPI sensors were placed perpendicular to each other in the sensor plane to extract the two normal strain components along the x and y axes. The polarimetric sensor embedded in the plane was used to extract the third normal strain acting on the z axis. The sensor array was embedded in an epoxy resin cube and loaded to 454 kg (1,000 1b) with a loading machine. The strains that were measured correlated well with the external strains measured with surface-bonded electrical strain gauges. The variation in measured strain between the two sensor systems was less than 4 percent for all three principal axes.
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Fang, Xinqiu, Fan Zhang, Zongshen Shi, Minfu Liang, and Yang Song. "Research and Application of Multi-Mode Joint Monitoring System for Shaft Wall Deformation." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176551.
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The mine shaft is an important channel linking the underground with the surface, undertaking important functions such as personnel and material transportation and ventilation. Thus the shaft, known as the throat of the mine, is the production hub of the whole mine. Since 1980, damage to coal mine shafts has occurred in many areas of China, which has seriously impacted the safety of mine production. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the shaft wall condition is necessary. However, the traditional monitoring method cannot achieve long-term, continuous and stable monitoring of the shaft wall due to the harsh production environment downhole. Hence, a multi-mode joint sensing system for shaft wall deformation and damage is proposed, which is mainly based on FBG sensing and supplemented by vibrating-string sensing. The principle of FBG sensing is that when the external environment such as temperature, pressure and strain changes, the characteristics of light transmission in the FBG such as wavelength, phase and amplitude will also change accordingly. Using the linear relationship between the strain and the wavelength shift of the FBG, the strain of the measured structure is obtained by calculation. Firstly, this paper introduces the basic situations of the mine and analyzes the causes shaft damage. Then the vertical and circumferential theoretical values at different shaft depths are derived in combination with the corresponding force characteristics. Moreover, a four-layer strain transfer structure model of the shaft consisting of the fiber, the protective layer, the bonding layer and the borehole wall is established, which leads to the derivation of the strain transfer relational expression for the surface-mounted FBG sensing on the shaft wall. The strain-sensing transfer law and the factors influencing the strain-sensing transfer of the surface-mounted FBG on the shaft wall are analyzed. The order of key factors influencing the strain-sensing transfer is obtained by numerical simulation: the radius of the protective layer, the length of the FBG paste, and the elastic modulus of the adhesive layer. The packaging parameters with the best strain-sensing transfer of the surface-mounted FBG on the shaft wall are determined. A total of six horizontal level monitoring stations are arranged in a coal mine auxiliary shaft. Through the comprehensive analysis of the sensing data of the two sensors, the results show that the average shaft wall strain–transfer efficiency measured by the FBG sensor reaches 94.02%. The relative average error with the theoretical derivation of shaft wall transfer efficiency (98.6%) is 4.65%, which verifies the strain transfer effect of the surface-mounted FBG applied to the shaft wall. The shaft wall’s deformation monitoring system with FBG sensing as the main and vibrating-string sensing as the supplement is important to realize the early warning of well-wall deformation and further research of the shaft wall rupture mechanism.
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Stoney, Rory, Dermot Geraghty, and Garret E. O’Donnell. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Passive Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Strain Sensors Used for Force Measurement in Turning." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0451.
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Passive wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) strain sensors offer significant advantages over alternative well known sensing technologies and can enable sensing applications robustly in very harsh environments. The passive wireless operation of SAW sensors is especially relevant given there is a drive for more robust and diverse sensing technologies in more complex and high performance applications. Wireless passive dynamic SAW strain sensing has been realised and has enabled force measurement during CNC turning. This paper demonstrates the SAW performance alongside two state of the art Kistler sensing technologies designed for this application area. Direct analysis and investigation of both static and dynamic signals is important for establishing bench-mark performancemetrics and the operational bandwidth of the SAW system.
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Horszczaruk, E., P. Sikora, and P. Łukowski. "Application of Nanomaterials in Production of Self-Sensing Concretes: Contemporary Developments and Prospects." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0083.
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Abstract In the recent years structural health monitoring (SHM) has gathered spectacular attention in civil engineering applications. Application of such composites enable to improve the safety and performance of structures. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to development of new family of sensors - self-sensing materials. These materials enable to create the so-called “smart concrete” exhibiting self-sensing ability. Application of self-sensing materials in cement-based materials enables to detect their own state of strain or stress reflected as a change in their electrical properties. The variation of strain or stress is associated with the variation in material’s electrical characteristics, such as resistance or impedance. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently detect and localize crack formation and propagation in selected concrete element. This review is devoted to present contemporary developments in application of nanomaterials in self-sensing cement-based composites and future directions in the field of smart structures.
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Chaoui, Fahd, Otman Aghzout, Mounia Chakkour, and Mounir El Yakhloufi. "Apodization Optimization of FBG Strain Sensor for Quasi-Distributed Sensing Measurement Applications." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6523046.
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A novel optimized apodization of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS) for quasi-distributed strain sensing applications is developed and introduced in this paper. The main objective of the proposed optimization is to obtain a reflectivity level higher than 90% and a side lobe level around −40 dB, which is suitable for use in quasi-distributed strain sensing application. For this purpose, different design parameters as apodization profile, grating length, and refractive index have been investigated to enhance and optimize the FBGS design. The performance of the proposed apodization has then been compared in terms of reflectivity, side lobe level (SLL), and full width at half maximum (FWHM) with apodization profiles proposed by other authors. The optimized sensor is integrated on quasi-distributed sensing system of 8 sensors demonstrating high reliability. Wide strain sensitivity range for each channel has also been achieved in the quasi-distributed system. Results prove the efficiency of the proposed optimization which can be further implemented for any quasi-distributed sensing application.
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Gao, Lei, Zhihao Li, Jie Li, Zhen Wang, Haiming Jiang, and Mingyang Wang. "Application of Fiber Grating Sensing in Similar Model Impact Tests of Underground Engineering." Geofluids 2023 (April 14, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8185870.
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To clarify damage or degradation mechanisms of underground shock disturbance of deep caverns, a customized model of a deep cavern to subjected ground shock was employed to simulate the following properties and processes: crustal stress loading, cavern excavation, and ground-shock disturbance loading. The similar model specimen was a cube of 1.3 m length and a size similarity ratio of 1 : 50. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor with multipoint distributions was developed to monitor the distribution of internal strains in the model. Sensors were appropriately arranged and packaged in the similar model of deep rock to determine strain variation in the model under hydrostatic confining pressure, construction dynamic load, and shock dynamic load. This investigation involved high crustal stress simulation, tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction simulation, and deep explosive shock simulation, respectively. The results suggest that the sensors can accurately monitor the strain during the entire process comprising loading, excavation, and shock generation and obtain the distribution of cave strain during excavation and shock generation. The cave strain indicated that the left and right sides of the tunnel both experienced a rapid increase in tensile strain from the top plane shock wave, proportional to the shock force. The mechanism of surrounding rock failure and the occurrence of the V-shaped blasting pit were clarified. In the model test, the following phenomena related to deep tunnel failure were simulated: particle ejection, block collapse, slabbing, and tunnel face collapse. The oscillatory wave was also monitored with FBG sensors. The results demonstrated that FBG strain sensor had good repeatability and could accurately monitor strain change in the different blocks, thus demonstrating considerable potential for use in similar model tests. The model tests conducted in this study can provide important technical reference and support for the construction and protective design of deep caverns.
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Chen, Chun-Bing, Hsuan-Ling Kao, Li-Chun Chang, Cheng-Lin Cho, Yi-Chen Lin, C. C. Huang, C. C. Mo, Wen-Hung Chung, and Hsien-Chin Chiu. "Fabrication of Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube for Enhanced Mechanical and Strain-Sensing Performance." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 121001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac40d4.
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This paper presents fabrication of inkjet-printed carbon nanotube film on flexible substrate for wearable electronics applications. The density of CNT films is optimized by droplet spacing (DS) and multiple passes to provide the best strain behavior. It is found that low-density carbon nanotubes have fewer conductive pathways resulting in less change and low GF under applied strain. Conversely, high-density carbon nanotubes have more conductive paths, and they are not easily broken under strain, resulting in poor strain-sensing ability. The inkjet printing process can adjust uniformity and density of CNT film through DS and multiple passes to optimize its strain characteristics. The highest GF of 3.36 was obtained under strain ranging from 71 to 3128 με when CNT printed by DS of 23 μm and 20 passes. The relative change in resistance under various strains, ranging from 71 to 3128 με, had a stable peak value for each 20 strain/release cycle which proved its repeatability and stability. Furthermore, inkjet-printed CNT sensors monitored human movement of various joints and distinguished bending angle demonstrating its potentially practical application in wearable electronics.
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Yang, Yongqiang, Yongsong Tan, Qun Wang, Yihu Shu, Qinsheng Wang, and Yunjie Yin. "Application of AgNPs/rGO Modified Nylon Fabric in Strain Sensing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2109, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2109/1/012017.
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Abstract The graphene oxide slurry was printed on the pre-stretched and non-pre-stretched nylon fabric by screen printing, and immersed in silver ammonia solution of different concentrations, and then reduced to obtain silver nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide (AgNPs/rGO) modified nylon fabric with excellent conductivity. The surface morphology of the fabric was observed, and the performances of the fabric sensor that was scraped with graphene oxide slurry between the pre-stretched and non-pre-stretched states were explored. The resistance responses of the nylon fabric finished with different concentrations of silver ammonia solution under different strains (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) were investigated. The results showed that the nylon strain sensor was more sensitive and stable when the graphene oxide slurry was scraped in the pre-stretched state, and while the silver ammonia solution concentration was 10 mg/mL, the nylon fabric had maximum sensitivity and lowest hysteresis performance.
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Irani, Farid Sayar, Ali Hosseinpour Shafaghi, Melih Can Tasdelen, Tugce Delipinar, Ceyda Elcin Kaya, Guney Guven Yapici, and Murat Kaya Yapici. "Graphene as a Piezoresistive Material in Strain Sensing Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010119.
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High accuracy measurement of mechanical strain is critical and broadly practiced in several application areas including structural health monitoring, industrial process control, manufacturing, avionics and the automotive industry, to name a few. Strain sensors, otherwise known as strain gauges, are fueled by various nanomaterials, among which graphene has attracted great interest in recent years, due to its unique electro-mechanical characteristics. Graphene shows not only exceptional physical properties but also has remarkable mechanical properties, such as piezoresistivity, which makes it a perfect candidate for strain sensing applications. In the present review, we provide an in-depth overview of the latest studies focusing on graphene and its strain sensing mechanism along with various applications. We start by providing a description of the fundamental properties, synthesis techniques and characterization methods of graphene, and then build forward to the discussion of numerous types of graphene-based strain sensors with side-by-side tabular comparison in terms of figures-of-merit, including strain range and sensitivity, otherwise referred to as the gauge factor. We demonstrate the material synthesis, device fabrication and integration challenges for researchers to achieve both wide strain range and high sensitivity in graphene-based strain sensors. Last of all, several applications of graphene-based strain sensors for different purposes are described. All in all, the evolutionary process of graphene-based strain sensors in recent years, as well as the upcoming challenges and future directions for emerging studies are highlighted.
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Glisic, Branko. "Concise Historic Overview of Strain Sensors Used in the Monitoring of Civil Structures: The First One Hundred Years." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062397.
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Strain is one of the most frequently monitored parameters in civil structural health monitoring (SHM) applications, and strain-based approaches were among the first to be explored and applied in SHM. There are multiple reasons why strain plays such an important role in SHM: strain is directly related to stress and deflection, which reflect structural performance, safety, and serviceability. Strain field anomalies are frequently indicators of unusual structural behaviors (e.g., damage or deterioration). Hence, the earliest concepts of strain sensing were explored in the mid-XIX century, the first effective strain sensor appeared in 1919, and the first onsite applications followed in the 1920′s. Today, one hundred years after the first developments, two generations of strain sensors, based on electrical and fiber-optic principles, firmly reached market maturity and established themselves as reliable tools applied in strain-based SHM. Along with sensor developments, the application methods evolved: the first generation of discrete sensors featured a short gauge length and provided a basis for local material monitoring; the second generation greatly extended the applicability and effectiveness of strain-based SHM by providing long gauge and one-dimensional (1D) distributed sensing, thus enabling global structural and integrity monitoring. Current research focuses on a third generation of strain sensors for two-dimensional (2D) distributed and quasi-distributed sensing, based on new advanced technologies. On the occasion of strain sensing centenary, and as an homage to all researchers, practitioners, and educators who contributed to strain-based SHM, this paper presents an overview of the first one hundred years of strain sensing technological progress, with the objective to identify relevant transformative milestones and indicate possible future research directions.
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Ma, Chuanyi, Xue Xin, Ning Zhang, Jianjiang Wang, Chuan Wang, Ming Liang, Yunfeng Zhang, and Zhanyong Yao. "Encapsulation for Sensing Element and Its Application in Asphalt Road Monitoring." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020390.
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The internal pavement structure is a “black box”; an accurate strain response for the pavement interlayer structure under vehicle load is hard to obtain by conventional road surface detection methods. This is due to the true strain field of the pavement structure, which means that the service state of the pavement cannot be accurately evaluated. This paper proposes an innovative strain sensor based on a carbon nanotube and epoxy (CNT/EP) composite to solve the current strain monitoring problem in asphalt pavement health monitoring. The CNT/EP composite encapsulation method was proposed, and the I-shaped strain sensor for asphalt pavement structure was developed. The strain–resistance response characteristics of the self-developed sensor were further investigated using a universal testing machine. The encapsulated sensor was used to monitor the strain of the asphalt mixture by means of a laboratory asphalt concrete beam and a practical pavement field. The results showed that the encapsulation method proposed in the study is suitable for CNT/EP material, which could guarantee the survivability and monitoring effectiveness of the self-developed sensor under the harsh environment of high temperature and pressure of asphalt mixture paving. The resistance of encapsulated sensor presents a linear relationship with strain. The laboratory and practical paving verified the feasibility of the self-sensor for strain monitoring of asphalt pavement. Compared to other post-excavating buried sensors, the self-developed sensor can be embedded in the pavement interlayer as the asphalt mixtures paving process, which can obtain the real strain response of pavement structure and reduce the perturbation of the sensor to the dynamic response of the pavement.
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Forbes, Bradley, Nicholas Vlachopoulos, and Andrew J. Hyett. "The application of distributed optical strain sensing to measure the strain distribution of ground support members." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0093.
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A distributed optical strain-sensing technique is presented as a solution for measuring the strain distribution along ground support members used in tunnelling and mining works. The technique employs a Rayleigh optical frequency domain reflectometry technology, which measures strain at a spatial resolution of 0.65 mm along the length of a standard optical fiber. A rationale for selecting this technology as a potential monitoring technique for ground support elements over alternative commercially available technologies is discussed. The development of a technique to couple optical fiber sensors with rock bolt, umbrella arch, and cable bolt support members is also demonstrated. A robust laboratory investigation of such optically instrumented support members demonstrated the capability of the technique to capture the expected in situ support behaviour in the form of coaxial, lateral, and shear loading arrangements as would be anticipated in the field. Moreover, the micro-scale data obtained by this optical sensing technique are shown to provide unprecedented insight into the local/micro-scale geomechanistic complexities associated with the bearing capacity of ground support members, especially when compared with data obtained by discrete strain-sensing technologies.
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Shiryayev, Oleg, Nader Vahdati, Fook Fah Yap, and Haider Butt. "Compliant Mechanism-Based Sensor for Large Strain Measurements Employing Fiber Optics." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22113987.
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We propose a sensor design for measurement of large strains where direct application of a fiber optic strain gauge is impossible due to the stiffness mismatch between the optical fiber and the structure under test. The sensor design is based on a rhombus type compliant mechanism, which functions to attenuate input strain and transfer it to the ends of the sensing beam with the mounted optical strain gauge. We developed an analytical model of the sensor, which allows us to relate actuation forces, input displacement/strain, and output strain. The analytical model was verified with the finite element analysis and validated against an experimental prototype. The prototype sensor was able to handle input strains exceeding ±2.5 × 105 µε. Potential application areas of the proposed sensor include compliant elastomeric structures, wearables, and soft robotics.
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Chen, J. M., M. Parameswaran, and M. Paranjape. "Piezoresistance characterization of commercial CMOS gate polysilicon and its application in biomass microsensors." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, S1 (December 1, 1996): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-850.
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This paper presents experimental results on the piezoresistance characterization of gate polysilicon available from two commercial CMOS processes. It is shown that the gate polysilicon is very strain-sensitive, and a gauge factor of about 25 can be readily achieved. This value can allow standard gate polysilicon to be used as a strain-sensing element for integrated microsensor applications. As an example, a sub-nanogram mass sensor was fabricated using commercially available CMOS technology and is presented. The device incorporates gate polysilicon of the CMOS process as the sensing material, and is subjected to low levels of strain in order to measure small masses (< 10−9 g). A potential application for this sensor is to monitor the growth of biological cell cultures in a liquid environment.
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Gao, Ke, Zhiyue Zhang, Shun Weng, Hongping Zhu, Hong Yu, and Tingjun Peng. "Review of Flexible Piezoresistive Strain Sensors in Civil Structural Health Monitoring." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 9750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199750.
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Owing to the outstanding sensing properties, especially high sensitivity and large stretchability, flexible piezoresistive strain sensors are advantageous for achieving intelligent sensing and have become a popular topic in the field of civil structural health monitoring (SHM). To explore advanced flexible strain sensors for civil SHM, this paper summarizes the recent research progress, achievements and challenges in flexible piezoresistive strain sensors. First, four common piezoresistive mechanisms are introduced theoretically. Sensor materials, including conductive materials, flexible substrates and electrodes, are explained in detail. Second, essential sensing parameters are interpreted and then followed by specific explanations of improvement strategies for the sensor performance in terms of each parameter. Third, applications of flexible piezoresistive strain sensors in the deformation measurement and damage detection of steel structures, concrete structures and fiber-reinforced composite structures are presented. Existing challenges and prospects in the practical application and large-scale production of flexible strain sensors are also reported. Last but not least, strategies for the selection of piezoresistive sensors for civil SHM are explained.
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Yee, Min Juey, N. M. Mubarak, E. C. Abdullah, Mohammad Khalid, Rashmi Walvekar, Rama Rao Karri, Sabzoi Nizamuddin, and Arshid Numan. "Carbon nanomaterials based films for strain sensing application—A review." Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 18 (April 2019): 100312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100312.
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Chong, Yung Sin, Keat Hoe Yeoh, Pei Ling Leow, and Pei Song Chee. "Piezoresistive strain sensor array using polydimethylsiloxane-based conducting nanocomposites for electronic skin application." Sensor Review 38, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-11-2017-0238.
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Purpose This paper aims to report a stretchable piezoresistive strain sensor array that can detect various static and dynamic stimuli, including bending, normal force, shear stress and certain range of temperature variation, through sandwiching an array of conductive blocks, made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The strain sensor array induces localized resistance changes at different external mechanical forces, which can be potentially implemented as electronic skin. Design/methodology/approach The working principle is the piezoresistivity of the strain sensor array is based on the tunnelling resistance connection between the fillers and reformation of the percolating path when the PDMS and MWCNT composite deforms. When an external compression stimulus is exerted, the MWCNT inter-filler distance at the conductive block array reduces, resulting in the reduction of the resistance. The resistance between the conductive blocks in the array, on the other hand, increases when the strain sensor is exposed to an external stretching force. The methodology was as follows: Numerical simulation has been performed to study the pressure distribution across the sensor. This method applies two thin layers of conductive elastomer composite across a 2 × 3 conductive block array, where the former is to detect the stretchable force, whereas the latter is to detect the compression force. The fabrication of the strain sensor consists of two main stages: fabricating the conducting block array (detect compression force) and depositing two thin conductive layers (detect stretchable force). Findings Characterizations have been performed at the sensor pressure response: static and dynamic configuration, strain sensing and temperature sensing. Both pressure and strain sensing are studied in terms of the temporal response. The temporal response shows rapid resistance changes and returns to its original value after the external load is removed. The electrical conductivity of the prototype correlates to the temperature by showing negative temperature coefficient material behaviour with the sensitivity of −0.105 MΩ/°C. Research limitations/implications The conductive sensor array can potentially be implemented as electronic skin due to its reaction with mechanical stimuli: compression and stretchable pressure force, strain sensing and temperature sensing. Originality/value This prototype enables various static and dynamic stimulus detections, including bending, normal force, shear stress and certain range of temperature variation, through sandwiching an array of conductive blocks, made of MWCNT and PDMS composite. Conventional design might need to integrate different microfeatures to perform the similar task, especially for dynamic force sensing.
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Zhang, Xiao Fei, Zhong Hu Lv, Xian Wei Meng, Fan Jiang, and Qing Zhang. "Application of Optical Fiber Sensing Real-Time Monitoring Technology Using in Ripley Landslide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 610 (August 2014): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.610.199.
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Nowadays, fiber optic technology has been used in sensing. Using the distributed optical fiber sensing technology in the landslide monitoring, the linear strain distribution information of the whole landslide can be obtained, and adopting the Fiber Bragg Grating sensing technology in the landslide monitoring, the key pot strain and displacement information can be gained. This paper firstly reviews the basic principle of optical fiber sensing, and then describes the optical fiber sensing real-time monitoring system by combining with FBG technology, BOTDR technology, database technology and web server technology, and finally presents a field application experiment using the real-time monitoring system in Ripley landslide in Canada. The experiment indicated that the real-time monitoring system can be realized real-time monitoring of FBG and BOTDR for landslide, and the experience can be extended to other landslide.
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Jiang, Yunfeng. "Application of optical fiber sensing technology in bridge detection." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (September 30, 2022): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v9i.1727.
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This paper introduces the development and application status of bridge detection technology at home and abroad, focuses on the research and application of optical fiber sensing technology in bridge detection at home and abroad, and takes strain detection as an example to introduce the detection principle, method and latest research of optical fiber sensing technology in bridge detection. Finally, the paper points out the development direction of optical fiber sensing technology in bridge detection.
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Sirat, Qurratu Aini, Dayangku Salma Awang Ismail, Azman Kassim, and Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid. "Application of distributed optical fibre for shallow foundation." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825001019.
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Soil deformation is one of the major interests with regard to the stability analysis of the foundations. The deformations are signified for both vertical and lateral soil deformation; which the former plays vital role in designing a good foundation. As the stability of the foundation affect the stability of the entire structure, instrumentation and monitoring play an important roles in order to monitor the performances of the geotechnical structures. Until now the design of a foundation soil system is relied on the quantification of soil bearing capacity and foundation structural capacity and then followed by conventional monitoring system to observe the settlement so that within the allowable values. Therefore, this study focuses on the newly usage of distributed optical fibre sensing application to monitor strain distribution within a soil mass due to surcharge loading. It is expected to observe the strain distribution goes proportionally to vertical stress distribution concept; where higher strain measurement right below the loading position and decreases with depth. The advantage of distributed optical fibre sensing rather than conventional strain gauge is the sensor able to collect so-called average strain along the optical fibre compare to discrete measurement of strain gauge. This paper describes the experimental work conducted with the use of a distributed sensing technology named Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA). A small scale of 1G model of a shallow foundation which represented by a load plate under incremental surcharge loading was stimulated to assess the soil mass deformation. The optical fibre were embedded in soil mass by layering in a horizontal direction which laid perpendicular to load direction. A comparison of numerical modeling using PLAXIS 2D and experimental works as part of this study. As a results, fibre optic is a good approach for instrumentations and monitoring for geotechnical structures as fibre optics is sensitive to the movement of the soil and fibre optic with anchorage system gave better strain measurement reading compare to without anchorage system.
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Wang, Yizhe, and Zhiwei Xu. "Adaptive Feedforward Compensating Self-Sensing Method for Active Flutter Suppression." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 13, 2018): 3447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103447.
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A single piezoelectric patch can be used as both a sensor and an actuator by means of the self-sensing piezoelectric actuator, and the function of self-sensing shows several advantages in many application fields. However, some problems exist in practical application. First, a capacitance bridge circuit is set up to realize the function of self-sensing, but the precise matching of the capacitance of the bridge circuit is hard to obtain due to the standardization of electric components and variations of environmental conditions. Second, a local strain is induced by the self-sensing actuator that is not related to the global vibration of the structure, which would affect the performance of applications, especially in active vibration control. The above problems can be tackled by the feedforward compensation method that is proposed in this paper. A configured piezoelectric self-sensing circuit is improved by a feedforward compensation tunnel, and a gain of compensation voltage is adjusted by the time domain and frequency domain’s steepest descent algorithms to alleviate the capacitance mismatching and local strain problems. The effectiveness of the method is verified in the experiment of the active vibration control in a wind tunnel, and the control performance of compensated self-sensing actuation is compared to the performance with capacitance mismatching and local strain. It is found that the above problems have negative effects on the stability and performance of the vibration control and can be significantly eliminated by the proposed method.
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Ahmad Ruzaidi, Dania Adila, Muni Raj Maurya, Swathi Yempally, Sajeel Abdul Gafoor, Mithra Geetha, Nazreen Che Roslan, John-John Cabibihan, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, and Mohd Muzamir Mahat. "Revealing the improved sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS/PVA thin films through secondary doping and their strain sensors application." RSC Advances 13, no. 12 (2023): 8202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00584d.
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Xu, Xunjian, Antonio Bueno, Koji Nonaka, and Salvador Sales. "Fiber Strain Measurement for Wide Region Quasidistributed Sensing by Optical Correlation Sensor with Region Separation Techniques." Journal of Sensors 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/839803.
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The useful application of optical pulse correlation sensor for wide region quasidistributed fiber strain measurement is investigated. Using region separation techniques of wavelength multiplexing with FBGs and time multiplexing with intensity partial reflectors, the sensor measures the correlations between reference pulses and monitoring pulses from several cascadable selected sensing regions. This novel sensing system can select the regions and obtain the distributed strain information in any desired sensing region.
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Liang, Minfu, Xinqiu Fang, Ningning Chen, Xiaomei Xue, and Gang Wu. "A Sensing Mechanism and the Application of a Surface-Bonded FBG Dynamometry Bolt." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073225.
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In the present paper, a new type of surface-bonded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) dynamometry bolt is designed. It is assumed that the adhesive layer is a linear viscoelastic material and its creep mechanical behavior is expressed by the standard linear solid model. The shear strain transfer model of the surface-bonded FBG sensor is established. Additionally, the instantaneous and quasistatic strain transfer functions of the surface-bonded FBG sensor are obtained. The functions are validated by a uniaxial tensile test and a long-term constant-load tensile test. The test results show that the strain measured by the FBG sensor has a proportional relationship with the strain measured by the resistance strain gauge. Furthermore, under the fixed load for a long period of time, the strain of the FBG sensor has a tendency to drift and the strain reduction rate is about 40.5%. Finally, the field application is carried out in a mining area. It has been proved that the ground pressure online monitoring system based on the FBG sensing technology can successfully monitor the stress of the rock bolt.
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Roy, Rinto, Alexander Tessler, Cecilia Surace, and Marco Gherlone. "Shape Sensing of Plate Structures Using the Inverse Finite Element Method: Investigation of Efficient Strain–Sensor Patterns." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 7049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247049.
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Methods for real-time reconstruction of structural displacements using measured strain data is an area of active research due to its potential application for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and morphing structure control. The inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) has been shown to be well suited for the full-field reconstruction of displacements, strains, and stresses of structures instrumented with discrete or continuous strain sensors. In practical applications, where the available number of sensors may be limited, the number and sensor positions constitute the key parameters. Understanding changes in the reconstruction quality with respect to sensor position is generally difficult and is the aim of the present work. This paper attempts to supplement the current iFEM modeling knowledge through a rigorous evaluation of several strain–sensor patterns for shape sensing of a rectangular plate. Line plots along various sections of the plate are used to assess the reconstruction quality near and far away from strain sensors, and the nodal displacements are studied as the sensor density increases. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the strain sensors distributed along the plate boundary for reconstructing relatively simple displacement patterns, and highlight the potential of cross-diagonal strain–sensor patterns to improve the displacement reconstruction of more complex deformation patterns.
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Rajeev, Pathmanathan, Jayantha Kodikara, Wing Kong Chiu, and Thomas Kuen. "Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors and their Applications in Pipeline Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 558 (June 2013): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.558.424.
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Health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems has recently emerged as a powerful tool for condition assessment of infrastructure performance. With the widespread use of modern telecommunication technologies, structures could be monitored periodically from a central station located several kilometres away from the field. This remote capability allows immediate damage detection, so that necessary actions are taken to reduce the risk. Optical fiber sensors offer a relatively new technology for monitoring the performance of spatially distributed structures such as pipelines. In this regards, several commercially available strain and temperature sensing equipment such as discrete FBGs (Fibre Bragg Gratings) and fully distributed sensing techniques such as Raman DTS (distributed temperature sensor) and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) typically offer sensing lengths of the order of 100 km's. Distributed fiber optic sensing offers the ability to measure temperatures and/or strains at thousands of points along a single fiber. In this paper, the authors will give a brief overview of these optical fiber technologies, outline potential applications of these technologies for geotechnical engineering applications and experience in utilising BOTDR in water pipeline monitoring application.
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Zhao, Xuefeng, Jie Lu, Ruicong Han, Xianglong Kong, Yanhong Wang, and Le Li. "Application of Multiscale Fiber Optical Sensing Network Based on Brillouin and Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Techniques on Concrete Structures." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 310797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/310797.
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The paper reports the application of the distributed optical fiber sensing technology and the FBG sensing technology in bridge strain monitoring; the overall changeable characteristics of the whole structure can be obtained through the distributed optical fiber sensing technology (BOTDA), meanwhile the accurate information of local important parts of the structure can be obtained through the optical fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG), which can improve the accuracy of the monitoring. FBG sensor has a high sensitivity, but it can only realize the measurement of local discrete points for the quasidistributed sensing. BOTDA can realize the long distance and distributed measurement, but its spatial resolution is not high. FBG and BOTDA were applied together in bridge monitoring in this test, taking full advantage of the distributed BOTDA on the overall strain measurements of the structure, as well as monitoring the key parts by the arrangement of FBG. The combined application of BOTDA and FBG can achieve the overall monitoring from point to line and then to the surface and, therefore, obtain more comprehensive information on the strain of the test structure.
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Yuan, Yonggui, Bing Wu, Jun Yang, and Libo Yuan. "Tunable optical-path correlator for distributed strain or temperature-sensing application." Optics Letters 35, no. 20 (October 8, 2010): 3357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.003357.
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Tanaka, Shinji, Kiyokazu Yamada, Hideaki Kobayashii, and Michio Kadota. "Application of Acoustooptic Tunable Filter to Strain- or Vibration-Sensing System." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 46, no. 7B (July 26, 2007): 4633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.46.4633.
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Bai, Xuqiu, Jun Zheng, Zhichun Xu, Fei Pan, Xiang Ge, and Caideng Yuan. "Ultrathin CNTs Film Based on Marangoni Effect for Strain Sensing Application." Coatings 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061026.
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The Marangoni effect has been applied in the preparation of large-area ultrathin films. However, defects occur frequently during the transfer progress of ultrathin films to substrates, which limits its application in scalable and massive fabrication. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as typical one-dimensional carbon materials, are widely used in wearable and flexible sensors due to their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, Marangoni-driven self-assembled CNTs film was obtained by injecting 0.5 mL 1 mg·mL−1 CNTs/ethanol dispersion on 100 cm2 water dropwise; the thickness, sheet resistance, and optical transmittance (at 550 nm) of the as-prepared ultrathin film were 38 nm, 7.3 kΩ/□, and 66.9%, respectively. The CNTs film was transferred onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to prepare a conductive composite of CNTs/PDMS film and the sheet resistance of the composite film reached 21.0 kΩ/□. Furthermore, the packaged PDMS/CNTs/PDMS (PCP) strain sensors with a sandwich-like structure exhibited satisfactory sensitivity with a gauge factor of 3.4 at 50% strain, a large working range (89%), and excellent stability (>8000 cycles). The easy-making and low-cost sensors show great potential in wearable electronics, real-time motion detection, and electronic skin.
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Seyedin, Shayan, Peng Zhang, Maryam Naebe, Si Qin, Jun Chen, Xungai Wang, and Joselito M. Razal. "Textile strain sensors: a review of the fabrication technologies, performance evaluation and applications." Materials Horizons 6, no. 2 (2019): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01062e.
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Strain sensors that are made of textiles offer wearability and large strain sensing range. Recent exciting developments in material, structure, fabrication, performance, and application of textile strain sensors are evaluated and guidelines are provided to overcome the current challenges.
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Awang Ismail, Dayangku Salma, Azman Kassim, Hisham Mohamad, Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, and Aliff Ridzuan Bunawan. "Application of Brillouin-based distributed optical fibre sensing technology to measure strain development of a slope model." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825001020.
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For almost two decades, distributed optical fibre sensors are well-known for an alternative to conventional instrumentation in geotechnical engineering applications. However, the technology is yet to be fully implemented due to uncertainties of attachment method or the best way to deploy optical fibre for geo-structure health monitoring. Thus, a project of a 1g model of soil slope was intiated and was constructed with three layers of optical fibre that were horizontally embedded in the soil slope mass in order to observe strain development due to a surcharge load. The strain mobilizations were measured by using Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA) sensing system during the incremental loading on the slope crest until a failure feature had been initiated. The aim of study is to evaluate the development of horizontal strains from Brillouin-based optical fibre sensor subjected to soil slope deformation which lead to slope failures. The results showed that the measurands of optical fibre were highly accumulated at the position of 0.3m depth from the slope crest. The development of high strain at this position was because of soil-fibre interaction to the overburden imposed load in perpendicular direction of optical fibre placement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optical fibre strain in the soil-strain field were well-responded to the particle soil movement. In addition, the significant trend of positive strain curves were illustrated when the soil was under compression due to external load from a surcharge load plus self-weight of the soil material.
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Mirzazade, Ali, Cosmin Popescu, and Björn Täljsten. "Prediction of Strain in Embedded Rebars for RC Member, Application of Hybrid Learning Approach." Infrastructures 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8040071.
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The aim of this study was to find strains in embedded reinforcement by monitoring surface deformations. Compared with analytical methods, application of the machine learning regression technique imparts a noteworthy reduction in modeling complexity caused by the tension stiffening effect. The present research aimed to achieve a hybrid learning approach for non-contact prediction of embedded strains based on surface deformations monitored by digital image correlation (DIC). However, due to the small training dataset collected by the installed strain gauges, the input dataset was enriched by a semi-empirical equation proposed in a previous study. Therefore, the present study discussed (i) instrumentation by strain gauge and DIC as well as data acquisition and post-processing of the data, accounting for strain gradients on the concrete surface and embedded reinforcement; (ii) input dataset generation for training machine learning regression models approaching hybrid learning; (iii) data regression to predict strains in embedded reinforcement based on monitored surface deformations; and (iv) the results, validation, and post-processing responses to make the method more robust. Finally, the developed model was evaluated through numerous statistical performance measures. The results showed that the proposed method can reasonably predict strain in embedded reinforcement, providing an innovative type of sensing application with highly improved performance.
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Piccolo, Arianna, Sylvie Delepine-Lesoille, Etienne Friedrich, Shasime Aziri, Yann Lecieux, and Dominique Leduc. "Mechanical Properties of Optical Fiber Strain Sensing Cables under γ-Ray Irradiation and Large Strain Influence." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030696.
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Optical fiber strain sensing cables are widely used in structural health monitoring; however, the impact of a harsh environment on them is not assessed despite the huge importance of the stable performances of the monitoring systems. This paper analyzes (i) the impact of the different constituent layers on the behavior of a strain sensing cable whose constitutive materials are metal and polyamide, (ii) the radiation influence on the optical fiber strain sensing cable response (500 kGy of γ -rays), and (iii) the behavior of the cable under high axial strain (up to 1%, 10,000 μ ε ). Radiation impact on strain sensitivity is negligible for practical application, i.e., the coefficient changes by 4% at the max. The influence of the composition of the cable is also assessed: the sensitivity differences remain under 15%, a standard variation range when different cable compositions and structures are considered. The elasto-plastic behavior is at the end evaluated, highlighting the residual strain (about 1600 μ ε after imposing 10,000 μ ε ) of the cable (especially for metallic parts).
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Sheng, Liwen, Ligong Li, Leijun Hu, Ming Yuan, Jinpeng Lang, Jianguo Wang, Peng Li, Zongyi Bi, Jisong Yan, and Zhiming Liu. "Distributed Fiberoptic Sensor for Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Monitoring Based on Brillouin Scattering Effect in Polyimide-Coated Fibers." International Journal of Optics 2020 (November 16, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810986.
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A unique multiparameter sensor for distributed measurement of temperature and strain based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering in polyimide-coated optical fiber is proposed, which is an excellent candidate for the cross-sensitivity problem in conventional Brillouin sensing network. In the experimental section, the discrimination of strain and temperature is successfully demonstrated by analysing the unequal sensing coefficients of the Brillouin frequency shifts generated by different acoustic modes. The Brillouin frequency shifts of the main two peaks are successfully measured to discriminate the strain and temperature with an accuracy 19.68 με and 1.02°C in 2.5 km sensing range. The proposed distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensor allows simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain, thus opening a door for practical application such as oil explorations.
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Wang, Xi, Qiao Li, and Xiaoming Tao. "Enhanced electromechanical resilience and mechanism of the composites-coated fabric sensors with crack-induced conductive network for wearable applications." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 035032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac50f3.
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Abstract Conductive composites-coated fabric sensors are favorable sensing elements for wearable applications. However, rheology of composites ingredients has been causing inaccuracy due to high hysteresis and low instantaneity in real-time measurements. To address this problem, a composites-coated fabric-based strain sensor was fabricated and studied. A physical pretreatment scheme was designed to produce cracked surface morphology on the conductive composites film, yielding a stable conductive network. Results showed that this scheme can significantly lower the electrical hysteresis of the sensors by about 35% and effectively reduce electrical and mechanical relaxation, hence notably improved electromechanical resilience of the sensors. It is also found that the linear strain-resistance property of the sensors was largely retained after pretreatment. Sensing mechanism of the cracked sensors was further derived to understand the results. Through all the observations and application prospect demonstrated by two sensing belts, it is suggested that cracking can be considered to improve sensing performance for other coated fabric flexible sensors.
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Han, Tao, Anindya Nag, Nasrin Afsarimanesh, Fowzia Akhter, Hangrui Liu, Samta Sapra, Subhas Mukhopadhyay, and Yongzhao Xu. "Gold/Polyimide-Based Resistive Strain Sensors." Electronics 8, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050565.
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This paper presents the fabrication and implementation of novel resistive sensors that were implemented for strain-sensing applications. Some of the critical factors for the development of resistive sensors are addressed in this paper, such as the cost of fabrication, the steps of the fabrication process which make it time-consuming to complete each prototype, and the inability to achieve optimised electrical and mechanical characteristics. The sensors were fabricated via magnetron sputtering of thin-film chromium and gold layer on the thin-film substrates at defined thicknesses. Sticky copper tapes were attached on the two sides of the sensor patches to form the electrodes. The operating principle of the fabricated sensors was based on the change in their responses with respect to the corresponding changes in their relative resistance as a function of the applied strain. The strain-induced characteristics of the patches were studied with different kinds of experiments, such as consecutive bending and pressure application. The sensors with 400 nm thickness of gold layer obtained a sensitivity of 0.0086 Ω/ppm for the pressure ranging between 0 and 400 kPa. The gauge factor of these sensors was between 4.9–6.6 for temperatures ranging between 25 °C and 55 °C. They were also used for tactile sensing to determine their potential as thin-film sensors for industrial applications, like in robotic and pressure-mapping applications. The results were promising in regards to the sensors’ controllable film thickness, easy operation, purity of the films and mechanically sound nature. These sensors can provide a podium to enhance the usage of resistive sensors on a higher scale to develop thin-film sensors for industrial applications.
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Song, Ming, Hui Wang, and Tong Xu. "In-Plane Strain Field Sensor Based on the Semiconductor Film." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.777.
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The ZnO semiconductor multicrystalline film is utilized as the sensing material, and a sensors array is demonstrated in this paper. Based on the coupling effect of piezoelectric and semiconducting, an ultra-high sensitivity to the deformation is obtained that the gauge factor of the single units is derived up to 199, which is 100 times of that of the commercial foil gage (gauge factor = 2). After calibration on every sensing unit, the distribution of the uniform and non-uniform strain applied on the device is measured and mapped by the sensors array successfully. The results show a good application of the device on the deformation field sensing by contact test method.
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Fang, Feiyu, Han Wang, Huaquan Wang, Xiaofei Gu, Jun Zeng, Zixu Wang, Xindu Chen, Xin Chen, and Meiyun Chen. "Stretchable MXene/Thermoplastic Polyurethanes based Strain Sensor Fabricated Using a Combined Electrospinning and Electrostatic Spray Deposition Technique." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030252.
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In this work, a novel flexible electrically resistive-type MXene/Thermoplastic polyurethanes(TPU) based strain sensors was developed by a composite process of electrospinning (ES) and electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). Compared with other deposition processes, the sensing layer prepared by ESD has better adhesion to the ES TPU nanofiber membrane and is not easy to crack during the stretching process, thereby greatly improving the working range of the strain sensor. Furthermore, we obtained the sandwich structure easily by ES on the surface of the sensing layer again. This will help make the stress distribution more uniform during the stretching process and further increase the strain sensing range. The ESD-ES strain sensors were attached on skin to monitor various human motions. The results demonstrate that our ESD-ES strain sensors have wide application prospects in smart wearable device.
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Kang, Byung-Ho, In-Yong Jeong, and Sung-Hoon Park. "Design of a Smart Conducting Nanocomposite with an Extended Strain Sensing Range by Conjugating Hybrid Structures." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132551.
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In recent years, flexible and wearable strain sensors, consisting of a polymer matrix and a conducting filler, have received extensive attention owing to their physical advantages, such as being lightweight, stretchable, and having the potential for application to complex forms. However, achieving a low hysteresis of the relative change in resistance, wide sensing range, and reduced plastic deformation is still challenging. To address these issues, in this study, we developed hybrid conducting composites with a wide range of sensing abilities and low hysteresis. The bi-layer composites, comprising a carbon nanotube (CNT) composite layer with reinforced/conducting properties, and a natural rubber-based layer with extreme strain properties, could effectively circumvent their limitations. Compared to single-layer CNT composites, the bi-layer structure could increase the tensile strain with reduced plastic deformation, resulting in the prevention of surface cracks on the CNT composite. In addition, it has the benefit of measuring a wider sensing range, which cannot be measured in a single-CNT composite system. A cyclic stretching/releasing test was performed to demonstrate that the strain sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility. Our results can function as a useful design guide for stretchable sensor applications.
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Sun, Shouheng, Zhenqin Wang, and Yuting Wang. "Progress in Microtopography Optimization of Polymers-Based Pressure/Strain Sensors." Polymers 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030764.
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Due to the wide application of wearable electronic devices in daily life, research into flexible electronics has become very attractive. Recently, various polymer-based sensors have emerged with great sensing performance and excellent extensibility. It is well known that different structural designs each confer their own unique, great impacts on the properties of materials. For polymer-based pressure/strain sensors, different structural designs determine different response-sensing mechanisms, thus showing their unique advantages and characteristics. This paper mainly focuses on polymer-based pressure-sensing materials applied in different microstructures and reviews their respective advantages. At the same time, polymer-based pressure sensors with different microstructures, including with respect to their working mechanisms, key parameters, and relevant operating ranges, are discussed in detail. According to the summary of its performance and mechanisms, different morphologies of microstructures can be designed for a sensor according to its performance characteristics and application scenario requirements, and the optimal structure can be adjusted by weighing and comparing sensor performances for the future. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives are described.
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Zhou, Xiao-Dong, Er-Lei Wang, Hong-Lei Yuan, and Yong-Mei Wang. "A Sensitive and Response-Stable Strain Sensor with 30% Sensing Regions." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2983.
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Wearable strain sensor can be mounted on textiles and attached onto human skins to detect various mechanical motions and health conditions. Here, we report a sensitive and response-stable strain sensor based on the polymers consisting of the super acid-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and polydimethylsiloxane. The polymer-based strain sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 26.6–30.6 and a stable response with a large sensing strain of up to 30% for a potential application.
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Zhang, Shao Jun, and Yue Ming Liu. "Fabrication of FBG Strain Gauge Used for High Temperature Strain Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.920.
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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is widely used in detection of temperature, strain and etc. Now the application of FBG sensor is limited below 200°C. Application over 200°C is still an engineering challenge since no suitable FBG strain gauge. In this paper, FBG strain gauge structure which consists of three FBGs is designed and fabricated based on the theoretical strain and stress analysis. This strain gauge can be used for the real-time high temperature strain monitoring situation. The elastic high-temperature alloy (10MoWVNb) is chosen as the substrate. The three FBGs with a similar performance are fabricated on the substrate by high-temperature glue. Among the three FBGs, FBG1 is used for the horizontal strain monitoring, FBG2 is used for the longitudinal strain monitoring, and FGB3 is used for high temperature cross-sensitive compensation. The fabricated high temperature FBG gauge is demonstrated suitable for high temperature strain monitoring by experiment.
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Her, Shiuh-Chuan, and Yuan-Ming Liang. "Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Thin Film Deposited on a Flexible Substrate for Strain Sensing Application." Sensors 22, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 5039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22135039.
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Hybrid nanomaterial film consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) were deposited on a highly flexible polyimide (PI) substrate using spray gun. The hybridization between 2-D GNP and 1-D MWCNT reduces stacking among the nanomaterials and produces a thin film with a porous structure. Carbon-based nanomaterials of MWCNT and GNP with high electrical conductivity can be employed to detect the deformation and damage for structural health monitoring. The strain sensing capability of carbon-based hybrid nanomaterial film was evaluated by its piezoresistive behavior, which correlates the change of electrical resistance with the applied strain through a tensile test. The effects of weight ratio between MWCNT and GNP and the total amount of hybrid nanomaterials on the strain sensitivity of the nanomaterial thin film were investigated. Experimental results showed that both the electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity of the hybrid nanomaterial film increased with the increase of the GNP contents. The gauge factor used to characterize the strain sensitivity of the nanomaterial film increased from 7.75 to 24 as the GNP weight ratio increased from 0 wt.% to 100 wt.%. In this work, a simple, low cost, and easy to implement deposition process was proposed to prepare a highly flexible nanomaterial film. A high strain sensitivity with gauge factor of 24 was achieved for the nanomaterial thin film.
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Peng, Haiyou, Bolin Chen, Ping Dong, Si chen, Yunping Liao, and Qi Guo. "Application of FBG Sensing Technology to Internal Deformation Monitoring of Landslide." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1328945.
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Limited by geological survey methods, processes, and cost, it has long been a difficult thing to accurately detect the position of landslide slip surface and monitor the landslide internal deformation. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology has been widely used in geological engineering and geotechnical engineering due to its high-precision property. In this research, FBG sensing technology was applied to the monitoring of landslide internal deformation in Toudu, Chongqing, China. The in situ monitoring by FBG accurately determined the position of the landslide slip surface. Based on the relationship between fiber grating strain and deflection, the formula between landslide internal deformation and fiber grating strain was obtained, and the rationality of the formula was verified by the monitoring data of surface displacement. Finally, the internal deformation at the monitoring point of the Toudu landslide was calculated and the mechanism of the landslide was analyzed.
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Qiu, Wei, Shi-Lei Li, Wei-lin Deng, Di Gao, and Yi-Lan Kang. "Strain Sensor of Carbon Nanotubes in Microscale: From Model to Metrology." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/406154.
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A strain sensor composed of carbon nanotubes with Raman spectroscopy can achieve measurement of the three in-plane strain components in microscale. Based on previous work on the mathematic model of carbon nanotube strain sensors, this paper presents a detailed study on the optimization, diversification, and standardization of a CNT strain sensor from the viewpoint of metrology. A new miniaccessory for polarization control is designed, and two different preparing methods for CNT films as sensing media are introduced to provide diversified choices for applications. Then, the standard procedure of creating CNT strain sensors is proposed. Application experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the above improvement, which is helpful in developing this method for convenient metrology.
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SATO, YASUHISA. "Dynamic sensing with bonded strain gages - Application to dynamic testing of materials." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 52, no. 4 (1986): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.52.610.
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Hughes, Josie, and Fumiya Iida. "Multi-Functional Soft Strain Sensors for Wearable Physiological Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113822.
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Wearable devices which monitor physiological measurements are of significant research interest for a wide number of applications including medicine, entertainment, and wellness monitoring. However, many wearable sensing systems are highly rigid and thus restrict the movement of the wearer, and are not modular or customizable for a specific application. Typically, one sensor is designed to model one physiological indicator which is not a scalable approach. This work aims to address these limitations, by developing soft sensors and including conductive particles into a silicone matrix which allows sheets of soft strain sensors to be developed rapidly using a rapid manufacturing process. By varying the morphology of the sensor sheets and electrode placement the response can be varied. To demonstrate the versatility and range of sensitivity of this base sensing material, two wearable sensors have been developed which show the detection of different physiological parameters. These include a pressure-sensitive insole sensor which can detect ground reaction forces and a strain sensor which can be worn over clothes to allow the measurements of heart rate, breathing rate, and gait.
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Wan, Caichao, Luyu Zhang, Ken-Tye Yong, Jian Li, and Yiqiang Wu. "Recent progress in flexible nanocellulosic structures for wearable piezoresistive strain sensors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11001–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02360h.
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Superior flexibility and biocompatibility accompanied by superb sensing abilities of nanocellulosic materials have remarkably promoted the application of piezoresistive strain sensors in the area of intelligent wearable and skin-attachable devices.