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1
Gianatassio, R., J. M. Lopchuk, J. Wang, C. M. Pan, L. R. Malins, L. Prieto, T. A. Brandt, et al. "Strain-release amination." Science 351, no. 6270 (January 14, 2016): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6252.
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Berman, D., P. J. Kerr, R. Stagg, B. H. van Leeuwen, and T. Gonzalez. "Should the 40-year-old practice of releasing virulent myxoma virus to control rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) be continued?" Wildlife Research 33, no. 7 (2006): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05004.
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Release of virulent myxoma virus has been a key component of rabbit-control operations in Queensland, Australia, since the 1960s but its use rests on anecdotal reports. During a routine operation to release virulent myxoma virus we found no evidence to support the continued regular use of the technique in south-west Queensland. Radio-tagged rabbits inoculated with virulent myxoma virus contracted the disease but failed to pass enough virus to other rabbits to spread the disease. Rabbits with clinical signs of myxomatosis that were shot were infected with field strain derived from the original laboratory strain released in 1950 rather than the virulent strain that has been released annually. There was no change in rabbit survival or abundance caused by the release. Nevertheless, the release of virulent virus may be useful against isolated pockets of rabbits mainly because field strains are less likely to be present. Such pockets are more common now that rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus is established in Queensland.
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Bolton, Michael, Hilda L. Collins, Tracey Chapman, Neil I. Morrison, Stefan J. Long, Charles E. Linn, and Anthony M. Shelton. "Response to a Synthetic Pheromone Source by OX4319L, a Self-Limiting Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Strain, and Field Dispersal Characteristics of its Progenitor Strain." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz056.
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AbstractThe diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a global pest that infests vegetable and field crops within the Brassica family. A genetically engineered strain of P. xylostella, OX4319L, carrying a ‘self-limiting’ gene, has shown potential for managing P. xylostella populations, using sustained releases of OX4319L male moths. In order for such a strain to provide control, the transgenic individuals must exhibit attraction to female P. xylostella sex pheromone and adequate dispersal in the field. In this study, we tested these key traits. First, we compared the responses of the OX4319L male moths to a synthetic female sex pheromone source in wind tunnel trials to those of males from three other strains. We found that OX4319L males responded comparably to strains of non-engineered males, with all males flying upwind towards the pheromone source. Second, we used mark-release-recapture studies of a wildtype P. xylostella strain, from which the OX4319L strain was originally developed, to assess dispersal under field conditions. Released males were recaptured using both pheromone-baited and passive traps within a 2.83 ha circular cabbage field, with a recapture rate of 7.93%. Males were recaptured up to the boundary of the field at 95 m from the central release point. The median dispersal of males was 14 m. These results showed the progenitor strain of OX4319L retained its ability to disperse within a host field. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the potential for the effective use of engineered male-selecting P. xylostella strains under field conditions.
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Yoshida, M., and T. Okuyama:. "Techniques for Measuring Growth Stress on the Xylem Surface Using Strain and Dial Gauges." Holzforschung 56, no. 5 (August 26, 2002): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.071.
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Summary Growth stress (growth strain) in trees is usually evaluated using either a strain gauge or a dial gauge to measure the strain release. We summarize the techniques used to assess growth stress and compare the two methods. The dial gauge method measures change in distance between two pin targets when growth stress is released by sawing two grooves; from this the strain released is calculated. The absolute values of the strain released depended on whether the two grooves were sawn inside or outside the pin targets: the values in the first case were approximately twice those in the latter. If the grooves were sawn outside the pin targets, the values for the strain released were about the same as with the strain gauge method, in which the strain released by sawing a groove at each end of a strain gauge is measured. The released strain values were consistent when the strain gauge was glued to the outer surface of the secondary xylem after first fully removing the differentiating xylem. To release most of the surface growth stress and maximize released strain values, the optimal distance between the ends of the strain gauge and the grooves cut to release the growth stress was 3 to 5 mm, and the optimal depth of the groove was 5 to 10 mm. Most of the growth stress was released immediately when the grooves were sawn.
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Liu, Wei-Liang, Hui-Ying Yu, Yu-Xuan Chen, Bo-Yu Chen, Shiang Ning Leaw, Cheng-Han Lin, Matthew-P. Su, et al. "Lab-scale characterization and semi-field trials of Wolbachia Strain wAlbB in a Taiwan Wolbachia introgressed Ae. aegypti strain." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): e0010084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010084.
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Dengue fever is one of the most severe viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, with traditional approaches of disease control proving insufficient to prevent significant disease burden. Release of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes offers a promising alternative control methodologies; Wolbachia-transinfected female Aedes aegypti demonstrate reduced dengue virus transmission, whilst Wolbachia-transinfected males cause zygotic lethality when crossed with uninfected females, providing a method for suppressing mosquito populations. Although highly promising, the delicate nature of population control strategies and differences between local species populations means that controlled releases of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes cannot be performed without extensive testing on specific local Ae. aegypti populations. In order to investigate the potential for using Wolbachia to suppress local Ae. aegypti populations in Taiwan, we performed lab-based and semi-field fitness trials. We first transinfected the Wolbachia strain wAlbB into a local Ae. aegypti population (wAlbB-Tw) and found no significant changes in lifespan, fecundity and fertility when compared to controls. In the laboratory, we found that as the proportion of released male mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia was increased, population suppression could reach up to 100%. Equivalent experiments in semi-field experiments found suppression rates of up to 70%. The release of different ratios of wAlbB-Tw males in the semi-field system provided an estimate of the optimal size of male releases. Our results indicate that wAlbB-Tw has significant potential for use in vector control strategies aimed at Ae. aegypti population suppression in Taiwan. Open field release trials are now necessary to confirm that wAlbB-Tw mediated suppression is feasible in natural environments.
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González-Ramos, Daniel, A. Muñoz, Anne Ortiz-Julien, Antonio Tomás Palacios, José María Heras, and Ramon González. "A Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strain overproducing mannoproteins selected through classical genetic methods." OENO One 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2010.44.4.1475.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Developing, by classical genetic methods, new wine yeast strains showing improved release of mannoproteins during wine fermentation, as well as suitable selection procedures for this purpose. These strains would be useful to improve quality characters associated to wine mannoprotein content.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: UV mutagenesis was used for genetic improvement of the industrial wine yeast strain ADY1. Cell wall-related phenotypes were used as primary selection criteria; an additional screening procedure was developed based on the detection of the released mannoproteins by hybridization with peroxidase-labeled Concanavalin A. Mannoprotein overproduction was assessed in laboratory media as well as in grapevine juice. One mutant strain, renamed HPS, was selected using these criteria. HPS showed increased mannoprotein release in different culture media, including natural must. Moreover, white wines fermented with this improved strain were less susceptible to protein haze than equivalent wines fermented with the original ADY1 strain. Red wines fermented with the mutant strain were also polysaccharide-enriched as compared to the original one.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: No clear correlation between a specific cell wall-related phenotype, or a combination of them, and improved release of polysaccharides by yeast random mutants could be established, and not all strains identified by in vitro assays as mannoprotein overproducing mutants were found positive for mannoprotein release in industrial conditions. Nevertheless, UV mutagenesis, combined with Concanavalin A detection, seems to be a viable way to improve mannoprotein release by industrial wine yeast strains.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This study is one of the few recent reports on genetic improvement of wine yeast strains by non-recombinant genetic tools. It shows that mannoprotein release can be genetically improved and, for the first time, describes a successful selection procedure for such a complex character. These strains are potentially useful for the improvement of mannoprotein-related characters of white and red wines.</p>
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Liu, Lin, Christy A. Visher, and Daniel J. O’Connell. "Strain During Reentry: A Test of General Strain Theory Using a Sample of Adult Former Prisoners." Prison Journal 101, no. 4 (July 3, 2021): 420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00328855211029652.
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The majority of reentry studies focus on identifying different dimensions of reentry needs among released prisoners. Less explored is the mechanism by which unfulfilled reentry needs cause reentry failure. Applying the general strain theoretical perspective, this study aims to use an emotional and psychological prism to explain why released prisoners are likely to experience reentry failure when their reentry needs are not met. Findings demonstrate that the strains from financial difficulty and family neglect are positively associated with post-release criminal propensity, and depression noticeably mediated the effects of strains. Implications for correctional policymaking and future research are discussed.
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Zhang, Feng Peng, Zhao Guo Qiu, and Peng Fei Jiao. "Test Analysis of Measuring Working Strains in Concrete Structures by Loophole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5656.
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Hole-drilling strain-gage method for measuring working strains in concrete structures has been discussed by tests. Pre-loading strain has been used to simulate the working strain in concrete structure, and model beams have been sued for drilling measurement tests in the lab. Some key issues of this work have been studied, such as strain gages selected, waterproof, data continuous transmission out of hole, etc., and the strain release curves have been obtained. On the basis of the work, the effects of drilling depth (h), hole diameter (d), original strain and the environmental temperature have been analyzed, and general laws of working strains measurement described by strain released rates have been obtained. These results have been successfully applied in the existing bridge inspection, and referred for reinforcement design and construction.
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Wang, Zemin, Don L. Crawford, Anthony L. Pometto III, and Fatemeh Rafii. "Survival and effects of wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces in a soil ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-085.
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In a laboratory simulation, selected wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces were released into a silt loam soil. Strains included genetically enhanced lignin decomposers and those expressing recombinant plasmids. Their survival and effects on soil organic carbon mineralization were monitored in sterile and nonsterile soil, with and without lignocellulose supplementation. Survival was followed by viable plate counts on selective media. CO2 evolution was monitored in respiration cabinets. All strains, whether released as spores or mycelia, survived in nonsterile soil for up to 30 days. Selected strains released as spores survived for at least 10 months. With all strains, the numbers of colony-forming units per gram of soil slowly declined until relatively similar, stable population levels were achieved. Spores were more stable than mycelia. Only one recombinant survived significantly better in nonsterile soil than did its corresponding nonrecombinant parent, but only during the 1st to 2nd week after release. With two exceptions, there were no statistically significant short-term effects of release on the rates of carbon mineralization in unamended or lignocellulose-amended sterile and nonsterile soils. One recombinant, Streptomyces lividans TK23-3651, significantly affected the short-term rate of soil organic carbon turnover. After its release, the rate of soil organic carbon mineralization increased, particularly in nonsterile soil amended with lignocellulose. The cumulative amount of CO2 evolved over a 30-day period was significantly higher than for control soils or those inoculated with other Streptomyces. Another recombinant, S. lividans TK23/pSE1, temporarily reduced carbon mineralization rates, but only in nonsterile, unamended soil during the first few days after release. This is the first report of released, genetically altered Streptomyces having a measurable effect on a natural ecosystem. The significant enhancing effect of strain TK23-3651 was transient, and additional studies showed that this strain was genetically unstable in soil.Key words: Streptomyces, recombinant, soil, environment, release.
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Lee, R. T., W. H. Briggs, G. C. Cheng, H. B. Rossiter, P. Libby, and T. Kupper. "Mechanical deformation promotes secretion of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 10 (November 15, 1997): 5084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.5084.
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Abstract Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta lack an N terminus secretory sequence, and the mechanism of secretion of these pleiotropic cytokines is incompletely understood. The epidermis contains large quantities of IL-1 alpha in keratinocytes, which may play a role in inducing endothelial adhesion molecules and promoting extravasation of leukocytes. Here we report that mechanical deformation of human keratinocytes leads to rapid release of IL-1 alpha, possibly through transient disruptions in the plasma membrane. Using a device that precisely controls the amplitude of strain on the culture substrate, we found by pulse-chase analysis, Western analysis, and ELISA that the release of IL-1 alpha is dependent on the amplitude of the strain. A cyclic strain of 14% released a small but significant quantity of IL-1 alpha, while strains of 33% released 66 +/- 9% of cytoplasmic IL-1 alpha over 1 h (p < 0.001). Release of IL-1 alpha was accompanied by rapid release of large stores of IL-1R antagonist, approximately 25 to 30 times greater by mass than the quantity of IL-1 alpha released, but only a small fraction of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Media conditioned by mechanically stimulated keratinocytes induced expression of E-selectin by human vascular endothelial cells; induction of E-selectin was completely inhibited by an Ab to IL-1 alpha. Therefore, mechanical strain promotes the secretion of IL-1 alpha, and deformation of keratinocytes in the epidermis may activate vascular endothelium through mechanically released IL-1 alpha. This pathophysiologic mechanism may play a role in the anatomic localization of some inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, which occurs more commonly in locations where the dermis is subjected to repetitive stretch or trauma.
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Sella, Ariel, Harold Basch, and Shmaryahu Hoz. "Strain release is not enough." Tetrahedron Letters 37, no. 31 (July 1996): 5573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)01128-8.
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Anagnostakis, Sandra L., Baoshan Chen, Lynn M. Geletka, and Donald L. Nuss. "Hypovirus Transmission to Ascospore Progeny by Field-Released Transgenic Hypovirulent Strains of Cryphonectria parasitica." Phytopathology® 88, no. 7 (July 1998): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.7.598.
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Strains of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, have been genetically engineered to contain an integrated full-length cDNA copy of the prototypic virulence-attenuating hypovirus CHV1-EP713. Unlike natural hypovirulent C. parasitica strains, these transgenic hypovirulent strains are able to transmit virus to ascospore progeny under laboratory conditions. This ability provides the potential to circumvent barriers to cytoplasmic virus transmission imposed by the fungal vegetative incompatibility system. During July 1994, transgenic hypovirulent strains were introduced into a Connecticut forest site (Biotechnology Permit 94-010-01). Subsequent analysis of the release site confirmed hypovirus transmission from transgenic hypovirulent strains to ascospore progeny under field conditions. Additionally, it was possible to recover transgenic hypovirulent strains from the test site as long as 2 years after the limited, single-season release. Evidence also was obtained for cytoplasmic transmission of transgenic cDNA-derived hypovirus RNA, including transmission to mycelia of a virulent C. parasitica canker after treatment with conidia of a transgenic strain. Finally, a transgenic hypovirulent strain was recovered from a superficial canker formed on an untreated chestnut tree. Genetic characteristics of the recovered strain suggested that the canker was initiated by an ascospore progeny derived from a cross involving an input transgenic hypovirulent strain. The durability of a molecular marker for field-released cDNA-derived hypovirus RNA is discussed.
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Rizov, Victor Iliev. "Influence of Creep on Longitudinal Fracture of Inhomogeneous Rod Loaded in Torsion and Bending." Materials Science Forum 1046 (September 22, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1046.9.
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The present paper analyzes the influence of creep on longitudinal fracture in continuously inhomogeneous rod of circular cross-section loaded in torsion and bending. The rod exhibits continuous material inhomogeneity in both radial and longitudinal directions. The creep is described by using non-linear time-dependent relations between the principle stresses and strains. A time-dependent solution to the strain energy release rate is derived by analyzing the complementary strain energy. The time-dependent strain energy release rate is found also by considering the energy balance for verification. The solutions are applied to perform a parametric study of the strain energy release rate under creep.
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Tzean, S. S., and John G. Torrey. "Spore germination and the life cycle of Frankia in vitro." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-133.
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Bacterial spores of Frankia produced in defined culture media were collected by filtration after washing in amounts approximating 106 spores/mL. Frankia strains UFGCeI5 from Casuarina equisetifolia and UFGCgI1 from C. glauca showed spontaneous release of spores in culture; strains HFPCcI3 from C. cunninghamiana and HFPAllI1 from Allocasuarina lehmanniana showed low spore release in culture unless homogenized. Spore germination was tested on plates of agar nutrient media under different physical and chemical environments. Strain CeI5 showed about 15% germination within 2 days in a defined (BAP) medium with an optimum pH of 6.0–6.8 at 28–35 °C. Under these conditions, strain CcI3 germinated less than 0.5%. In a series of trials with increasingly complex media, strain CeI5 showed 75% spore germination in 3 days at 28 °C and pH 6.7 in the most complex medium tested. Additions of specific single organic compounds to BAP medium caused either strong inhibition or slight stimulation of spore germination. Frankia strains that showed spontaneous spore release germinated better than strains that did not release. Spore germination in Frankia strains is markedly influenced by their strain origin and by the physical and chemical environment in which they are placed.Key words: Casuarina, Frankia, life cycle, spore germination.
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Grimm, Eckhard, Stefanie Peschel, Tobias Becker, and Moritz Knoche. "Stress and Strain in the Sweet Cherry Skin." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 6 (November 2012): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.6.383.
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Rain-cracking of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit involves failure of the exocarp caused by excessive stress and strain. The objective of our study was to quantify exocarp strain in developing cherries. The release of linear elastic strain was followed in vivo using a gaping assay, whereas the release of biaxial elastic strain was followed in vitro after excision of small exocarp segments (ESs) that were submerged in silicone oil and strain release quantified by image analysis. When mature sweet cherry fruit were cut (by making two or more deep, longitudinal incisions parallel to the stylar/pedicel axis and on opposing sides of the fruit down to the pit), the incisions rapidly “gaped.” The gaping wounds continued to widen as they progressively released the linear elastic strain in the skin. By 24 hours the combined widths of two gapes represented 8.8% ± 0.1% of the fruit circumference. Increasing the number of cuts from two to 12 increased the cumulative gape widths to 14.9% ± 0.2%. In ES, monitoring the time course of relaxation after excision revealed a rapid release of biaxial strain, having a half-time of ≈2.7 minutes. Relaxation continued, but at a decreasing rate, for up to 48 hours. Across eight cherry cultivars, the biaxial strain in the exocarp at maturity ranged from 18.7% ± 1.9% in ‘Lapins’ to 36.0% ± 1.8% in ‘Katalin’. Elastic strain in the ES was always lower than that measured in an isolated cuticular membrane (CM). Increasing the temperature from 2 to 35 °C increased the rate of strain release and also the total percent strain released at 96 hours. In developing ‘Hedelfinger’ sweet cherry fruit, there was essentially no elastic strain in the exocarp at 45 days after full bloom (DAFB). Thereafter, significant elastic strain developed, reaching a maximum of 47.6% ± 2.5% at 87 DAFB. The effect of exocarp cell turgor on strain in the ES (evidenced by the difference in the reversible strain between ES with and without turgor) was closely and positively related to the relative area growth rate of the skin (r2 = 0.957). Strain release peaked at ≈59 DAFB, and there was no effect of turgor on strain release in mature fruit. Our data demonstrated the following: 1) the exocarp is a viscoelastic material composite; 2) at maturity, plastic and elastic strain components make up 66% and 34% of the total percent strain, respectively; 3) elastic strain in the exocarp increases during Stage III development; and 4) the strain in the exocarp is unaffected by strain in the CM. Thus, the epidermis and hypodermis layers must represent the main, load-bearing structure in sweet cherry fruit with the cuticle making a mechanically insignificant contribution.
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LU, Zhiguo, Wenjun JU, Fuqiang GAO, Youliang FENG, Zhuoyue SUN, Hao WANG, and Kang YI. "A New Bursting Liability Evaluation Index for Coal –The Effective Elastic Strain Energy Release Rate." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193734.
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Because both faults and cleats exist in coal, sharp stress drops occur during loading when coal is deformed. These drops occur during the pre-peak stage and are accompanied by sudden energy releases. After a stress drop, the stress climbs slowly following a zigzag path and the energy accumulated during the pre-peak stage is unstable. A stress–strain curve is the basic tool used to evaluate the bursting liability of coal. Based on energy accumulation in an unsteady state, the pre-peak stress–strain curve is divided into three stages: pre-extreme, stress drop, and re-rising stage. The energy evolution of the specimen during each stage is analyzed. In this paper, an index called the effective elastic strain energy release rate (EESERR) index is proposed and used to evaluate the coal’s bursting liability. The paper shows that the propagation and coalescence of cracks is accompanied by energy release. The stress climb following a zigzag path prolongs the plastic deformation stage. This causes a significant difference between the work done by a hydraulic press during a laboratory uniaxial compression experiment and the elastic strain energy stored in the specimen during the experiment, so the evaluation result of the burst energy index would be too high. The determination of bursting liability is a comprehensive evaluation of the elastic strain energy accumulated in coal that is released when the specimen is damaged. The index proposed in this paper fully integrates the energy evolution of coal samples being damaged by loading, the amount of elastic strain energy released during the sample failure divided by the failure time is the energy release rate. The calculation method is simplified so that the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus are included which makes the new index more universal and comprehensive. Theoretical analysis and physical compression experiments validate the reliability of the evaluation.
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Onwochei, M. O., R. M. Snajdar, and J. P. Rapp. "Release of atrial natriuretic factor from heart-lung preparations of inbred Dahl rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): H1044—H1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.5.h1044.
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Isolated heart-lung preparations from hypertensive inbred Dahl salt-hypertension sensitive (S) and normotensive inbred Dahl salt-hypertension resistant (R) rats were perfused using 15% washed rat red blood cells in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Atrial pressures were increased by increasing venous return (preload) or by increasing the arterial resistance (afterload). Increases in preload at a constant afterload produced increases in the right and left atrial pressures equivalent between S and R strains. Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) release was linearly related to right atrial pressure (RAP) or left atrial pressure (LAP) in either strain, but S released more ANF at each level of preload, and the slope of the line relating ANF release to RAP was significantly greater in S than R. When the heart-lung preparations were subjected to changes in afterload at a constant preload, LAP was significantly increased in R but not in S rats, and concomitantly ANF increased in R but not in S. In the afterload experiments, as in the preload studies, S released more ANF than R for comparable LAP. It is concluded that 1) at any atrial pressure, hearts of hypertensive S rats release more ANF than hearts of normotensive R rats, 2) this strain difference is probably a consequence of hypertension, and 3) the observed relationships between ANF release and atrial pressures support the contention that atrial distention stimulates the release of ANF.
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Holmes, K. C., D. R. Trentham, R. Simmons, Miklós Nyitrai, and Michael A. Geeves. "Adenosine diphosphate and strain sensitivity in myosin motors." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1452 (December 29, 2004): 1867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1560.
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The release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from the actomyosin cross–bridge plays an important role in the adenosine–triphosphate–driven cross–bridge cycle. In fast contracting muscle fibres, the rate at which ADP is released from the cross–bridge correlates with the maximum shortening velocity of the muscle fibre, and in some models the rate of ADP release defines the maximum shortening velocity. In addition, it has long been thought that the rate of ADP release could be sensitive to the load on the cross–bridge and thereby provide a molecular explanation of the Fenn effect. However, direct evidence of a strain–sensitive ADP–release mechanism has been hard to come by for fast muscle myosins. The recently published evidence for a strain–sensing mechanism involving ADP release for slower muscle myosins, and in particular non–muscle myosins, is more compelling and can provide the mechanism of processivity for motors such as myosin V. It is therefore timely to examine the evidence for this strain–sensing mechanism. The evidence presented here will argue that a strain–sensitive mechanism of ADP release is universal for all myosins but the basic mechanism has evolved in different ways for different types of myosin. Furthermore, this strain–sensing mechanism provides a way of coordinating the action of multiple myosin motor domains in a single myosin molecule, or in complex assemblies of myosins over long distances without invoking a classic direct allosteric or cooperative communication between motors.
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Reynolds, Olivia L., Damian Collins, Bernard C. Dominiak, and Terry Osborne. "No Sting in the Tail for Sterile Bisex Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt) Release Programs." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030269.
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Global markets do not tolerate the presence of fruit fly (Tephritidae) in horticultural produce. A key method of control for tephritidae pests, is the sterile insect technique (SIT). Several countries release a bisex strain, i.e., males and females, however the sterile male is the only sex which contributes to wild population declines when released en masse. In commercial orchards, there are concerns that sterile females released as part of bisex strains, may oviposit, i.e., ‘sting’ and cause damage to fruit, rendering it unmarketable. Australia has released a bisex strain of sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, for several decades to suppress wild pest populations, particularly in peri-urban and urban environments. Here, we assessed fruit damage in two commercially grown stone fruit orchards where bisex sterile B. tryoni were released, and in an orchard that did not receive sterile flies. The number of detected stings were higher in only one SIT release orchard, compared with the control; however, there was no difference between SIT and control orchards in the number of larvae detected. We showed that there is no evidence that sterile female B. tryoni released in large numbers caused stings, or damage that led to downgraded or unsaleable fruit. The bisex strain of sterile B. tryoni is recommended for use in commercial stone-fruit orchards, under the conditions in which this trial was conducted.
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Richter, F., J. Oesterreicher, V. Goeschl, D. Hanetseder, M. Hackl, M. Pultar, H. Redl, J. Grillari, W. Holnthoner, and D. Marolt Presen. "CHARACTERIZATION OF MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE RELEASE PROFILES AND CARGO: RELEVANCE FOR BONE REGENERATIVE THERAPIES." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_8 (April 11, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.8.048.
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Recent studies suggested that both the soluble protein of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome, as well as the secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) promote bone regeneration. However, there is limited knowledge of the changes in MSC secretome vesicular fraction during aging. We therefore aimed to characterize the release profiles and cargo of EVs from MSCs of different chronological ages.Conditioned medium (CM) was collected from 13 bone marrow MSC strains (20-89 years) and from one MSC strain derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The EV-containing fraction was enriched with ultracentrifugation. The number of particles in the CM was evaluated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and the number of EVs was evaluated by flow cytometry (FC) after staining with cell-mask-green and anti-CD81 antibody. EV cargo analysis was conducted using next-generation sequencing (NGS).Our data confirmed the release of EVs from all MSC strains used in the study. There were no correlations between the number of particles and the number of EVs released in the CM, and between the number of EVs released and the strain age. Nevertheless, some of the lowest concentrations of EVs were found in the CM of strains over 70 years of age, which exhibited a low/absent chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. In contrast, iPSC-MSCs, which exhibited a high growth and three-lineage differentiation potential, released a similar amount of EVs as the best performing bone marrow MSC strain. NGS analysis identified several microRNAs that were significantly enriched in EVs of young MSC strains exhibiting low senescence, and those that were enriched in EVs of strains exhibiting high differentiation potentials. Gender had no influence on microRNA profiles in EVs or releasing MSCs.Taken together, our data provides new insights into the properties of MSC vesicular secretome and its therapeutic potential during aging.
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Xia, Siyang, Jonah Ury, and Jeffrey R. Powell. "Increasing Effectiveness of Genetically Modifying Mosquito Populations: Risk Assessment of Releasing Blood-Fed Females." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0729.
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ABSTRACTReleasing mosquito refractory to pathogens has been proposed as a means of controlling mosquito-borne diseases. A recent modeling study demonstrated that instead of the conventional male-only releases, adding blood-fed females to the release population could significantly increase the program’s efficiency, hastening the decrease in disease transmission competence of the target mosquito population and reducing the duration and costs of the release program. However, releasing female mosquitoes presents a short-term risk of increased disease transmission. To quantify this risk, we constructed a Ross–MacDonald model and an individual-based stochastic model to estimate the increase in disease transmission contributed by the released blood-fed females, using the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the dengue virus as a model system. Under baseline parameter values informed by empirical data, our stochastic models predicted a 1.1–5.5% increase in dengue transmission during the initial release, depending on the resistance level of released mosquitoes and release size. The basic reproductive number (R0) increased by 0.45–3.62%. The stochastic simulations were then extended to 10 releases to evaluate the long-term effect. The overall reduction of disease transmission was much greater than the number of potential infections directly contributed by the released females. Releasing blood-fed females with males could also outperform conventional male-only releases when the release strain is sufficiently resistant, and the release size is relatively small. Overall, these results suggested that the long-term benefit of releasing blood-fed females often outweighs the short-term risk.
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Moran, Joseph, Peter Dornan, and André M. Beauchemin. "Strain-Release Electrophilic Activation viaE-Cycloalkenones." Organic Letters 9, no. 20 (September 2007): 3893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol701496b.
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Frid, V., J. Goldbaum, A. Rabinovitch, and D. Bahat. "Time-dependent Benioff strain release diagrams." Philosophical Magazine 91, no. 12 (April 21, 2011): 1693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2010.544684.
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Bailey, James, and Donald E. Sharp. "THE RELEASE OF STRAIN IN GLASS*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (October 17, 2006): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19247.x.
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Fan, Yong, Junwei Zheng, Xinyi Hu, Xianze Cui, and Weiping He. "Study on Energy Release of Surrounding Rock under the Multiple Unloading Disturbance during Tunnel Excavation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6486815.
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During excavation of deep rock, the release of strain energy plays an important role in geologic hazards caused by excavation. However, in the previous studies, the influence of transient unloading of in situ stress caused by blasting excavation has been ignored, and the blasting excavation of a tunnel is regarded as a single blast process. In this paper, the dynamic adjustment process of strain energy and the energy storage limit of surrounding rocks caused by transient unloading of in situ stress under elastic conditions were firstly analyzed. Then, the brittle-ductile-plastic transition model based on the Hoek–Brown strength criterion was simulated in FLAC3D. Finally, the dynamic release process of strain energy of surrounding rocks caused by multiple unloading disturbances was analyzed during the excavation of 2# Underground Laboratory of Jinping II Hydropower Station employing the newly proposed index, energy release coefficient (ERC). Results show that the strain energy of surrounding rock masses firstly decreases, then increases, next reduces, and finally stabilizes under the transient unloading of in situ stress. In the process of dynamic change of strain energy, when the strain energy exceeds its storage limit, a large amount of strain energy will be released and thus will lead to damage of the surrounding rock masses. Because the cut holes and the first circle of breaking holes are far away from the final excavation boundary, the unloading disturbance to the strain energy of surrounding rock masses is small. Furthermore, the energy release of surrounding rock masses is mainly caused by the unloading of the last circle of breaking holes and perimeter holes, and the closer to the final excavation boundary, the more intense the energy release.
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Kort, Remco, Andrea C. O'Brien, Ivo H. M. van Stokkum, Suus J. C. M. Oomes, Wim Crielaard, Klaas J. Hellingwerf, and Stanley Brul. "Assessment of Heat Resistance of Bacterial Spores from Food Product Isolates by Fluorescence Monitoring of Dipicolinic Acid Release." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 3556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3556-3564.2005.
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ABSTRACT This study is aimed at the development and application of a convenient and rapid optical assay to monitor the wet-heat resistance of bacterial endospores occurring in food samples. We tested the feasibility of measuring the release of the abundant spore component dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a probe for heat inactivation. Spores were isolated from the laboratory type strain Bacillus subtilis 168 and from two food product isolates, Bacillus subtilis A163 and Bacillus sporothermodurans IC4. Spores from the lab strain appeared much less heat resistant than those from the two food product isolates. The decimal reduction times (D values) for spores from strains 168, A163, and IC4 recovered on Trypticase soy agar were 1.4, 0.7, and 0.3 min at 105°C, 120°C, and 131°C, respectively. The estimated Z values were 6.3°C, 6.1°C, and 9.7°C, respectively. The extent of DPA release from the three spore crops was monitored as a function of incubation time and temperature. DPA concentrations were determined by measuring the emission at 545 nm of the fluorescent terbium-DPA complex in a microtiter plate fluorometer. We defined spore heat resistance as the critical DPA release temperature (Tc ), the temperature at which half the DPA content has been released within a fixed incubation time. We found Tc values for spores from Bacillus strains 168, A163, and IC4 of 108°C, 121°C, and 131°C, respectively. On the basis of these observations, we developed a quantitative model that describes the time and temperature dependence of the experimentally determined extent of DPA release and spore inactivation. The model predicts a DPA release rate profile for each inactivated spore. In addition, it uncovers remarkable differences in the values for the temperature dependence parameters for the rate of spore inactivation, DPA release duration, and DPA release delay.
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Xiao, Peng, Diyuan Li, and Quanqi Zhu. "Strain Energy Release and Deep Rock Failure Due to Excavation in Pre-Stressed Rock." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040488.
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Deep rock engineering is in a high pre-stressed state before excavation. In this research, a method to calculate the release of strain energy caused by excavation in pre-stressed rock is proposed. The normal stress release after excavation leads to a reduction in strain energy in rock specimens. The influence of excavation height and width on strain energy release is inconsistent under vertical loading. When the height of the hole is 1 mm, the strain energy release is large, and the increase in height of hole leads to a slow increase in the strain energy release. When the width of the hole is 1 mm, the strain energy release is very small, and the increase in the width of the hole leads to an increasingly faster release of strain energy. This strain energy release exponentially increases with the increase in the lateral pressure coefficient, showing a trend in the second power of the lateral pressure coefficient. Moreover, the tunnel failure caused by excavation under high stress is obtained by a numerical calculation. The failure modes of the deep tunnel model are strain rockbursts caused by tangential stress concentrations and spalling caused by normal stress release, which is also observed in the failure mode of the actual tunnel.
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Boland, Anne, and Guy R. Cornelis. "Role of YopP in Suppression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Release by Macrophages during YersiniaInfection." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.5.1878-1884.1998.
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ABSTRACT The Yersinia plasmid-encoded Yop virulon enables extracellular adhering bacteria to deliver toxic effector proteins inside their target cells. It includes a type III secretion system (Ysc), at least two translocator proteins (YopB, YopD), and a set of intracellular Yop effectors (YopE, YopH, YopO, YopM, and YopP). Infection of macrophages with a wild-type strain leads to low levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release compared to infection with plasmid-cured strains, suggesting that the virulence plasmid encodes a factor impairing the normal TNF-α response of infected macrophages. This effect is correlated with the inhibition of the macrophage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities. To identify the Yop protein responsible for the suppression of TNF-α release, we infected J774A.1 and PU5-1.8 macrophages with a battery of knockout Yersinia enterocolitica mutants and we quantified the TNF-α released. Mutants affected in secretion (yscN), in translocation (yopB and yopD), or in synthesis of all the known Yop effectors (yopH,yopO, yopP, yopE, andyopM polymutants) were unable to block the TNF-α response of the macrophages. In contrast, single yopE,yopH, yopO, and yopM mutants behaved like the wild-type strain. A yopP mutant elicited elevated TNF-α release, and complementation of the yopPmutant or the yop effector polymutant strain withyopP alone led to a drop in TNF-α release. In addition, YopP was also responsible for the inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase2 (ERK2) and p38 MAPK activities. These results show that YopP is the Yop effector responsible for theYersinia-induced suppression of TNF-α release by infected macrophages.
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Choi, Eun Hwa, Fan Zhang, Ying-Jie Lu, and Richard Malley. "Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Release by Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Strains Reduces the Protective Effect of Anti-Type 3 CPS Antibodies." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00591-15.
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ABSTRACTThe efficacy of the serotype 3 (ST3) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) remains unclear. While the synthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of most serotypes iswzydependent, the strains of two serotypes, 3 and 37, synthesize CPS by the synthase-dependent pathway, resulting in a polysaccharide that is not covalently linked to peptidoglycan and can be released during growth. We hypothesized that the release of CPS during growth reduces anti-type 3 CPS antibody-mediated protection and may explain the lower efficacy of the type 3 component of PCV than that of other PCVs. Thein vitro-released CPS concentrations per 107CFU of ST3 and ST37 strains were significantly higher than those for the ST1, ST4, ST6B, and ST14 strains. Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in mice, blood concentrations of CPS were significantly higher for the ST3 than for the ST4/5 strains. The opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) titer of anti-type 3 CPS antibody was significantly reduced by type 3 CPS, culture supernatant, or serum fromStreptococcus pneumoniaeST3 strain WU2-infected mice. Mice were injected with capsule-specific antibodies and challenged i.p. with or without the addition of sterile culture supernatant containing type-specific CPS. The addition of 0.2 μl of culture supernatant from WU2 inhibited passive protection, whereas 100-fold-more culture supernatant fromS. pneumoniaeST4 strain TIGR4 was required for the inhibition of protection. We conclude that released type 3 CPS interferes with antibody-mediated killing and protection by anti-CPS antibodies. The relative failure of ST3 PCV may be due to CPS release, suggesting that alternative immunization approaches for ST3 may be necessary.
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Howell, Kate S., Mathias Klein, Jan H. Swiegers, Yoji Hayasaka, Gordon M. Elsey, Graham H. Fleet, Peter B. Høj, Isak S. Pretorius, and Miguel A. de Barros Lopes. "Genetic Determinants of Volatile-Thiol Release by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Wine Fermentation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 9 (September 2005): 5420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.5420-5426.2005.
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ABSTRACT Volatile thiols, particularly 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP), make an important contribution to the aroma of wine. During wine fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates the cleavage of a nonvolatile cysteinylated precursor in grape juice (Cys-4MMP) to release the volatile thiol 4MMP. Carbon-sulfur lyases are anticipated to be involved in this reaction. To establish the mechanism of 4MMP release and to develop strains that modulate its release, the effect of deleting genes encoding putative yeast carbon-sulfur lyases on the cleavage of Cys-4MMP was tested. The results led to the identification of four genes that influence the release of the volatile thiol 4MMP in a laboratory strain, indicating that the mechanism of release involves multiple genes. Deletion of the same genes from a homozygous derivative of the commercial wine yeast VL3 confirmed the importance of these genes in affecting 4MMP release. A strain deleted in a putative carbon-sulfur lyase gene, YAL012W, produced a second sulfur compound at significantly higher concentrations than those produced by the wild-type strain. Using mass spectrometry, this compound was identified as 2-methyltetrathiophen-3-one (MTHT), which was previously shown to contribute to wine aroma but was of unknown biosynthetic origin. The formation of MTHT in YAL012W deletion strains indicates a yeast biosynthetic origin of MTHT. The results demonstrate that the mechanism of synthesis of yeast-derived wine aroma components, even those present in small concentrations, can be investigated using genetic screens.
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Chen, X. F., and C. L. Chow. "On Damage Strain Energy Release Rate Y." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 4, no. 3 (July 1995): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678959500400304.
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Buongiorno Nardelli, Marco, B. I. Yakobson, and J. Bernholc. "Mechanism of strain release in carbon nanotubes." Physical Review B 57, no. 8 (February 15, 1998): R4277—R4280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.57.r4277.
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Chen, Ke, Albert Eschenmoser, and Phil S Baran. "Strain Release in CH Bond Activation?" Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48, no. 51 (November 24, 2009): 9705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200904474.
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Chen, Ke, Albert Eschenmoser, and Phil S Baran. "Strain Release in CH Bond Activation?" Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 51 (November 24, 2009): 9885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200904474.
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Zhang, Xiyun, Kendall N. Houk, and James L. Leighton. "Origins of Stereoselectivity in Strain-Release Allylations." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, no. 6 (January 28, 2005): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200462130.
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Zhang, Xiyun, Kendall N. Houk, and James L. Leighton. "Origins of Stereoselectivity in Strain-Release Allylations." Angewandte Chemie 117, no. 6 (January 28, 2005): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200462130.
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Ochoa, Theresa J., Jane Chen, Christopher M. Walker, Elsa Gonzales, and Thomas G. Cleary. "Rifaximin Does Not Induce Toxin Production or Phage-Mediated Lysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (May 25, 2007): 2837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01397-06.
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ABSTRACTDiarrhea in children is often caused by enteropathogen infections that might benefit from early empirical antibiotic therapy. However, when the definition of the pathogen requires sophisticated laboratory studies, the etiology of enteritis is not known early in illness. Empirical therapy may be dangerous if the child is infected with a Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) strain because antimicrobials may increase Shiga toxin (Stx) release, resulting in increased risk of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with acute renal failure (hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS]) and death. There is a need for antimicrobials that would be effective against multiple bacterial enteropathogens yet not induce Stx release or increase the risk of HUS. Rifaximin has been evaluated in adults for treatment of bacterial enteritis and has a good record for safety and efficacy, but it has not been evaluated extensively in children with gastroenteritis. We therefore evaluated rifaximin's potential for phage induction, drug-induced bacteriolysis, and toxin release in 57 STEC strains (26 O157 and 31 non-O157 strains). Growth in ciprofloxacin, a known Stx phage inducer, caused bacteriolysis and release of toxin in 25/26 (96%) O157 strains and 15/31 (48%) non-O157 strains. In contrast, rifaximin did not induce phage replication or lysis in any strain. Toxin release in the presence of rifaximin was not different from release in the absence of antibiotic. Rifaximin, unlike many antibiotics used to treat pediatric gastroenteritis, does not induce phage-mediated bacteriolysis and Stx release.
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Bischof, Daniela F., Carole Janis, Edy M. Vilei, Giuseppe Bertoni, and Joachim Frey. "Cytotoxicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type to Bovine Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 1 (November 12, 2007): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00938-07.
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ABSTRACT The cytotoxicities of various strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (SC), the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), were measured in vitro using embryonic calf nasal epithelial (ECaNEp) cells. Strains isolated from acute cases of CBPP induced high cytotoxicity in the presence of glycerol, concomitant with the release of large amounts of toxic H2O2 that were found to be translocated into the cytoplasms of the host cells by close contact of the Mycoplasma strains with the host cells. Currently used vaccine strains also showed high cytotoxicity and high H2O2 release, indicating that they are attenuated in another virulence attribute. Strains isolated from recent European outbreaks of CBPP with mild clinical signs, which are characterized by a defect in the glycerol uptake system, released small amounts of H2O2 and showed low cytotoxicity to ECaNEp cells. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strain PG1 released large amounts of H2O2 but was only slightly cytotoxic. PG1 was found to have a reduced capacity to bind to ECaNEp cells and was unable to translocate H2O2 into the bovine cells, in contrast to virulent strains that release large amounts of H2O2. Thus, an efficient translocation of H2O2 into host cells is a prerequisite for the cytotoxic effect and requires an intact adhesion mechanism to ensure a close contact between mycoplasmas and host cells.
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Yang, Qiao. "Taxonomic Identification and Bioactivity Screening of the Symbiotic Bacteria Strains of Euphausia superba from Antarctic Ocean." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.173.
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The marine symbiotic bacteria strains were isolated from the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superb) samples captured in Antarctica Ocean. The taxonomic identification was then performed. The screening of the bioactivity against nitric oxide (NO) release for the crude extract after the strain fermentation and cell culture extraction were finally carried out. The taxonomic identification analysis showed the strain was very close to Salegentibacter salinus ISL with the similarity value of 94.5% based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing and homology analysis. According to the analysis, this strain was identified as a new strain and nominated as Salegentibacter sp. NJ-102. The bioactivity screening analysis of the culture extract demonstrated the crude extract showed significant inhibitory bioactivity against NO release and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ECV-304 cells.
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Morales, Mónica, Miguel A. Ramírez, María J. Cano, Mario Párraga, Joaquín Castilla, Luis I. Pérez-Ordoyo, Juan M. Torres, and Juan Bárcena. "Genome Comparison of a Nonpathogenic Myxoma Virus Field Strain with Its Ancestor, the Virulent Lausanne Strain." Journal of Virology 83, no. 5 (December 17, 2008): 2397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02189-08.
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ABSTRACT One of the best-studied examples of host-virus coevolution is the release of myxoma virus (MV) for biological control of European rabbits in Australia and Europe. To investigate the genetic basis of MV adaptation to its new host, we sequenced the genome of 6918, an attenuated Spanish field strain, and compared it with that of Lausanne, the strain originally released in Europe in 1952. Although isolated 43 years apart, the genomes were highly conserved (99.95% identical). Only 32 of the 159 MV predicted proteins revealed amino acid changes. Four genes (M009L, M036L, M135R, and M148R) in 6918 were disrupted by frameshift mutations.
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Stefánsson, Ragnar, and Páll Halldórsson. "Strain release and strain build-up in the south Iceland seismic zone." Tectonophysics 152, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90052-2.
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Vilei, Edy M., and Joachim Frey. "Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Glycerol Uptake in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides SC: Its Impact on H2O2Production and Virulence." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.1.85-92.2001.
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ABSTRACT Highly virulent strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides SC belonging to the African cluster contain an operon with the genes gtsA, gtsB, andgtsC, encoding membrane ATP binding cassette transporter proteins GtsA, GtsB, and GtsC, which are involved in glycerol transport. Strain Afadé from the African cluster incorporated [U-14C]glycerol with a time-dependent increase. The less virulent strain L2 of the European cluster, which lacksgtsB and gtsC, failed to incorporate glycerol. Antibodies against GtsB noncompetitively inhibited glycerol uptake.l-α-Glycerophosphate was not transported by M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. It is postulated to be synthesized by phosphorylation of glycerol during transport and subsequently metabolized further to dihydroxyacetone phosphate accompanied by release of H2O2. Peroxide production in glycerol-containing growth medium was high for the African strain Afadé but very low for the European strain L2. Virtually no H2O2 was produced by both strains without glycerol. Hence, the efficient glycerol uptake system found in the virulent strain of the African cluster leads to a strong release of peroxide, a potential virulence factor which is lacking in the less virulent European strains. M. mycoides subsp.mycoides SC might have adopted, as a strategy for virulence, a highly efficient uptake system for glycerol which allows the production of an active metabolic intermediate that damages host cells.
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Ryan, Peter A., Andrew P. Turley, Geoff Wilson, Tim P. Hurst, Kate Retzki, Jack Brown-Kenyon, Lauren Hodgson, et al. "Establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland, Australia." Gates Open Research 3 (September 26, 2019): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13061.1.
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Background: The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently shown in laboratory studies to reduce transmission of a range of viruses including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Mayaro viruses that cause human disease. Here we report the entomological and epidemiological outcomes of staged deployment of Wolbachia across nearly all significant dengue transmission risk areas in Australia. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into the local Aedes aegypti genotype (Cairns and Townsville backgrounds) and mosquitoes were released in the field by staff or via community assisted methods. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken and mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia. Dengue case notifications were used to track dengue incidence in each location before and after releases. Results: Empirical analyses of the Wolbachia mosquito releases, including data on the density, frequency and duration of Wolbachia mosquito releases, indicate that Wolbachia can be readily established in local mosquito populations, using a variety of deployment options and over short release durations (mean release period 11 weeks, range 2-22 weeks). Importantly, Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable in mosquito populations since releases for up to 8 years. Analysis of dengue case notifications data demonstrates near-elimination of local dengue transmission for the past five years in locations where Wolbachia has been established. The regression model estimate of Wolbachia intervention effect from interrupted time series analyses of case notifications data prior to and after releases, indicated a 96% reduction in dengue incidence in Wolbachia treated populations (95% confidence interval: 84 – 99%). Conclusion: Deployment of the wMel strain of Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations across the Australian regional cities of Cairns and most smaller regional communities with a past history of dengue has resulted in the reduction of local dengue transmission across all deployment areas.
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Ryan, Peter A., Andrew P. Turley, Geoff Wilson, Tim P. Hurst, Kate Retzki, Jack Brown-Kenyon, Lauren Hodgson, et al. "Establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland, Australia." Gates Open Research 3 (April 8, 2020): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13061.2.
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Background: The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently shown in laboratory studies to reduce transmission of a range of viruses including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Mayaro viruses that cause human disease. Here we report the entomological and epidemiological outcomes of staged deployment of Wolbachia across nearly all significant dengue transmission risk areas in Australia. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into the local Aedes aegypti genotype (Cairns and Townsville backgrounds) and mosquitoes were released in the field by staff or via community assisted methods. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken and mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia. Dengue case notifications were used to track dengue incidence in each location before and after releases. Results: Empirical analyses of the Wolbachia mosquito releases, including data on the density, frequency and duration of Wolbachia mosquito releases, indicate that Wolbachia can be readily established in local mosquito populations, using a variety of deployment options and over short release durations (mean release period 11 weeks, range 2-22 weeks). Importantly, Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable in mosquito populations since releases for up to 8 years. Analysis of dengue case notifications data demonstrates near-elimination of local dengue transmission for the past five years in locations where Wolbachia has been established. The regression model estimate of Wolbachia intervention effect from interrupted time series analyses of case notifications data prior to and after releases, indicated a 96% reduction in dengue incidence in Wolbachia treated populations (95% confidence interval: 84 – 99%). Conclusion: Deployment of the wMel strain of Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations across the Australian regional cities of Cairns and most smaller regional communities with a past history of dengue has resulted in the reduction of local dengue transmission across all deployment areas.
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Gonzalez-Ramos, Daniel, Eduardo Cebollero, and Ramon Gonzalez. "A Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Overproducing Mannoproteins Stabilizes Wine against Protein Haze." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 17 (July 7, 2008): 5533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00302-08.
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ABSTRACT Stabilization against protein haze was one of the first positive properties attributed to yeast mannoproteins in winemaking. In previous work we demonstrated that deletion of KNR4 leads to increased mannoprotein release in laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. We have now constructed strains with KNR4 deleted in two different industrial wine yeast backgrounds. This required replacement of two and three alleles of KNR4 for the EC1118 and T73-4 backgrounds, respectively, and the use of three different selection markers for yeast genetic transformation. The actual effect of the genetic modification was dependent on both the genetic background and the culture conditions. The fermentation performance of T73-4 derivatives was clearly impaired, and these derivatives did not contribute to the protein stability of the wine, even though they showed increased mannoprotein release in vitro. In contrast, the EC1118 derivative with both alleles of KNR4 deleted released increased amounts of mannoproteins both in vitro and during wine fermentation assays, and the resulting wines were consistently less susceptible to protein haze. The fermentation performance of this strain was slightly impaired, but only with must with a very high sugar content. These results pave the way for the development of new commercial strains with the potential to improve several mannoprotein-related quality and technological parameters of wine.
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Jones, Juliet, Daniel Pearce Depledge, Judith Breuer, Katja Ebert-Keel, and Gillian Elliott. "Genetic and phenotypic intrastrain variation in herpes simplex virus type 1 Glasgow strain 17 syn+-derived viruses." Journal of General Virology 100, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001343.
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The Glasgow s17 syn+ strain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is arguably the best characterized strain and has provided the reference sequence for HSV1 genetic studies. Here we show that our original s17 syn+ stock was a mixed population from which we have isolated a minor variant that, unlike other strains in the laboratory, fails to be efficiently released from infected cells and spreads predominantly by direct cell-to-cell transmission. Analysis of other s17-derived viruses that had been isolated elsewhere revealed a number with the same release phenotype. Second-generation sequencing of 8 plaque-purified s17-derived viruses revealed sequences that vary by 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including approximately 10 coding SNPs. This compared to interstrain variations of around 800 SNPs in strain Sc16, of which a quarter were coding changes. Amongst the variations found within s17, we identified 13 variants of glycoprotein C within the original stock of virus that were predominantly a consequence of altered homopolymeric runs of C residues. Characterization of seven isolates coding for different forms of gC indicated that all were expressed, despite six of them lacking a transmembrane domain. While the release phenotype did not correlate directly with any of these identified gC variations, further demonstration that nine clinical isolates of HSV1 also fail to spread through extracellular release raises the possibility that propagation in tissue culture had altered the HSV1 s17 transmission phenotype. Hence, the s17 intrastrain variation identified here offers an excellent model for understanding both HSV1 transmission and tissue culture adaptation.
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Alderman, Stephen C., Darrin L. Walenta, Philip B. Hamm, Ruth C. Martin, Jeremiah Dung, and Evsey Kosman. "Afternoon Ascospore Release in Claviceps purpurea Optimizes Perennial Ryegrass Infection." Plant Disease 99, no. 10 (October 2015): 1410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0978-re.
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In Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Claviceps purpurea, the causal agent of ergot, typically releases ascospores during the early-morning hours, between about midnight and 10:00 a.m., corresponding to time of flowering, when the unfertilized ovaries are most susceptible to infection. During aeromycology studies of C. purpurea in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in northeastern Oregon during 2008 to 2010 and 2013, a strain of C. purpurea was found that released ascospores in the afternoon, coinciding with flowering in perennial ryegrass. Under controlled environmental conditions, sclerotia from perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass released spores in the afternoon and morning, respectively, consistent with timing of spore release under field conditions. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of single sclerotial isolates from Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass were consistent with C. purpurea, although minor variations in ITS sequences among isolates were noted. Differences between Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass isolates were observed in random amplified polymorphic DNA. Evidence is provided for adaptation of C. purpurea to perennial ryegrass by means of delayed spore release that coincides with afternoon flowering in perennial ryegrass.
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Niu, Hong Tao. "Simulation Method of Tunnel Excavation under Plane Strain Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.1753.
Full textAbstract:
For a different supporting time hole into subway tunnel excavation, with the initial stress in the surrounding rock in the tunnel and initial stress reverse impose the same release the equivalent of the simulation node, consider themselves lining load conditions in a hole under the formation of linear elastic numerical solution. The analysis indicated that with the increasing of the stress release rate, the hole arch displacement gradually decrease. When the stress release rate is bigger than a value, the hole arch displacement is increase rapidly, this is a marginal value (the biggest permission release rate); Under the identical hole diameter condition, the burying depth is bigger, the biggest permission release rate is bigger; Under the identical burying depth condition, the hole diameter is bigger, the biggest permission release rate is smaller.
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Horikawa, Keitaro, Michiko Arayama, and Hidetoshi Kobayashi. "Quantitative Detection of Hydrogen Gas Release during Slow Strain Rate Testing in Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.568.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a new testing device which is capable of detecting hydrogen gas release during slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) under ordinary pressure. The device is composed of an SSRT machine equipped with a closed chamber with an inspection window that is connected to gas chromatography with a semiconductor hydrogen sensor. Local strain distribution in the specimen during the SSRT is monitored dynamically with a digital image correlation (DIC) method. Hydrogen was pre-charged to aluminum alloys by means of friction in water process. Using the device, it was shown that hydrogen was released particularly in the stage of plastic deformation and fracture. In addition, the hydrogen gas release at the moment of fracture was clearly increased when the alloys were hydrogen-charged and tested at a slow strain rate. When we calculated hydrogen gas release from the fracture surface in Al-Zn-Mg base alloys tested at 3.3×10-6 s-1, the hydrogen amount was estimated to be 6.24×10-10 mol /mm2 in a hydrogen-uncharged alloy, and 1.30×10-9 mol / mm2 in a hydrogen-charged alloy.
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Mellado, M. C., R. Rodríguez-Contreras, M. Fernandez-Crehuet, R. Lopez-Gigosos, M. Delgado Rodriguez, and R. Galvez-Vargas. "Endotoxin liberation by strains ofN. meningitidisisolated from patients and healthy carriers." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 2 (April 1991): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048433.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYThe main objective of this study was to assess whether the capacity ofNeisseria meningitidisto release endotoxin depends upon the type of strain or upon bacterial mass. Endotoxin release was studied in 32 strains isolated from patients with meningococcal infections and in 49 from asymptomatic carriers, using a quantitative test (limulus test with a chromogenic substrate). The results show that the strains from patients release significantly higher amounts of endotoxin than strains from carriers regardless of serogroup and isolation site. No correlation was found between stage of bacterial growth and the amount of endotoxin liberated. These findings suggest that endotoxin liberation is a characteristic of certain strains ofN. meningitidisand is not determined simply by bacterial mass.