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Academic literature on the topic 'Strain release'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Strain release"

Gianatassio, R., J. M. Lopchuk, J. Wang, C. M. Pan, L. R. Malins, L. Prieto, T. A. Brandt, et al. "Strain-release amination." Science 351, no. 6270 (January 14, 2016): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6252.

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Berman, D., P. J. Kerr, R. Stagg, B. H. van Leeuwen, and T. Gonzalez. "Should the 40-year-old practice of releasing virulent myxoma virus to control rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) be continued?" Wildlife Research 33, no. 7 (2006): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05004.

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Release of virulent myxoma virus has been a key component of rabbit-control operations in Queensland, Australia, since the 1960s but its use rests on anecdotal reports. During a routine operation to release virulent myxoma virus we found no evidence to support the continued regular use of the technique in south-west Queensland. Radio-tagged rabbits inoculated with virulent myxoma virus contracted the disease but failed to pass enough virus to other rabbits to spread the disease. Rabbits with clinical signs of myxomatosis that were shot were infected with field strain derived from the original laboratory strain released in 1950 rather than the virulent strain that has been released annually. There was no change in rabbit survival or abundance caused by the release. Nevertheless, the release of virulent virus may be useful against isolated pockets of rabbits mainly because field strains are less likely to be present. Such pockets are more common now that rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus is established in Queensland.

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Bolton, Michael, Hilda L. Collins, Tracey Chapman, Neil I. Morrison, Stefan J. Long, Charles E. Linn, and Anthony M. Shelton. "Response to a Synthetic Pheromone Source by OX4319L, a Self-Limiting Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Strain, and Field Dispersal Characteristics of its Progenitor Strain." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz056.

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AbstractThe diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a global pest that infests vegetable and field crops within the Brassica family. A genetically engineered strain of P. xylostella, OX4319L, carrying a ‘self-limiting’ gene, has shown potential for managing P. xylostella populations, using sustained releases of OX4319L male moths. In order for such a strain to provide control, the transgenic individuals must exhibit attraction to female P. xylostella sex pheromone and adequate dispersal in the field. In this study, we tested these key traits. First, we compared the responses of the OX4319L male moths to a synthetic female sex pheromone source in wind tunnel trials to those of males from three other strains. We found that OX4319L males responded comparably to strains of non-engineered males, with all males flying upwind towards the pheromone source. Second, we used mark-release-recapture studies of a wildtype P. xylostella strain, from which the OX4319L strain was originally developed, to assess dispersal under field conditions. Released males were recaptured using both pheromone-baited and passive traps within a 2.83 ha circular cabbage field, with a recapture rate of 7.93%. Males were recaptured up to the boundary of the field at 95 m from the central release point. The median dispersal of males was 14 m. These results showed the progenitor strain of OX4319L retained its ability to disperse within a host field. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the potential for the effective use of engineered male-selecting P. xylostella strains under field conditions.

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Yoshida, M., and T. Okuyama:. "Techniques for Measuring Growth Stress on the Xylem Surface Using Strain and Dial Gauges." Holzforschung 56, no. 5 (August 26, 2002): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.071.

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Summary Growth stress (growth strain) in trees is usually evaluated using either a strain gauge or a dial gauge to measure the strain release. We summarize the techniques used to assess growth stress and compare the two methods. The dial gauge method measures change in distance between two pin targets when growth stress is released by sawing two grooves; from this the strain released is calculated. The absolute values of the strain released depended on whether the two grooves were sawn inside or outside the pin targets: the values in the first case were approximately twice those in the latter. If the grooves were sawn outside the pin targets, the values for the strain released were about the same as with the strain gauge method, in which the strain released by sawing a groove at each end of a strain gauge is measured. The released strain values were consistent when the strain gauge was glued to the outer surface of the secondary xylem after first fully removing the differentiating xylem. To release most of the surface growth stress and maximize released strain values, the optimal distance between the ends of the strain gauge and the grooves cut to release the growth stress was 3 to 5 mm, and the optimal depth of the groove was 5 to 10 mm. Most of the growth stress was released immediately when the grooves were sawn.

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Liu, Wei-Liang, Hui-Ying Yu, Yu-Xuan Chen, Bo-Yu Chen, Shiang Ning Leaw, Cheng-Han Lin, Matthew-P. Su, et al. "Lab-scale characterization and semi-field trials of Wolbachia Strain wAlbB in a Taiwan Wolbachia introgressed Ae. aegypti strain." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): e0010084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010084.

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Dengue fever is one of the most severe viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, with traditional approaches of disease control proving insufficient to prevent significant disease burden. Release of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes offers a promising alternative control methodologies; Wolbachia-transinfected female Aedes aegypti demonstrate reduced dengue virus transmission, whilst Wolbachia-transinfected males cause zygotic lethality when crossed with uninfected females, providing a method for suppressing mosquito populations. Although highly promising, the delicate nature of population control strategies and differences between local species populations means that controlled releases of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes cannot be performed without extensive testing on specific local Ae. aegypti populations. In order to investigate the potential for using Wolbachia to suppress local Ae. aegypti populations in Taiwan, we performed lab-based and semi-field fitness trials. We first transinfected the Wolbachia strain wAlbB into a local Ae. aegypti population (wAlbB-Tw) and found no significant changes in lifespan, fecundity and fertility when compared to controls. In the laboratory, we found that as the proportion of released male mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia was increased, population suppression could reach up to 100%. Equivalent experiments in semi-field experiments found suppression rates of up to 70%. The release of different ratios of wAlbB-Tw males in the semi-field system provided an estimate of the optimal size of male releases. Our results indicate that wAlbB-Tw has significant potential for use in vector control strategies aimed at Ae. aegypti population suppression in Taiwan. Open field release trials are now necessary to confirm that wAlbB-Tw mediated suppression is feasible in natural environments.

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González-Ramos, Daniel, A. Muñoz, Anne Ortiz-Julien, Antonio Tomás Palacios, José María Heras, and Ramon González. "A Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strain overproducing mannoproteins selected through classical genetic methods." OENO One 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2010.44.4.1475.

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Aims: Developing, by classical genetic methods, new wine yeast strains showing improved release of mannoproteins during wine fermentation, as well as suitable selection procedures for this purpose. These strains would be useful to improve quality characters associated to wine mannoprotein content.Methods and results: UV mutagenesis was used for genetic improvement of the industrial wine yeast strain ADY1. Cell wall-related phenotypes were used as primary selection criteria; an additional screening procedure was developed based on the detection of the released mannoproteins by hybridization with peroxidase-labeled Concanavalin A. Mannoprotein overproduction was assessed in laboratory media as well as in grapevine juice. One mutant strain, renamed HPS, was selected using these criteria. HPS showed increased mannoprotein release in different culture media, including natural must. Moreover, white wines fermented with this improved strain were less susceptible to protein haze than equivalent wines fermented with the original ADY1 strain. Red wines fermented with the mutant strain were also polysaccharide-enriched as compared to the original one.Conclusion: No clear correlation between a specific cell wall-related phenotype, or a combination of them, and improved release of polysaccharides by yeast random mutants could be established, and not all strains identified by in vitro assays as mannoprotein overproducing mutants were found positive for mannoprotein release in industrial conditions. Nevertheless, UV mutagenesis, combined with Concanavalin A detection, seems to be a viable way to improve mannoprotein release by industrial wine yeast strains.Significance and impact of the study: This study is one of the few recent reports on genetic improvement of wine yeast strains by non-recombinant genetic tools. It shows that mannoprotein release can be genetically improved and, for the first time, describes a successful selection procedure for such a complex character. These strains are potentially useful for the improvement of mannoprotein-related characters of white and red wines.

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Liu, Lin, Christy A. Visher, and Daniel J. O’Connell. "Strain During Reentry: A Test of General Strain Theory Using a Sample of Adult Former Prisoners." Prison Journal 101, no. 4 (July 3, 2021): 420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00328855211029652.

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The majority of reentry studies focus on identifying different dimensions of reentry needs among released prisoners. Less explored is the mechanism by which unfulfilled reentry needs cause reentry failure. Applying the general strain theoretical perspective, this study aims to use an emotional and psychological prism to explain why released prisoners are likely to experience reentry failure when their reentry needs are not met. Findings demonstrate that the strains from financial difficulty and family neglect are positively associated with post-release criminal propensity, and depression noticeably mediated the effects of strains. Implications for correctional policymaking and future research are discussed.

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Zhang, Feng Peng, Zhao Guo Qiu, and Peng Fei Jiao. "Test Analysis of Measuring Working Strains in Concrete Structures by Loophole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5656.

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Hole-drilling strain-gage method for measuring working strains in concrete structures has been discussed by tests. Pre-loading strain has been used to simulate the working strain in concrete structure, and model beams have been sued for drilling measurement tests in the lab. Some key issues of this work have been studied, such as strain gages selected, waterproof, data continuous transmission out of hole, etc., and the strain release curves have been obtained. On the basis of the work, the effects of drilling depth (h), hole diameter (d), original strain and the environmental temperature have been analyzed, and general laws of working strains measurement described by strain released rates have been obtained. These results have been successfully applied in the existing bridge inspection, and referred for reinforcement design and construction.

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Wang, Zemin, Don L. Crawford, Anthony L. Pometto III, and Fatemeh Rafii. "Survival and effects of wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces in a soil ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-085.

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In a laboratory simulation, selected wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces were released into a silt loam soil. Strains included genetically enhanced lignin decomposers and those expressing recombinant plasmids. Their survival and effects on soil organic carbon mineralization were monitored in sterile and nonsterile soil, with and without lignocellulose supplementation. Survival was followed by viable plate counts on selective media. CO2 evolution was monitored in respiration cabinets. All strains, whether released as spores or mycelia, survived in nonsterile soil for up to 30 days. Selected strains released as spores survived for at least 10 months. With all strains, the numbers of colony-forming units per gram of soil slowly declined until relatively similar, stable population levels were achieved. Spores were more stable than mycelia. Only one recombinant survived significantly better in nonsterile soil than did its corresponding nonrecombinant parent, but only during the 1st to 2nd week after release. With two exceptions, there were no statistically significant short-term effects of release on the rates of carbon mineralization in unamended or lignocellulose-amended sterile and nonsterile soils. One recombinant, Streptomyces lividans TK23-3651, significantly affected the short-term rate of soil organic carbon turnover. After its release, the rate of soil organic carbon mineralization increased, particularly in nonsterile soil amended with lignocellulose. The cumulative amount of CO2 evolved over a 30-day period was significantly higher than for control soils or those inoculated with other Streptomyces. Another recombinant, S. lividans TK23/pSE1, temporarily reduced carbon mineralization rates, but only in nonsterile, unamended soil during the first few days after release. This is the first report of released, genetically altered Streptomyces having a measurable effect on a natural ecosystem. The significant enhancing effect of strain TK23-3651 was transient, and additional studies showed that this strain was genetically unstable in soil.Key words: Streptomyces, recombinant, soil, environment, release.

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Lee, R. T., W. H. Briggs, G. C. Cheng, H. B. Rossiter, P. Libby, and T. Kupper. "Mechanical deformation promotes secretion of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 10 (November 15, 1997): 5084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.5084.

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Abstract Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta lack an N terminus secretory sequence, and the mechanism of secretion of these pleiotropic cytokines is incompletely understood. The epidermis contains large quantities of IL-1 alpha in keratinocytes, which may play a role in inducing endothelial adhesion molecules and promoting extravasation of leukocytes. Here we report that mechanical deformation of human keratinocytes leads to rapid release of IL-1 alpha, possibly through transient disruptions in the plasma membrane. Using a device that precisely controls the amplitude of strain on the culture substrate, we found by pulse-chase analysis, Western analysis, and ELISA that the release of IL-1 alpha is dependent on the amplitude of the strain. A cyclic strain of 14% released a small but significant quantity of IL-1 alpha, while strains of 33% released 66 +/- 9% of cytoplasmic IL-1 alpha over 1 h (p < 0.001). Release of IL-1 alpha was accompanied by rapid release of large stores of IL-1R antagonist, approximately 25 to 30 times greater by mass than the quantity of IL-1 alpha released, but only a small fraction of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Media conditioned by mechanically stimulated keratinocytes induced expression of E-selectin by human vascular endothelial cells; induction of E-selectin was completely inhibited by an Ab to IL-1 alpha. Therefore, mechanical strain promotes the secretion of IL-1 alpha, and deformation of keratinocytes in the epidermis may activate vascular endothelium through mechanically released IL-1 alpha. This pathophysiologic mechanism may play a role in the anatomic localization of some inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, which occurs more commonly in locations where the dermis is subjected to repetitive stretch or trauma.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strain release"

Vijayaraghavan, Rajesh. "Statistical estimation of strain energy release rate of delaminated composites." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4965.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 133 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-133).

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Elliott, John. "Strain accumulation & release on the Tibetan Plateau measured using InSAR." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526560.

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Lai, Yeh-Hung. "The constrained blister - a nearly constant strain energy release rate test for adhesives." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44077.

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This study developed and analyzed a modification of the blister test permitting nearly constant strain energy release rate testing of adhesive bonds. The work consisted of three parts; (1) development of the testing technique to evaluate strain energy release rate and to record the time dependent nature of the fracture process, (2) numerical analysis of the constrained blister test to determine the applicability of an approximate solution for several materials, and (3) development of an. analytical technique to evaluate the strain energy release rate for relatively stiff specimens.

Master of Science

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Wilson, Mary Elizabeth. "Techniques for Using Internal Strain-Energy Storage and Release inOrigami-Based Mechanical Systems." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7730.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop and demonstrate techniques for self-deployment of origami-based mechanical systems achieved through internal strain-energy storage and release, with special application to medical implant devices. The potential of compliant mechanisms and related origami-based mechanical systems to store strain-energy make them ideal candidates forapplications requiring an actuation or deployment process, such as space system arrays and minimally invasive surgical devices. The objective of this thesis is achieved by first categorizing differentdeployment methods in origami-based, deployable mechanisms and then further exploring the use of strain energy to facilitate actuation in deployable mechanisms. With this understanding inplace, there are opportunities using strain energy to develop new approaches to deploy particular mechanical systems. These origami-based mechanisms have the ability to improve devices in themedical field. This work contributes to the knowledge base of self actuating deployable structures in origami-based mechanical systems by developing design concepts and models for strain energystorage and release. By developing the foundational characteristics for self-actuation, the work will be demonstrated thorough applications in medical implant devices.

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Suansuwan, Napa. "Application Of Strain Energy Release Rate To Characterise The Adhesion At Ceramic-Metal Interfaces." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4865.

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Chadegani, Alireza. "Strain energy release rate analysis of adhesive-bonded composite joints with a prescribed interlaminar crack." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2023.

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Composite materials together with adhesive-bonding have been increasingly used in the aviation industry. Delamination is among the critical failure modes in fiber-reinforced laminated composite structures including adhesive-bonded assemblies. This thesis presents an analytical approach by taking into account the first-ply failure in adhesive-bonded composite joints subjected to axial tension. The ASTM D3165 standard test specimen geometry is followed for model development derivations. The field equations, in terms of displacements within the joint, are formulated by using the first-order, shear-deformable, laminated plate theory together with kinematics relations and force equilibrium conditions. The stress distributions for the adherends and adhesive are determined after the appropriate boundary and loading conditions are applied and the equations for the field displacements are solved. The equivalent forces at the tip of the prescribed interlaminar crack are obtained based on interlaminar stress distributions. The strain energy release rate of the crack is then determined by using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The system of second-order differential field equations is solved to provide the adherend and adhesive stresses using the symbolic computation tool, Maple 9.52. Finite element analyses using the J-integral as well as the VCCT are performed to verify the developed analytical model. Finite element analyses are conducted using the commercial finite element analysis software ABAQUS 6.5-1. Results determined using the analytical method are shown to correlate well with the results from the finite element analyses.
Thesis [M.S] - Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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Chadegani, Alireza Yang Charles. "Strain energy release rate analysis of adhesive-bonded composite joints with a prescribed interlaminar crack." A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2023.

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Le, Thanh Roderic. "ADHESION OF VENEERING PORCELAIN TO ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE CERAMIC AS DETERMINED BY THE STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE." Thesis, Faculty of Dentistry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5932.

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Mokarem, David W. "Environmental Influence on the Bond Between a Polymer Concrete Overlay and an Aluminum Substrate." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31700.

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Chloride ion induced corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks has become a major problem in the United States. Latex modified concrete (LMC), low slump dense concrete (LSDC) and hot-mix asphalt membranes (HMAM) overlays are currently some of the most used rehabilitation methods. Epoxy coated reinforcing steel (ECR) was developed and promoted as a long term corrosion protection method by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). However, recent evidence has suggested that ECR will not provide adequate long term corrosion protection. The Reynolds Metals Company has developed an aluminum bridge deck system as a proposed alternative to conventional reinforced steel bridge deck systems. The deck consists of a polymer concrete overlay and an aluminum substrate. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the bond durability between the overlay and the aluminum substrate after conditioning specimens in various temperature and humidity conditions. The average critical strain energy release rate, Gcr, for each specimen was measured using a modified mixed mode flexure (MMF) test. In this investigation the strain energy release rate is a measure of the fracture toughness of the interface between the polymer concrete overlay and the aluminum substrate. The different environmental conditionings all had a significant effect on the bond durability. Specimens conditioned at 30 degrees C [86 degrees F], 45 degrees C [113 degrees F] and 60 degrees C [140 degrees F] at 98 % relative humidity all showed a decrease in interfacial bond strength after conditioning. A decrease in the interfacial bond strength was also observed for the specimens conditioned in freezing and thawing cycles as well as specimens conditioned in a salt water soak. Of the exposure conditions used in this investigation, the only one that showed an increase in the bond strength was drying the specimens continuously in an oven at 60 degrees C [140 degrees F].
Master of Science

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Klein, Justin. "A Study of Durability for Elastomeric Fuel Cell Seals and an Examination of Confinement Effects in Elastomeric Joints." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32666.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells typically consist of stacks of membrane electrode assemblies sandwiched between bipolar plates, effectively combining the individual cells in series to achieve the desired voltage levels. Elastomeric gaskets are commonly used between each cell to insure that the reactant gases are isolated; any failure of a fuel cell gasket can cause the reactants to mix, which may lead to failure of the fuel cell. An investigation of the durability of these fuel cell seals was performed by using accelerated characterization methods. A hydrocarbon sealant was tested in five different environments to simulate fuel cell conditions. Viscoelastic properties of these seals were analyzed using momentary and relaxation compressive stress tests. Material properties such as secant modulus at 100% strain, tensile strength, and strain at failure were determined using dog-bone samples aged at several different imposed strains and aging times in environments of interest. Tearing energy was evaluated using trouser test samples tested under different rates and temperatures after various environmental aging conditions. Additionally, tearing tests were conducted on samples tested in liquid environment. A viscoelastic and mechanical property characterization of these elastomeric seals under accelerated aging conditions could help understand the behavior and predict durability in the presence of mechanical and environmental loading. Additionally, the effects of confinement have been evaluated for a bonded joint with varying thickness along the bonded direction. The Dreaming project is a glass art project in Fredrick, MD which incorporates such a varying thickness joint where thermal expansion of the adhesive has caused the glass adherend to break and debonding of the sealant. To examine this joint design, finite element analysis has been used to determine the effects of thermal expansion on such a complex geometry. Nine different test geometries have been evaluated to determine the effect of confinement coupled with thermal expansion on joint design with an elastomeric adhesive. Once evaluated, design changes were performed to try to reduce the loading while maintaining the general joint design. Results of this analysis can be used to determine the effects of confinement on a complex elastomeric joint.
Master of Science

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Books on the topic "Strain release"

N, Shivakumar K., and Langley Research Center, eds. Strain-energy release rate analysis of a laminate with a postbuckled delamination. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1987.

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J, Minguet Pierre, O'Brien T. Kevin, and Langley Research Center, eds. A method for calculating strain energy release rates in preliminary design of composite skin/stringer debonding under multi-axial loading. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1999.

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S, Raju I., O'Brien T. Kevin, and Langley Research Center, eds. Strain-energy-release rate analysis of the end-notched flexure specimen using the finite-element method. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1987.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Q3DG, a computer program for strain-energy-release rates for delamination growth in composite laminates. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.

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S, Raju I., O'Brien T. Kevin, Langley Research Center, and United States. Army Aviation Research and Technology Activity., eds. Strain energy release rate analysis of delamination in a tapered laminate subjected to tension load. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Zimmerman, Richard S. Strain energy release rate as a function of temperature and preloading history utilizing the edge delamination fatigue test method. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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K, Binienda Wieslaw, Kreider K. L, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Analysis of multiple cracks in an infinite functionally graded plate. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strain release"

Gdoutos, E. E. "Critical Strain Energy Release Rate." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue, 147–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_33.

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Hopf, Henning, and Claudia Marquard. "Strain Release in Aromatic Molecules: The [2n] Cyclophanes." In Strain and Its Implications in Organic Chemistry, 297–332. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0929-8_21.

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Gdoutos, E. E. "Strain Energy Release Rate for the Blister Test." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue, 139–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_31.

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Gdoutos, E. E. "Strain Energy Release Rate for the Short Rod Specimen." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue, 135–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_30.

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Cooper, J. E., and A. J. Bjourson. "Simplified Subtraction-Hybridization System for Isolation Of Strain-Specific Rhizobium DNA Probes." In The Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms—REGEM 2, 195–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0493-7_33.

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Smalla, K., M. Isemann, and K. H. Weege. "Characterization of Microbial Emissions from a Fermentation Plant Using a Genetically-Modified Bacillus Strain." In The Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms—REGEM 2, 129–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0493-7_14.

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Marzec, Z., J. Holnicki-Szulc, and F. Lopez-Almansa. "Strategy of Impulse Release of Strain Energy for Damping of Vibration." In Smart Structures, 203–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4611-1_23.

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Gdoutos, E. E. "Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors Based on Strain Energy Release Rate." In Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue, 143–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2774-7_32.

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Gordić, M. V., I. M. Djordjević, D. R. Sekulić, Z. S. Petrović, and M. M. Stevanović. "Delamination Strain Energy Release Rate in Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Composites." In Materials Science Forum, 515–19. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-441-3.515.

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Sørensen, Søren Johannes. "Plasmid Transfer of pBR322 Derivatives from recA’E. Coli K12 Donor Strain to Various Natural Gram-Negative Isolates." In The Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms—REGEM 2, 197–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0493-7_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strain release"

Huang, Guo-chin Dino, Rongmao Zhou, and Nicole Bellino. "Hydraulic fracturing triggers postglacial rebound related strain release." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-1106.1.

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Nugraha, Aditya Sukma, Budi Prawara, Erie Martides, and Budi Priyono. "Tow eye failure analysis using energy strain release." In 2016 International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icseea.2016.7873570.

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Mousavi, Arash Kheyraddini, Seyedhamidreza Alaie, Maheshwar R. Kashamolla, and Zayd Chad Leseman. "Nonlinear Approach for Strain Energy Release Rate in Micro Cantilevers." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38905.

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An analytical Mixed Mode I & II crack propagation model is used to analyze the experimental results of stiction failed micro cantilevers on a rigid substrate and to determine the critical strain energy release rate (adhesion energy). Using nonlinear beam deflection theory, the shape of the beam being peeled off of a rigid substrate can be accurately modeled. Results show that the model can fit the experimental data with an average root mean square error of less than 5 ran even at relatively large deflections which happens in some MEMS applications. The effects of surface roughness and/or debris are also explored and contrasted with perfectly (atomically) flat surfaces. Herein it is shown that unlike the macro-scale crack propagation tests, the surface roughness and debris trapped between the micro cantilever and the substrate can drastically effect the energy associated with creating unit new surface areas and also leads to some interesting phenomena. The polysilicon micro cantilever samples used, were fabricated by SUMMIT V™ technology in Sandia National Laboratories and were 1000 μm long, 30 μm wide and 2.6 μm thick.

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FORTSON, BRYAN. "A strain energy release rate model for laminated composite beams." In 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-193.

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HARBERT, S., and H. HOGAN. "Strain energy release rates in straight and curved notched compositebeams." In 32nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-1027.

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Chen, D. J. "Efficient Computation of Strain Energy Release Rate in Crack Growth Simulation." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0505.

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Abstract This paper utilizes an automated process to simplify the calculation of the strain energy release rate (SERR) during the crack propagation. The convergence of a finite element solution is achieved by adaptive re-meshing scheme with an error estimator of the linear strain triangular (LST) elements. As the desired mesh density is achieved, computation of the SERR using virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) can be obtained by using the static condensation scheme without re-analyzing the finite element models. Thus, the amount of computational and modeling time can be significantly reduced in the analysis of the crack propagation.

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Gluch, Jürgen, Martin Gall, Ehrenfried Zschech, Uwe Mühle, Chandran Narendraraj, Miloš Hrabovský, and Tomáš Morávek. "Correction of Stress Release During Sample Preparation for TEM CBED Measurements." In ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0358.

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Abstract In the vicinity of a through silicon via (TSV) used in 3D chip integration, the effect of dedicated strain engineering to enhance the carrier mobility in the channel of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is superposed by a strain caused by cooling down from high process temperatures to room temperature. This additional strain influences the transistor characteristics, and consequently the product performance. The measurement of strain with high spatial resolution requires TEM-based methods. In this paper, convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is used for strain measurement. The strain state is significantly changed during the preparation of the TEM lamellae. The exact sample geometry and accurate materials parameters were used in FE modelling and strain simulation based on a physical model. The strain in silicon at several distances from the TSV were determined experimentally using TEM-CBED and compared with numerical simulations. High-quality sample preparation is crucial for reliable and reproducible TEM-based strain data, i.e., it is a necessary precondition for strain release correction based on FE modelling and simulation.

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SUN, C., and R. PANDEY. "A METHOD FOR CALCULATING STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE BASED ON BEAM THEORY." In 34th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-1454.

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Sankar, B., and V. Sonik. "Strain energy release rate distribution along a delamination front using plate theories." In 35th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-1398.

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Lauer, Martin, Mathieu Zellhuber, Thomas Sattelmayer, and Christopher J. Aul. "Determination of the Heat Release Distribution in Turbulent Flames by a Model Based Correction of OH* Chemiluminescence." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45105.

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Imaging of OH* or CH* chemiluminescence with intensified cameras is often employed for the determination of heat release in premixed flames. Proportionality is commonly assumed, but in the turbulent case this assumption is not justified. Substantial deviations from proportionality are observed, which are due to turbulence-chemistry interactions. In this study a model based correction method is presented to obtain a better approximation of the spatially resolved heat release rate of lean turbulent flames from OH* measurements. The correction method uses a statistical strain rate model to account for the turbulence influence. The strain rate model is evaluated with time-resolved velocity measurements of the turbulent flow. Additionally, one-dimensional simulations of strained counterflow flames are performed to consider the non-linear effect of turbulence on chemi-luminescence intensities. A detailed reaction mechanism, which includes all relevant chemiluminescence reactions and deactivation processes, is used. The result of the simulations is a lookup table of the ratio between heat release rate and OH* intensity with strain rate as parameter. This lookup table is linked with the statistical strain rate model to obtain a correction factor which accounts for the non-linear relationships between OH* intensity, heat release rate, and strain rate. The factor is then used to correct measured OH* intensities to obtain the local heat release rate. The corrected intensities are compared to heat release distributions which are measured with an alternative method. For all investigated flames in the lean, partially premixed regime the corrected OH* intensities are in very good agreement with the heat release rate distributions of the flames.

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Reports on the topic "Strain release"

Rogers, Jessa, Kate E. Williams, Kristin R. Laurens, Donna Berthelsen, Emma Carpendale, Laura Bentley, and Elizabeth Briant. Footprints in Time: Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. Queensland University of Technology, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.235509.

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The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC; also called Footprints in Time) is the only longitudinal study of developmental outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children globally. Footprints in Time follows the development of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children to understand what Indigenous children need to grow up strong. LSIC involves annual waves of data collection (commenced in 2008) and follows approximately 1,700 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children living in urban, regional, and remote locations. This LSIC Primary School report has been produced following the release of the twelfth wave of data collection, with the majority of LSIC children having completed primary school (Preparatory [aged ~5 years] to Year 6 [aged ~12 years]). Primary schools play a central role in supporting student learning, wellbeing, and connectedness, and the Footprints in Time study provides a platform for centring Indigenous voices, connecting stories, and exploring emerging themes related to the experience of Indigenous children and families in the Australian education system. This report uses a mixed-methods approach, analysing both quantitative and qualitative data shared by LSIC participants, to explore primary school experiences from the perspective of children, parents and teachers. Analyses are framed using a strengths-based approach and are underpinned by the understanding that all aspects of life are related. The report documents a range of topics including teacher cultural competence, racism, school-based Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education activities, parental involvement, engagement, attendance, and academic achievement.

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Stuedlein, Armin, Ali Dadashiserej, and Amalesh Jana. Models for the Cyclic Resistance of Silts and Evaluation of Cyclic Failure during Subduction Zone Earthquakes. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zkvv5271.

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This report describes several advances in the cyclic failure assessment of silt soils with immediate and practical benefit to the geotechnical earthquake engineering profession. First, a database of cyclic loading test data is assembled, evaluated, and used to assess trends in the curvature of the CRR-N (cyclic resistance ratio - the number of equivalent cycles) relationship. This effort culminated in a plasticity index-dependent function which can be used to estimate the exponent b in the power law describing cyclic resistance, and may be used to estimate the cyclic resistance of silt soils as well as the number of equivalent loading cycles anticipated for subduction zone earthquakes. Statistical models for the cyclic resistance ratio and cyclic strength ratio are presented in this report. The SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties)-inspired functional form of these models have been trained and tested against independent datasets and finalized using a combined dataset to provide reasonable estimates of resistance based on the available data. These models can be used to provide provisional estimates of the CRR-N and cyclic strength ratio power laws for cyclic shear strain failure criteria ranging from 1 to 10%, within certain stated limitations. The ground motion records within the NGA Subduction Project which have been released to the public to-date are implemented to examine the role of subduction zone earthquake characteristics on the number of equivalent loading cycles for a wide range of soils with exponents b ranging from 0.05 (moderate plasticity silt and clay) to 0.35 (dense sand). This analysis shows that the number of loading cycles for a given magnitude subduction zone earthquake is larger than those previously computed, whereas the corresponding magnitude scaling factors for use with the Simplified Method span a smaller range as a result of the ground motion characteristics. Owing to the large variability in the computed equivalent number of loading cycles, consideration of the uncertainty is emphasized in forward analyses. The work described herein may be used to estimate cyclic resistance of intact non-plastic and plastic silt soils and corresponding factor of safety against cyclic failure for a range in cyclic shear strain failure criteria, to plan cyclic laboratory testing programs, and to calibrate models for use in site response and nonlinear deformation analyses in the absence of site-specific cyclic test data. As with any empirical approach, the models presented herein should be revised when additional, high-quality cyclic testing data become available.

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Friedlander, Michael, Clinton Dawes, and Y. (Joel) Kashman. The Interaction between Epiphytes and Seaweeds. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571355.bard.

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Two Israeli laboratories (IOLR and TAU) cooperated with one American laboratory (USF) in the research of the interaction between epiphytes (Ulva sp.) and the cultivated seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) The main objectives included the following aspects: Structural aspects, effects of different irradiances on growth, sensitivity studies, allelopathic excretions, selective chemicals and integration of studies of epiphytization. The studies were operated in outdoor tanks, indoor growth chambers and in the lab. The main conclusions and their relevance for mariculture are as following: 1. The green algal epiphyte, does penetrate its red algal host. 2. Gracilaria spp. in monoculture released more halogenated hydrocarbons than in biculture with U lactuca, whereas other metabolic parameters did not show a discriminating effect in biculture. 3. Hydrogen peroxide and halogenated hydrocarbons could be a part of the effective excretion compounds in biculture. 4. The presence of mature Gracilaria inhibited the growth of U. lactuca sporelings. 5. G. conferta is most sensitive to epiphytes among Gracilaria species tested. 6. The use of green light can enhance growth in basiphytes but inhibit epiphytes. 7. Effective selectivity has been defined by the use of hydrogen hypochlorite. 8. It may be more profitable in seaweed mariculture to select for epiphyte resistant strains than to search for inhibitors of epiphytization. 9 It is important as well to examine how the basiphyte may be able to prevent penetration. 10. Definition of the effective excretions in biculture has still to be done.

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Israel, Alvaro, and John Merrill. Production of Seed Stocks for Sustainable Tank Cultivation of the Red Edible Seaweed Porphyra. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696527.bard.

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Porphyra species (commonly known as ‘nori’ or ‘purple laver’) are edible red seaweeds rich in proteins, vitamins and other highly valued biogenic compounds. For years Porphyra has been cultured using seeded nets extended in the open sea, and its biomass consumed primarily in the Far East. While demands for international markets have increased steadily at an average of 20% per year, supplies are on the verge and not expected to meet future demands. Alternatively, land-based cultivation of seaweed has become attractive in the mariculture industry since (1) important growth parameters can be controlled, (2) is environmentally friendly and (3) perfectly matches with integrated aquaculture leading to sustainable, high quality products. During the last few years a tank cultivation technology for Porphyra has been developed at the Israeli institution. This technology is based on indoor production of asexual spores and their subsequent growth to 1-2 mm seedlings. The seedlings are then transferred to outdoor tanks and ponds when seawater temperatures drop to 20 °C, or below, and days become shorter during winter time. However, the current technology efficiently serves only about 100 m2 of ponds during one growth season. In order to produce seedlings in sufficient amounts, it is critical to address both technical and biological aspects of seedling production, securing optimal up-scale to commercial-size cultivation farms. We hypothesize that massive production of spores is related to thalli origin, thalli age and sporulation triggers, and that seedling survival and their subsequent growth potential is determined by the seawater quality and overall indoor growth conditions imposed. A series of bio-reactors were constructed and tested in which spore release and spore growth were separately studied. The main assessment criteria for optimal viability of the seedlings will be by determining their electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry and by subsequent growth and biomass yields in outdoor ponds. Altogether the project showed (1), controlled sporulation is possible in big outdoor/growth chamber settings provided initial stock material (small frozen seedlings) is at hand, (2), contamination problems can be almost completely avoided if stock material is properly handled (clean as possible and partially dehydrated prior to freezing), (3), spore release can significantly be enhance using high nutrient levels during thawing for P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, but not for P. rosengurttii, (4), PAM fluorometry is an efficient tool to estimate growth capacity in both seedlings and juvenile thalli. The BARD funding also served to explore other aspects of Porphyra biology and cultivation. For example, the taxonomical status of Porphyra strains used in this study was defined (see appendix), and the potential use of this seaweed in bioremediation was well substantiated. In addition, BARD funding supported a number of opportunities and activities in the Israeli lab, direct or indirectly related to the initial objectives of the project such as: additional molecular work in other seaweeds, description of at least 2 new species for the Israeli Mediterranean, and continuous support for the writing of a book on Global Change and applied aspects of seaweeds. The technology for Porphyra cultivation in land-based ponds is readily available. This study corroborated previous know-how of Porphyra growth in tanks and ponds, and yet offers important improvements regarding seedling production and their handling for successful cultivation. This study supported various other activities opening additional important issues in the biology/cultivation/use of Porphyra and other seaweeds.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.

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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.

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Reports on the topic "Strain release"