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Academic literature on the topic 'Strain gauges'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Strain gauges"

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Gallage, Chaminda, and Chamara Jayalath. "Use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to measure strains in geogrids." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199212007.

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Geosynthetics are widely used in Geotechnical Engineering to reinforce soil/gravel in pavements, retaining wall backfills, and embankments. It is important to measure strains in geogrids in the determination of their strength parameters such as tensile strength and secant stiffness, and in evaluating their performances in geogrid-reinforced structures. Strain gauges are commonly used in measuring strains in geogrids. However, it is important to verify the strains measured by strain gauges as these strains are affected by the data logging device, gauge factors, quality of bonding between grain gauge and geogrid, and temperature. Therefore, this study was conducted to verify the performance of strain gauges attached to Geogrids and also to investigate the possibility of using PIV technique and GeoPIV-RG software to measure the local strains developed in a geogrid specimen under tensile testing in the laboratory. In the experimental program of this study, six composite geogrid specimens were tested for tensile strength (wide-width tensile tests) while measuring/calculating its tensile strain by using strain gauges attached to the specimens, Geo-PIV-RG analysis and crosshead movements of Instron apparatus. Good agreement between the strains obtained from strain gauges and geoPIV-RG analysis was observed for all the tests conducted. These results suggest that the PIV technique along with geoPIV-RG program can effectively be used to measure the local strain of geogrids in the laboratory tests. It was also able to verify that properly installed strain gauges are able to measure strain in the geogrids which are used in the field applications.
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Cristofolini, L., B. P. McNamara, A. Freddi, and M. Viceconti. "In vitro measured strains in the loaded femur: Quantification of experimental error." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 3 (April 1, 1997): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513337.

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The application of strain gauges to bone surfaces has been extensively employed as a method of determining, strain fields in response to implanted devices in orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to determine some of the experimental errors associated with the use of strain gauges in in vitro experimental investigations of the loaded femur. An experimental protocol was devised to obtain strain data at 20 strain gauged locations on the proximal femur. These data were interpolated using a parametric model. The parametric model was then used to estimate the errors associated with mispositioning of the gauges and deviations in their direction of application to the bone. This sensitivity analysis was also supported by a finite element analysis for the purposes of comparison and cross-validation. The results indicated that the nature of the loading normally employed in the literature can contribute to making the readings for some of the gauges (anterior and posterior) unreliable and redundant, even for small positioning errors. The greatest predicted errors for the lateral and medial gauges were due to misalignment of the gauge as opposed to mispositioning. The size of the gauge had a negligible effect on the errors predicted relative to those caused by misalignment.
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Bednarz, Edward, Christian Dietrich, Brad Hepner, Jay Patel, and Abas Sabouni. "Determining Magnitudes of Forces at Known Locations through a Strain Gauge Force Transducer." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 8, 2023): 7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167017.

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A novel strain gauge force transducer was developed to minimize the number of strain gauges needed to determine the magnitudes of loads when the locations are known. This innovative methodology requires only one strain gauge for each force magnitude desired, reducing the complexity and cost associated with traditional approaches. The theory was verified with laboratory experiments. Seven uniaxial strain gauges were attached to the underside of a simply supported, slender, aluminum beam. One or more loads were applied either directly atop strain gauges or in known positions between strain gauges. Experiments were conducted on several different single and double-load configurations to evaluate the extent of the new methodology which yielded average errors under 5% for the cases where loads were direct atop strain gauges and 6.6% for the cases where the loads were between strain gauges. These findings indicate the potential of this novel strain gauge force transducer to revolutionize load measurement in scenarios where load locations are predetermined.
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Han, Ji-Hoon, Sung Joon Min, Joon Hyub Kim, and Nam Ki Min. "Reciprocating Arc Silicon Strain Gauges." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031381.

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Currently, silicon-strain-gauge-based diaphragm pressure sensors use four single-gauge chips for high-output sensitivity. However, the four-single-gauge configuration increases the number of glass frit bonds and the number of aluminum wire bonds, reducing the long-term stability, reliability, and yield of the diaphragm pressure sensor. In this study, a new design of general-purpose silicon strain gauges was developed to improve the sensor output voltage while reducing the number of bonds. The new gauges consist grid patterns with a reciprocating arc of silicon piezoresistors on a thin glass backing. The gauges make handling easier in the bonding process due to the use of thin glass for the gauge backing. The pressure sensors were tested under pressure ranging from 0 to 50 bar at five different temperatures, with a linear output with a typical sensitivity of approximately 16 mV/V/bar and an offset shift of –6 mV to 2 mV. The new approach also opens the possibility to extend arc strain gauges to half-bridge and full-bridge configurations to further reduce the number of glass frit and Al wire bonds in the diaphragm pressure sensor.
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Korshunov, V., R. Mudrik, D. Ponomarev, and A. Rodionov. "Approaches to refinement of analytical models for stress-strain state assessments of structures based on the analysis of monitoring system data." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, no. 395 (March 9, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-395-47-54.

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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses numerical simulation possibilities in terms of stress-strain monitoring for marine engineering structures. This approach can simulate the behavior of strain gauges for both elastic and plastic material behavior. Materials and methods. FEM-based simulation of strain gauge operation process taking into account geometric and physical non-linearity. Main results. Development of refined FE models for sensor installation area of stress-strain monitoring system. Numerical simulation of uniaxial and triaxial strain gauge operation. Time histories of strain gauge readings for linear and non-linear behavior of material. Sensitivity analysis of strain gauges in terms of various strain types. Update of strain gauge arrangement for the best description of structural strains. Conclusion. These results demonstrate and confirm a strong potential of numerical models in development of stress-strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Simulating strain gauge operation, these models make it possible to determine global strained state of given structure as per strain gauging data for some of its areas.
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Baker, Spencer A., McKay D. McFadden, Emma E. Bowden, Anton E. Bowden, Ulrike H. Mitchell, and David T. Fullwood. "Accounting for Viscoelasticity When Interpreting Nano-Composite High-Deflection Strain Gauges." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 5239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145239.

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High-deflection strain gauges show potential as economical and user-friendly sensors for capturing large deformations. The interpretation of these sensors is much more complex than that of conventional strain gauges due to the viscoelastic nature of strain gauges. This research endeavor developed and tested a model for interpreting sensor outputs that includes the time-dependent nature of strain gauges. A model that captures the effect of quasi-static strains was determined by using a conventional approach of fitting an equation to observed data. The dynamic relationship between the strain and the resistance was incorporated by superimposing dynamic components onto the quasi-static model to account for spikes in resistances that accompany each change in sensor strain and subsequent exponential decays. It was shown that the model can be calibrated for a given sensor by taking two data points at known strains. The resulting sensor-specific model was able to interpret strain-gauge electrical signals during a cyclical load to predict strain with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4% strain, and to determine the strain rate with an average MAE of 0.036 mm/s. The resulting model and tuning procedure may be used in a wide range of applications, such as biomechanical monitoring and analysis.
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Jin, Zhihao, Yuan Li, Dongjue Fan, Caitao Tu, Xuchen Wang, and Shiyong Dang. "Calibration Experiment and Temperature Compensation Method for the Thermal Output of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges in Health Monitoring of Structures." Symmetry 15, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051066.

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Electrical resistance strain gauges are widely used in asymmetric structures for measurement and monitoring, but their thermal output in changing temperature environments has a significant impact on the measurement results. Since thermal output is related to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the strain gauge’s sensitive grating material and the measured object, the temperature self-compensation technique of strain gauges fails to eliminate the additional strain caused by temperature because it cannot match the coefficient of thermal expansion of various measured objects. To address this problem, in this study, the principle of the thermal output of electrical resistance strain gauges was analyzed, a calibration experiment for thermal output in the case of a mismatch between the coefficient of linear expansion of the measured object and the strain gauge grating material was conducted, and the mechanism for temperature influence on thermal output was revealed. A method was proposed to obtain the thermal output curves for different materials by using thermostats with dual temperatures to conduct temperature calibration experiments. A linear regression method was used to obtain a linear formula for the thermal output corresponding to each temperature. The thermal output conversion relationship was derived for materials with different coefficients of linear expansion. An in situ temperature compensation technique for electrical resistance strain gauges that separates the measured strain into thermal and mechanical strains was proposed. The results showed that the thermal output curve for the measured object can be calibrated in advance and then deducted from the measured strain, thus reducing the influence of temperature-induced additional strain on the mechanical strain. In addition, a new method was provided for the calculation of the thermal output among materials with similar coefficients of linear expansion, providing a reference for the health monitoring of asymmetric structures.
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Tutak, Piotr. "Application Of Strain Gauges In Measurements Of Strain Distribution In Complex Objects." Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jacsm-2015-0004.

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Abstract This article presents an application of strain gauges in measurements of strain which occurs in charge air cooler during the thermal cycle test. The work shows the main idea of measuring system based on strain gauges and important aspects that should be considered when performing measurement. In this article there has been also presented construction and principle operation of a strain gauge measurement system.
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Alci, Muhsin, and Recep Gunes. "A comparison study on experimental characterization of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites using strain-gauges and virtual extensometers." Materials Testing 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0274.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to characterize E-glass/epoxy unidirectional fiber reinforced composites using the digital image correlation method with virtual extensometer, which is a less laborious method than strain gauges, compare the results and investigate whether virtual extensometers can be used instead of strain gauges. Measurements in tensile and Iosipescu shear tests were made with both strain gauge and virtual extensometer. Unlike full-field strain measurements in literature, the strains were measured using virtual extensometers. Tensile test and in-plane shear test results gave very consistent results. The differences between the strain gauge and the virtual extensometer for the tensile and in-plane shear tests were less than 3% in the linear region. However, the out-of-plane shear test showed a larger difference of 8.6%. This study showed that the 2D digital image correlation method with virtual extensometers is highly sufficient to find the elasticity moduli and shear moduli in tensile and shear tests in the linear region. In addition, after the damage has started, more measurement data can be obtained with virtual extensometers than with strain gauges.
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Lin, Fan, Xiaochuan Pan, Chao Wu, Yingjun Zeng, Guochun Chen, Qinnan Chen, Daoheng Sun, and Zhenyin Hai. "ZrB2/SiCN Thin-Film Strain Gauges for In-Situ Strain Detection of Hot Components." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2022): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091467.

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The in-situ strain/stress detection of hot components in harsh environments remains a challenging task. In this study, ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges were fabricated on alumina substrates by direct writing. The effects of ZrB2 content on the electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity of ZrB2/SiCN composites were investigated, and based on these, thin film strain gauges with high electrical conductivity (1.71 S/cm) and a gauge factor of 4.8 were prepared. ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges exhibit excellent static, cyclic strain responses and resistance stability at room temperature. In order to verify the high temperature performance of the ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges, the temperature-resistance characteristic curves test, high temperature resistance stability test and cyclic strain test were conducted from 25 °C to 600 °C. ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges exhibit good resistance repeatability and stability, and highly sensitive strain response, from 25 °C to 600 °C. Therefore, ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges provide an effective approach for the measurement of in-situ strain of hot components in harsh environments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strain gauges"

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Au, Daniel Tak Yin. "Evaporation cast thin film carbon nanotube strain gauges." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44860.

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This work describes the research performed on synthesising and measuring the gauge factor of evaporation cast thin film carbon nanotube strain gauges. The main characteristics pursued of the strain gauges are inexpensive, easily manufactured and reasonably sensitive. Carbon nanotubes have exhibited a high gauge factor due to their intrinsic piezoresistivity and were incorporated into evaporation cast films to try to take advantage of the high sensitivity. Another direction taken to improve the sensitivity is alignment of carbon nanotubes in the thin film. Previous work produced an evaporation cast carbon nanotube strain gauge with a relatively high gauge factor. However, it was not reproducible and the research encompassed extends from the previous work. A number of ink compositions with different carbon nanotube and surfactant loadings were used to synthesise thin films of carbon nanotubes on a polyimide substrate. Variations of evaporation casting were used to decrease the evaporation rate in attempts of carbon nanotube alignment through a self-organising liquid crystal phase during evaporation. Other methods of inkjet printing and air flow evaporation casting were also attempted to achieve alignment. Electrical connections using a conductive polymer and metal wires were fabricated onto the samples for electrical measurements. A four-point probe resistance measurement under the application of strain was used to elicit the gauge factors. The strain gauge design was modified from previous work for more reliable electrical connections and for higher applied strains. A procedure for electrical measurements coupled with the application of strain was devised and the gauge factors achieved varied between 0.1 and 4.0 with a median of 1.1 ±0.1. The median gauge factor was reproducible and exhibited by several samples fabricated with different types of evaporation casting. The decrease in evaporation rate did not result in either alignment or relatively high gauge factors. In general, alignment was not achieved with the other methods of air flow evaporation and inkjet printing.
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Zheng, Yulan. "Characterisation and development of novel thick film strain gauges." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47490/.

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The strain gauge is a physical sensor, in which the influence of an externally applied strain causes the resistance to undergo a reversible change. It can be applied to the measurement of force, pressure, and displacement etc. The thick film strain gauge is relatively new however and has been seen to have many advantages. System zero (offset) and system gain (sensitivity) are key characteristics of the strain gauges. Hence intensive research was carried out to study these two aspects of different construction types of thick film strain gauges, i.e. X-plane and Z-plane strain gauges. Different fabrication parameters of these devices were studied for their effect on the characteristic. Temperature characteristics of both of these types of devices were examined as a measure of system zero stability. Combinations of resistor thickness, construction materials and geometric parameters of these types of devices were noticed to affect their temperature behavior. These observations would undoubtedly facilitate the achievement of good TCR matching between resistors in practical application. A programme of explanatory theory to understand these observations has been submitted, which comprises strain analysis and conduction mechanism study. Loading characteristics of Z-plane strain gauges have also been studied to explore the potential of this type of device.
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Baradoy, Daniel Alexander. "Composition Based Modaling of Silicone Nano-Composite Strain Gauges." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5483.

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In this work a review of the technology surrounding high deflection strain sensing with an emphasis on that of a recently developed nickel nano-composite strain sensor is presented. A new base silicone material was identified for the nickel nano-composite strain sensor that improves its mechanical stiffness and conductive properties. A previously identified cyclic creep concern was mitigated through preconditioning and the use of adhered backing materials. Through a block design experiment the strain/resistance curves for the strain sensors were characterized over a wide range of nano-filler material compositions. An analytical model was developed based on observation that the resistance of the sensors follows a log-normal response with respect to applied strain. The model demonstrated high fidelity in representing the resistance-strain relationship of the sensors yielding an average R2 value of .93. A standard least squares statistical analysis confirmed strong relationships between curve fit parameters of the modified log-normal model and additive volume fractions with significance at the .05 level for each case. A suitable strain gauge composition was selected for a specific application: a fetal monitoring device. A prototype belt was developed that is worn over the abdomen to detect deflections cause by labor contractions and other fetal movements. Simulation testing on the device was performed and the device was found to be a feasible option for fetal monitoring.
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Anderson, Matthew Francis. "Parametric investigation of strain gauges in structural damage detection." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2436.

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Vibration-based damage detection (VBDD) methods are used to detect damage in structural members non-evasively. This investigation began with two objectives: to prove a VBDD method could detect damage using strain gauges both analytically and experimentally, and to then use that method to determine the distance from a damaged area that strain gauges could be effective. Work began simultaneously using finite element software and physical experiments. It was determined that a VBDD method could detect damage with strain gauges in both settings. A parametric study was then completed that used probabilistic methods to identify an effective range for strain gauges over the length of the structural member.
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Шумакова, Наталія Іванівна, Наталия Ивановна Шумакова, Nataliia Ivanivna Shumakova, and О. В. Слиненко. "Тензодатчики на основі плівкових матеріалів." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17765.

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Almarghalani, Maan. "Design and characterization of polymeric strain gauges for biomedical applications." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52523.

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The market need for organic materials to be used in sensor design has increased with the growing interest in organic printed electronics. Therefore, it is important to find and investigate the piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties of organic materials through the use of alternative rapid fabrication techniques. Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate), commonly known as PEDOT:PSS, a conductive polymer widely used in organic electronics, can be possibly used as piezoresistive element to measure the strain on flexible substrate electronics. Using PEDOT:PSS and other metallic inks such as silver, the goal of this work is use alternative microfabrication technologies to deposit PEDOT:PSS on flexible substrates and then to use these methods to design strain gauges. The targeted biomedical applications of the designed strain gauges vary from rehabilitation devices to smart biomedical monitoring systems. In this work, PEDOT:PSS strain gauges are initially designed using aerosol jet deposition on a flexible polyamide substrate. The technology has proved to be very powerful in depositing lines with thickness less than 1um. In order to reduce the initial resistance of the strain gauges, it is desirable to increase the thickness of the structure. For this reason, laser micromachining etching is used to fabricate PEDOT:PSS strain gauges. The designed structures have been tested mechanically and electrically in order to measure their gauge factors to longitudinal and transversal mechanical strains. The resultant longitudinal gauge factor varied in the range of -1 and 2, while little change in the resistance was noticed for transversal characterization. Using the same fabrication method, silver paint strain gauges are designed and characterized to have a high longitudinal gauge factor approximated to be higher than 10. The silver paint gauge factor barely responded to transversal actuation. While the variability of the PEDOT:PSS strain gauges results seemed to be an issue, the reproducibility of silver ink strain gauges proved the viability of the technological fabrication process presented in this work.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Philip-Chandry, Rekha. "Fluid flow measurement using electrical and optical fibre strain gauges." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5565/.

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The design, development and calibration of three flow sensors to measure the speed and direction of fluid flow is presented in this thesis. The force exerted by the fluid flow on the sensors are measured using strain gauges. Multidirectional fluid flow measurement has been made possible by vectorial addition of the orthogonal flow components. The fluid speed and direction are generated irrespective of each other. Electrical resistance strain gauges are used as the force measuring device for the first version of the flow meter. These strain gauges are bonded to the four longitudinal surfaces of a square-sectioned, elastic, rubber cantilever having a drag element attached to its free end. An attempt has been made to optimise the shape and dimensions of the elastic beam to obtain a constant drag co-efficient over a wide flow range. Calibration of the electrical strain gauge flow sensor has been performed in a wind tunnel to measure air flow. The sensor has a repeatability of 0.02%, linearity within 2% and a resolution of 0.43 m/s. The most noteworthy feature of the flow sensor is its quick response time of 50 milliseconds. The sensor is able to generate a measurement of flow direction in two dimensions with a resolution of 3.6". Preliminary measurements in a water tank enabled the speed of water to be measured with a resolution of 0.02 m/s over a range from 0 to 0.4 m/s. An optical fibre strain sensor has been designed and developed by inserting grooves into a multimode plastic optical fibre. As the fibre bends, the variation in the angle of the grooves causes an intensity modulation of the light transmitted through the fibre. A mathematical model has been developed which has been experimentally verified in the laboratory. The electrical strain gauge was replaced by the fibre optic strain gauge in the second version of the flow sensor. Two dimensional flow measurement was made possible by attaching two such optical fibre strain gauges on the adjacent sides of the square sectioned rubber beam. The optical fibre flow sensor was successfully calibrated in a wind tunnel to generate both the magnitude and direction of the velocity of air. The flow sensor had a repeatability of 0.3% and measured the wind velocity up to 30 M/s with a magnitude resolution of 1.3 m/s and a direction resolution of 5.9'. The third version of the flow sensor has used the grooved optical fibre strain sensor by itself without the rubber beam to measure the fluid flow. Wind tunnel calibration has been performed to measure two dimensional wind flow up to 35 m/s with a resolution of 0.96 m/s.
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Remington, Taylor David. "Biomechanical Applications and Modeling of Quantum Nano-Composite Strain Gauges." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4407.

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Biological tissues routinely experience large strains and undergo large deformations during normal physiologic activity. Biological tissue deformation is well beyond the range of standard strain gauges, and hence must often be captured using expensive and non-portable options such as optical marker tracking methods that may rely upon significant post-processing. This study develops portable gauges that operate in real time and are compatible with the large strains seen by biological materials. The new gauges are based on a relatively new technique for quantifying large strain in real-time (up to 40 %) by use of a piezoresistive nano-composite strain gauge. The nano-composite strain gauges (NCSGs) are manufactured by suspending nickel nanostrands within a biocompatible silicone matrix. The conductive nickel filaments come into progressively stronger electrical contact with each other as the NCSG is strained, thus reducing the electrical resistance that is then measured using a four-probe method. This thesis summarizes progress in the understanding, design and application of NCSGs for biomechanical applications. The advanced understanding arises from a nano-junction-level finite element analysis of gap evolution that models how the geometry varies with strain in the critical regions between nickel particles. Future work will incorporate this new analysis into global models of the overall piezoresistive phenomenon. The improvements in design focused on the manufacturing route to obtain a reliable thin and flexible gauge, along with a modified connection and data extraction system to reduce drift issues that were present in all previous tests. Furthermore, a pottable data logging system was developed for mobile applications. Finally, a method of analyzing the resultant data was formulated, based upon cross-correlation techniques, in order to distinguish between characteristic wave-forms for distinct physical activities. All of these improvements were successfully demonstrated via a gait-tracking system applied to the insole of standard running shoes.
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Martineau, Adin Douglas. "Estimation of Knee Kinematics Using Non-Monotonic Nanocomposite High-Deflection Strain Gauges." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7037.

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Human knee kinematics, especially during gait, are an important analysis tool. The current "gold standard" for kinematics measurement is a multi-camera, marker-based motion capture system with 3D position tracking. These systems are accurate but expensive and their use is limited to a confined laboratory environment. High deflection strain gauges (HDSG) are a novel class of sensors that have the potential to measure kinematics and can be inexpensive, low profile, and are not limited to measurements within a calibrated volume. However, many HDSG sensors can have a non-linear and non-monotonic response. This thesis explores using a nanocomposite HDSG sensor system for measuring knee kinematics in walking gait and overcoming the non-monotonic sensor response found in HDSGs through advanced modeling techniques. Nanocomposite HDSG sensors were placed across the knee joint in nine subjects during walking gait at three speeds and three inclines. The piezoresistive response of the sensors was obtained by including the sensors in a simple electrical circuit and recorded using a low-cost microcontroller. The voltage response from the system was used in four models. The first two models included a physics-based log-normal model and statistical functional data analysis model that estimated continuous knee angles. The third model was a discrete linear regression model that estimated the inflection points on the knee flexion/extension cycle. Finally, a machine learning approach helped to predict subject speed and incline of the walking surface. The models showed the sensor has the capability to provide knee kinematic data to a degree of accuracy comparable to similar kinematic sensors. The log-normal model had a 0.45 r-squared and was unsuitable as a stand-alone continuous angle predictor. After running a 10-fold cross validation the functional data analysis (FDA) model had an overall RMSE of 3.4° and could be used to predict the entire knee flexion/extension angle cycle. The discrete linear regression model predicted the inflection points on the knee kinematics graph during each gait cycle with an average RMSE of 1.92° for angle measures and 0.0332 seconds for time measures. In every estimate, the discrete linear regression model performed better than the FDA model at those points. The 10-fold cross validation of the machine learning approach using the discrete voltages could predict the categorical incline 90% of the time and the RMSE for the speed model was 0.23 MPH. The use of a HDSG as a knee kinematics sensor was shown as a viable alternative to existing motion capture technology. In future work, it is recommended that a calibration method be developed that would allow this sensor to be used independent of a motion capture system. With these advancements, this inexpensive and low profile HDSG will advance understanding of human gait and kinematics in a more affordable and scope enhancing way.
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Djugum, Richard. "Novel fabrication processes for thin film vapour deposited strain gauges on mild steel." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070424.115951/index.html.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering and Science, 2006.
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Engineering and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-138).
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Books on the topic "Strain gauges"

1

Harvey, J. F. A microprocessor controlled strain gauge calibration module. Melbourne, Victoria: Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 1989.

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Richards, W. Lance. A new correction technique for strain-gage measurements acquired in transient-temperature environments. Edwards, Calif: NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, 1996.

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Institution, British Standards. Calibration of bonded electrical resistance strain gauges. London: BSI, 1988.

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Oswald, Fred B. Gear tooth stress meaurements on the UH-60A helicopter transmission. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1987.

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Valis, Tomas. Fiber optic Fabry-Perot strain gauge. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1990.

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Pollock, N. An improved strain gauge transducer amplifier for wind tunnel use. Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical Research Laboratories, 1986.

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Reardon, Lawrence F. Evaluation of a strain-gage load calibration on a low-aspect-ratio wing structure at elevated temperature. Moffett Field, Calif: Ames Research Center, 1989.

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Kindermann, M. R. A slow strain-rate tensile testing machine. Melbourne, Victoria: Dept. of Defence, Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 1989.

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Valis, Tomas. Localized and distributed fiber-optic strain sensors embedded in composite materials. [Downsview, Ont.]: University of Toronto, 1991.

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Valis, Tomas. Localized and distributed fiber-optic strain sensors embedded in composite materials. [Downsview, Ont.]: Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strain gauges"

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Ştefănescu, Dan Mihai. "Strain Gauges Electronic Circuits." In Handbook of Force Transducers, 361–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18296-9_19.

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Schomburg, Werner Karl. "Strain Gauges on Membranes." In Introduction to Microsystem Design, 73–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47023-7_8.

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Schomburg, Werner Karl. "Strain Gauges on Membranes." In Introduction to Microsystem Design, 53–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19489-4_7.

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Ştefănescu, Dan Mihai. "Strain Gauges—Resistive and Other Principles." In Handbook of Force Transducers, 51–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35322-3_5.

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Vanlanduit, Steve, Mario Sorgente, Aydin R. Zadeh, Alfredo Güemes, and Nadimul Faisal. "Strain Monitoring." In Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace, 219–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_8.

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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the use of strain sensors for structural health monitoring. Compared to acceleration-based sensors, strain sensors can measure the deformation of a structure at very low frequencies (up to DC) and enable the measurement of ultrasonic responses. Many existing SHM methods make use of strain measurement data. Furthermore, strain sensors can be easily integrated in (aircraft) structures. This chapter discusses the working principle of traditional strain gauges (Sect. 8.1) and different types of optical fiber sensors (Sect. 8.2). The installation requirements of strain sensors and the required hardware for reading out sensors are provided. We will also give an overview of the advantages and the limitations of commonly used strain sensors. Finally, we will present an overview of the applications of strain sensors for structural health monitoring in the aeronautics field.
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Bachofner, Wolfgang, and Johann Kollegger. "Monitoring the Evolution of Concrete Strain Using Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1173–80. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32519-9_118.

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Thompson, S. J., R. T. Hartshorn, and J. Summerscales. "Strain Gauges on Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Laminates." In Composite Structures 3, 748–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4952-2_53.

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Rozevika, Artyom, Alexei Katashev, Alexander Okss, Janne Mantyla, and Rene Coffeng. "On the Monitoring of Breathing Volume, Using Textile Strain Gauges." In IFMBE Proceedings, 921–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9038-7_170.

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Demes, Brigitte. "Use of Strain Gauges in the Study of Primate Locomotor Biomechanics." In Primate Locomotion, 237–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0092-0_14.

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Doshi, Megh, Maitri Fafadia, Charmi Gandhi, and Sunil Karamchandani. "Cellulose Acetate Substrates for Design and Calibration of Strain Gauges in Angle Measurement." In Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 281–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8339-6_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strain gauges"

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Mignolet, Marc P., and Byeong-Keun Choi. "Robust Optimal Positioning of Strain Gauges on Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30454.

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This paper focuses on the formulation and validation of an automatic strategy for the selection of the locations and directions of strain gauges to capture at best the modal response of a blade in a series of modes. These locations and directions are selected to render the strain measurements as robust as possible with respect to random mispositioning of the gauges and gauge failures. The approach relies on the evaluation of the signal-to-noise ratios of the gauge measurements from finite element strain data and includes the effects of gauge size. A genetic algorithm is used to find the strain gauge locations-directions that lead to the largest possible value of the smallest modal strain signal-to-noise ratio, in the absence of gauge failure, or of its expected value when gauge failure is possible. A fan blade is used to exemplify the applicability of the proposed methodology and to demonstrate the effects of the essential parameters of the problem, i.e. the mispositioning level, the probability of gauge failure, and the number of gauges.
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Li, Jinggao, Jon P. Longtin, Szymon Tankiewicz, Andrew Gouldstone, and Sanjay Sampath. "Characterization of Interdigital Capacitive Strain Gauges by Direct Write Technology." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72769.

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Interdigitated capacitive strain gauges have several distinct advantages over resistive-based strain gauges, particularly for applications in harsh environments, such as high-temperature environments. In this work capacitive strain gauges have been fabricated using thermal spray technology. Gauges are fabricated using both a direct-write approach where the gauge is fabricated using a computer-controlled deposition system and by ultrafast laser micromachining in which blanket coatings sprayed onto a substrate are subsequently laser micrornachined. Silver coatings were sprayed onto plastic, polymer, composites, fiberglass and alumina to form the strain gauges. An ultrafast laser machining technique was used to fabricate capacitive strain gauges on copper coated printed circuit boards as well as NiCr coatings on alumina substrate. The typical capacitance of strain gauge was in the range of 5∼25 pF. Mechanical tests included gauge factor, linearity and zero shift. Temperature-based measurements include the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) measurements and thermal cycling tests. The devices show promise for use in wireless strain monitoring applications.
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Mäder, T., B. Senf, M. Hamm, M. Zoch, W. G. Drossel, I. N. de Sosa, and P. Wolf. "D4.1 - Shape memory strain gauges." In AMA Conferences 2017. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensor2017/d4.1.

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Li, Qiang, Carlos Cary, Sean Combs, and Navneet Garg. "Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Layer Response Using Asphalt Strain Gauges and Fiber Optic Strain Gauges." In International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479926.005.

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KUMARI, RAJESH, PARMESHWARI PA SHARMA, PANKAJ SAJAN, and J. P. SINGH. "MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SS316 UNDER HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36070.

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The paper discusses the experimental methods and techniques to measure the dynamic response of austenitic stainless steel SS316 subjected to the intense shock load of high explosive. The strains experienced by the material are transient in nature and last for a fraction of second with peak strain value of 15%. For experimentation, the cylindrical structures of austenitic stainless steel SS316 in various diameter 200mm-400mm, height 200mm-800mm & thickness 1-1.2mm were arranged by IGCAR . These cylinders were filled with water and rigidly held from both ends in a counter weight foundation. The experiments were conducted by detonating the explosive charge at the center of these water filled cylinders. The quantity of explosive used in trials varies from 4grams to 50grams. The response of the cylindrical structure under intense load of high explosive charge was measured by using post yield strain gages having strain limit of 15 %. The TML make post yield strain gauges model No.YFLA-10 were pasted on the cylinder in axial and shear directions to measure the dynamic axial and hoop strains. The strain gauges used were made of constantan material having 120Ω resistance, 10mm length and gauge factor of 2.1. These gauges were pasted on the cylindrical structure with the help of cynoacrylite (CN). As the strain generated in the material under explosive load is dynamic in nature, so TML make modular high bandwidth amplifier each having bandwidth of 200khz were used to condition the outputs of strain gauges. The conditioned outputs from strain gauges were recorded using data acquisition system having bandwidth greater than 200 kHz. High speed photography has also been used to capture the transient deformation of the cylimderical structure during the detonation.. The acquired strain data in instrumented trials has been used in determining the strain limit of austenitic stainless steel SS316 under high strain rate in explosive environment.
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Zens, M., J. Ruhhammer, F. Goldschmidtboeing, M. J. Feucht, A. Bernstein, P. Niemeyer, H. O. Mayr, and P. Woias. "Polydimethylsiloxane strain gauges for biomedical applications." In TRANSDUCERS 2015 - 2015 18th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2015.7181287.

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Vaziri, Masoud, and Chin-Lin Chen. "Etched multimode fibers as strain gauges." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1991.wl2.

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Pawel, Kielbasa, Grodny Krzysztof, Drozdz Tomasz, Korenko Marosz, and Findura Pavel. "Position for calibrating resistance strain gauges." In 2018 Applications of Electromagnetics in Modern Techniques and Medicine (PTZE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptze.2018.8503256.

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Druzhinin, Anatoly, Oleksiy Kutrakov, Igor Ostrovskii, Yuriy Khoverko, Natalia Liakh-Kaguy, and Dmytro Chemerys. "Tensometric Characteristics of GaSb Strain Gauges." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Information and Telecommunication Technologies and Radio Electronics (UkrMiCo). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ukrmico52950.2021.9716613.

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Dewar, Douglas, Andy Tong, Edward McClarty, and Greg Van Boven. "Technical and Operational Guidelines When Using Strain Gauges to Monitor Pipelines in Slow Moving Landslides." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64594.

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Vibrating wire (VW) strain gauges have been used by the pipeline industry for over 50 years as part of landslide hazard management programs. This paper provides technical and operational guidelines for the use of these strain gauges based on 20 years of experience managing active but slow moving landslides. Guidelines are provided for the use of strain gauges during 1) routine monitoring 2) cut outs and 3) strain relief. Examples of expected strain gauge responses are provided along with technical considerations for interpreting data. Given the relatively small size of the gauges in relation to the length of pipeline within most landslides, techniques are provided to best locate the gauges including the use of 1) visual/on-site geotechnical assessments, 2) geotechnical monitoring technologies and 3) smart pigging technologies (caliper, IMU and axial strain technologies). Limitations, reliability, and alternatives to VW gauges are also discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Strain gauges"

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Wang, Peter, Amiee Jackson, Tyler Smith, Vipin NLN, DONALD Erdman III, Rick Lowden, Kris Villez, Brenin Bales, and Roo Walker. Printed Strain Gauges for Anthropomorphic Test Dummies for Vehicle Crash Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1885301.

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Phero, Timothy, Michael McMurtrey, Michael Heighes, and Kaelee Novich. Validation of Printed Strain Gauges at Moderate Temperatures (up to 300°C). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1901809.

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Alexander, Chris. PR-562-184500-R01 Feasibility Study of Piggable Plug Technologies for Onshore Pressure Isolation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011665.

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Pipeline isolation tools from three different manufacturers were evaluated using full-scale testing and numerical modeling to evaluate stresses generated in 24-inch diameter pipe material considering tool-induced loads and internal pressure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted to calculate stresses and strains considering different pipe sizes, material grades, and internal pressures. The FEA results were used to generate a user-friendly parametric tool that was validated with measurements made using strain gauges installed on the test spools. The program demonstrated that the isolation tools are an effective means for isolating pressures without inducing excessive levels of stress or damage to the internal pipe surfaces.
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Bala. L51600 Engineering Critical Assessment of Girth Welds in Small Diameter Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010101.

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Transmission pipeline girth welds are fabricated and inspected to rigorous material standards such as API 1104, CSA Z 184 and BSI 4515. These standards contain weld defect acceptance levels based on good workmanship criteria and have been arrived at on the basis of traditional welding and inspection practices. In certain instances, defects that do not meet the workmanship standards have been accepted on the basis of an engineering critical assessment (ECA) using the British Standard PD 6493 assessment technique. The use of ECA is now being incorporated into the pipeline codes. Four girth welds containing hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) defects at the root were prepared in small diameter (305 mm) thin wall (6.35 mm) X52 pipes using E6010 (E41010) electrodes for the root and hot passes and E7010 (E48010) electrodes for the fill and capping passes. The CTOD tests were performed for the girth welds using each of HIC as well as fatigue pre-crack for the crack. The minimum, the average and an intermediate (between minimum and average) CTOD value at -40C obtained for the specimens containing HIC were used to determine the surface crack sizes for the girth weld roots from BS PD6493. The girth weld containing the 1/4 thickness HIC was full scale tested at -40C. The test was terminated when the remote strain gauges showed plastic deformation/ buckling in the pipe. The second and third full- scale girth weld tests were carried out with the half wall and an intermediate (between 1/4 and 1/2 wall) wall defect. In both cases the girth failed when the remote strain gauge readings in the pipe were still elastic.
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Leveque, E., M. Zarea, R. Batisse, and P. Roovers. IPC-BST-R01 Burst Strength of Gouges in Low Toughness Gas Transmission Pipes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011781.

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EPRG research aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent failure behavior. More specifically, one objective is to evaluate the toughness-dependent Battelle formula for burst resistance of gouges for (very) low toughness values. This mainly experimental project checks this behavior on several gas transmission pipes, a small diameter one, 150 mm, a medium diameter one, 350 mm, and a large diameter one, 900 mm. Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on the toughness independent criterion, a set of gouges is defined, of different depths/lengths, so as to span the different regions of the criterion, covering both short and long defects. These defects are manufactured by spark erosion, resulting in thin slits. Each such slit is incorporated into a vessel that is submitted to a burst test, with a number of additional measurements, like strain gauges on the pipe surface, a clip gauge et the center of the defect. For the small and medium sized pipes, temperature is also controlled during the test, to ensure it is as low as practically feasible, without heavy infrastructure. The results are interpreted both in terms of comparison with the criteria, and also in terms of analysis of the failure surface, to identify failure mechanisms.
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Raja, Rameez Ali, Mustafa Kilic, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Fei Han. Implementation Study: Continuous, Wireless Data Collection and Monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317367.

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This report presents, in detail, the development and implementation of a wireless solar powered DAQ system for continuous real-time monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge using the data collected from strain gauges installed in the bridge pier and its foundation piles. The data analysis showed that there is no significant change in the load-settlement response of the bridge pier 3 years after its construction. The pile cap contribution in carrying the total load carried by the bridge pier is significant (about 20%). The hourly ambient temperature trends match with the incremental bending moments measured on the bridge pier and the piles. The daily temperature cycles also affected the load transferred between the piles within the pile group. The water level fluctuations of the Wabash River impacted the total load carried by the pier, such that a rise in water level resulted in slight drop in the total load carried by the bridge pier due to buoyant forces. The overall results of the bridge monitoring showed that the bridge has performed well since its construction.
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Zand, Benjamin. PR-218-104509-R01 Field Validation of Surface Loading Stress Calculations for Buried Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010547.

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The objective for this two phase project was to validate surface loading criterion for pipelines with shallow burial. This is the report of the first phase of this project which focused on field measurements of the stress in shallow buried pipe while it is being crossed by heavy equipment. During the second phase, this data will be compared with the predictions of the most prevalent models currently used for surface load stress analysis for pipelines with shallow cover. The objective of the two phase study is to have a validated model for surface loading of shallow buried pipe. In the phase I, Kiefner and Associates, Inc. instrumented three buried pipe segments at the Spectra Energy Berne Station in Southeastern Ohio. The station was PRCI approved. The line was instrumented with strain gauges in order to make direct measurements of the stress in the pipeline as heavy equipment crosses over the pipeline. The data generated in this first phase and, if necessary, additional data from a second phase will be compared with the current Spangler, Iowa and CEPA models used for surface load stress analysis during the second phase.
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Kercel, S. W. OTDR strain gauge for smart skins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185096.

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Holden, T., J. Root, and R. Hosbons. CWI1988-Andi-12 Neutron Diffraction of Axial Residual Strains in the Vicinity of a Girth Weld. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011390.

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Recent research has shown that neutron diffraction is a practical non-destructive method for determining residual strains in the vicinity of a girth weld in line pipe. The basis of the technique is that the distance between planes of atoms is used as a miniature, directional, internal strain gauge, just as for X-ray measurements. However, the penetration of neutrons into metals ls from 1000 to 10,000 times greater than that of X-rays, so that measurements may easily be made throughout the thickness of steel pipe including the region of the weld itself. The purpose of the present measurements was to characterize the axial residual strains remaining in linepipe after two pieces had been joined with a girth weld. This report summarizes the measurements of the axial residual strains in each of two pipes of thickness 11 and 16 mm at the 6:00, 1:30 and 10:00 positions.
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Stimson, M. G., and J. G. Sparrow. Evaluation of a Hand-Held Frictional Strain Gauge. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198125.

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