Relevant bibliographies by topics / Strain gages

Academic literature on the topic 'Strain gages'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Strain gages"

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FOSS, SUSAN K. "Bendable Strain Gages?" Experimental Techniques 7, no. 11 (January 28, 2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1983.tb01696.x.

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Glisson, Richard R., Douglas S. Musgrave, Robert D. Graham, and Thomas P. Vail. "Validity of Photoelastic Strain Measurement on Cadaveric Proximal Femora." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 4 (March 22, 2000): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287162.

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Rosette strain gages indicate shear and principal strains at specific points, whereas photoelastic coatings provide shear strain information over a broad area. Information regarding bone loading and load transfer from a prosthetic implant to adjacent bone can be obtained using either strain-measuring technique on loaded femora. This study compared proximal femoral strains derived from photoelastic coatings to those obtained from rosette strain gages applied directly to the bone in order to determine the relationships between photoelastic shear strains and rosette shear and principal strains. Photoelastic shear strains underestimated rosette shear strains and exceeded the larger of the rosette principal strains. Principal strains derived from photoelastic coatings augmented with strain separator gages underestimated their rosette counterparts in most instances. Correlation was strong and nearly linear for all measures, indicating that photoelastic coatings can accurately express proportional strain changes despite imperfect agreement in absolute strain magnitudes. The best agreement between absolute strain magnitudes occurred in the proximal medial, or calcar, region. Understanding the relationships between the various measures obtained using the two strain measurement methods will allow more accurate estimates of actual strains to be made from photoelastic coatings. [S0148-0731(00)01704-0]
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Lee, C. ‐K, and T. C. O’Sullivan. "Piezoelectric strain rate gages." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 2 (August 1991): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401961.

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Hannah, R. L., and R. T. Reese. "STRAIN GAGES - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS." Experimental Techniques 17, no. 6 (November 1993): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1993.tb00788.x.

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Gipple, K. L., and D. Hoyns. "Measurement of the Out-of-Plane Shear Response of Thick Section Composite Materials Using the V-Notched Beam Specimen." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 6 (April 1994): 543–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402800604.

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The out-of-plane shear response of thick, unidirectional and crossply, AS4/3501-6 and S2 glass/3501-6 laminates was investigated theoretically and experimentally using V-notched beam (Iosipescu) specimens. Strains were monitored in the specimen test sections using conventional strain gages, moiré interferometry and full section strain gages. Crossply laminates exhibited a fairly uniform strain distribution away from the notches, while the unidirectional specimens were characterized by a nonuniform distribution. Measured strains correlated very well with predicted strains from specimen finite element analyses using nonlinear elastic material properties.
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Shull, L. C., and C. P. Wright. "STRAIN GAGES FOR EXTREME TEMPERATURES." Experimental Techniques 26, no. 1 (January 2002): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2002.tb00056.x.

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Sharpe, W. N., and K. C. Wang. "Small attachable interferometric strain gages." Experimental Mechanics 28, no. 2 (June 1988): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02317563.

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Li, Xiao Jun, Wen Ming Zhu, Yu Guo Wang, and Yu Zhang. "The Characteristics of Low Frequency on Detecting Method via Strain Gages." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1161.

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In order to find out the feasibility to obtain dynamics peculiarity in high frequency domain, the dynamic peculiarity on detecting method with strain gages is researched. By modeling and analyzing qualitatively, the characteristics of low frequency are indicated for strain gages sensor system. Comparing with the test signal difference between vibration acceleration sensor and strain gages sensor system at the three domain which are time, amplitude and frequency, the characteristics of low frequency are proved for the one. Therefore while detecting the high frequency dynamic signal with strain gages sensor system, the high frequency information is attenuated, the mostly spectrum information is lost.
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Druzhinin, A., O. Kutrakov, I. Ostrovskii, N. Liakh-Kaguy, and D. Chemerys. "Strain gages based on gallium arsenide whiskers." Information and communication technologies, electronic engineering 1, no. 1 (July 2021): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ictee2021.01.128.

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Strain-resistant properties of GaAs whiskers and ribbons of p- and n-type conductivity with various length (0.3–7 mm) and diameter (10–40 μm) have been investigated in a wide range of temperatures. Strain gages based on heavily doped p-type conductivity GaAs whiskers have linear deformation characteristics and a weak temperature dependence of strain sensitivity in the temperature range from –20 to +3500 °C. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TСR) of not fixed strain gages is about +(0.12–0.16)% × grad–1. The temperature coefficient of strain sensitivity is –0.03 % × deg–1 in the temperature range –120+800 °C. Strain gages based on n-type GaAs ribbons are characterized by high flexibility and high strain sensitivity. They are capable up to +4000 °C and can be used to measure deformations on curved surfaces at high temperatures. TСR of not fixed strain gages is –0.01 +0.03 % × grad–1. The temperature coefficient of strain sensitivity is –0.16% × deg–1 in the temperature range –120 ... +4000 °С.
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von der Heide, Chresten, Maria Grein, and Andreas Dietzel. "Femtosecond laser-contoured micro-strain gages." Microelectronic Engineering 214 (June 2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2019.05.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strain gages"

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Koob, Christopher E. "High temperature fiber optic strain sensing." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171339/.

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Weissbach, Joel. "Measuring forces on a hydropower generator using strain gages." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256575.

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Increased awareness concerning our energy consumption and its environmentaleffects, has led to a high demand for renewable energies. Hydropower providesaround 40 percent of the electric energy consumed in Sweden today. If energyefficiency and production time were to increase only by some percent in thehydropower plants, vast amounts of additional renewable energy could besupplied to the electric grid. The Hydropower group at Uppsala University usesa hydropower generator to localize and decrease some of the power losses andthe wearing in the generator. New equipment is being tested and evaluated onthe generator. By measuring static and dynamic forces in the generator broaderinsight can be reached during these tests. This thesis describes the development of a system measuring forces on ahydropower generator using strain gages. Each sensor node is equipped withfour strain gages and a signal conditioning circuit. The system measures strain inthe generator, converts it to a voltage signal, amplifies it, filters and transmits it.After calibration of the nodes, forces can be extracted indirectly. This thesisdescribes considerations made during design of the system as well as its differentparts and configurations.
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Erm, Lincoln P. Ferrarotto Phil. "Development of a five-component strain-gauge balance for the DSTO water tunnel." Fishermans Bend, Vic. : Defence Science and Technology Organisation Air Vehicles Division, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1947/10033.

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Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1947/10033.
"November 2009". Available on the DSTO website as at DSTO at :http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/10033/1/DSTO-GD-0597%20PR.pdf
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Russell, Scott A. "Strain gauge measurements of blade resonance using eddy current excitation in a vacuum spin pit." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FRussell.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Raymond P. Shreeve, Garth V. Hobson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93). Also available online.
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Bennett, K. D. "Optical fiber modal domain sensors for dynamic strain measurement /." This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115006/.

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Djugum, Richard. "Novel fabrication processes for thin film vapour deposited strain gauges on mild steel." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070424.115951/index.html.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering and Science, 2006.
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Engineering and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-138).
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Busic, John F. "The design of skin friction gages for measurements in high-speed, short-duration flows." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020036/.

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Bennett, K. D. (Kimberly Dean). "Optical fiber modal domain sensors for dynamic strain measurement." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39349.

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Modern engineering structures often incorporate new materials and complex designs for which existing techniques for nondestructive evaluation prove inadequate, especially for dynamic and in-service measurements. At the same time, optical fiber sensors have been identified as an ideal candidate for embedded and attached measurements of material parameters such as strain, temperature, or state of damage. In particular, sensors based on optical fiber modal interference phenomena have been shown to be capable of highly sensitive detection of static and dynamic strain. This work reviews known applications of modal domain sensing to measurement science to date, and discusses the principles behind the method. A general expression for the intensity distribution emerging from a multimode fiber is formulated, covering both few mode and highly multimode fibers, and new expressions for their sensitivity to both radial and axial strain are derived. Optimized multimode fibers are seen to show an intrinsic phase sensitivity which rivals or even surpasses that of the single mode interferometer, especially in the case of applied radial strain. The use of modal domain sensors for real-time ultrasonic wave transduction is described as a particular application to NDE, with experimental results being presented with regard to acoustic emission monitoring as well as the detection and analysis of shock waves due to impact. Finally, optimization schemes and alternatives for such sensors are addressed, and recommendations for future work are raised.
Ph. D.
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Resende, Fernanda de Lima e. Sá [UNESP]. "Análise da distribuição de cargas e das forças entre asseno e encosto, na postura sentada adequada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97102.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a distribuição das cargas no sistema cadeira plataforma de força (C-PF) e verificar se há correlação entre as forças medidas no assento e encosto, na postura sentada adequada. Participaram 38 voluntários, classificados pelo biótipo (32 mulheres e 6 homens): idade média de 43,92 anos, estatura média de 1,60 m e peso corporal médio de 65,10 kgf. Uma cadeira, com células de carga nas partes anterior e posterior do assento e no encosto, e uma plataforma de força mediram a distribuição do peso corporal. Estabeleceram-se várias correlações entre as variáveis (peso corporal, altura, idade, e índice de massa corporal) e as cargas medidas e entre as próprias forças adquiridas. Uma das correlações determinou uma relação entre a força total no assento e a força medida no encosto. A distribuição do peso corporal observada foi: 20,04% na plataforma de força; 45,33% e 30,43%, nas partes anterior e posterior do assento, respectivamente; e 4,20% no encosto. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas na comparação das médias dos valores da distribuição do peso corporal tanto entre os sexos como entre os biótipos. Porém, como há diferenças na forma corporal de acordo com os sexos e com os biótipos, houve certa diferença nos valores das forças medidas, no sistema C-PF.
The aim of this study was to study the load distribution in chair-force plate system (CFP) and to verify if there is correlation between measured seat and backrest forces in the adequate sitting posture. 38 volunteers participated of the study, classifieds according to physical types (32 female and 6 male): mean age of 43,92 years old, mean height of 1,60 m and mean body weight of 65,10 kgf. An instrumented office chair with load cells in the anterior and posterior portions of the seat and backrest and a force plate were used to measure the forces and body weight distribution in C-FP system. This study was established many correlations among some variables (body weight, height, age and body mass index) and the measured loads and among the acquired forces. One of these correlations determined a relation among total force measured on seat and acquired force on lumbar backrest. The body weight distribution observed in the C-FP system was: 20,04% in the force plate, 45,33% and 30,43% in the anterior and posterior portions of the seat respectively, and 4,20% in the backrest. There were no statistics significant differences in comparison of values weight distribution averages as between gender as between physical patterns. But, there are some differences in the body shape according to gender and physical patterns, it there was some difference in the values of acquired forces in the C-FP system.
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COLOSIO, MARCO A. "Uma abordagem da vida em fadiga em barra estabilizadora automotiva considerando defeito superficial fisicamente pequeno." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11143.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Books on the topic "Strain gages"

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L, Window A., ed. Strain gauge technology. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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E, Reed S., Hannah R. L, and Society for Experimental Mechanics, eds. Strain gauge users' handbook. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. The apparent strain stability and repeatability of a BCL3 resistance strain gage. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Keil, Stefan. Technology and Practical Use of Strain Gages With Particular Consideration of Stress Analysis Using Strain Gages. Berlin, Germany: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783433606667.

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Klokova, N. P. Tenzorezistory. Moskva: "Mashinostroenie", 1990.

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Kat͡snelʹson, A. Sh. Datchiki kontaktnogo soprotivlenii͡a. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1985.

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1925-, Riley William F., ed. Experimental stress analysis. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

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1925-, Riley William F., ed. Experimental stress analysis. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

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Staff, Measurements Group Technical, ed. Strain gage based transducers: Their design and construction. Raleigh, N.C., USA: The Group, 1988.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. High temperature static strain gage development contract. East Hartford, Conn: United Technologies Research Center, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strain gages"

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Bert, Charles W. "Liquid-Metal Strain Gages." In Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites, 53–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1129-1_10.

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Baldwin, Chris S. "Optical Fiber Strain Gages." In Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, 347–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30877-7_14.

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Gdoutos, Emmanuel E. "Electrical Resistance Strain Gages." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89466-5_1.

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Slaminko, R. "Strain Gages on Composites—Gage-Selection Criteria." In Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites, 27–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1129-1_5.

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Watson, Robert B. "Bonded Electrical Resistance Strain Gages." In Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, 283–334. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30877-7_12.

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Post, Daniel, Bongtae Han, and Peter Ifju. "Strain Standard for Calibration of Electrical Strain Gages." In Mechanical Engineering Series, 391–417. New York, NY: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4334-2_13.

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Slaminko, R. "Strain Gages on Composites Temperature Compensation." In Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites, 31–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1129-1_6.

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Rodrigues, Leonardo Dantas, José Luiz de França Freire, and Ronaldo Domingues Vieira. "Strain Measurements Using DIC, Strain Gages and Reflection Photoelasticity." In Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3, 311–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00768-7_40.

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Freddi, Alessandro, Giorgio Olmi, and Luca Cristofolini. "Introduction to the Application of Strain Gages." In Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics, 23–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06086-6_2.

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Li, Li, Wuqian Li, Pingan Ding, Xiaojin Zhu, and Wei Sun. "Structural Shape Reconstruction through Modal Approach Using Strain Gages." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 273–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45261-5_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strain gages"

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Gillaugh, Daniel L., Alexander A. Kaszynski, Jeffrey M. Brown, Joseph A. Beck, and Joseph C. Slater. "Strain Gage Ramifications on Mistuning in As-Manufactured Models and Experimental Testing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91484.

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Abstract Blade mounted strain gages are vital during rig and engine development to ensure safe engine operation. However, they also enable a change in dynamics of integrally bladed rotors (IBR). State-of-the-art IBR dynamic response predictions are accomplished using as-manufactured models (AMM) generated via optical topography measurements and mesh morphing. Two AMM finite element models (FEMs) are created of a 20 bladed IBR. One FEM has no strain gages present, where the second FEM includes strain gages on six blades. Traditionally, strain gages and lead wires are treated as the same material property as the IBR itself. It will be shown that the inclusion of strain gages in AMM’s using this method changes the IBR’s predicted mistuning. An alternative AMM approach is developed that changes the material properties of the finite elements attributed to the strain gages. The predicted mistuning for each AMM is accomplished using the Fundamental Mistuning Model (FMM ID), where the predicted mistuning will be compared to both Traveling Wave Excitation (TWE) experiments and a rotating, single stage compressor rig. Findings show mistuning predictions of the non-strain gaged AMM compare far better to the experiments compared to the inclusion of the strain gages in the AMM. Additionally, altering material properties of the strain gages in the AMM improves mistuning prediction compared to treating the strain gages as the parent IBR material. Therefore, AMM should be acquired using clean, non-strain gaged rotors or the material properties of strain gaged elements need to be altered to more accurately model the component.
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Bednarz, Edward T., W. D. Zhu, and Scott A. Smith. "Identifying Magnitudes and Locations of Multiple Loads on a Slender Beam Using Strain Gage Based Methods." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88166.

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Unique strain gage based methods are developed to identify magnitudes and locations of multiple loads on a slender beam. Four uniaxial strain gages mounted to the bottom surface of the beam create a force transducer capable of identifying the magnitude and location of a load inside the weight area. For the case of multiple loads separated by two or more strain gage locations, uniaxial strain gages forming multiple force transducers can still identify the magnitudes and locations of all the loads. However, this creates an ill posed problem for loads separated by only one strain gage location. A new method has been developed using two shear gages mounted on the neutral axis of the beam, one on each side of a load, to identify the magnitude of the load in this case. A combination of two uniaxial strain gages and two shear gages, with one uniaxial strain gage and one shear gage at the same location on each side of a load, can be used to identify the location of the load. The strain gage based methods are experimentally validated on a prismatic beam with rest boundary conditions.
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Rogge, Renee D., Scott R. Small, Derek B. Archer, Michael E. Berend, and Merrill A. Ritter. "Validation of Digital Image Correlation Techniques for Strain Measurement in Biomechanical Test Models." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14540.

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Many previous biomechanical studies of bone and bone substitutes have estimated strains in these materials using strain gages. The purpose of this study was to compare digital image correlation (DIC) strain measurements to those obtained from strain gages in order to assess the applicability of DIC technology to common biomechanical testing scenarios. Compression and bending tests were conducted on aluminum alloy, polyurethane foam, and laminated polyurethane foam specimens. Results showed no significant differences in the principal strain values (or the variances) between strain gage and DIC measurements on the aluminum alloy and laminated polyurethane foam specimens. There were significance differences between the principal strain measurements of the non-laminated polyurethane foam specimens, but the deviation from the theoretical results was similar for both measurement techniques. In summary, DIC techniques provide similar results to those obtained from strain gages and also provide full field strain results.
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Bourland, M. C., and R. L. Yuan. "Vibrating Wire Strain Gages and Civil Structures." In 11th Biennial ASCE Aerospace Division International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40988(323)53.

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Keller, C. G., and R. T. Howe. "Hexsil Tweezers with Piezoresistive Polysilicon Strain Gages." In 1996 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. San Diego, CA USA: Transducer Research Foundation, Inc., 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31438/trf.hh1996a.16.

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Joiner, W. David, and Charles J. Cook. "Improvements in Data Acquisition for Propulsion Shaft Alignment." In SNAME 14th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2015-008.

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Propulsion shaft alignment is a necessary and crucial step in the ship construction process, with manning and schedule constraints requiring accurate results as efficiently as possible. There are two methods for measuring the bearing loading along the shaft line: strain gages and load cells. The legacy method for using strain gages required a lot of man power and the legacy method for using load cells was dependent on the quality of machinist made available. Strain gages are the transducers of choice for measurement; however the data acquisition, especially for ships with long shafting systems, can require many strain gage positions and personnel to conduct tests. Load cells are used to validate the accuracy of the strain gage method and to calculate the shaft runout at each bearing location.
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Szasz, Gyorgy, Karen K. Fujikawa, and Guy DeBoo. "Assessment of Steam Line Dynamic Pressures Using External Strain Gage Measurements." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93206.

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Dynamic pressure measurements have been made at a number of power plants using externally mounted strain gages on piping in order to characterize structural loading of upstream piping and pressure vessel components. The pressure fluctuations are derived from the ‘breathing’ mode of the piping therefore this indirect technique must be robust enough to reject the effects of other shell modes and/or bending. Several factors influence the ability to ensure that the breathing mode response can be measured; these factors include strain gage configuration options and data processing methods. The tested strain gage configurations utilized up to eight strain gages per location in an axisymmetric manner to facilitate the handling of any shell mode responses that may exist. Data processing strategies utilizing channel combination and filtering techniques were designed to extract pure breathing mode data for conversion to dynamic pressure. This paper will evaluate the various approaches and identify the most reliable one for plant implementation.
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Suttmann, Oliver, Michael Gosselin, Ulrich Klug, and Rainer Kling. "Picosecond laser patterning of NiCr thin film strain gages." In SPIE LASE, edited by Alexander Heisterkamp, Joseph Neev, Stefan Nolte, and Rick P. Trebino. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.840842.

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Reichard, Duane E., Sean P. Krompegel, James E. Reichard, and Elvin B. Shields. "Determine Weight of Hot Metal Car Using Strain Gage Method." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71102.

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In certain situations, train car containers that carry hot metal have been overfilled, which necessitated the replacement of very costly car parts. Therefore, it is desirable to predict the amount of fluid needed at all times in order to know when to divert the flow of molten steel from the car. This study showed that the level of fluid in a container can be controlled even when the amount of fluid inside the container is not visible. When strain gages are effectively installed they can be used to continuously calculate the weight of a system as the strain increases, although only the final total weight is of concern. Strain gages can be positioned in safe locations on the spanner bolster of a hot metal car. The gages are installed such that the thermal and axial strains cancel out, ultimately leaving only the value for the weight of the loaded car. Once the gages are installed, they are calibrated when the system is full. For all subsequent loading periods, the strain gages report a linear strain increasing until it is equal to the original full calibration value. This then signals the operator to divert the flow of steel. If the inside of the container deteriorates over time, the strain that governs the shutoff remains the same although the fluid level is slightly lower. In the event of skull (leftover steel in the container), the maximum strain remains the same and the final volume is lower than the initial calibration condition. The objective in all cases is to avoid overflow of fluid from the car. This investigation showed that the amount of fluid in a train car that carries molten steel can be known at all times during the filling process. It is supported with manual calculations, finite element analyses, and laboratory experiments.
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Ranson, William F., Reginald I. Vachon, Gregory L. Hovis, Jerrell A. Nardiello, Robert D. Fidnarick, and Robert J. Christ. "Crack Detection and Monitoring Crack Growth in Fastener Holes Using the DMI Optical SR-2 Strain Measurement Technology." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43987.

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Results are presented for crack initiation detection and crack growth monitoring using DMI SR-1 Strain Gages and DMI SR-2 Reader in two Northrop Grumman aluminum test coupons subjected to cyclic loading. Results demonstrate the utility of the technology to detect cracks and crack growth in holes. The DMI SR-1 strain gage is applied so that it frames the hole in the test coupon. This results in strain measurements at tangents to hole and associated shear strains. A differential strain reading between gage lengths on parallel and opposing sides of a hole, resulting from discontinuities in the material surrounding a hole, indicates crack initiation and as the crack grows the differential reading increases.
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Reports on the topic "Strain gages"

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Todd, Michael, Lex Malsawma, C. C. Chang, and Gregg Johnson. The Use of Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensors in Laboratory and Field Load Tests: Comparison to Conventional Resistive Strain Gages. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada370789.

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Ladkany, Samaan G. The Dynamic Response of a Flexible Three-Link Robot Using Strain Gages and Lagrange Polynomials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245250.

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Ammerman, D. J., M. M. Madsen, W. L. Uncapher, D. R. Stenberg, and D. R. Bronowski. Accelerometer and strain gage evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5213009.

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Mahrenholz, Bob G. An Improved Strain-Gage Signal Conditioner for Dynamic Stress Measurement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254712.

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Wang, Peter, Amiee Jackson, Tyler Smith, Vipin NLN, DONALD Erdman III, Rick Lowden, Kris Villez, Brenin Bales, and Roo Walker. Printed Strain Gauges for Anthropomorphic Test Dummies for Vehicle Crash Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1885301.

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Phero, Timothy, Michael McMurtrey, Michael Heighes, and Kaelee Novich. Validation of Printed Strain Gauges at Moderate Temperatures (up to 300°C). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1901809.

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Warpinski, N. R. ASR4: A computer code for fitting and processing 4-gage anelastic strain recovery data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6088106.

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Raja, Rameez Ali, Mustafa Kilic, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Fei Han. Implementation Study: Continuous, Wireless Data Collection and Monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317367.

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This report presents, in detail, the development and implementation of a wireless solar powered DAQ system for continuous real-time monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge using the data collected from strain gauges installed in the bridge pier and its foundation piles. The data analysis showed that there is no significant change in the load-settlement response of the bridge pier 3 years after its construction. The pile cap contribution in carrying the total load carried by the bridge pier is significant (about 20%). The hourly ambient temperature trends match with the incremental bending moments measured on the bridge pier and the piles. The daily temperature cycles also affected the load transferred between the piles within the pile group. The water level fluctuations of the Wabash River impacted the total load carried by the pier, such that a rise in water level resulted in slight drop in the total load carried by the bridge pier due to buoyant forces. The overall results of the bridge monitoring showed that the bridge has performed well since its construction.
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Andrawes, Bassem, Ernesto Perez Claros, and Zige Zhang. Bond Characteristics and Experimental Behavior of Textured Epoxy-coated Rebars Used in Concrete Bridge Decks. Illinois Center for Transportation, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-001.

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The deterioration of bridge decks is a problem typically associated with the corrosion of the reinforcing steel. This issue was partially controlled during the 1970s with the incorporation of the epoxy-coating protection system. However, research later demonstrated that the smooth surface resulting from the epoxy-coating application reduces most of the friction between the rebar and the surrounding concrete. Consequently, forces acting on the rib faces are reconfigured in such a way that the radial components increase, triggering the early development of cracks. To mitigate both the reduction of bonding and the formation of cracks, the Illinois Department of Transportation proposed a new type of coated bars: textured epoxy-coated (TEC) bars. Over the last few years, different projects have been executed to understand and improve the characteristics of TEC rebars. This report is a continuation of research performed at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign to evaluate the bond behavior of TEC bars. The experimental program starts by characterizing, qualitatively and quantitatively, the roughness of the TEC rebars. Next, their bond-slip interaction embedded in concrete is evaluated through pull-out tests. Finite element models of these tests are developed to validate the behavior observed as the textured reinforcement loses anchorage with concrete. Based on these results, the experimental program then aims to study the impact of the drying shrinkage, temperature change, and flexural demands on two large-scale bridge deck specimens reinforced, individually, with TEC and standard epoxy-coated bars. The results collected from both specimens using digital image correlation and strain gauges are compared to explore the differences exhibited by the traditional and the new type of reinforcement coatings in terms of stress distribution in bridge decks. Finally, given the specialized equipment and time-consuming procedure needed to calculate the roughness parameters of TEC bars, an empirical, weight-based approach is developed as a rapid method for assessing the rebars’ roughness on-site.
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Kingston, A. W., A. Mort, C. Deblonde, and O H Ardakani. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) distribution in the Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329797.

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The Montney Formation is a highly productive hydrocarbon reservoir with significant reserves of hydrocarbon gases and liquids making it of great economic importance to Canada. However, high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been encountered during exploration and development that have detrimental effects on environmental, health, and economics of production. H2S is a highly toxic and corrosive gas and therefore it is essential to understand the distribution of H2S within the basin in order to enhance identification of areas with a high risk of encountering elevated H2S concentrations in order to mitigate against potential negative impacts. Gas composition data from Montney wells is routinely collected by operators for submission to provincial regulators and is publicly available. We have combined data from Alberta (AB) and British Columbia (BC) to create a basin-wide database of Montney H2S concentrations. We then used an iterative quality control and quality assurance process to produce a dataset that best represents gas composition in reservoir fluids. This included: 1) designating gas source formation based on directional surveys using a newly developed basin-wide 3D model incorporating AGS's Montney model of Alberta with a model in BC, which removes errors associated with reported formations; 2) removed injection and disposal wells; 3) assessed wells with the 50 highest H2S concentrations to determine if gas composition data is accurate and reflective of reservoir fluid chemistry; and 4) evaluated spatially isolated extreme values to ensure data accuracy and prevent isolated highs from negatively impacting data interpolation. The resulting dataset was then used to calculate statistics for each x, y location to input into the interpolation process. Three interpolations were constructed based on the associated phase classification: H2S in gas, H2S in liquid (C7+), and aqueous H2S. We used Empirical Bayesian Kriging interpolation to generate H2S distribution maps along with a series of model uncertainty maps. These interpolations illustrate that H2S is heterogeneously distributed across the Montney basin. In general, higher concentrations are found in AB compared with BC with the highest concentrations in the Grande Prairie region along with several other isolated region in the southeastern portion of the basin. The interpolations of H2S associated with different phases show broad similarities. Future mapping research will focus on subdividing intra-Montney sub-members plus under- and overlying strata to further our understanding of the role migration plays in H2S distribution within the Montney basin.
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