Relevant bibliographies by topics / Strain

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Strain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Strain"

1

Li, Shunqun, Xuelei Cheng, Jianbao Fu, Lin Pan, and Ran Hai. "Line strain representation and shear strain representation of 3D strain states." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): e0259655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259655.

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The strain state in 3D space is usually expressed by the conventional method of combining three linear and shear strains. Due to the obvious differences between the first two strains, it is necessary to uncover their properties when describing deformation, studying yield and failure, and developing test apparatus or equipment. The difficulties encountered in the above work would be greatly simplified if strain states could be expressed in a single strain form, namely including only linear or shear strains. As a start, this paper explores the meaning and nature of strain states. Then, based on the hypothesis of small deformations, two strain state expressions, the linear strain expression method (LSEM) and shear strain expression method (SSEM), were established for incompressible materials with only linear strain and shear strain as parameters respectively. Furthermore, conditions, implementation steps and specific forms for the application of SSEM in 1D, 2D and 3D strain states are obtained. As an example, two representations based on tetragonal pyramid and rotating tetrahedron are especially given. Therefore, conventional strain representation methods can be expressed as a combination of line strains in a certain direction or a combination of characteristic shear strains. The results of this paper provide a new way for understanding deformation characteristics, revealing yielding process, establishing constitutive models, and developing testing apparatus or equipment.
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Dolzhanskyi, A. M., T. A. Ayupova, O. A. Nosko, O. P. Rybkin, and O. A. Ayupov. "Transition from engineering strain to the true strain in analytical description of metals hardening." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 1 (92) (May 11, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.230321.66.736.

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Purpose of the work is related with the impossibility of correctly estimating the strain hardening of metals (alloys) in the area of their large total deformations due to absence of additivity in the traditionally used value of engineering strain g, its nonlinear change in the area of large values, and absence of data in the technical literature Hall-Petch coefficient Ai for logarithmic true deformations, which led to the task of correct transition from the values of the engineering strain 0 < g < 50...60 % to the value of the true logarithmic strainn 0 < e < 1...3. Methodology. The theoretical analysis of the regularities of deformation hardening of metals (alloys) from the engineering strain is carried out, the transition from engineering to logarithmic ("true") strain of metals (alloys) by analytical representation of metal hardening graphs as a function of logarithmic (true) strain. in contrast to the degree of engineering strain is presented. Originality. Analytical expressions are presented that allow the use of known theoretical data on the strain hardening of metals (alloys) at small (50...60 %) total engineering strains g during cold pressure treatment to transition to logarithmic (true) strain e with large total deformations. Practical value. The obtained mathematical expressions allow to use the accumulated in the technical literature experimental data on the hardening of metals and alloys with small engineering strains in the processes of cold processing of metals (alloys) by pressure to determine the hardening with large total logarithmic (true) strains. These data can also be used to solve metallophysical problems of metal processing by pressure associated with large total compressions. Keywords: cold forming of metals and alloys; hardening; degree of deformation
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Ouwerkerk, Janneke P., Hanne L. P. Tytgat, Janneke Elzinga, Jasper Koehorst, Pieter Van den Abbeele, Bernard Henrissat, Miguel Gueimonde, et al. "Comparative Genomics and Physiology of Akkermansia muciniphila Isolates from Human Intestine Reveal Specialized Mucosal Adaptation." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081605.

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Akkermansia muciniphila is a champion of mucin degradation in the human gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report the isolation of six novel strains from healthy human donors and their genomic, proteomic and physiological characterization in comparison to the type-strains A. muciniphila MucT and A. glycaniphila PytT. Complete genome sequencing revealed that, despite their large genomic similarity (>97.6%), the novel isolates clustered into two distinct subspecies of A. muciniphila: Amuc1, which includes the type-strain MucT, and AmucU, a cluster of unassigned strains that have not yet been well characterized. CRISPR analysis showed all strains to be unique and confirmed that single healthy subjects can carry more than one A. muciniphila strain. Mucin degradation pathways were strongly conserved amongst all isolates, illustrating the exemplary niche adaptation of A. muciniphila to the mucin interface. This was confirmed by analysis of the predicted glycoside hydrolase profiles and supported by comparing the proteomes of A. muciniphila strain H2, belonging to the AmucU cluster, to MucT and A. glycaniphila PytT (including 610 and 727 proteins, respectively). While some intrinsic resistance was observed among the A. muciniphila straind, none of these seem to pose strain-specific risks in terms of their antibiotic resistance patterns nor a significant risk for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants, opening the way to apply the type-strain MucT or these new A. muciniphila strains as next generation beneficial microbes.
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Sirkis, J. S., Y. L. Lo, and P. L. Nielsen. "Phase-Strain Model for Polarimetric Strain Sensors Based on Fictitious Residual Strains." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 5, no. 4 (July 1994): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9400500405.

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Kitagawa, Masayoshi, Tetsuyuki Onoda, and Kazunobu Mizutani. "Stress-strain behaviour at finite strains for various strain paths in polyethylene." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02403638.

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Misic, Dusan, Zorica Stosic, Ferenc Kiskarolj, Vladica Adamov, and Ruzica Asanin. "Investigations of multiresistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and extended spectrum beta: Lactamase effect (ESBL test) in strains E.coli and salmonella originating from domestic animals." Veterinarski glasnik 60, no. 1-2 (2006): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0602021m.

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The presence of multiresistance to the effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and extended spectrum beta-lactamase were examined in 45 strains of E. coli and 35 strains of Salmonella. The strains of E. coli originated from several species of domestic animals: dogs, cats, poultry, and cattle, and 30 strains of Salmonella originated from poultry, 4 strains from cattle, and 1 strain from swine. The presence of the following serovarieties was established using serological examinations: Salmonella Enteritidis 17 strains, Salmonella Gallinarum 1 strain, Salmonella Hartford 5 strains, Salmonella Anatum 1 strain, Salmonella Typhimurium 4 strains, Salmonella Agona 1 strain, Salmonella Infantis 1 strain, Salmonella Thompson var. Berlin 1 strain, Salmonella Tennessee 1 strain, Salmonella Senftenberg 1 strain, Salmonella Glostrup 1 strain, and Salmonella Hadar 1 strain. In the examinations of the listed strains we used antibiogram discs of ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cephtriaxon, cephotaxim, cephtazidime, aztreonam, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cyprofloxacine, and a combination of sulphamethoxasole and trimethoprim. The lowest prevalence of multiresistance in E. Coli strains to 3 or more antibiotics was established in dogs 20%, and the highest in 60% strains originating from swine. In 62.88% strains of Salmonella we established sensitivity to all applied antibiotics. Resistance was also established in a small number of the examined strains to ampicillin (11 strains), to tetracycline (5 strains), to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (5 strains), to sulphamethoxasole with trimethoprim (5 strains), to gentamycin (3 strains), and to cloramphenicol (1 strain). Of all the examined strains of Salmonella, 6 strains originating from poultry exhibited multiresistence. The presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase effects examined using the ESBL test, was not established in strains of E. coli and Salmonella strains.
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Best, T. M., J. H. McElhaney, W. E. Garrett, and B. S. Myers. "Axial Strain Measurements in Skeletal Muscle at Various Strain Rates." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794179.

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A noncontact optical system using high speed image analysis to measure local tissue deformations and axial strains along skeletal muscle is described. The spatial resolution of the system was 20 pixels/cm and the accuracy was ±0.125mm. In order to minimize the error associated with discrete data used to characterize a continuous strain field, the displacement data were fitted with a third order polynomial and the fitted data differentiated to measure surface strains using a Lagrangian finite strain formulation. The distribution of axial strain along the muscle-tendon unit was nonuniform and rate dependent. Despite a variation in local strain distribution with strain rate, the maximum axial strain, Exx = 0.614 ± 0.045 mm/mm, was rate insensitive and occurred at the failure site for all tests. The frequency response of the video system (1000 Hz) and the measurement of a continuous strain field along the entire length of the structure improve upon previous noncontact optical systems for measurement of surface strains in soft tissues.
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Ayers, Jacob I., Anthony E. Kincaid, and Jason C. Bartz. "Prion Strain Targeting Independent of Strain-Specific Neuronal Tropism." Journal of Virology 83, no. 1 (October 29, 2008): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01745-08.

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ABSTRACT While neuropathological features that define prion strains include spongiform degeneration and deposition patterns of PrPSc, the underlying mechanism for the strain-specific differences in PrPSc targeting is not known. To investigate prion strain targeting, we inoculated hamsters in the sciatic nerve with either the hyper (HY) or drowsy (DY) strain of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. Both TME strains were initially retrogradely transported in the central nervous system (CNS) exclusively by four descending motor tracts. The locations of HY and DY PrPSc deposition were identical throughout the majority of the incubation period. However, differences in PrPSc deposition between these strains were observed upon development of clinical disease. The differences observed were unlikely to be due to strain-specific neuronal tropism, since comparison of PrPSc deposition patterns by different routes of infection indicated that all brain areas were susceptible to prion infection by both TME strains. These findings suggest that prion transport and differential susceptibility to prion infection are not solely responsible for prion strain targeting. The data suggest that differences in PrPSc distribution between strains during clinical disease are due to differences in the length of time that PrPSc has to spread in the CNS before the host succumbs to disease.
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Glisson, Richard R., Douglas S. Musgrave, Robert D. Graham, and Thomas P. Vail. "Validity of Photoelastic Strain Measurement on Cadaveric Proximal Femora." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 4 (March 22, 2000): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287162.

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Rosette strain gages indicate shear and principal strains at specific points, whereas photoelastic coatings provide shear strain information over a broad area. Information regarding bone loading and load transfer from a prosthetic implant to adjacent bone can be obtained using either strain-measuring technique on loaded femora. This study compared proximal femoral strains derived from photoelastic coatings to those obtained from rosette strain gages applied directly to the bone in order to determine the relationships between photoelastic shear strains and rosette shear and principal strains. Photoelastic shear strains underestimated rosette shear strains and exceeded the larger of the rosette principal strains. Principal strains derived from photoelastic coatings augmented with strain separator gages underestimated their rosette counterparts in most instances. Correlation was strong and nearly linear for all measures, indicating that photoelastic coatings can accurately express proportional strain changes despite imperfect agreement in absolute strain magnitudes. The best agreement between absolute strain magnitudes occurred in the proximal medial, or calcar, region. Understanding the relationships between the various measures obtained using the two strain measurement methods will allow more accurate estimates of actual strains to be made from photoelastic coatings. [S0148-0731(00)01704-0]
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Bressan, J. D., and J. A. Williams. "Limit strains in the sheet forming of strain and strain-rate sensitive materials." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 11, no. 3 (July 1985): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(85)90003-8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Strain"

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Koob, Christopher E. "High temperature fiber optic strain sensing." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171339/.

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Chen, Yuejian. "High-strain, high-strain-rate deformation of tantalum /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9828890.

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Gosling, T. J. "Strain relaxation via dislocation formation in strained semiconductor structures." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387390.

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Pani´c, Nebojšsa. "High strain rate-induced failure in steels at high shear strains." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ45106.pdf.

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Julian, Michael Robert. "Material characterization of viscoelastic polymeric molding compounds." Connect to resource, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1137616726.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1994.
Advisors: Vernal H. Kenner and Carl H. Popelar, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 106). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Smith, Byron L. "Mean strain effects on the strain life fatigue curve." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA267211.

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Larour, Patrick [Verfasser]. "Strain rate sensitivity of automotive sheet steels: influence of plastic strain, strain rate, temperature, microstructure, bake hardening and pre-strain / vorgelegt von Patrick Larour." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1007085649/34.

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Javornik, Ana. "Tissue velocity, strain und strain rate bei Hunden mit Mitralklappenendokardiose." Diss., [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00007454.

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Barraclough, Thomas William. "Strain softening and strain localisation in irreversible deformation of snow." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16218.

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The aim of this work was to visualise heterogeneous deformation in snow under controlled laboratory conditions. Heterogeneous deformation was observed for both homogenous and heterogeneous loading conditions. Understanding deformation of snow is important in many scientific fields including vehicle traction, avalanche forecasting, and winter sports. This thesis investigates the deformation behaviour of snow on the centimetre scale under moderate strain rates (0.005 to 0.1 s-1) when subject to one-dimensional compression or to indentation. In order to allow controlled and repeatable snow deformation experiments, a new type of artificial snow was developed. This snow type was examined by low temperature scanning electron microscopy and by traditional avalanche observer’s methodology. Penetrometer experiments were conducted on the artificial snow and on natural seasonal snow in Scotland. The two snow types were found to be similar: results obtained on artificial snow are thus applicable to natural snow. A reproducible technique of manufacture and a thorough characterisation of the artificial snow are presented. One-dimensional compression experiments were conducted on the artificial snow. The experiments were in confined compression in a specially constructed apparatus, designed to provide for back-lit photography. Images were taken at 0.25 second intervals and analysed using digital image correlation, thus providing 2D strain fields. With careful control of photographic parameters, it is demonstrated that process of applying tracer substances to the snow is not necessary, thus allowing an unprecedented resolution. Spontaneously-forming strain localisations were observed for the first time, indicating strain softening behaviour. Damage was observed to propagate through the specimen as a moving front, resembling a wave. The force required to propagate the front remained nearly constant until the whole specimen was compacted, at which point a new front formed and the process repeated. The experimental method was extended to 2D indention experiments with a range of sizes and shapes of indenter. Complex deformation fields were observed, extending up to 6 times the width of the indenter on each side. Observed deformation included tensile tearing as well as compression and shear. The maximum local strain achieved in the indentation experiments was similar to that achieved by the first compaction front in one-dimensional compression. The work here presented has implications for snow deformation generally: strain localisation introduces a characteristic length, which may prevent scaling of models or results. The indentation results are particularly relevant to snow penetrometry, where indentation experiments are used to try and extract microstructural information from buried snow layers for the purpose of avalanche prediction. The common assumption that the penetrometer interacts only with snow very close to its tip may need to be reconsidered.
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Magoda, Cletus Mathew. "High strain-rate compressive strain of welded 300W asteel joints." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1248.

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A Thesis Submitted Towards the Partial Fulfilment Degree of Master of Technology (M.Tech.) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2011
The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test is the most commonly used method for determining material properties at high rates of strain. The theory governing the specifics of Hopkinson bar testing has been around for decades; however, it has only been for the last decade or so that significant data processing advancements have been made. It is the intent of this thesis to offer the insight of application of SHPB to determine the compressive dynamic behaviour for welded low carbon steel (mild steel). It also focuses on the tensile behaviour for unheat-treated and heat-treated welded carbon steel. The split Hopkinson Pressure bar apparatus consists of two long slender bars that sandwich a short cylindrical specimen between them. By striking the end of a bar, a compressive stress wave is generated that immediately begins to traverse towards the specimen. Upon arrival at the specimen, the wave partially reflects back towards the impact end. The remainder of the wave transmits through the specimen and into the second bar, causing irreversible plastic deformation in the specimen. It is shown that the reflected and transmitted waves are proportional to the specimen's strain rate and stress, respectively. Specimen strain can be determined by integrating the strain rate. By monitoring the strains in the two bars and the specimen's material, stress-strain properties can be calculated. Several factors influence the accuracy of the results, including the size and type of the data logger, impedance mismatch of the bars with the specimens, the utilization of the appropriate strain gauges and the strain amplifier properties, among others. A particular area of advancement is a new technique to determine the wave's velocity in the specimen with respect to change in medium and mechanical properties, and hence increasing the range of application of SHPB. It is shown that by choosing specimen dimensions based on their impedance, the transmitted stress signal-to-noise ratio can be improved. An in depth discussion of realistic expectations of strain gages is presented, along with closed form solutions validating any claims. The thesis concludes with an analysis of experimental and predicted results. Several recommendations and conclusions are made with regard to the results obtained and areas of improvement are suggested in order to achieve accurate and more meaningful results.
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Books on the topic "Strain"

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L, Window A., ed. Strain gauge technology. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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Chuck, Hogan, ed. The strain. New York, NY: HarperLuxe, 2009.

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Toro, Guillermo del. The Strain. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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1964-, Toro Guillermo del, Hogan Chuck, Huddleston Mike ill, Jackson Dan 1971-, and Robins Clem, eds. The strain. Milwaukie, Or: Dark Horse, 2013.

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Williams, James A., ed. Strain Engineering. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-197-0.

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Freed, Alan David. Natural strain. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Toro, Guillermo del. The strain. New York, NY: Harper, 2009.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Mortal strain. New York, NY: Kensington Pub. Corp., 2002.

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Toro, Guillermo del. The strain. London: Harper, 2010.

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Chuck, Hogan, ed. The strain. New York: William Morrow, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Strain"

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Durgam, Roshni. "Adductor Strain (Groin Strain)." In Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders, 237–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50512-1_52.

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Scaffidi, Thomas. "Strain." In Weak-Coupling Theory of Topological Superconductivity, 89–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62867-7_5.

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Keaton, Jeffrey R. "Strain." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_271-1.

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Lew Yan Voon, Lok C., and Morten Willatzen. "Strain." In The k p Method, 167–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92872-0_7.

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Freed, Alan D. "Strain." In Soft Solids, 47–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03551-2_3.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Strain." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 703. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11256.

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Blackburn, James A. "Strain." In Modern Instrumentation for Scientists and Engineers, 181–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0103-5_12.

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González-Velázquez, Jorge Luis. "Strain." In Structural Integrity, 43–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29241-6_2.

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Podio-Guidugli, Paolo. "Strain." In A Primer in Elasticity, 1–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0594-3_1.

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Park, R. G. "Strain." In Foundations of Structural Geology, 37–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6576-1_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Strain"

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Lo, Yu-Lung, Peter L. Nielsen, and James S. Sirkis. "Phase-strain model for polarimetric strain sensors based on fictitious residual strains." In 1994 North American Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by James S. Sirkis. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.173978.

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Klemm, H. "Reservoir Strain Changes from 4D Time-Strains." In 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800716.

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Igi, Satoshi, Joe Kondo, Nobuhisa Suzuki, Joe Zhou, and Da-Ming Duan. "Strain Capacity of X100 High-Strain Linepipe for Strain-Based Design Application." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64518.

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In recent years, several natural gas pipeline projects have been planned for permafrost regions. Pipelines laid in such areas are subjected to large plastic deformation as a result of ground movement due to repeated thawing and freezing of the frozen ground. Likewise, in pipeline design methods, research on application of strain-based design as an alternative to the conventional stress-based design method has begun. Much effort has been devoted to the application of strain-based design to high strength linepipe materials. In order to verify the applicability of high-strain X100 linepipe to long distance transmission, a large-scale X100 pipeline was constructed using linepipe with an OD of 42″ and wall thickness of 14.3mm. This paper presents the results of experiments and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) focusing on the strain capacity of high-strain X100 linepipes. The critical compressive strain of X100 high-strain linepipes is discussed based on the results of FEA taking into account geometric imperfections. The critical tensile strain for high-strain X100 pipelines is obtained based on a curved wide plate (CWP) tensile test using specimens taken from girth welded joints. Specifically, the effect of external coating treatment on the strain capacity of X100 high-strain linepipe is investigated. The strain capacity of the 42″ X100 pipeline is considered by comparing the tensile strain limit obtained from girth weld fracture and critical compressive strain which occurs in local buckling under pure bending deformation.
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Peelamedu, Saravanan M., Yunhe Yu, Kevin E. Molyet, Ganapathy Naganathan, and Rao V. Dukkipati. "Strain transfer in an induced-strain actuator." In 5th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Vasundara V. Varadan. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.316338.

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Tang, Huang, Doug Fairchild, Michele Panico, Justin Crapps, and Wentao Cheng. "Strain Capacity Prediction of Strain-Based Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33749.

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Strain-based design (SBD) is used to complement conventional allowable stress design for pipelines operated in environments with potentially large ground movements such as those found in permafrost and seismically active regions. Reliable and accurate prediction of tensile strain capacity (TSC) plays a critical role in strain-based design. As reported previously over the past 6+ years, a comprehensive experimental and numerical program was undertaken to characterize the TSC of welded pipelines, develop a finite element analysis (FEA) approach and equations capable of predicting TSC, and establish a strain-based engineering critical assessment (SBECA) methodology. The previous FEA model and TSC equations were validated against about 50 full-scale pipe strain capacity tests and are accurate within the validated variable ranges. In the current paper, enhancements of the previous model and equations are described. The enhancements include incorporation of advanced damage mechanics modeling into TSC prediction, development of a new TSC equation, expansion of variable ranges and functionality upgrades. The new model and equation are applicable over larger ranges of material properties and flaw sizes. The new FEA model is also used to establish surface flaw interaction rules for SBD. The new FEA model is validated against more than 40 full-scale non-pressurized and pressurized tests and underpins the development of the new TSC equation. The equation is validated against a total of 93 full-scale tests (FST). In addition to the enhancements, sample applications of the TSC model and equation are presented in the paper, for example, an investigation of the effects on strain capacity of Lüders strain and ductile tearing. Challenges in predicting TSC are also addressed.
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Tkaczyk, Tomasz, Daniil Vasilikis, and Aurelien Pepin. "Effect of Pre-Strain on Bending Strain Capacity of Mechanically Lined Pipe." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18450.

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Abstract The high demand for subsea transportation of corrosive wellhead produced fluids has created interest in economical mechanically lined pipes (MLP) made of external carbon steel and a thin internal layer of corrosion resistant alloy (CRA). The bending strain capacity of an MLP, where a CRA liner is adhered to a carbon steel host pipe by means of an interference fit, is often governed by the liner wrinkling limit state. Although the strain capacity of the MLP with a typical 3 mm thick liner is enough to withstand bending to strains encountered during installation with the S-lay or J-lay method, the liner is at risk of wrinkling when the MLP is subjected to higher bending strains during reel-lay. To allow reeled installation, the liner strain capacity is enhanced by either increasing the liner thickness or pressurizing the MLP during installation. In the former approach, the required liner thickness is proportional to the pipe diameter. For larger diameter MLPs, it is therefore often more economical to select a 3 mm thick liner and flood and pressurize an MLP to ensure liner stability during reeling. However, the MLP may need to be depressurized and partially drained during installation to allow welding a structure, performing reel-to-reel connection or pipeline recovery which impose bending strain on a plastically pre-strained and depressurized pipeline. Furthermore, reeled pipelines may be depressurized subsea while subjected to bending loads from operation. Although there is a history of research into the limit loads and failure modes of MLPs, there is still no comprehensive guidance on determining the risk of liner wrinkling in plastically pre-strained MLPs. In this paper, an approach is proposed for evaluating the strain capacity and assessing the risk of liner wrinkling after an MLP, subjected to plastic bending during reeled installation at elevated pressure, is depressurized and subjected to installation loads during offshore intervention or operational loading in service. The combined effect of strain history at elevated pressure, reeling-induced ovality, bending direction after depressurization, differential pressure, temperature and residual strain is discussed. The recommendations for further work are also given.
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Dommann, Alex, and Antonia Neels. "X-Ray Strain Measurements In Strained Silicon Devices." In STRESS MANAGEMENT FOR 3D ICS USING THROUGH SILICON VIAS: International Workshop on Stress Management for 3D ICs Using Through Silicon Vias. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615700.

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Donica, Thomas, Jonathan Gray, and Ephraim F. Zegeye. "Strain Mapping and Large Strain Measurement Using Biaxial Skin Sensors." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5698.

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Abstract Electronic skins, or e-skins, are electronic devices capable of sensing physical interactions such as strain, temperature, or pressure. These e-skins are of interest in a variety of fields including robotics, structural health monitoring, and medicine. E-skins should measure strains over a larger range of elongation than traditional strain sensors could. This paper explores the synthesis of a flexible biaxial strain sensor for large surface strain measurement. The sensor is made by spraying an exfoliated graphite and latex mixture onto a latex substrate to form a 4 × 4 grid of electrically conductive strips. Electrodes are connected to each sensor to collect data on deformation induced voltage difference. Two setup geometries were characterized, the behavior of a single strip in each direction in a one by one configuration as well as the behavior of a four by four setup that can measure a two-dimensional strain field. The characteristics of the sensor is studied by attaching it on a tensile testing specimen. When the sensor is subjected to strain along one or both of the two measurement axes, the voltage difference can be recorded using Arduino. The voltage drop was normalized and used to construct a strain distribution plot in MATLAB to determine the highly strained location. In addition to characterizing the behavior of the sensor, the dispersion of the exfoliated graphite in the latex is also studied using optical microscopy. The sensor is made from inexpensive materials and was able to measure large strain that cannot be achieved with commercially available strain gauges.
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Roths, Johannes, Andre Wilfert, Peter Kratzer, Florian Jülich, and Rolf Kuttler. "Strain calibration of optical FBG-based strain sensors." In (EWOFS'10) Fourth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, edited by José Luís Santos, Brian Culshaw, José Miguel López-Higuera, and William N. MacPherson. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.866428.

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Suzuki, Nobuhisa, Joe Kondo, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Mitsuru Okatsu, and Junji Shimamura. "Strain Capacity of X80 High-Strain Line Pipes." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29505.

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Two compression tests and two bending tests of X80 high-strain line pipes were conducted to investigate the compression capacity and the bending capacity. The high-strain line pipes had the outside diameter of 762 mm (30”) and the D/t ratio of 49. The compression tests revealed that the pipes had the critical compressive strains of 0.90 and 0.78%. The bending tests of the pipes clarified that the 2D average critical compressive strains were 2.40 and 2.15% and the 1D average were 2.67 and 2.28%. The analytical solutions gave very fine predictions about the critical compressive stress and strain of the pipes subjected to axial compression. Based on the FEA results, while almost no effects of the geometric imperfections on the compression capacity were recognized, the effects of the geometric imperfections on the bending capacity were significant.
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Reports on the topic "Strain"

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Keating, Jessica N., Brittney Patterson, Roberta Speir, Caroline Wiswell, and Luz Aceves Gonzalez. Strain Specific: Microbial Strains Involved in Gut-Brain Signaling. Journal of Young Investigators, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.33.3.49-54.

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Wang and Cheng. L52193 Guidelines on Tensile Strain Limits. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011134.

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There are no generally accepted industry standards that allow the determination of the maximum tensile strain limits of girth welds. Most ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) codes are stress-based and cannot be used if the longitudinal strain is greater 0.5%. The objective of this project was to develop guidelines on tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds as a part of the overall development of seismic design guidelines. The loading on pipelines from seismic events is largely displacement-controlled. Such loading can impose high longitudinal tensile strains on the girth welds of pipelines. Therefore, it is necessary to define tensile strain limits of girth welds in the seismic design guidelines. This work represents a systematic investigation of various factors affecting the tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds. By using the concept of crack driving and apparent toughness, baseline tensile strain limits have been established for a wide range of pipe grade, wall thickness, defect size, and material toughness.
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Mohr. L52241 Strain-Based Design - Strain Concentration at Girth Welds. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010386.

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Strain-based design is used for many situations for pipelines where the loadings from forces other than the internal pressure can be the largest generators of stress and strain in the pipe wall. Such loadings can be generated by soil subsidence, frost heave, thermal expansion and contraction, landslides, pipe reeling, pipe laying, and several other types of environmental loading. Designing based on strain for these cases has an advantage over designing based on stress because these loadings tend to apply a given displacement rather than a given force to the pipe. Standards are much better developed for stress-based design than for strain-based design. While several standards are available that have some coverage of strain-based design, there is a tendency to cover only limited types of loading, as in API RP 1111 for offshore pipe laying. This program aimed to improve guidelines for strain-based design of pipelines by studying cases with combinations of internal pressure and axial plastic strain in tension. Softened heat-affected zone (HAZ) regions have been observed to concentrate strain, particularly under internal pressure. HAZ softening has been observed for welds on X-70 and X-80 steels. Cases with little or no softening have also been observed for other welds in these same grades. This project extended these findings to X-100 steels, with cases of obvious softening and little or no softening observed. Higher heat inputs and larger weld volumes per pass associated with submerged arc welding (SAW) as compared to gas metal arc welding (GMAW) have been correlated with greater softening in each of these pipe grades.
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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-174500-R02 Characterization of Pipeline Wall Loss for Strain Capacity. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011552.

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The principal objective of this project is to develop tools that allow for the evaluation of the effects of wall loss (corrosion) anomalies on pipelines experiencing high longitudinal strains. The first phase of this project started in 2016 and involved full-scale experimental tests. The second phase (current phase), funded in 2017, aimed to develop assessment tools for pipelines that contain corrosion anomalies and experience high longitudinal strains. The tools, developed through systematic studies using finite element analyses and experimental tests, provide three types of output: (1) The tensile strain capacity for pipe segments with corrosion anomalies, (2) The pressure limit for a given target tensile strain capacity, and (3) Size limits of corrosion anomalies for a given target tensile strain capacity
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Wang and Cheng. L52020 Extension of Strain Design Criteria to Buried HAZ Defects. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011103.

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This project is a part of a multi-year effort intended to develop alternative defect acceptance criteria for pipelines experiencing high longitudinal strains.� A systematic investigation of various factors affecting the tensile strain limits of buried girth weld defects is conducted.� By using the concept of crack driving and apparent toughness, the baseline tensile strain limits of girth welds with buried defect are established for a wide range of pipe grades, wall thickness, defect size, and material toughness.� The relative influence of various factors affecting the strain limits of girth welds with buried defects is characterized.
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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Daniel Segal, Parwinder Grewal, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Senthamizh Selvan. Genetic Enhancement of Environmental Stability and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7695833.bard.

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The overall obejctive of the research project was to enhance the intrinsic biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes through genetic manipulation. We have chosen heat and desiccation tolerance as prime traits to be enhanced in order to increase the overall efficacy of these nematodes against insect pests under harsh conditions. Initially, we used mutagenesis and selection approaches to enhance these traits. In the mutagenesis experiments several morphological mutants of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genetically. Infective juveniles of H. bacteriophora HP88 were subjected to heat and desiccation selection regimes for several generations. Small increase was recorded, after 4 and 6 rearing cycles for both traits. However, in both selection regimes a significant deterioration in the reproductive capability of the nematodes was observed. In a screen of new nematode populations, from arid regions in Israel, a heat tolerant (IS5 strain) and desiccation tolerant (IS6 strain) were isolated. Both strains were taxonomically identified and their beneficial characteristics (environmental tolerance, insecticidal virulence and reproduction) were determined. We further investigated the stability of the enhanced heat tolerance trait in, and the storage capacity of, the newly discovered IS5 strain. Genetic studies demonstrated that the heat tolerance of the IS5 strain is genetically based and is dominant. The trait for heat tolerance was transferred from the IS5 strain to the HP88 strain of H. bacteriophora. The transfer was accomplished by allowing the heat tolerant strain (IS5) to mate with the commercial strain (HP88). The hybrid nature of the progeny was confirmed using a recessive marker mutant of the HP88 strain (H-dpy-2). We have used (RAPD-PCR) to compare genetic variation in the IS5 and the HP88 strains of H. baceriophora. The results indicated that genetic variation in the HP88 was significantly less than in the IS5 strain which was recently isolated from the field. The new IS5 strain may be used as an effective biological control agent in warm environments. In addition, IS5 can be used as a genetic source for cross-hybridization with other H. bacteriophora strains.
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Veyera, George E. Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behavior of Unsaturated Soils at High Strain Rates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada284026.

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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.
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Holden, T., R. Hosbons, and J. Root. CWI1988-Andi-21 Neutron Diffraction of Axial Residual Strains Near a Circumferential Crack. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011391.

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The intent of the experiments reported here was to measure the axial residual strain at the 6:00 position of a girth-weld in the presence of a crack which had propagated a few millimeters from the inside diameter of the llnepipe. The linepipe, 914 mm diameter and average thickness 16.2 mm had been previously examined at Chalk River and the strains at the 1:30, 6:00 and 10:30 positions had been measured prior to the introduction of the crack. Large changes in the level of axial residual strain and introduction of strong through-wall strain gradients are observed on re- welding 16 mm line pipe with wet cellulose electrodes. Ahead of the crack, in the mid-wall the strains correspond to yield stresses. Compressive strains are noted behind the crack and at the outside diameter. The tensile strains at the mid-wall remain very large around the circumference beyond the crack.
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Kllinski, T., D. Stephens, and R. Davis. PR-3-9408-R01 Strain Gage Instrumentation of the GRI Pipeline Simulation Facility Flow Loop. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011410.

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The objective of this program was to install strain gage instrumentation on the PSF flow loop for use in future research and development programs. The strain gages were placed at critical locations on the flow loop to provide the opportunity for future measurement of pipeline strains during passage of in-line inspection tools, pipeline movement operations, pipe settlement, and general operations. As a demonstration of the data collection system, strain data were collected during passage of an in-line inspection tool.
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