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Journal articles on the topic 'Straightness measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Vekteris, Vladas, Mindaugas Jurevicius, and Vytautas Turla. "Optical device for straightness measurement." Applied Physics B 121, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6219-5.

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2

Pan, Xiao Bin, and Yang Pan. "Design of a Straightness Measurement Device for the Slider's Motion of the Press." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.686.

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A straightness measurement device for theqitade haishi FD slider’s motion of the press is presented. The design uses eddy current sensors, which will accomplish the measurement of straightness in un-contacted ways. MCU takes charge of data process. The straightness error can be calculated by the arithmetic of mean value. A straightness evaluation system is constructed as well. This device changes the traditional way of straightness measurement which is measured by the dial indicator. And it can improve the efficiency of straightness measuring task

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3

Liu, C. H., Y.-R. Jeng, W. Y. Jywe, S.-Y. Deng, and T.-H. Hsu. "Automatic straightness measurement of a linear guide using a real-time straightness self-compensating scanning stage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 223, no. 9 (May 22, 2009): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1319.

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In this paper a method is developed for straightness measurement of a linear guide by using a straightness self-compensating stage with an optical straightness measuring system, an eddy current sensor, and a cross-roller type compensation stage. Both the compensation stage and the optical straightness system were set up on a scanning stage to measure the straightness error of the scanning stage. The measured straightness error was fed back to the control system to compensate directly in real time. Thus, straightness of a linear guide without the added straightness error of the scanning stage could be measured. The Hewlett Packard laser straightness calibration system was used to verify the real-time compensated results. Straightness error of the scanning stage was compensated from the worst straightness error of 20 μm/150 mm to 0.9 μm/150 mm. The eddy current sensor measured straightness of the linear guide and the measured result matched the result obtained by the coordinate measuring machine.

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4

Arai, Yoshikazu, Wei Gao, S. Kiyono, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Measurement of the Straightness of a Leadscrew-Driven Precision Stage." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.259.

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This paper describes a multi-probe method for measuring the straightness error of a leadscrew-driven stage. Two displacement probes are employed to scan a flat artifact mounted on the stage. The surface profile error of the flat artifact is separated from the straightness error of the stage in a differential output of the probes. The straightness error can thus be obtained accurately from an integration operation of the differential output without the influence of the surface profile error. An improved technique of data processing is adopted for measurement of straightness error components with periodicity shorter than the probe spacing. The influence of the angular error of the stage is compensated for by using the result measured by an autocollimator. Experiments of straightness measurement of a leadscrew-driven stage with a lead of 1 mm were carried out by using two flat artifacts with different degrees of precision. The successful detection of the short-periodicity component of the straightness error with a periodicity equal to the lead indicated the feasibility of the multi-probe method.

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5

KOMIYAMA, Takuya, Hiroshi SAWANO, Hayato YOSHIOKA, and Hidenori SHINNO. "B005 A Long-Range Straightness Measurement with Motion Error Compensation." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2013.7 (2013): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2013.7.173.

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6

WADA, Hisashi, Hideo SAKUMA, and Koichi TABE. "Straightness measurement using heterodyne moire method." Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 51, no. 5 (1985): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.51.984.

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7

Zhang, G. X., X. H. Chu, W. Tang, and Z. Z. Jin. "Distance-Distance Method for Straightness Measurement." CIRP Annals 41, no. 1 (1992): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61273-6.

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8

AI, Xiaoyong, Tsuyoshi SHIMIZU, and Makoto OBI. "Straightness Measurement Using Improved Reversal Method." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 66, no. 10 (2000): 1578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.66.1578.

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9

Okuyama, Eiki, Shingo Asano, Yuichi Suzuki, and Hiromi Ishikawa. "Generalized Two-Point Method for Straightness Profile Measurement - Error Propagation and Experimental Results." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.600.

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In the straightness profile measurement of a mechanical workpiece, hardware datums have been the traditional standard. However, when the straightness profile is measured using a scanning displacement sensor set on an X-stage as the hardware datums, output of a displacement sensor includes the signal of straightness profile and the sensor’s parasitic motion, i.e. straightness error motion. Then, error separation techniques of the straightness profile from parasitic motions have been developed. For example, two-point method uses two displacement sensors and separates the sensor’s straightness error motion from the straightness profile. However, the conventional two-point method cannot measure a large-scale workpiece because the large sampling number causes random error amplification. In this article, the influence of the random error of generalized two-point method is shown. As the result of the theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, random error propagation decrease when sampling number increase. Further, experimental results obtained by generalized two-point method with large sampling number are analyzed using Wavelet transform and influence of error of the generalized two-point method is discussed in the space-spatial frequency domain.

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10

Osawa, Sonko, Osamu Sato, and Toshiyuki Takatsuji. "Multiple Measurement Techniques for Coordinate Metrology." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.93.

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Reversal and multiple measurement techniques have been used in dimensional metrology [1]. The reversal technique in straightness measurement is very common method. The techniques are able to reduce the errors which come from a measuring instrument and compensate the errors automatically. The techniques are available to CMM measurements. For ball-plate calibration, the reversal technique is used in National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). The technique automatically eliminates the geometrical errors of a CMM, for example, straightness, perpendicular and angle (pitch, yaw and roll). The multiple measurement technique is used for measuring symmetrical features as cylinders [2]. We tried to apply the technique for the pitch measurement of a gear. In this paper, we describe the multiple measurement techniques for coordinate metrology, especially, application to gear measurement.

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11

Liu, Yue, Zhi Wei Hao, and Tian Tian Ren. "Inspection of Large Guide Rail Precision Based on Bistatic Measurement Method." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.945.

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Use two total stations cooperating with each other to measure the straightness of the guide rail. The straightness can test the accuracy of a large rail. Put the coordinates measuring with the two total station instruments to the same user coordinate system, take a key point between some distance with the auxiliary measuring tool of high precision, measure and record the key point s coordinate values. According to them, it can calculate the straightness of guide rail by using the least square method. The straightness accuracy of bistatic measurement can reach below 0.05mm, so it can meet the accuracy requirements.

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12

Yadav, Sanjay, Jiro Matsuda, and Lalith Prasantha Liyanawadu Chitarage. "Studies on Uncertainty Evaluation in Straightness Measurement." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 6 (December 20, 2001): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0643.

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The evaluation of uncertainty associated with measurements of geometrical forms is a subject of considerable interest these days in machine design. In the present study, a straightness measuring machine that was developed at National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM), Japan is investigated to evaluate various uncertainty components associated with measurements over a length of 500mm of a datum cylinder. Investigations on the heating effect of the measuring machine due to heat generated by an electric motor, the effect of the stability and shape of the probe head, the effect of bending of the carriage bed and the effect of angular movement of the carriage i.e., yawing and pitching, are carried out, with consideration of the magnitudes of the uncertainty components. The studies have broken the 200mm limit in straightness measurement range imposed by the non-availability of good reference standards beyond this range and would lead to manufacturing of reliable, accurate and precise commercial straightness measuring machine.

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13

Küng, Alain, Benjamin A. Bircher, and Felix Meli. "Low-Cost 2D Index and Straightness Measurement System Based on a CMOS Image Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 5461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245461.

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Accurate traceable measurement systems often use laser interferometers for position measurements in one or more dimensions. Since interferometers provide only incremental information, they are often combined with index sensors to provide a stable reference starting point. Straightness measurements are important for machine axis correction and for systems having several degrees of freedom. In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of an optical two-dimensional (2D) index sensor, which can also be used in a straightness measurement system, based on a fiber-coupled, collimated laser beam pointing onto an image sensor. Additionally, the sensor can directly determine a 2D position over a range of a few millimeters. The device is based on a simple and low-cost complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor chip and provides sub-micrometer accuracy. The system is an interesting alternative to standard techniques and can even be implemented on machines for real-time corrections. This paper presents the developed sensor properties for various applications and introduces a novel error separation method for straightness measurements.

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14

Wang, Fei Fei, and Wei Ming He. "Online Measurement Experiment and Data Analysis of the Slideway Straightness Motion Error for CMM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.329.

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The paper introduces the principle of the sequential two points (STP) method, using the error separation technique to isolate slideway straightness error and workpiece straightness error, by means of measurement and data analysis to study the slideway straightness error. Using least square method for fitting to improve the accuracy of three coordinate measuring machine. Last to assess and maintain the accuracy of the measurement machine.

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15

Ni, J., P. S. Huang, and S. M. Wu. "A Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Measuring System for CMM Geometric Errors." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899804.

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A precision multi-degree-of-freedom measuring (MDFM) system has been developed and implemented for the simultaneous measurement of straightness, pitch, yaw, and roll errors of the moving axes of a CMM. The system is based on the principles of laser alignment and autocollimator. Its measurement principles and the influence of laser beam drifts on its measurement quality have been investigated and some improvement schemes have been implemented. Through the measurements of actual as well as artificially created geometric errors of the CMM, it has been found that the system’s accuracy of measuring straightness error components is better than 1 μm and its accuracy for angular error measurements is better than 0.5 arcsec.

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16

Xu, Ben Sheng, Can Wang, and Yan Ru Zhong. "Research on Knowledge Base System of Straightness Verification Base on Ontology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1814.

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To realize the management and reuse of the knowledge of straightness verification, the ontology theory is applied in the knowledge base system of straightness verification. The system is divided into three layers: domain layer, inference layer and application layer. The ontology of the straightness verification is established for formal description of the conceptions of straightness verification and the relationship among these conceptions. Related axioms, rules of straightness measurement are given out according to related standard documents. Finally, an application platform is provided for the digitized realization of the straightness verification.

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17

Jywe, Wen-Yuh, Tung-Hsien Hsieh, Po-Yu Chen, and Ming-Shi Wang. "An Online Simultaneous Measurement of the Dual-Axis Straightness Error for Machine Tools." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112130.

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Vertical straightness errors are the key factor that affects the flatness of the workpiece during vertical machining. Traditionally, the individually measured and fitted vertical straightness errors of the X and Y axes are used to compensate the Z axis and, thus, obtain the flatness of the working table of the machine tool. However, it is difficult to measure and compensate the vertical straightness error of the desired position on the working table, not to mention the centroid variation effect of the working table on the measured data. In this study, an online dual-axis measurement system with repeatability (3σ) of 2.46 μm is developed to simultaneously measure X-axis and Y-axis straightness errors of the desired position of a working table. Furthermore, the measured data are utilized to establish a flatness error model to reduce the vertical straightness error of the working table such that the repeatability (3σ) of the measured flatness may be kept within a range of 0.65 μm.

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18

Su, Hang, Ruifang Ye, Fang Cheng, Changcai Cui, and Qing Yu. "A Straightness Error Compensation System for Topography Measurement Based on Thin Film Interferometry." Photonics 8, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050149.

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Straightness error compensation is a critical process for high-accuracy topography measurement. In this paper, a straightness measurement system was presented based on the principle of fringe interferometry. This system consisted of a moving optical flat and a stationary prism placed close to each other. With a properly aligned incident light beam, the air wedge between the optical flat and the prism would generate the interferogram, which was captured by a digital camera. When the optical flat was moving with the motion stage, the variation in air wedge thickness due to the imperfect straightness of the guideway would lead to a phase shift of the interferogram. The phase shift could be calculated, and the air wedge thickness could be measured accordingly using the image processing algorithm developed in-house. This air wedge thickness was directly correlated with the straightness of the motion stage. A commercial confocal sensor was employed as the reference system. Experimental results showed that the repeatability of the proposed film interferometer represented by σ was within 25 nm. The measurement deviation between the film interferometer and the reference confocal sensor was within ±0.1 µm. Compared with other interferometric straightness measurement technologies, the presented methodology was featured by a simplified design and good environment robustness. The presented system could potentially be able to measure straightness in both linear and angular values, and the main focus was to analyze its linear value measurement capability.

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19

Yin, Zi Qiang, Suet To, and Ling Bao Kong. "Novel Error Separation Method for Straightness Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.572.

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novel time-domain error separation method which can reconstruct straightness profile of workpiece exactly for on-machine measurement has successfully been developed. The proposed method is based on difference measurement and can use two or three displacement probes. It possesses following characteristics: (i) adapting to long or short workpiece, (ii) assuming no prior knowledge, (iii) employing large shears, (iv) needing no accurate zero-adjustment of probes, and (v) reconstructing various surfaces including smooth, non-smooth, periodic and non-periodic profiles with no theoretical error. The shortest length which can be reconstructed exactly has been calculated in time-domain method. The theoretical analysis justifies the effectiveness of this method.

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20

Zhang, Jihua. "Interferometric straightness measurement system using triangular prisms." Optical Engineering 37, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.601696.

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21

Jinxing, Wang, Jiang Xiangqian, Ma Limin, Xu Zhengao, and Li Zhu. "Uncertainty of spatial straightness in 3D measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 13 (January 1, 2005): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/13/1/051.

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22

Vekteris, Vladas. "Two-dimensional straightness measurement using optical meter." Optical Engineering 47, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 123605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3049908.

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23

Markov, B. N., and A. K. Konysbekov. "Laser interferometric measurement of deviation from straightness." Measurement Techniques 34, no. 10 (October 1991): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00981051.

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24

Virdee, M. S. "Non-contacting straightness measurement to nanometre accuracy." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 2 (February 1995): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)p2367-o.

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25

Kono, Ginsuke, Takaharu Kuroda, Teruyoshi Daitoh, and Kuniaki Maruoka. "The Development of the Automatic Measurement of Straightness Using by a Ball Screw." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.713.

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Recently, the screens of TVs and computers are getting larger and larger. In accordance to that, surface plates of those, which are used during the production process, are also becoming bigger. These surface plates are required to be checked every certain period of duration. Therefore, an automatic measurement of straightness, that is highly accurate, and capable of measuring large area, is necessary. The straightness is the degree of difference from a straight line geometrically. It is one of the indexes to express machining precision. In Mechanical Engineering, the accuracy of processing side and the exactitude of the table and the surface plate, which are the bases of the processing side, decide the quality of products. There are a number of methods to measure the straightness. In this experiment, we use a straightness-measuring instrument, which moves a gauge parallel to the surface, and measure the values. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of straightness- measuring instrument. This straightness-measuring instrument is consisted of guide rail, carriage, and support blocks. During the actual measurement, the control of the carriage to connect the gauge is manually operated. This manual operation is simple, but measurement time and precision greatly depend on individual skill. In addition, measuring process requires good length of time with intensity, hence it causes the worker mental exhaustion. Therefore, if we can mechanically operate the carriage it will improve the accuracy and data collection will be easier. This research is aimed to mechanically operate the straightness-measuring instrument and measure consecutive positions in a short period of time. This report explains the design, production, and motion test of the automatic movement mechanism of the carriage.

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26

Schmid-Schirling, Tobias, Lea Kraft, and Daniel Carl. "Laser scanning–based straightness measurement of precision bright steel rods at one point." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, no. 7-8 (July 9, 2021): 2511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07468-7.

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AbstractIn industrial manufacturing of bright steel rods, one important quality factor is the straightness or straightness deviation. Depending on the application, deviations of less than 0.1 mm per meter rod length are desired and can be reached with state-of-the-art manufacturing equipment. Such high-quality requirements can only be guaranteed with continuous quality control. Manual straightness measurements conducted offline using a dial gauge provide accurate results on single positions of the rod. We propose a contactless, optical measurement technique based on laser scanning which has the potential to be used inline during production to inspect all rods over the entire length. Only for calibration of the system the rod needs to be turned around its axis. For the measurement of straightness deviation, it is not required to turn the rod. The method is based on evaluating the intensity signal of the reflected laser radiation against the scan angle. It is shown that in combination with an accurate calibration, this signal can be used to determine the rod’s deviation from a straight rod. We explain the measurement and calibration principle as well as data evaluation. We present the experimental setup and first measurement results on a single position on several samples. For a homogeneous sample surface and neglecting laser drift, accuracy and precision were determined to be in the range of 10–20 μm. We discuss the working principle of a potential inline system.

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27

Hu, Chang De, Yong Qiang Li, Juan Gao, Peng Fu, He Ping Min, and Ning Ye. "Long Guide Straightness Error Measurement Based on Laser Interference." Applied Mechanics and Materials 565 (June 2014): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.565.126.

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A new kind of straightness error measurement system based on laser interference is developed. High stability He-Ne laser beam which is collimated and broadened is cast on wedge-shaped glass plate, on which back and front the light reflects and interfere. The angle of the guide and target would be changed when the motion of the target is along the guide, if there is linearity error existing in the guide. So interference stripes would be moved by the changed angle of the guide and target. In this way the straightness error of the guide is transferred to the displacement of the interference stripes. Then interference stripes are tested by photoelectricity sensor and deviation of the laser beam is acquired. The comparison tests and repeated tests show that the straightness error is 623.103μm when the tested long guide is 50 meters long.

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28

Li, Sen. "Laser Shearing-Interferometry for Measurement of Rail Straightness Accuracy and Error Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1063.

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A long rail straightness measurement method is given for the portable laser alignment measurement system which is based on laser shearing interference fringes. Through theoretical derivation, mathematical model is set up between the laser phase differential linearity error and shearing interferometry. Large numbers of experiments have verified correctness of long rail straightness measurement method, analyzed the cause of error and provided ways for error reduction.

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29

Cao, Guo Hui, and Yoshiharu Namba. "Straightness Error Compensation for Ultra-Precision Machining Based on a Straightness Gauge." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.105.

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A method of straightness error compensation is presented, which is used in ultra-precision machining with nano-scale accuracy for a large mandrel manufacture. A set of measurement system in situ is developed, in which an ultra-smooth glass-ceramic flatness gauge and a non-contact micro displacement sensor with nano-scale resolution were used as a reference and sensor to get the straightness error of machine tool movement. The real straightness error can be obtained after subtracting the surface profile of the gauge from the original straightness error curve. Based on the real straightness error data, a new NC program was made for compensating the error from the axis movement of machine tool. As a result, after straightness error compensation, the straightness errors of two axes of ultra-precision machine tool are 68nm/400mm and 54nm/300mm respectively.

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30

Glubokov, Alexander Vladimirovich, Svetlana Vladimirovna Glubokova, Alexey Vileninovich Shulepov, and Sergey Evgenievich Ped. "Spectral Parameters of Straightness Deviation Evaluation." Materials Science Forum 876 (October 2016): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.876.74.

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Spectral analysis of different profiles obtained during straightness deviation measurement was performed. The several profiles are showed, for which the value of straightness deviation is the same, but its behavior differs greatly. Spectral parameters characterizing the type of straightness deviation are proposed. The automated system based on factors of fuzzy-set theory with implementation in the form of neural network is developed.

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31

ARAI, Yoshikazu, Wei GAO, Hiroki SHIMIZU, Satoshi KIYONO, and Tsunemoto KURIYAGAWA. "310 Straightness error measurement of an ultra-precision aspheric grinding machine : Straightness and rolling error measurement of slide table." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2004.39 (2004): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2004.39.110.

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32

Tanaka, H., and H. Sato. "Extensive Analysis and Development of Straightness Measurement by Sequential-Two-Points Method." Journal of Engineering for Industry 108, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187061.

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Characteristics of errors which might occur in the straightness measurement method due to sequential-two-points were investigated. The investigation made it clear that the slight discrepancies of alignment at the tip between two displacement sensors would be accumulated onto the portion of linear increment generally observed when the straightness is measured; the method of compensation is analytically shown. It is theoretically proposed that the error which might be introduced by the yaw of the tool post and is neglected by the present system can be evaluated by the measurement using sequential-three-points. It is also shown that the measurement system due to the sequential-two-points works stably even for the case when the work on the lathe is rotated. The cylindricity obtained by the measurement during the work rotation agrees well with that obtained by static measurements.

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33

Stępień, Krzysztof. "An analysis of influence of sampling strategy and scanning speed on estimation of straightness and flatness deviations with CMMs." Advanced Technologies in Mechanics 2, no. 2(3) (October 30, 2015): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/atim.2015.2(3).17.

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The paper deals with the problem of influence of scanning speed and measuring strategy on results of flatness and straightness deviations with CMMs. The straightness was studied for various numbers of sampling points and for various scanning speeds. The flatness was investigated for various measurement paths and for various levels of scanning speeds. The results of the study indicate that applied measurement speed and selected measurement path can change obtained results very significantly.

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34

Yang, Jiao Jiao, Xin Chen, Guo Qing Ding, Li Hua Lei, and Yuan Li. "A Six-Probe Scanning Method for Guide Rail Straightness Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2669.

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Straightness error is the main profile error of guide rail. This paper studies a scanning six-probe system for measuring straightness of two guide rails. The system does not use angle sensors and consists of two probe-units, each having three displacement sensors. The two probe-units are moved by a scanning stage to scan the surface of two guide rails, then they are rotated 180 and scan guide rails again after the first scanning. The zero-differences of two probe-units before and after probe-units being rotated, as well as the straightness of the guide rails, can be accurately evaluated from the outputs of the displacement sensors in two scanning process. The effectiveness of this method is confirmed by computer simulation and experimental results in the case of two probe-units having different zero-differences before and after probe-units being rotated.

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35

Sun, Chuang, Sheng Cai, Yusheng Liu, and Yanfeng Qiao. "Compact Laser Collimation System for Simultaneous Measurement of Five-Degree-of-Freedom Motion Errors." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155057.

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A compact laser collimation system is presented for the simultaneous measurement of five-degree-of-freedom motion errors. The optical configuration of the proposed system is designed, and the principle of the measurement of five-degree-of-freedom errors is described in detail. The resolution of the roll and the horizontal straightness is doubled compared with other laser collimation methods. A common optical path compensation method is provided to detect light drift in real time and compensate for straightness and angle errors. An experimental setup is constructed, and a series of experiments are performed to verify the feasibility and stability of the system. Compared with commercial instruments, the pitch and yaw residuals are ± 2.5 ″ and ± 3.5 ″ without correction, and the residuals are ± 1.9 ″ and ± 2.8 ″ after correction, respectively. The comparison deviations of the horizontal straightness and vertical straightness changed from ± 4.8 μ m to ± 2.8 μm and ± 5.9 μm to ± 3.6 μm, respectively. The comparison deviation of the roll is ± 4.3 ″ . The experimental results show that the data of the five-degree-of-freedom measurement system obtained are largely the same as the measurement data of commercial instruments. The common optical path compensation can effectively improve the measurement accuracy of the system.

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36

OKUYAMA, Eiki, and Satoshi KIYONO. "Study on Combination Method for Straightness Profile Measurement." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 85, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.85.347.

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37

Liu, Y. S., T. Q. Wang, X. Y. Ma, and Y. P. Ning. "Hole Straightness Measurement of Automatic Control System Design." Procedia Engineering 15 (2011): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.056.

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38

Zhu Lingjian, 朱凌建, 李照锁 Li Zhaosuo, 刘君华 Liu Junhua, and 张钟华 Zhang Zhonghua. "Straightness-Error Measurement with Laterally Modulated Polarized Light." Acta Optica Sinica 29, no. 4 (2009): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20092904.0955.

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39

Yamauchi, Makoto. "Interferometric straightness measurement system using a holographic grating." Optical Engineering 33, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.163198.

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Furutani, Ryoshu, and Masakazu Watanabe. "Measurement of Straightness for Two-Dimensional Translatory Stage." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.194.

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The large scaled and high accurate 2D-stage is necessary for nanomanufacturing. In order to measure the position of stage, two direction sensors are used. These sensors measure the displacement from the metrological frame. However in nanometer application, as the profile error of metrological frame is comparable with the accuracy of 2D-stage, it is not negligible. Therefore the measuring result includes the displacement of stages and the profile error of metrological frame. So the multi-probe method is applied in one-dimensional measurement to separate the displacement error from the profile error of the metrological frame. In the multi-probe method, the zero adjustment error cannot be removed. So this article proposes a new method which separates the displacement of 2D-stage from the profile errors of the metrological frames in two directions. In this article, as the laser interferometer is used as the sensor, the measuring data is assumed as the shape of the axis of stages mixed with the profile error of the reference mirror in laser interferometer. The relationship during the measuring data, the shape of the axis and the profile error is described. The shape of axis of stage and the profile error of mirror are derived from the measuring result in experiment.

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AI, Xiaoyong, Tsuyoshi SHIMIZU, and Makoto OBI. "The Straightness Measurement Based on Improved Displacement Method." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 66, no. 646 (2000): 2010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.66.2010.

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42

Kokoszka, Wanda, Piotr Ochab, and Anna Gardzinska. "Measurement of Straightness and Verticality of Sheet Piling." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0045.

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Abstract Sheet piling is commonly used in various areas of special construction. Embedded in the ground before carrying out excavation works, sheet piling constitutes an enclosure and protection for the designed excavation. It is a temporary enclosure and protection for excavations made for communication structures, launch shafts built for microtunnel construction, etc. In order to assess the quality of the engineering works related to the construction of sheet piling, measurements were made of straightness and verticality of the sheet piling used for the technological chambers. The measurements concerned two technological chambers of 7.2 and 6.4 m height. Inventory measurements were made using a total station of 1” accuracy and a leveling staff with the appliance of the so-called projection method. The two technological chambers were built in the investment area called “Infrastructure construction for rainwater drainage, water supply and sanitary sewage collection from the John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice.”

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43

Fan, Rui, and Di Zhang. "Research on the Compensation Method of Installation Errors in Guideway Straightness Measurement with PSD." Advanced Materials Research 630 (December 2012): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.630.389.

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Influence and Compensation Theory of Installation Errors in Guideway Straightness Measurement with PSD Is Analyzed. it Shows that Pincushion Distortion Affects PSD’s Accuracy, while Angle θ between Laser and Guideway, Error Angle Caused by Straightness Error and Angle β Generated when PSD Rotates about the Guideway Have Significant Influence on System Measurement Accuracy. PSD’s Pincushion Distortion Could Be Corrected and Installation State Can Be Determined by Measuring on Site and Calibrating with Laser Tracer. after Error Compensation, System Measurement Accuracy Is Greatly Improved.

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44

Fung, Eric H. K. "A New Method for Measuring Straightness and Yawing Motion Errors of a Linear Slide." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 2 (October 6, 2005): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2162903.

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In this paper, an on-machine Fourier five-sensor (F5S) measurement method is developed using Fourier series and sensor integration techniques to determine the straightness and yawing motion errors of a linear slide. The profile of the slide is also determined in this error separation technique. The method is an extension of the previous Fourier three-sensor (F3S) method (Fung, E. H. K., and Yang, S. M., 2000, “An Error Separation Technique for Measuring Straightness Motion Error of a Linear Slide,” Meas. Sci. Technol., 11, pp. 1515–1521; Yang, S. M., Fung, E. H. K., and Chiu, W. M., 2002, “Uncertainty Analysis of On-Machine Motion and Profile Measurement With Sensor Reading Errors,” Meas. Sci. Technol., 13, pp. 1937–1945) by including the effects of yawing error in the straightness motion error and profile measurements. The principles and operation of the F5S measurement method are described. The uncertainty analysis of the method in the presence of a sensor reading error is studied both in the frequency domain and the spatial domain. The spatial domain parameter is first optimized to yield the 12 possible sensor configurations and the final configuration is chosen based on the frequency domain parameter values. The method is evaluated by computer simulation where the simulated sensor outputs are derived from the predefined profile, straightness, and yawing motion errors. By comparing the calculated results with the input data, the F5S method is found to be superior to the F3S method as far as accuracy is concerned. The results reported in this simulation study not only confirm the feasibility of the F5S method but also encourage the author to perform an experimental study in the near future.

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Hsieh, Tung-Hsien, Po-Yu Chen, Wen-Yuh Jywe, Guan-Wu Chen, and Ming-Shi Wang. "A Geometric Error Measurement System for Linear Guideway Assembly and Calibration." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 10, 2019): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030574.

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Geometric errors, such as straightness, perpendicularity, and parallelism errors are determinant factors of both the accuracy and service life of a linear guideway. In this study, a multipurpose geometric error measurement system was mainly composed of a laser source and an in-lab-developed optical module is proposed. Two adjustment methods were used for the in-lab-developed optical module to calibrate the altitude angle of the pentaprism: The first one is designed for ease of operation based on Michelson principle using a laser interferometer as the light receiver, and the second is aimed at high calibration repeatability based on the autocollimator principle using the quadrant detector (QD) to replace the light receiver. The result shows that the residual errors of the horizontal straightness and the vertical straightness are within ±1.3 µm and ±5.3 µm, respectively, when referred to as the commercial laser interferometer. Additionally, the residual errors of perpendicularity and parallelism are within ±1.2 µm and ±0.1 µm, respectively, when referred to as the granite reference blocks

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Katoh, T., and E. Urata. "Measurement and Control of a Straightening Process for Seamless Pipes." Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901671.

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This paper deals with an automatic curing process for out-of-straightness of terminal ends of seamless pipes. The developed curing process is composed of a measuring stage and a controlling stage. In the measuring stage, the out-of-straightness pattern of each pipe is measured automatically, then reference pressure points and press strokes are determined to minimize the sum of squares of deflection angles. In the controlling stage, elastic springback of the pipe is predicted by an observer using the calculated press stroke, on-line measured values of reactive force, and deflection of the pipe. Through a series of experiments, the validity of the proposed process was verified.

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Gao, Wei, J. Yokoyama, S. Kiyono, and N. Hitomi. "A Scanning Multi-Probe Straightness Measurement System for Alignment of Linear Collider Accelerator." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.253.

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This paper describes a scanning multi-probe measurement system for local alignment of linac components. The system consists of two probe-units, each having three displacement probes. The two probe-units, which are placed on the two sides of the cylindrical linac components, are moved by a scanning stage with a scanning range of 5 m to simultaneously scan the two opposed straightness profiles of the linac cylinders. A differential output calculated from the probe outputs in each probe-unit cancels the influence of error motions of the scanning stage, and a double ntegration of the differential output gives the straightness profile. The difference between the unknown zero-values of the probes in each probe-unit of zero-difference, which introduces a parabolic error term in the profile evaluation result, is calculated and compensated for by a zero-adjustment method so that accurate straightness profiles of the linac cylinders can be obtained. The effectiveness of the measuring system is confirmed by experimental results.

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Tsai, Hsiu-An, and Yu-Lung Lo. "An Approach to Measure Tilt Motion, Straightness and Position of Precision Linear Stage with a 3D Sinusoidal-Groove Linear Reflective Grating and Triangular Wave-Based Subdivision Method." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122816.

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This work presents a novel and compact method for simultaneously measuring errors in linear displacement and vertical straightness of a moving linear air-bearing stage using 3D sinusoidal-groove linear reflective grating and a novel triangular wave-based sequence signal analysis method. The new scheme is distinct from the previous studies as it considers two signals to analyze linear displacement and vertical straightness. In addition, the tilt motion of the precision linear stage could also be measured using the 3D sinusoidal-groove linear reflective grating. The proposed system is similar to a linear encoder and can make online measurements of stage errors to analyze automatic processes and also be used for real-time monitoring. The performance of the proposed method and its reliability have been verified by experiments. The experiments show that the maximum error of measured tilt angle, linear displacement, and vertical straightness error is less than 0.058°, 0.239 μm, and 0.188 μm, respectively. The maximum repeatability error on measurement of tilt angle, linear displacement, and vertical straightness error is less than ±0.189o, ±0.093 μm, and ±0.016 μm, respectively. The proposed system is suitable for error compensation in the multi-axis system and finds application in most industries.

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Iori, Keisuke, Miyu Ozaki, and Ryoshu Furutani. "Evaluation of Straightness of Two-Axes Stage." Key Engineering Materials 625 (August 2014): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.625.47.

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Two-axes stages (XY stage) are used for precise machining and precise positioning. The XY stage should have the resolution of nanometer in the nanotechonology. In order to determine that the XY stage has enough small resolution, it is necessary to evaluate the positioning accuracy. The shape of stage axes affects measurement result. Therefore, it is necessary to know the shape of the axes. This paper describes the method how to evaluate the straightness of the stage to measure the behavior of the stage. The behavior of the stage is measured by laser interferometer, which measures the displacement. The reflection mirrors are set up on the stage, which reflects the laser. The result of measurement by the laser interferometer includes both of the shape of the reflection mirrors and the shape of the axes. In the case of nanometer positioning, the shape of the reflection mirrors affects measurement result, as the profile error of reflection mirrors are as small as motion error. We theoretically and experimentally inspect whether both errors can be separated from the displacement. In this simulation, the shape of axes and the shape of the reflection mirrors are generated randomly. The shape of axes and the shape of reflection mirrors are estimated by non-linear least-squares method. The estimated shape of axes and shape of reflection mirrors are compared with the ideal shape of them. After simulation, similar method is applied to the actual stage and laser interferometer. The result of simulation and measurement are shown.

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Lee, Minho, Hyun-Ik Yang, and Nahm-Gyoo Cho. "Highly sensitive straightness measurement system using a ball-lens." Measurement Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (December 2, 2015): 015008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/1/015008.

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