Journal articles: 'Stormwater quality improvements'

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Heijs, J., D. Wilkinson, and E. Couriel. "Project CARE: reducing wet weather overflows to improve beach water quality." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0660.

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The people who live in North Shore City (New Zealand) consider the beaches as their greatest asset. Following public outcry on frequent beach pollution caused by wet weather sewer overflows, Project CARE commenced in 1998 to plan the improvements to the city's separated wastewater and stormwater systems to protect the streams and beaches, particularly from a public health perspective. The investigation included building hydrological and hydraulic models to represent the wastewater and stormwater systems and a receiving waters model to simulate the impacts on the beaches. These models were later used to explore options for improvement. It was found that North Shore City has a very leaky wastewater system that is under capacity. The resulting wet weather overflows (12 per year on average) are the most important contributor to the problem although stormwater pollution alone is big enough to cause problems (at a smaller magnitude). A cost optimisation model (iterative process using performance/cost relationships) was then used to assist in identifying the optimal set of improvement works (storage, repair and increased capacity, wastewater treatment plant) to meet different performance targets and to cater for growth up to the year 2050. Cost Benefit analyses, looking at improvements in system performance and water quality, show diminishing returns for performance levels better than 2 overflows per year. The total costs that meet this target are estimated at almost NZ$300M (US$135M).

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Awang Ali, Awang Nasrizal, Nurmin Bolong, and Nazaruddin Abdul Taha. "A REVIEW ON THE APPLICATION OF GRANULAR FILTER MEDIA AND THE UTILIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR STORMWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.15159.

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The stormwater management practices have changed from conveyance-oriented to storage-oriented, as part of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). Still, uncontrolled development increases potential pollutants in the stormwater, which conveys into a water body or river. Continuous improvements in the filtration mechanism would complement stormwater management. For the past decades, there is progress in applying granular filter media for stormwater quality improvement. However, the reports were not systematically reviewed. In this paper, the recent five years research that utilizes granular filter media for improving stormwater quality was retrieved and reviewed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was referred to, where Scopus and Web of Sciences, two primary journal databases, were used. Initially, keywords searching strings have resulted in 467 articles, which were further screened. Four themes have been formed: stormwater management, stormwater characteristics, separation mechanisms, and future perspectives. Next, two sub-themes and two sub-sub-themes were further established. Then, 65 articles were included manually to complement the themes developed to explore the potential agro-industrial wastes as sustainable filter media. Therefore, this review has proven that the relatively inexpensive and renewable resources from the agro-industrial wastes can remove pollutants efficiently from the stormwater. Four main criteria affecting filter media performances are also highlighted, including the grain sizes of the media, media bed configuration, hydraulic loading rate, and the suspended solids concentration. Further study on these variables can be beneficial to explore the impact of utilizing agro-based media in stormwater filtration.

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Tota-Maharaj, Kiran, and Parneet Paul. "Sustainable Approaches for Stormwater Quality Improvements with Experimental Geothermal Paving Systems." Sustainability 7, no. 2 (January 27, 2015): 1388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021388.

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Kadurupokune, N., and N. Jayasuriya. "Pollutant load removal efficiency of pervious pavements: is clogging an issue?" Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (October 1, 2009): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.571.

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Pervious pavements in car parks and driveways reduce the peak runoff rate and the quantity of runoff discharged into urban drains as well as improve the stormwater quality by trapping the sediments in the infiltrated water. The paper focuses on presenting results from the laboratory tests carried out to evaluate water quality improvements and effects of long-term decrease in infiltration rates with time due to sediments trapping (clogging) within the pavement pores. Clogging was not found to be a major factor affecting pervious pavement performance after simulating 17 years of stormwater quality samples.

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Thorolfsson, Sveinn T. "New strategies in stormwater-meltwater management in the city of Bergen, Norway." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0114.

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In the City of Bergen, Norway, extensive measures against point pollution sources are now to be implemented and to be finished before the end of year 2000, improving the receiving water conditions. Local politicians and public opinion support high standards of receiving water, even higher than the national level. Future improvements in the receiving water quality is planned through different measures aimed at reducing stormwater-meltwater runoff which causes surface pollution wash-off and combined sewer overflows. The city is now presenting a master plan for the water environment and urban runoff management. One of the main issues of the plan is measures for stormwater-meltwater quantity and quality problems. This paper describes the background for the plan and the reasons for introducing new strategies in integrated stormwater-meltwater management. The non-polluted stormwater-meltwater is to be handled near the source by percolation and/or detention. The polluted stormwater-meltwater is to be collected and conveyed to an appropriate site for treatment and discharge. The alternative drainage system named the Sandsli-system is described.

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Lloyd, S. D., T. H. F. Wong, and B. Porter. "The planning and construction of an urban stormwater management scheme." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0111.

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Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) offers a means to integrate stormwater best management practices into urban planning and design to achieve multiple objectives. Some of these objectives relate to stormwater drainage, water quality improvements, aquatic habitat protection, stormwater harvesting and use, and landscape amenity. The Lynbrook Estate, Australia, has incorporated bio-filtration systems and wetlands into the design of major roads, local access streets and parklands that attenuate and treat roof runoff and road runoff from a 32 ha, 270 allotment residential precinct. This paper outlines the process that enabled the concept of a stormwater drainage design to be translated into on-ground works. Details of the construction activities, costs and market acceptance highlight the potential for the adoption of similar practices elsewhere.

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Winston, Ryan J., Kristi Arend, Jay D. Dorsey, and William F. Hunt. "Water quality performance of a permeable pavement and stormwater harvesting treatment train stormwater control measure." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.914.

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Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban development causes undesired impacts to surface waters, including discharge of pollutants, erosion, and loss of habitat. A treatment train consisting of permeable interlocking concrete pavement and underground stormwater harvesting was monitored to quantify water quality improvements. The permeable pavement provided primary treatment and the cistern contributed to final polishing of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity concentrations (>96%) and loads (99.5% for TSS). Because of this, >40% reduction of sediment-bound nutrient forms and total nitrogen was observed. Nitrate reduction (>70%) appeared to be related to an anaerobic zone in water stored in the scarified soil beneath the permeable pavement, allowing denitrification to occur. Sequestration of copper, lead, and zinc occurred during the first 5 months of monitoring, with leaching observed during the second half of the monitoring period. This was potentially caused by a decrease in pH within the cistern or residual chloride from deicing salt causing de-sorption of metals from accumulated sediment. Pollutant loading followed the same trends as pollutant concentrations, with load reduction improved vis-à-vis concentrations because of the 27% runoff reduction provided by the treatment train. This study has shown that permeable pavement can serve as an effective pretreatment for stormwater harvesting schemes.

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Bobor, L. O., and A. G. Aghedo. "Stormwater Runoff Treatment Using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract as a Natural Coagulant." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.01.0192.

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Uncontrolled stormwater runoff poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems due the presence of harmful pollutants. Effective treatment is important prior to discharge. This study investigated the performance of Moringa oleifera seed extract as a coagulant for the reduction of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) in stormwater runoff. Stormwater samples were treated with Moringa oleifera seed extract solution at varied coagulant doses (0.5-10%), pH (3-10) and settling durations (20-60 minutes). The samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine the coagulation efficiencies. There were improvements in stormwater quality, with up to 88%, 70% and 89% reduction in turbidity, COD and TSS levels achieved. Removal efficiencies increased with increase in coagulant dose and settling time. The results of the study indicate that Moringa oleifera can be used in the treatment of stormwater runoff for safe discharge into the aquatic environment.

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Maxwell, Bryan, Danielle Winter, and François Birgand. "Floating treatment wetland retrofit in a stormwater wet pond provides limited water quality improvements." Ecological Engineering 149 (April 2020): 105784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105784.

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Maršálek, J., and D. Sztruhár. "Urban Drainage: Review of Contemporary Approaches." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0645.

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Recent developments in urban storm drainage are reviewed starting with rainfall/runoff processes, followed by discussions of combined sewage, drainage impacts on receiving waters, impact mitigation, hydroinformatics, regulatory programs and conclusions. The most promising trends in this field include improvements in spatial definition of rainfall data, runoff modelling with a limited number of model parameters and recognition of modelling uncertainties, analytical statistical modelling of runoff quality, advances in the understanding and modelling of sewer sediment transport, the use of biomonitoring and modelling in assessing drainage impacts on receiving waters, further refinement of best management practices for stormwater management, development of new processes for treatment of stormwater, experience with vortex combined sewer overflow structures and their applications in combination with other treatment devices, real time control of sewer system operation, advances in hydroinformatics leading to improvements in the integrated management and modelling of drainage systems, interfacing of drainage models with geographic information systems, and improved regulation of drainage effluents.

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Persaud, P. P., A. A. Akin, B. Kerkez, D. T. McCarthy, and J. M. Hathaway. "Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells." Blue-Green Systems 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2019.924.

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Abstract Extreme weather and the proliferation of impervious areas in urban watersheds increases the frequency of flood events and deepens water quality concerns. Bioretention is a type of green infrastructure practice developed to mitigate these impacts by reducing peak flows, runoff volume, and nutrient loads in stormwater. However, studies have shown inconsistency in the ability of bioretention to manage some pollutants, particularly some forms of nitrogen. Innovative sensor and control technologies are being tested to actively manage urban stormwater, primarily in open water stormwater systems such as wet ponds. Through these cyber-physical controls, it may be possible to optimize storage time and/or soil moisture dynamics within bioretention cells to create more favorable conditions for water quality improvements. A column study testing the influence of active control on bioretention system performance was conducted over a 9-week period. Active control columns were regulated based on either maintaining a specific water level or soil moisture content and were compared to free draining (FD) and internal water storage standards. Actively controlled bioretention columns performed similarly, with the soil moisture-based control showing the best performance with over 86% removal of metals and total suspended solids (TSS) while also exhibiting the highest ammonium removal (43%) and second highest nitrate removal (74%). While all column types showed mostly similar TSS and metal removal trends (median 94 and 98%, respectively), traditionally FD and internal water storage configurations promoted aerobic and anaerobic processes, respectively, which suggests that actively controlled systems have greater potential for targeting both processes. The results suggest that active controls can improve upon standard bioretention designs, but further optimization is required to balance the water quality benefits gained by retention time against storage needs for impending storms.

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Pereira Souza, Fernanda, Maria Elisa Leite Costa, and Sergio Koide. "Hydrological Modelling and Evaluation of Detention Ponds to Improve Urban Drainage System and Water Quality." Water 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081547.

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Paranoá Lake is an urban lake and it is being used as a source for urban water supply since last year. Until 1990, algal blooms occurred and improvements on wastewater treatment plants carried out improved the water quality very rapidly due to phosphorus load reduction. Recently, water quality is deteriorating, which is probably due to diffuse pollution. In Brazil, we adopt separated pipe networks for sewage and stormwaters, although cross flows occur. The evaluation of urban drainage stormwaters entering the lake and proposition of technical alternatives is crucial in minimizing the impacts on lake water quality. Quantitative and qualitative behavior of urban stormwaters were analyzed by means of monitoring the runoff flows and pollutant concentrations. Mathematical modelling while using the Storm Water Management Model—SWMM was carried out, and good correlations were found for flow modelling. However, poor response was achieved for water quality simulations, affecting the simulated pollutant loads entering the lake. The simulation of 13 alternatives for detention ponds location was also evaluated, as well as their influences on flow damping capability. The detention ponds that were tested were placed in line in the drainage mains to study the effects of their location on the removal of pollutants. As expected, the results showed that ponds located near the outfall are more efficient in reducing flow peaks. However, this layout requires construction woks in areas that are more sensitive to environmental and urbanistic problems and with higher land commercial values. Alternatives with smaller volumes in public areas near the center of the catchment area can lead to the peak flow damping required by the existing drainage network to avoid overflows. In conclusion, detention ponds can be a good alternative for improving the stormwater quantity and quality, but also alternatives that promote increased infiltration, should also be considered for compensating the infiltration lost due to urbanization.

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Andoh, R. Y. G., and A. J. Saul. "The use of hydrodynamic vortex separators and screening systems to improve water quality." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0248.

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The paper reviews the evolution of Hydrodynamic Vortex Separators (HDVS) in the context of their application as high rate rotary flow separators for achieving water quality improvements to meet with regulatory requirements in Europe and North America. The types of HDVS and their application for the control of wet-weather discharges such as combined sewer overflows (CSOs), sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) and stormwater are outlined and a number of myths surrounding their use, dispelled. Reference is made to outputs of peer reviewed comprehensive monitoring, evaluation and demonstration projects on pilot and full-scale installations to demonstrate the efficacy and extensive track record of these systems. Recent developments and innovations in HDVS technologies are discussed, focusing on their combined use as solids liquid separators, contact vessels for wastewater disinfection, the incorporation of self-cleansing screening devices for the control of aesthetic pollutants (e.g. floatables) and the use of computational modelling for optimisation.

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Randall, Mark T., and Andrea Bradford. "Bioretention gardens for improved nutrient removal." Water Quality Research Journal 48, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.016.

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Bioretention gardens are stormwater management practices capable of providing numerous water quantity and quality benefits. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in these systems. This study used ten, vegetated, mesoscale (0.20 m3), bioretention cells in a field setting to provide a comparison of the nutrient removal capabilities of five, alternative bioretention designs. Applying a synthetic stormwater to the bioretention cells demonstrated that a sandy soil mix can provide a 75.5 and 53.4% reduction in concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen, respectively. Phosphorus removal was found to be only slightly enhanced in bioretention cells where soil was amended with alum-based drinking water treatment residuals, a commercially available oxide-coated media, or a commercially available lanthanum-modified bentonite product. However, improvements in phosphorus removal were observed in some cells when elevated phosphorus loads were applied to evaluate longer term performance. In cells incorporating a permanently saturated zone containing shredded newspaper to promote denitrification, effluent concentrations of nitrate were reduced by >99%, however total nitrogen concentrations increased.

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Vinciūnas, Vaidas, Mindaugas Rimeika, and Dalia Janeliauskienė. "THE EVALUATION OF STORMWATER RUNOFF / PAVIRŠINIŲ NUOTEKŲ KIEKIO ĮVERTINIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.098.

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Conventional wastewater flow measurement techniques are difficult to apply for stormwater runoff. Therefore, a strong need for the new types of flow measurements is foreseen, especially in the existing urban areas. Water level was measured applying a hydrostatic level meter and flow was calculated according to typical hydraulic relationship. The theoretical flow rate was calculated based on rain gauge data from the nearest metrological station. Following gauge data, the calculated storm water runoff was almost two times higher than the measured one. Differences in flow data will lead to uncertainties in statistical reports and misunderstanding between different authorities. The measurements of storm water flows are necessary, because they are associated with emission accounts, taxes on pollution and improvements to environmental quality. Santrauka Standartiniai buitinių nuotekų debito matavimo būdai sunkiai pritaikomi paviršinėms nuotekoms dėl didelių debitų svyravimų, gausaus skendinčiųjų medžiagų kiekio, elektros tiekimo nebuvimo ir vietos trūkumo esamose sistemose. Todėl ieškoma naujų būdų ir alternatyvų, kaip būtų galima išmatuoti paviršinių nuotekų debitą, ypač urbanizuotose teritorijose. Paviršinių nuotekų debitų šalyje faktiškai nematuojama, o nuotekų kiekis apskaičiuojamas teorinėmis formulėmis. Darbo tikslas buvo palyginti vieno iš paviršinių nuotekų baseino faktinį išmatuotą debitą su apskaičiuotu pagal galiojančią standartinę metodiką. Paviršinių nuotekų debitas buvo matuojamas naudojant hidrostatinį lygio matuoklį, o teorinis debitas apskaičiuotas pagal artimiausios metrologinės stoties kritulmačio duomenis. Apskaičiuotas paviršinių nuotekų kiekis gautas beveik du kartus didesnis, nei išmatuotas. Būtina tobulinti esamą paviršinių nuotekų debito skaičiavimo metodiką, nes tai susiję su teršalų apskaita, mokesčiais už taršą ir aplinkos kokybės gerinimu.

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Kao, C. M., J. Y. Wang, H. Y. Lee, and C. K. Wen. "Application of a constructed wetland for non-point source pollution control." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0884.

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In Taiwan, non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the major causes of impairment of surface waters. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using constructed wetlands on NPS pollutant removal and water quality improvements. A field-scale constructed wetland system was built inside the campus of National Sun Yat-Sen University (located in southern Taiwan) to remove (1) NPS pollutants due to the stormwater runoff, and (2) part of the untreated wastewater from school drains. The constructed wetland was 40 m (L) × 30 m (W) × 1 m (D), which received approximately 85 m3 per day of untreated wastewater from school drainage pipes. The plants grown on the wetland included floating (Pistia stratiotes L.) and emergent (Phragmites communis L.) species. One major storm event and baseline water quality samples were analyzed during the monitoring period. Analytical results indicate that the constructed wetland removed a significant amount of NPS pollutants and wastewater constituents. More than 88% of nitrogen, 81% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 85% of heavy metals, and 60% of the total suspended solids (TSS) caused by the storm runoff were removed by the wetland system before discharging. Results from this study may be applied to the design of constructed wetlands for NPS pollution control and water quality improvement.

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Coutts, Andrew M., Nigel J. Tapper, Jason Beringer, Margaret Loughnan, and Matthias Demuzere. "Watering our cities." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 1 (November 6, 2012): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312461032.

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Urban drainage infrastructure is generally designed to rapidly export stormwater away from the urban environment to minimize flood risk created by extensive impervious surface cover. This deficit is resolved by importing high-quality potable water for irrigation. However, cities and towns at times face water restrictions in response to drought and water scarcity. This can exacerbate heating and drying, and promote the development of unfavourable urban climates. The combination of excessive heating driven by urban development, low water availability and future climate change impacts could compromise human health and amenity for urban dwellers. This paper draws on existing literature to demonstrate the potential of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) to help improve outdoor human thermal comfort in urban areas and support Climate Sensitive Urban Design (CSUD) objectives within the Australian context. WSUD provides a mechanism for retaining water in the urban landscape through stormwater harvesting and reuse while also reducing urban temperatures through enhanced evapotranspiration and surface cooling. Research suggests that WSUD features are broadly capable of lowering temperatures and improving human thermal comfort, and when integrated with vegetation (especially trees) have potential to meet CSUD objectives. However, the degree of benefit (the intensity of cooling and improvements to human thermal comfort) depends on a multitude of factors including local environmental conditions, the design and placement of the systems, and the nature of the surrounding urban landscape. We suggest that WSUD can provide a source of water across Australian urban environments for landscape irrigation and soil moisture replenishment to maximize the urban climatic benefits of existing vegetation and green spaces. WSUD should be implemented strategically into the urban landscape, targeting areas of high heat exposure, with many distributed WSUD features at regular intervals to promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and maintain tree health.

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Elderbrock, Evan, Chris Enright, Kathryn A. Lynch, and Alexandra R. Rempel. "A Guide to Public Green Space Planning for Urban Ecosystem Services." Land 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100391.

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Street trees, native plantings, bioswales, and other forms of green infrastructure alleviate urban air and water pollution, diminish flooding vulnerability, support pollinators, and provide other benefits critical to human well-being. Urban planners increasingly value such urban ecosystem services (ES), and effective methods for deciding among alternative planting regimes using urban ES criteria are under active development. In this effort, integrating stakeholder values and concerns with quantitative urban ES assessments is a central challenge; although it is widely recommended, specific approaches have yet to be explored. Here, we develop, apply, and evaluate such a method in the Friendly Area Neighborhood of Eugene, Oregon by investigating the potential for increased urban ES through the conversion of public lawn to alternative planting regimes that align with expressed stakeholder priorities. We first estimated current urban ES from green space mapping and published supply rates, finding lawn cover and associated ES to be dominant. Resident and expert priorities were then revealed through surveys and Delphi analyses; top priorities included air quality, stormwater quality, native plantings, and pollinator habitat, while concerns focused on cost and safety. Unexpectedly, most residents expressed a willingness to support urban ES improvements financially. This evidence then informed the development of planting regime alternatives among which we compared achievable future urban ES delivery, revealing clear differences among those that maximized stakeholder priorities, those that maximized quantitative urban ES delivery, and their integration. The resulting contribution is a straightforward method for identifying planting regimes with a high likelihood of success in delivering desired urban ES in specific local contexts.

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Spraakman, Sylvie, Timothy F. M. Rodgers, Haruna Monri-Fung, Amanda Nowicki, Miriam L. Diamond, Elodie Passeport, Mindy Thuna, and Jennifer Drake. "A Need for Standardized Reporting: A Scoping Review of Bioretention Research 2000–2019." Water 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113122.

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Bioretention cells are a type of low-impact development technology that, over the past two decades, have become a critical component of urban stormwater management. Research into bioretention has since proliferated, with disparate aims, intents and metrics used to assess the “performance” of bioretention cells. We conducted a comprehensive, systematic scoping review to answer the question of “How is the field performance of bioretention assessed in the literature?”, with the aim of understanding (1) how is the performance of bioretention defined in the literature? (2) what metrics are used to assess actual and theoretical performance? A review of 320 studies (mostly peer reviewed articles) found that performance was defined in terms of hydrologic controls, while investigations into water quality pathways and mechanisms of contaminant transport and fate and the role of vegetation were lacking; additionally, long term field and continuous modelling studies were limited. Bioretention field research was primarily conducted by a small number of institutions (26 institutions were responsible for 50% of the research) located mainly in high income countries, particularly Australia and the United States. We recommend that the research community (I) provide all original data when reporting results, (II) prioritize investigating the processes that determine bioretention performance and (III) standardize the collection, analysis and reporting of results. This dissemination of information will ensure that gaps in bioretention knowledge can be found and allow for improvements to the performance of bioretention cells around the world.

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Quinton, Jessica M., and Peter N. Duinker. "Beyond burial: researching and managing cemeteries as urban green spaces, with examples from Canada." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 2 (June 2019): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0060.

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Cemeteries existing within cities are often omitted from the “green space” narrative despite their high levels of vegetation. Given the relatively small areas of green space in many cities, it is important to appropriately manage these landscapes to ensure that residents can access green spaces and enjoy the many benefits they offer. The purpose of our paper is to demonstrate that cemeteries should be managed and researched as urban green spaces that provide ecosystem services. We compared and contrasted cemeteries with urban parks and used their similarities and differences, as well as a review of existing cemetery and other green-space literature, to discuss how cemeteries can provide a wide variety of ecosystem services. We found that cemeteries and parks both have high levels of vegetation, similar perceived safety issues, and some common rules and regulations, while differing in their consideration as public spaces, effect on real-estate values, historical–cultural value, and funding and management goals. Despite the differences, we believe that the vegetation (particularly trees), monuments, other infrastructure, and atmosphere within cemeteries make them well-suited to providing ecosystem services such as recreation, human health and restoration, stormwater management, microclimate regulation, aesthetics, and so on. Cemeteries can also potentially provide ecosystem “disservices” such as allergens, invasive/dangerous/poisonous species, and the degradation of groundwater quality. However, we believe that the potential for ecosystem services far outweighs the potential for ecosystem disservices in urban cemeteries, and as such we believe they should be studied and managed as green spaces with functions beyond those of interment and mourning. Given the general superiority of trees over other vegetation in providing a diversity of ecosystem services, we urge cemetery managers to consider options for increases and improvements in cemetery tree populations.

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Pettersson, Thomas J. R. "Water quality improvement in a small stormwater detention pond." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0389.

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The aim of this study was to investigate a small open detention pond predominantly receiving stormwater drainage from a highway. The results showed a difference in pollutant removal characteristics. Particle-associated pollutants were effectively removed during storm events as indicated by EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) while dissolved pollutants were not effectively removed. Outflow pollutant loads followed linear profiles when seven consecutive storm events were represented as cumulative graphs. PEMC's (Partial EMC's) during a storm event showed an association between the specific surface area of small particles and lead content. A detention pond should be designed according to capacity to detain the complete storm volume, thus avoiding short-circuiting of the pond by pollutants.

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Calvillo, Steven J., E. Spencer Williams, and Bryan W. Brooks. "Assessing the Improvement of Stormwater Quality Through Street Cleaning." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2014, no. 8 (October 1, 2014): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864714815941595.

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Marsalek, J., W. E. Watt, and D. Henry. "Retrofitting Stormwater Ponds for Water Quality Control." Water Quality Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1992.027.

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Abstract During the last 15 years, many stormwater ponds were built in Canada. These ponds were designed to control runoff flows by peak shaving and thereby prevent flooding resulting from urbanization, but they are ineffective in protection of water quality in the receiving waters. Thus, one of the emerging challenges in urban water management is the retrofitting of existing stormwater ponds to meet the current environmental concerns. The retrofitting measures proposed include changes in flow regimes, storage pool volumes and flow velocities, achievable by structural changes in inlet, storage and outlet structures; treatment of runoff by sedimentation or filtration; enhancement of biological processes contributing to pollutant removal through longer detentions and introduction of aquatic plants; and, improvement of aquatic life habitat. A case is made for an ecosystem approach where the pond is one element in the urban stormwater treatment train which controls catchment, pond and receiving waters.

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Jayasuriya, L. N. N., N. Kadurupokune, M. Othman, and K. Jesse. "Contributing to the sustainable use of stormwater: the role of pervious pavements." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.753.

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The city of Melbourne, Australia is experiencing a water crisis with potable water storage reservoirs at an all time low. With increasing urbanisation there is an ever increasing need to research and explore sustainable water management initiatives. There is potential to minimise the negative impacts of stormwater runoff and augment dwindling supplies of potable water through adoption of pervious paving technology. The traditional approach to stormwater management has focused on constructing drainage networks to carry stormwater away from developed areas as quickly as possible to avoid the risk of flooding. The main aim of this research project was to establish relationships between rainfall intensity, infiltration rate and pervious pavement runoff and to examine the improvement to stormwater quality after infiltrating through pervious pavements. This paper describes the laboratory experiment set-up to determine the infiltration patterns and stormwater quality improvement for simulated storms precipitating on pervious pavements. Next, the scaling-up of the experimental rig to a field-based trial is explained. Preliminary results from this work are presented to demonstrate the potential benefits of pervious pavements in the Australian landscape.

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Franks, Carmen A., Allen P. Davis, and Ahmet H. Aydilek. "Geosynthetic Filters for Water Quality Improvement of Urban Stormwater Runoff." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 14 (January 1, 2010): 2944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798170469.

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Guerrero, Javier, Ahmed Mahmoud, Taufiqul Alam, Muhammed A. Chowdhury, Adeniyi Adetayo, Andrew Ernest, and Kim D. Jones. "Water Quality Improvement and Pollutant Removal by Two Regional Detention Facilities with Constructed Wetlands in South Texas." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072844.

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Stormwater runoff introduces several pollutants to the receiving water bodies that may cause degradation of the water quality. Stormwater management systems such as detention facilities and wetland can improve the water quality by removing various pollutants associated with the runoff. The objective of this research project is to determine the performance and efficiency of two major regional detention facilities (RDFs) with different designs and structures in reducing pollutants based on various storm events in McAllen, Texas. The two sites are the McAuliffe RDF and the Morris RDF; each site was incorporated with a constructed wetland with a different design and structure to enhance the pollutant removal process. The McAuliffe RDF reduced the concentration and load of many stormwater constituents in comparison to the Morris RDF. The observed concentrations and pollutant loads of suspended solids were much lower in the runoff of the inlet compared to the outlet for both sites. The McAuliffe RDF showed better concentration and load reduction for nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, of different species. However, both sites did not show a significant improvement of organic material. In addition, the indicator bacteria concentration represented a fluctuation between the inlet and outlet at each site.

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Dotto, C. B. S., M. Kleidorfer, A. Deletic, T. D. Fletcher, D. T. McCarthy, and W. Rauch. "Stormwater quality models: performance and sensitivity analysis." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.325.

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The complex nature of pollutant accumulation and washoff, along with high temporal and spatial variations, pose challenges for the development and establishment of accurate and reliable models of the pollution generation process in urban environments. Therefore, the search for reliable stormwater quality models remains an important area of research. Model calibration and sensitivity analysis of such models are essential in order to evaluate model performance; it is very unlikely that non-calibrated models will lead to reasonable results. This paper reports on the testing of three models which aim to represent pollutant generation from urban catchments. Assessment of the models was undertaken using a simplified Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method. Results are presented in terms of performance, sensitivity to the parameters and correlation between these parameters. In general, it was suggested that the tested models poorly represent reality and result in a high level of uncertainty. The conclusions provide useful information for the improvement of existing models and insights for the development of new model formulations.

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Gharabaghi, B., A. Fata, T. Van Seters, R. P. Rudra, G. MacMillan, D. Smith, J. Y. Li, A. Bradford, and G. Tesa. "Evaluation of sediment control pond performance at construction sites in the Greater Toronto Area." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-074.

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Receiving water quality concerns associated with increased construction activities in recent years in the Greater Toronto Area has prompted the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) to evaluate design criteria for sediment control ponds employed during the construction period. Stormwater management ponds located in the towns of Richmond Hill and Markham were monitored to obtain stormwater runoff quantity and influent-effluent quality data during site development. The ponds were designed and constructed in accordance with the Ontario Ministry of the Environment Stormwater management planning and design manual 2003 for an enhanced level of protection (i.e., 80% total suspended solids removal). A hydrodynamic and sediment-transport model was used to examine the effect of pond geometry on sediment removal efficiency under varying storm events. The monitoring data and the modelling results clearly demonstrate the importance of proper pond size and geometry design. This paper focuses on the effect of the ratio of pond length to pond width in minimizing the short-circuiting effect and improvement of the sediment removal efficiency of stormwater management ponds. The results of this study will be useful in updating the design criteria for stormwater management ponds.Key words: stormwater, management, pond, design, sediment.

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Stoops, Kevin B., Cheryl Paston, and Herman Wong. "Stormwater Filtration Techniques Used in Green Lake Water Quality Improvement Program." Lake and Reservoir Management 9, no. 1 (October 1994): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438149409354732.

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Hunt, W. F., E. A. Fassman-Beck, S. A. Ekka, K. C. Shaneyfelt, and A. Deletic. "Designing Dry Swales for Stormwater Quality Improvement Using the Aberdeen Equation." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 05019004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000886.

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Romali, N. S., N. S. Othman, and N. N. Mhd Ramli. "The application of green roof for stormwater quantity and quality improvement." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 682, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/682/1/012029.

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Liu, An, Liang Liu, Dun Zhu Li, and Yun Tao Guan. "Development of Prediction Models for Particle Size Composition on Urban Road Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 743 (March 2015): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.743.450.

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It is commonly known that particles play a critical role in urban stormwater quality because other pollutants can be attached to the particles and transported into receiving waters. Previous research studies have shown a strong relationship between pollutant build-up loads and particle sizes. In this context, accurately estimating the particle amounts in different sizes is extremely important since it can assist in predicting stormwater quality and hence contribute to effective stormwater quality improvement measures. This paper presents a robust model to predict particle size composition on urban road surfaces using heavy-duty vehicle volumes, traffic coefficient and road texture depth by multiple linear regression (MLR) method. The pollutants build-up data was used for model development and was collected on typical urban roads in Shenzhen, China. The relative prediction error and coefficient of variation values were found within the acceptable limits and hence indicated that the developed prediction models are relatively reliable. This developed model can assist in predicting particle size composition on urban road surfaces and thereby contribute to effective stormwater quality assessment and treatment design. Additionally, this developed modelling approach can also provide a guide in terms of particle size composition prediction using more influential factors.

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Helmreich, Brigitte. "Rainwater Management in Urban Areas." Water 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081096.

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Rising levels of impervious surfaces in densely populated cities and climate change-related weather extremes such as heavy rain events or long dry weather periods provide us with new challenges for sustainable stormwater management in urban areas. The Special Issue consists of nine articles and a review and focuses on a range of relevant issues: different aspects and findings of stormwater runoff quantity and quality, including strategies and techniques to mitigate the negative effects of such climate change impacts hydraulically, as well as lab-scale and long-term experience with pollutants from urban runoff and the efficiency of stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs) in removing them. Testing procedures and protocols for SQIDs are also considered. One paper analyses the clogging of porous media in the use of stormwater for managed aquifer recharge. The Special Issue demonstrates the importance and timeliness of the topic of sustainable rainwater management, especially with regard to growing cities and the challenges posed by climate change.

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Heinzmann, Bernd. "Improvement of the surface water quality in the Berlin region." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0252.

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The waterbodies of the Berlin region are intensively used for different purposes. High importance is given to the water supply to gain drinking water from groundwater and bank filtrate and for the recharge of groundwater. For these applications a good surface water quality would be an advantage, but the water bodies are loaded with treated sewage, stormwater and combined sewer overflow. This leads to quality problems in the water bodies, especially eutrophication, requiring scientifically based water quality targets for phosphorus. Measures for the reduction of eutrophication in rivers and lakes are presented in this paper, illustrating two different situations, that have been achieved through Berlin's efforts at reducing phosphorus loading.

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Begum, Sharmina, and M. G. Rasul. "Reuse of Stormwater for Watering Gardens and Plants Using Green Gully: A New Stormwater Quality Improvement Device (SQID)." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 9, no. 5-6 (November 1, 2009): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11267-009-9226-x.

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Pratt, C. J., J. D. G. Mantle, and P. A. Schofield. "Urban Stormwater Reduction and Quality Improvement through the Use of Permeable Pavements." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0280.

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Construction details are given of an experimental permeable pavement, comprising four separate sub-base sections containing different stone or crushed rock. Sub--base drain effluents have been monitored for discharge volume, flow rate and water quality parameters on the four sections. Preliminary results are presented which indicate that usefu1 volume and flow rate reductions may be obtained via permeable pavements, and that water quality may be enhanced by sedimentation and other treatment processes occurring within the pavement. Effluent quality may be improved as compared with that discharged from the usua1 impermeable highway surfaces in similar residentia1 areas.

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Kim, Myung Hee, Chan Yong Sung, Ming-Han Li, and Kung-Hui Chu. "Bioretention for stormwater quality improvement in Texas: Removal effectiveness of Escherichia coli." Separation and Purification Technology 84 (January 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.04.025.

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Noh, N. S. M., L. M. Sidek, S. H. Haron, A. H. M. Puad, and Z. Selamat. "Pollutant Loading Analysis of Suspended Solid, Nitrogen and Phosphorus at Bertam Catchment, Cameron Highlands using MUSIC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23100.

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This paper aimed to analyze the pollutant loading composition of suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in urban stormwater at Cameron Highlands which known as popular tourism, agriculture and function as reservoir water to generate electricity. Researchers found the urban stormwater quantity modeling has achieved sufficient accuracy benchmark. However, modeling stormwater runoff quality is relatively difficult and largely depends on catchment characteristics/land-uses. Model of Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization (MUSIC) estimates pollutant transport from catchments and stormwater treatment through different application of Best Management Practices (BMPs). Result obtained from the observed and calculated data was compared with MUSIC's estimations under a similar scenario where no applications of BMPs. As a second scenario, series of treatment train is propose for each sub-catchments based on the suitability and verification on site that consists of constructed stormwater treatment BMPs (wetlands, bio-retention, on-site detention, sediment basin and gross pollutant traps). Implementation of BMPs reduce nearly 100% of gross pollutant, 65% - 83% TSS, 40% - 66% TP and 52% - 78% due to effectiveness of BMPs in treating the pollutant within different landuse. As a summary, MUSIC can conceptually determine the effectiveness of BMPs without giving a detailed design.

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Liu, Y., W. Che, and J. Li. "Monitor-based evaluation of pollutant load from urban stormwater runoff in Beijing." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0317.

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As a major pollutant source to urban receiving waters, the non-point source pollution from urban runoff needs to be well studied and effectively controlled. Based on monitoring data from urban runoff pollutant sources, this article describes a systematic estimation of total pollutant loads from the urban areas of Beijing. A numerical model was developed to quantify main pollutant loads of urban runoff in Beijing. A sub-procedure is involved in this method, in which the flush process influences both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. A statistics-based method was applied in computing the annual pollutant load as an output of the runoff. The proportions of pollutant from point-source and non-point sources were compared. This provides a scientific basis for proper environmental input assessment of urban stormwater pollution to receiving waters, improvement of infrastructure performance, implementation of urban stormwater management, and utilization of stormwater.

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Dallmer, L. "SQIRTS - an on-site stormwater treatment and reuse approach to sustainable water management in Sydney." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0674.

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This paper describes part of a program undertaken by South Sydney City Council to promote sustainable water management The aim of the project, named SQIRTS (Stormwater Quality Improvement & Reuse Treatment Scheme) was to demonstrate best-practice water management approaches, to learn from the process of implementing these, and to encourage the further use of these technologies. It comprises three main components located in a suburban park: a gross pollutant trap (GPT), a stormwater reuse system, and interpretative artworks that aim to educate and interpret the water processes within the park. Results from the pre-construction monitoring program are presented.

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Hwang, Kyoyoung, Thorsten Schuetze, and Fabrizio Amoruso. "Flood Resilient and Sustainable Urban Regeneration Using the Example of an Industrial Compound Conversion in Seoul, South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030918.

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The objective of this study was to illustrate the urban flood resilience and sustainability improvement potential by integration of decentralized water management systems in sustainable urban regeneration projects. This paper discusses sustainable and resilient urban regeneration potentials using the example of an industrial compound (ICs) conversion in Seoul, South Korea. Urban flood vulnerability has been a concern globally due to land use changes, limited capacity of existing stormwater management infrastructures and the effects of climate change. Due to their comparably low building density, ICs can effectively contribute to the separation and decentralized retention and infiltration of stormwater. However, no sustainable and resilient conversion examples of ICs have been realized in Seoul so far. After identification of a representative IC, its exemplary sustainable conversion with implementation of decentralized water management infrastructures were designed. The rainwater collection, retention and infiltration system was dimensioned in order to create a stormwater discharge-free property. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the improvement potentials before and after the conversion unveiled that this conversion contributes also to the improvement of the neighborhoods’ sustainability, spatial quality and resilience to disasters. The research results are transferable to other urban ICs and are a good practice example for sustainable and resilient regeneration of existing urban districts.

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Rashid, Mohammad, and Debapratim Pandit. "Rural communities' perception of and willingness to pay for wastewater and stormwater management infrastructure in Bihar, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.033.

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Abstract Management of wastewater and stormwater is required for achieving total sanitation and conservation of fresh water resources. The wastewater and stormwater management (WSM) infrastructure suitable to rural areas is usually determined based on technical, environmental, and economic considerations and local communities' perception of infrastructure is ignored. This study analyses the rural communities' choice and perception of WSM infrastructure and their willingness to pay (WTP) for their improvement and maintenance. The households' choice and perception of different aspects of rural WSM infrastructure are determined using the RIDIT (relative to an identified distribution and transformation) analysis, service quality gap analysis, through establishing the relationship between households' satisfaction with individual aspects and overall quality of WSM, and WTP for the service improvement and maintenance. The study finds that rural people like to dispose of wastewater offsite as a good network of drains is found in the villages. However, several aspects of WSM are perceived as poor and require the attention of the policymakers. The rural households want improvement in several attributes and are willing to pay for the maintenance of improved service. The service quality of individual attributes of WSM infrastructure and socioeconomic characteristics of the households are essential determinants of their WTP.

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Lucke, Terry, Peter Nichols, Earl Shaver, James Lenhart, Antje Welker, and Maximilian Huber. "Pathways for the Evaluation of Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices − the Experience of Six Countries." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 45, no. 8 (June 14, 2017): 1600596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600596.

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DeBusk, Kathy M., and William F. Hunt. "Impact of rainwater harvesting systems on nutrient and sediment concentrations in roof runoff." Water Supply 14, no. 2 (September 13, 2013): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.191.

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have the unique ability to contribute to stormwater management goals via mitigation of runoff volumes and peak flow rates. Additionally, collecting and storing runoff via RWH systems can potentially provide water quality benefits due to physical and chemical processes that occur within the storage tank. This study quantified the water quality improvement provided by storing rooftop runoff via RWH systems at four sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Roof runoff and extraction spigot samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen species and total phosphorus. Roof concentrations were significantly greater than spigot concentrations for all constituents except TSS, indicating the ability of RWH systems to significantly lower nutrient concentrations of incoming roof runoff. Lack of significant TSS reduction was likely attributable to low, ‘irreducible’ concentrations of TSS in the roof runoff. The use of additional filtration components prior to the extraction spigot could aid in lowering spigot TSS concentrations. The findings presented herein contend that stormwater benefits associated with RWH are not only limited to hydrologic mitigation, but also include reductions in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species. Thus, it is recommended that pollutant removal credit be assigned to these systems when used as stormwater control measures.

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Nur Asmaliza, Mohd Noor, Lariyah Mohd Sidek, Kah Hoong Kok, Haron Siti Humaira, and Hidayah Basri. "Floating Treatment Wetland as an Alternative for Water Quality Improvement: A Preliminary Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.68.

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Floating treatment wetland (FTW) is one of green innovation in order to enhance water quality as an alternative treatment for water quality improvement. The aim of this study is to identify the capability of floating wetland to remove stormwater pollutant in the river. The lab scale floating treatment wetlands were set up using three different sizes of the floating system with floating mat that made from plastics. Water quality samplings had been conducted starting from 4 December 2012 until 14 December 2012 to evaluate the performance for floating treatment wetland. The results indicate the removal efficiency gradually increased with the hydraulic retention time for water quality parameters such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN) with a range of removal efficiency from 70% to 100%, -5.55% to 88.9%, 9.1% to 68.2%, -8.3% to 63% and 31.4% to 70.3% respectively.

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Raja Segaran, Ramesh, Megan Lewis, and Bertram Ostendorf. "Stormwater quality improvement potential of an urbanised catchment using water sensitive retrofits into public parks." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13, no. 2 (2014): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.01.001.

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Herzog, T., A. Mehring, B. Hatt, R. Ambrose, L. Levin, and B. Winfrey. "Pruning stormwater biofilter vegetation influences water quality improvement differently in Carex appressa and Ficinia nodosa." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (April 2021): 127004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127004.

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Begum, Sharmina, M. G. Rasul, R. J. Brown, N. Subaschandar, and Phil Thomas. "An experimental and computational investigation of performance of the Green Gully for reusing stormwater." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.010.

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A new stormwater quality improvement device called ‘Green Gully’ has been designed and developed in this study with the aim of reusing stormwater for irrigating trees and other plants. The main purpose of the Green Gully is to collect road runoff/stormwater, make it suitable for irrigation and provide an automated network system for watering roadside plants and irrigational areas. This paper presents the design and development of Green Gully along with experimental and computational investigations of the performance of Green Gully. Performance (in the form of efficiency, i.e. the percentage of water flow through the gully grate) was experimentally determined using a gully model in the laboratory first, then a three-dimensional numerical model was developed and simulated to predict the efficiency of Green Gully as a function of flow rate. Computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT was used for the simulation. GAMBIT was used for geometry creation and mesh generation. Experimental and simulation results are discussed and compared in this paper. The predicted efficiency was compared with the laboratory measured efficiency. It was found that the simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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Méndez, H., P. M. Geary, and R. H. Dunstan. "Surface wetlands for the treatment of pathogens in stormwater: three case studies at Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.470.

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The treatment of stormwater using surface constructed wetlands has become common in the last decades. However, the use of constructed wetlands for stormwater management has not been thoroughly evaluated in their capacity to treat microbial loads. The case studies presented in this paper are situated at Lake Macquarie, a large estuarine lagoon located approximately 150 km north of Sydney, Australia. To protect the lake ecosystem from the impact of increasing urban development, the local Council constructed numerous stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs) at selected locations. The SQIDs typically consisted of trash racks, gross pollutant traps and surface constructed wetlands. To evaluate the effectiveness of three of these devices in reducing faecal contamination, water samples were collected for faecal coliforms (FC) during and following rainfall at inlets and outlets of the structures. Results indicated one of the SQIDs as the most efficient for bacterial reduction, while the other two provided low or non reduction of FC. Results also illustrated dependence of bacteria reduction on flow conditions. Comparison of devices suggested that hydraulic residence times and other design parameters strongly influenced the capacity of each device to reduce FC counts during different weather conditions.

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McAndrew, Brendan, and Changwoo Ahn. "Developing an ecosystem model of a floating wetland for water quality improvement on a stormwater pond." Journal of Environmental Management 202 (November 2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.035.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stormwater quality improvements'

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