Academic literature on the topic 'Stormwater quality improvements'

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Journal articles on the topic "Stormwater quality improvements"

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Heijs, J., D. Wilkinson, and E. Couriel. "Project CARE: reducing wet weather overflows to improve beach water quality." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0660.

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The people who live in North Shore City (New Zealand) consider the beaches as their greatest asset. Following public outcry on frequent beach pollution caused by wet weather sewer overflows, Project CARE commenced in 1998 to plan the improvements to the city's separated wastewater and stormwater systems to protect the streams and beaches, particularly from a public health perspective. The investigation included building hydrological and hydraulic models to represent the wastewater and stormwater systems and a receiving waters model to simulate the impacts on the beaches. These models were later used to explore options for improvement. It was found that North Shore City has a very leaky wastewater system that is under capacity. The resulting wet weather overflows (12 per year on average) are the most important contributor to the problem although stormwater pollution alone is big enough to cause problems (at a smaller magnitude). A cost optimisation model (iterative process using performance/cost relationships) was then used to assist in identifying the optimal set of improvement works (storage, repair and increased capacity, wastewater treatment plant) to meet different performance targets and to cater for growth up to the year 2050. Cost Benefit analyses, looking at improvements in system performance and water quality, show diminishing returns for performance levels better than 2 overflows per year. The total costs that meet this target are estimated at almost NZ$300M (US$135M).
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Awang Ali, Awang Nasrizal, Nurmin Bolong, and Nazaruddin Abdul Taha. "A REVIEW ON THE APPLICATION OF GRANULAR FILTER MEDIA AND THE UTILIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR STORMWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.15159.

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The stormwater management practices have changed from conveyance-oriented to storage-oriented, as part of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). Still, uncontrolled development increases potential pollutants in the stormwater, which conveys into a water body or river. Continuous improvements in the filtration mechanism would complement stormwater management. For the past decades, there is progress in applying granular filter media for stormwater quality improvement. However, the reports were not systematically reviewed. In this paper, the recent five years research that utilizes granular filter media for improving stormwater quality was retrieved and reviewed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was referred to, where Scopus and Web of Sciences, two primary journal databases, were used. Initially, keywords searching strings have resulted in 467 articles, which were further screened. Four themes have been formed: stormwater management, stormwater characteristics, separation mechanisms, and future perspectives. Next, two sub-themes and two sub-sub-themes were further established. Then, 65 articles were included manually to complement the themes developed to explore the potential agro-industrial wastes as sustainable filter media. Therefore, this review has proven that the relatively inexpensive and renewable resources from the agro-industrial wastes can remove pollutants efficiently from the stormwater. Four main criteria affecting filter media performances are also highlighted, including the grain sizes of the media, media bed configuration, hydraulic loading rate, and the suspended solids concentration. Further study on these variables can be beneficial to explore the impact of utilizing agro-based media in stormwater filtration.
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Tota-Maharaj, Kiran, and Parneet Paul. "Sustainable Approaches for Stormwater Quality Improvements with Experimental Geothermal Paving Systems." Sustainability 7, no. 2 (January 27, 2015): 1388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021388.

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Kadurupokune, N., and N. Jayasuriya. "Pollutant load removal efficiency of pervious pavements: is clogging an issue?" Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (October 1, 2009): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.571.

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Pervious pavements in car parks and driveways reduce the peak runoff rate and the quantity of runoff discharged into urban drains as well as improve the stormwater quality by trapping the sediments in the infiltrated water. The paper focuses on presenting results from the laboratory tests carried out to evaluate water quality improvements and effects of long-term decrease in infiltration rates with time due to sediments trapping (clogging) within the pavement pores. Clogging was not found to be a major factor affecting pervious pavement performance after simulating 17 years of stormwater quality samples.
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Thorolfsson, Sveinn T. "New strategies in stormwater-meltwater management in the city of Bergen, Norway." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0114.

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In the City of Bergen, Norway, extensive measures against point pollution sources are now to be implemented and to be finished before the end of year 2000, improving the receiving water conditions. Local politicians and public opinion support high standards of receiving water, even higher than the national level. Future improvements in the receiving water quality is planned through different measures aimed at reducing stormwater-meltwater runoff which causes surface pollution wash-off and combined sewer overflows. The city is now presenting a master plan for the water environment and urban runoff management. One of the main issues of the plan is measures for stormwater-meltwater quantity and quality problems. This paper describes the background for the plan and the reasons for introducing new strategies in integrated stormwater-meltwater management. The non-polluted stormwater-meltwater is to be handled near the source by percolation and/or detention. The polluted stormwater-meltwater is to be collected and conveyed to an appropriate site for treatment and discharge. The alternative drainage system named the Sandsli-system is described.
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Lloyd, S. D., T. H. F. Wong, and B. Porter. "The planning and construction of an urban stormwater management scheme." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0111.

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Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) offers a means to integrate stormwater best management practices into urban planning and design to achieve multiple objectives. Some of these objectives relate to stormwater drainage, water quality improvements, aquatic habitat protection, stormwater harvesting and use, and landscape amenity. The Lynbrook Estate, Australia, has incorporated bio-filtration systems and wetlands into the design of major roads, local access streets and parklands that attenuate and treat roof runoff and road runoff from a 32 ha, 270 allotment residential precinct. This paper outlines the process that enabled the concept of a stormwater drainage design to be translated into on-ground works. Details of the construction activities, costs and market acceptance highlight the potential for the adoption of similar practices elsewhere.
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Winston, Ryan J., Kristi Arend, Jay D. Dorsey, and William F. Hunt. "Water quality performance of a permeable pavement and stormwater harvesting treatment train stormwater control measure." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.914.

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Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban development causes undesired impacts to surface waters, including discharge of pollutants, erosion, and loss of habitat. A treatment train consisting of permeable interlocking concrete pavement and underground stormwater harvesting was monitored to quantify water quality improvements. The permeable pavement provided primary treatment and the cistern contributed to final polishing of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity concentrations (>96%) and loads (99.5% for TSS). Because of this, >40% reduction of sediment-bound nutrient forms and total nitrogen was observed. Nitrate reduction (>70%) appeared to be related to an anaerobic zone in water stored in the scarified soil beneath the permeable pavement, allowing denitrification to occur. Sequestration of copper, lead, and zinc occurred during the first 5 months of monitoring, with leaching observed during the second half of the monitoring period. This was potentially caused by a decrease in pH within the cistern or residual chloride from deicing salt causing de-sorption of metals from accumulated sediment. Pollutant loading followed the same trends as pollutant concentrations, with load reduction improved vis-à-vis concentrations because of the 27% runoff reduction provided by the treatment train. This study has shown that permeable pavement can serve as an effective pretreatment for stormwater harvesting schemes.
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Bobor, L. O., and A. G. Aghedo. "Stormwater Runoff Treatment Using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract as a Natural Coagulant." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.01.0192.

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Uncontrolled stormwater runoff poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems due the presence of harmful pollutants. Effective treatment is important prior to discharge. This study investigated the performance of Moringa oleifera seed extract as a coagulant for the reduction of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) in stormwater runoff. Stormwater samples were treated with Moringa oleifera seed extract solution at varied coagulant doses (0.5-10%), pH (3-10) and settling durations (20-60 minutes). The samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine the coagulation efficiencies. There were improvements in stormwater quality, with up to 88%, 70% and 89% reduction in turbidity, COD and TSS levels achieved. Removal efficiencies increased with increase in coagulant dose and settling time. The results of the study indicate that Moringa oleifera can be used in the treatment of stormwater runoff for safe discharge into the aquatic environment.
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Maxwell, Bryan, Danielle Winter, and François Birgand. "Floating treatment wetland retrofit in a stormwater wet pond provides limited water quality improvements." Ecological Engineering 149 (April 2020): 105784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105784.

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Maršálek, J., and D. Sztruhár. "Urban Drainage: Review of Contemporary Approaches." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0645.

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Recent developments in urban storm drainage are reviewed starting with rainfall/runoff processes, followed by discussions of combined sewage, drainage impacts on receiving waters, impact mitigation, hydroinformatics, regulatory programs and conclusions. The most promising trends in this field include improvements in spatial definition of rainfall data, runoff modelling with a limited number of model parameters and recognition of modelling uncertainties, analytical statistical modelling of runoff quality, advances in the understanding and modelling of sewer sediment transport, the use of biomonitoring and modelling in assessing drainage impacts on receiving waters, further refinement of best management practices for stormwater management, development of new processes for treatment of stormwater, experience with vortex combined sewer overflow structures and their applications in combination with other treatment devices, real time control of sewer system operation, advances in hydroinformatics leading to improvements in the integrated management and modelling of drainage systems, interfacing of drainage models with geographic information systems, and improved regulation of drainage effluents.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stormwater quality improvements"

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Kadurupokune, Wanniarachchi Kankanamge Nilmini Prasadika, and s3144302@student rmit edu au. "Sustainable management of stormwater using pervious pavements." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081029.102009.

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Pervious pavements in car parks and driveways reduce peak discharge and the volume of runoff flowing in to urban drains and improve the water quality by trapping the sediments in the infiltrated water. This reduces the risk of pollutants such as suspended solids and particle bound chemicals such as phosphorous, nitrogen, heavy metals and oils and hydrocarbons entering receiving waters. The key objectives of the study are to establish relationships between rainfall and pervious pavement runoff and quantify improvements to infiltrated stormwater quality through the pervious pavement. The field experimental results were used to calibrate the PCSWMMPP model and to develop water flow and quality improvement transfer functions of the MUSIC model for concrete block and turf cell pavements. The research reported herein has demonstrated that pervious pavements can be introduced as a sustainable stormwater management initiative and as a key Water Sensitive Urban Design feature to deliver numerous benefits to the environment. The outcomes from the study will be useful in designing environmentally friendly car parks, pedestrian paths, light traffic drive ways, sporting grounds and public areas in the future. Land developers and local government authorities will be major beneficiaries of the study which has increased the understanding of the use of pervious pavements and explored a number of issues that previously inhibited the wider use of pervious pavements in practice.
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Gogo-Abite, Ikiensinma. "Effluent Water Quality Improvement Using Silt Fences and Stormwater Harvesting." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5226.

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Construction sites are among the most common areas to experience soil erosion and sediment transport due to the mandatory foundation tasks such as excavation and land grubbing. Thus, temporary sediment barriers are installed along the perimeter to prevent sediment transport from the site. Erosion and sediment transport control measures may include, but not limited to, physical and chemical processes such as the use of a silt fence and polyacrylamide product. Runoff from construction sites and other impervious surfaces are routinely discharged into ponds for treatment before being released into a receiving water body. Stormwater harvesting from a pond for irrigation of adjacent lands is promoted as one approach to reducing pond discharge while supplementing valuable potable water used for irrigation. The reduction of pond discharge reduces the mass of pollutants in the discharge. In the dissertation, presented is the investigation of the effectiveness of temporary sediment barriers and then, development of a modeling approach to a stormwater harvesting pond to provide a comprehensive stormwater management pollution reduction assessment tool. The first part of the research presents the investigation of the performance efficiencies of silt fence fabrics in turbidity and sediment concentration removal, and the determination of flow-through-rate on simulated construction sites in real time. Two silt fence fabrics, (1) woven and the other (2) nonwoven were subjected to material index property tests and a series of field-scale tests with different rainfall intensities and events for different embankment slopes on a tilting test-bed. Collected influent and effluent samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and turbidity, and the flow-through-rate for each fabric was evaluated. Test results revealed that the woven and nonwoven silt fence achieved 11 and 56 percent average turbidity reduction efficiency, respectively. Each fabric also achieved 20 and 56 percent average sediment concentration removal efficiency, respectively. Fabric flow-through-rates were functions of the rainfall intensity and embankment slope. The nonwoven fabric exhibited higher flow-through-rates than the woven fabric in both field-scale and laboratory tests. In the second part of the study, a Stormwater Harvesting and Assessment for Reduction of Pollution (SHARP) model was developed to predict operation of wet pond used for stormwater harvesting. The model integrates the interaction of surface water and groundwater in a catchment area. The SHARP model was calibrated and validated with actual pond water elevation data from a stormwater pond at Miramar Lakes, Miramar, Florida. Model evaluation showed adequate prediction of pond water elevation with root mean square error between 0.07 and 0.12 m; mean absolute error was between 0.018 and 0.07 m; and relative index of agreement was between 0.74 and 0.98 for both calibration and validation periods. The SHARP model is capable of assessing harvesting safe-yield and discharge from a pond, including the prediction of the percentage of runoff into a harvesting pond that is not discharged. The combination of silt fence and/or polyacrylamide PAM before stormwater harvesting pond in a treatment train for the reduction of pollutants from construction sites has the potential of significantly exceeding a performance standard of 85 percent reduction typically required by local authorities. In fact, the stringent requirement of equaling pre- and post-development pollutant loading is highly achievable by the treatment train approach. The significant contribution from the integration of the SHARP model to the treatment train is that real-time assessment of pollutant loading reduction by volume can be planned and controlled to achieve target performance standards.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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Hood, Andrew Charles. "Evaluation of Biosorption Activated Media Under Roadside Swales for Stormwater Quality Improvement and Harvesting." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5304.

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Stormwater runoff from highways is a source of pollution to surface water bodies and groundwater. This project develops a bio-detention treatment and harvesting system that is incorporated into roadside swales. The bio-detention system uses Bold & Gold™, a type of biosorption activated media (BAM), to remove nutrients from simulated highway runoff and then store the water in underground vaults for infiltration, controlled discharge, and/or irrigation and other non-potable applications. In order to design a bio-detention system, media characteristics and media/water quality relationships are required. Media characteristics determined through testing include: specific gravity, permeability, infiltration, maximum dry density, moisture content of maximum dry density, and particle-size distribution. One of the goals of this experiment is to compare the nitrogen and phosphorous species concentrations in the effluent of BAM to sandy soil for simulated highway runoff. Field scale experiments are done on an elevated test bed that simulates a typical roadway with a swale. The swale portion of the test bed is split into halves using BAM and sandy soil. The simulated stormwater flows over a concrete section, which simulates a roadway, and then over either sod covered sandy soil or BAM. One, one and a half, and three inch storms are each simulated three times with a duration of 30 minutes each. During the simulated storm event, initial samples of the runoff (influent) are taken. The test bed is allowed to drain for two hours after the rainfall event and then samples of each of the net effluents are taken. In addition to the field scale water quality testing, column tests are also preformed on the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™ without sod present. Sod farms typically use fertilizer to increase production, thus it is reasonable to assume that the sod will leach nutrients into the soils on the test bed, especially during the initial test runs. The purpose of the column tests is to obtain a general idea of what percentage removals of total phosphorus and total nitrogen are obtained by the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™. It is shown that the Bold & Gold™ media effluent has significantly lower concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus compared to the effluent of the sandy soil based on an 80% confidence level. The Bold & Gold™ has a 41% lower average effluent concentration of total nitrogen than the sandy soil. The Bold & Gold™ media has a 78% lower average effluent concentration of total phosphorus than the sandy soil. Using both the column test data in combination with the field scale data, it is determined that the Bold & Gold™ BAM system has a total phosphorus removal efficiency of 71%. The removal efficiency is increased when stormwater harvesting is considered. A total phosphorus reduction of 94% is achieved in the bio-detention & harvesting swale system sample design problem.
ID: 031001441; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Manoj Chopra.; Title from PDF title page (viewed June 26, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-174).
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Schofield, Paul Anthony. "Urban stormwater quality improvement through the use of permeable pavements : the performance and potential of an experimental structure." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386275.

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Betts, Anthony Thomas. "Assessment of a Countywide Stormwater Pond Improvement Project: Impacts of the Hillsborough County Adopt-A-Pond Program." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3009.

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Comparative research was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of the Adopt-a-Pond program, which operates throughout Hillsborough County, Florida. The Adopt-a-Pond program was established in 1992 and designed to address nonpoint pollution through outreach and stormwater pond enhancement. However, the program had never been thoroughly and scientifically evaluated. Therefore, assessments of water quality and vegetative characteristics were made at ninety Adopt-a-Pond participants and eleven control ponds to explore the potential impacts of the program on measurable environmental parameters. Statistical analysis of the results failed to demonstrate any statistically significant environmental improvements associated with the Adopt-a-Pond program, and measures of program activity did not illustrate a consistently positive relationship. These results indicate a need to readdress the policies and implementation of the program. Poor compliance by program volunteers, evident by the limited span of group participation (mean = 2.5 years) and relatively low percentage of actively involved residents, is the most likely culprit for the unremarkable improvements in pond quality, as pond enhancement techniques are firmly established in the literature. Overall, these conclusions underline the need for an integrated evaluation component in policymaking and an adaptive management approach to environmental management. A more detailed analysis is warranted to provide time series data, which examines ponds both before and after entry to the program and after implementing landmark improvement measures. In the end, the results of the study have provided a better understanding of the AAP and other similar restoration programs, and hopes to allow for enhancement of AAP program restoration practices.
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Rommel, Steffen Heinz [Verfasser], Brigitte [Akademischer Betreuer] Helmreich, Markus [Gutachter] Disse, Ulrich [Gutachter] Dittmer, and Brigitte [Gutachter] Helmreich. "Influencing Factors on the Treatment of Road Runoff using Decentralized Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices / Steffen Heinz Rommel ; Gutachter: Markus Disse, Ulrich Dittmer, Brigitte Helmreich ; Betreuer: Brigitte Helmreich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237413354/34.

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ROY-POIRIER, AUDREY. "Bioretention for Phosphorus Removal: Modelling Stormwater Quality Improvements." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5234.

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Bioretention systems are best management practices (BMPs) that make use of the biogeochemical processes within a forest-type ecosystem to provide at-source stormwater retention and pollutant removal. Laboratory studies and field monitoring have shown great potential for water quantity and quality control through the use of bioretention, but reported nutrient removal has been inconsistent between these systems. In particular, the processes involved in the cycling of phosphorus within bioretention systems are not clearly understood. Some studies report high phosphorus removal from bioretention systems, while phosphorus leaching was observed in other systems. Phosphorus is a macronutrient required by all forms of life. It is also an important water pollutant, as it controls algal growth in most freshwater environments. High phosphorus loadings to these aquatic ecosystems can lead to eutrophication, which has significant ecological, environmental and economical impacts. The Bioretention Phosphorus Removal Model (BPRM), an event-based one-dimensional finite difference model, was developed to simulate phosphorus removal in bioretention systems. The model includes four completely-mixed layers to simulate hydrologic processes as well as both soluble and particulate phosphorus transport in a bioretention system. Model processes include evapotranspiration, infiltration, overflow, exfiltration to native soils, underdrain discharge, soluble phosphorus sorption and vegetative uptake, and particulate phosphorus capture. Monitoring data collected by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) at a bioretention system installed on Seneca College’s King City campus, in Ontario, Canada, was used to evaluate the performance of BPRM. The model was found to overestimate total underdrain discharge volumes, but total phosphorus concentration and mass predictions were found to be useful for design purposes. BPRM correctly predicted phosphorus leaching from the Seneca College bioretention system for all storm events considered but one. The model can be used by practitioners to evaluate the potential for phosphorus leaching in a bioretention system. A detailed sensitivity analysis revealed that BPRM phosphorus transport predictions are particularly sensitive to the drainage properties of bioretention soils, which highlights the importance of hydrologic transport processes for water quality control in bioretention systems. Modelling results suggested that soluble phosphorus desorption from bioretention soils was responsible for phosphorus leaching from the Seneca College bioretention system.
Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-25 17:00:03.173
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Book chapters on the topic "Stormwater quality improvements"

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D. Shahady, Thomas. "Degradation and Improvement of Urban River Water Quality." In Water Quality - Factors and Impacts [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98694.

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The need to understand urban water quality has become a very important area of research and management in the aquatic sciences. Decades of urban development generating high rates of impervious surface, complex networks of stormwater control mechanisms and declining river water quality has created a demand for greater study. In this chapter, issues such as stream bank erosion, flooding, sediment pollution, bacteria and channelization are presented as drivers of the urban water environment. Methodologies and study designs to document these impacts are discussed. Ideas to improve the urban condition such as retrofitting previous development, infiltration of surface runoff, stream restoration, dredging and rehabilitation of lakes and compartmentalization of future development are explained and detailed as ways of integrating the natural landscape features into improvement of our urban centers. Finally, the incorporation of citizen science into adaptive policy is suggested as a solution to regulatory and esthetic/recreational need for improvement.
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Ferlow, D. L. "Stormwater Runoff Retention and Renovation: A Back Lot Function or Integral Part of the Landscape?" In Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, 373–79. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003069997-45.

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Pratt, C. J., J. D. G. Mantle, and P. A. Schofield. "URBAN STORMWATER REDUCTION AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH THE USE OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS." In Urban Discharges and Receiving Water Quality Impacts, 123–32. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037376-8.50017-4.

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Pratt, C. J., J. D. G. Mantle, and P. A. Schofield. "URBAN STORMWATER REDUCTION AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH THE USE OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS." In Water Pollution Research and Control Brighton, 769–78. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8439-2.50078-x.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stormwater quality improvements"

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Bufill, Monica. "Programs for the Improvement of Stormwater Quality in Sydney, Australia." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)158.

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Franks, Carmen A., Allen P. Davis, and Ahmet H. Aydilek. "Geosynthetic Filters for Water Quality Improvement of Urban Stormwater Runoff." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)313.

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Mullen, T. J. "Maximum Utility for Minimum Cost: Simple Structural Methods for Stormwater Quality Improvement." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)297.

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Abtew, Wossenu, Tracey Piccone, and Kathleen Pietro. "Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in Surface Water Discharges to the Everglades: Stormwater Treatment Areas." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)628.

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