Journal articles on the topic 'Stormwater pollutants'
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1
Revitt, D. Michael, Lian Scholes, and J. Bryan Ellis. "A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.258.
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This report describes the development of a methodology to theoretically assess the effectiveness of structural BMPs with regard to their treatment of selected stormwater pollutants (metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and herbicides). The result is a prioritisation, in terms of pollutant removal efficiency, of 15 different BMPs which can inform stormwater managers and other stakeholders of the best available options for the treatment of urban runoff pollutants of particular environmental concern. Regardless of the selected pollutant, infiltration basins and sub-surface flow constructed wetlands are predicted to perform most efficiently with lagoons, porous asphalt and sedimentation tanks being the least effective systems for the removal of pollutants. The limitations of the approach in terms of the variabilities in BMP designs and applications are considered.
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Pettersson, Thomas J. R. "Water quality improvement in a small stormwater detention pond." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0389.
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The aim of this study was to investigate a small open detention pond predominantly receiving stormwater drainage from a highway. The results showed a difference in pollutant removal characteristics. Particle-associated pollutants were effectively removed during storm events as indicated by EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) while dissolved pollutants were not effectively removed. Outflow pollutant loads followed linear profiles when seven consecutive storm events were represented as cumulative graphs. PEMC's (Partial EMC's) during a storm event showed an association between the specific surface area of small particles and lead content. A detention pond should be designed according to capacity to detain the complete storm volume, thus avoiding short-circuiting of the pond by pollutants.
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Sofijanic, Ana, Michael Hulley, Daniela Loock, and Yves Filion. "Stormwater quality assessment and management for the town of Jasper in Alberta, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 56, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2021.012.
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Abstract Stormwater pollutants can have deleterious impacts on the aquatic life of receiving water bodies. This paper presents the findings of a stormwater quality monitoring program performed in the town of Jasper in Alberta, Canada. This is one of the very few studies done on a small urban settlement to identify key pollutants of concern, characterize stormwater and identify unique pollutant sources in the town. A total of 14 stormwater quality parameters were found to be of high concern to aquatic life. The most prominent pollutants were total suspended solids (TSS), metals and phosphorus which compared well with studies conducted in large urban settlements. Tourist influx contributed to high metal and petroleum hydrocarbon loads during the peak season due to high vehicular activity. Elk were found to reside in the town during summer and their fecal droppings resulted in elevated fecal coliform concentrations. It was found that winter road salting was responsible for excessive chloride concentrations observed during the spring melt. TSS concentrations were statistically correlated with various metals as well as phosphorus using Spearman's rank correlation. It was found that the current street sweeping schedule in the town coincided with lower TSS and metal loads in stormwater.
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Bäckström, M., P. A. Malmqvist, and M. Viklander. "Stormwater management in a catchbasin perspective - best practices or sustainable strategies?" Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0675.
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A strategy for sustainable stormwater management is needed. This study has focused on the relative importance of stormwater as a pollutant source in a catchbasin, if Best Management Practices (BMPs) result in pollutant removal or pollutant redistribution, and methods for screening of stormwater strategies. Stormwater is most likely an important pathway for pollutants in a catchbasin perspective. True pollutant removal can only be achieved if the pollutant sources are eliminated. Until that is reached, we should have the best possible control of the pollutant fluxes in the watershed. This study indicates that the search for a sustainable stormwater strategy could be easier to handle if different “screens” could be used. The Swedish environmental objectives, which try to encapsulate all aspects of sustainability, may be used as a foundation for a “sustainability screen”. By using this screen, the “unsustainable” features of different stormwater strategies could be pointed out. A “standards and legislation screen” will be based on the EU Water Framework Directive. As this study has shown, it is doubtful whether the conventional BMPs, such as stormwater ponds and infiltration facilities, produce a sufficient pollutant control.
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Carpenter, Jason Faber, Bertrand Vallet, Geneviève Pelletier, Paul Lessard, and Peter A. Vanrolleghem. "Pollutant removal efficiency of a retrofitted stormwater detention pond." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.020.
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The objectives of this study were to characterize the stormwater runoff for a residential catchment, evaluate the present detention pond removal efficiency for different pollutants, and evaluate how its efficiency can be increased by controlling the pond stormwater retention time. The analysed pollutants were total suspended solids (TSS), total metals and ammonia. Runoff pollutant concentrations were generally found to agree with literature for the small residential catchment. The design of the original pond was such that low retention times of most analysed pollutants occurred, causing a lower than expected removal efficiency when compared to similar types of ponds. The retrofitting of the pond consisted of adding a sluice gate at the outlet in order to retain stormwater for longer periods of time. The retrofit allowed drastic improvement of the removal efficiency for TSS, NH3-N and zinc, from 39 to 90%, 10 to 84%, and 20 to 42%, respectively.
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Adeyemo, Josiah, Folasade Adeyemo, and Fred Otieno. "Assessment of Pollutant Loads of Runoff in Pretoria, South Africa." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2010070101.
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Pollutants in stormwater are detrimental to the receiving water bodies. The study of pollutants in stormwater is important to know the appropriate management techniques to remove these pollutants. This paper presents an explorative study of runoff in Pretoria, South Africa. Common pollutants in stormwater are studied to determine their correlation with total suspended solids found in four different sites in Pretoria. The metals are strongly correlated with total suspended solids. It is suggested that treatment of pollutants by treating or removing solids may be extended to other heavy metals and nutrients to improve stormwater quality. In this study, some contaminants are identified to be associated with traffic volume. In this paper, the authors suggest that efforts should be made nationally and internationally to redesign vehicular products to eliminate the traffic contaminants in stormwater.
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Finney, Karen, Bahram Gharabaghi, Ed McBean, Ramesh Rudra, and Glenn MacMillan. "Compost Biofilters For Highway Stormwater Runoff Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.039.
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Abstract Stormwater runoff containing pollutants deposited on highways from vehicular traffic and urban activities has been identified as a serious threat to aquatic habitats. Although many urban stormwater management technologies serve to reduce the concentrations of pollutants from being transported to larger bodies of water, these stormwater management installations do not always meet the provincial water quality guidelines. In summer 2007, a compost biofilter was installed in a ditch near Highway 8 in Kitchener, Ontario and monitored for 18 storm events spanned over two years for both flow rate and water quality. The main objectives of the study were to determine highway runoff quality and biofilter pollutant removal efficiency. This study shows that the key factors that affect the build-up of the pollutants on a highway are the average annual daily traffic (AADT) and the antecedent dry days (ADD), and the main factors that affect the wash-off of pollutants, include total rainfall depth and rainfall intensity. Before filtration, highway runoff contaminant levels often exceeded the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). However, the biofilter reduced the total suspended solids, zinc, copper and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 42, 32, 29, and 66%.
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Bäckström, M. "Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0508.
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The retention of suspended solids, particles and heavy metals in different grassed swales during rain events and snowmelt is discussed. The experimental results derived from investigations performed in existing grassed swales in the Luleå region, Northern Sweden. During high pollutant loading rates, grassed swales retain significant amounts of pollutants, mainly due to sedimentation of particulate matter. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). When grassed swales receive urban runoff with low pollutant concentrations, they may release rather than retain pollutants. Swales are important snow deposit areas in the city and particle bound pollutants do to a large extent remain in the swale after snowmelt. However, dissolved pollutants (i.e. dissolved heavy metals) are likely to escape the swale with the melt water. Grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. This suggests that swales should be considered as primary treatment devices. Possible design parameters for grassed swales are mean hydraulic detention time, surface loading rate or specific swale area.
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Kim, Ree Ho, Sang Ho Lee, Jinwoo Jeong, and Chae Sung Gee. "Development of Fiber Filter Media to Control Heavy Metals and Nutrients in Urban Stormwater Runoff." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.918.
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The pollutants in urban stormwater runoff, which lead to non-point source contamination of water environment around cities, are of great concern. Lignocellulose fiber filters have potential to treat urban stormwater runoff because they are cheap and environmentally friendly, and can effectively remove particulate pollutants. However, the fiber filters alone cannot sufficiently remove soluble pollutants including heavy metals, nitrogen compounds, and phosphate. In this study, techniques for chemical modification of lignocellulose fiber filter were implemented to enhance the treatment efficiency of soluble pollutants in urban stormwater runoff. Using these chemically modified fiber filters together with polymer filter media, a new treatment device was examined to control the pollutants in first flush of stormwater. The results indicated that the filters incorporated into the treatment unit allow the control of urban stormwater runoff with minimal cost and high efficiency.
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Jayakaran, Anand, Thorsten Knappenberger, John Stark, and Curtis Hinman. "Remediation of Stormwater Pollutants by Porous Asphalt Pavement." Water 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030520.
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Porous Asphalt (PA) pavements are an increasingly adopted tool in the green stormwater infrastructure toolbox to manage stormwater in urbanized watersheds across the United States. This technology has seen particular interest in western Washington State, where permeable pavements are recognized as an approved best management practice per the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) municipal stormwater permit. Stormwater effluent concentrations from six PA cells were compared with runoff concentrations from three standard impervious asphalt cells to quantify pollutant removal efficiencies by porous asphalt systems. Additionally, the effects of maintenance and pavement age on pollutant removal efficiencies were examined. Twelve natural and artificial storms were examined over a five-year period. Street dirt and pollutant spikes were added to the pavements prior to some storm events to simulate high loading conditions. Results from this work show that porous asphalt pavements are highly efficient at removing particulate pollutants, specifically coarse sediments (98.7%), total Pb ( 98.4%), total Zn (97.8%), and total suspended solids (93.4%). Dissolved metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) were not significantly removed. Removal efficiencies for total Pb, total Zn, motor oil, and diesel H. improved with the age of the system. Annual maintenance of the pavements with a regenerative air street sweeper did not yield significant pollutant removal efficiency differences between maintained and unmaintained PA cells.
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Guerrero, Javier, Ahmed Mahmoud, Taufiqul Alam, Muhammed A. Chowdhury, Adeniyi Adetayo, Andrew Ernest, and Kim D. Jones. "Water Quality Improvement and Pollutant Removal by Two Regional Detention Facilities with Constructed Wetlands in South Texas." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072844.
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Stormwater runoff introduces several pollutants to the receiving water bodies that may cause degradation of the water quality. Stormwater management systems such as detention facilities and wetland can improve the water quality by removing various pollutants associated with the runoff. The objective of this research project is to determine the performance and efficiency of two major regional detention facilities (RDFs) with different designs and structures in reducing pollutants based on various storm events in McAllen, Texas. The two sites are the McAuliffe RDF and the Morris RDF; each site was incorporated with a constructed wetland with a different design and structure to enhance the pollutant removal process. The McAuliffe RDF reduced the concentration and load of many stormwater constituents in comparison to the Morris RDF. The observed concentrations and pollutant loads of suspended solids were much lower in the runoff of the inlet compared to the outlet for both sites. The McAuliffe RDF showed better concentration and load reduction for nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, of different species. However, both sites did not show a significant improvement of organic material. In addition, the indicator bacteria concentration represented a fluctuation between the inlet and outlet at each site.
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Björklund, K., P. A. Malmqvist, and A. M. Strömvall. "Simulating organic pollutant flows in urban stormwater: development and evaluation of a model for nonylphenols and phthalates." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.251.
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Stormwater-quality models can be useful tools for predicting pollutant loads and identifying sources of contamination. Most models in current use handle pollutants such as metals, nutrients and suspended solids, whereas models including emerging organic contaminants are rare. This study aims at developing and evaluating a model for simulating stormwater flows of two groups of organic pollutants; nonylphenols and phthalates. Sources, emission patterns and environmental fate were examined to create a model framework for the organic contaminants. The model was calibrated using field data from three urban catchments. The results show that the simulated pollutant concentrations are overestimated compared to the measured concentrations, which are often close to or below the analytical detection limit. The high uncertainty and the low predictive power of the model may be explained by factors such as incorrect catchment data, lack of knowledge on buildup, washoff and other processes involved in substance fate, and an underreporting of pollutant concentrations in stormwater. More data on release patterns and sewer fate are needed to adequately simulate stormwater concentrations of nonylphenols and phthalates. A conventional substance flow analysis based on bookkeeping, evaluated in parallel to the computer model, has proven to be useful for calculating fluxes of nonylphenols and phthalates in urban catchments.
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Kang, Sung Won, Byung Cheol Lee, Young Im Kim, Sang Leen Yun, Yong Jin Park, and Jae Hwan Ahn. "Filtration Treatment of Pollutants in Urban Runoff Using Expanded Polypropylene Media." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.573.
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Pollutants such as heavy metals and PAHs (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in stormwater runoff are a major problem in urban areas because these pollutants are discharged directly, in most cases without any treatment, into the receiving environments like river and lake. Since many of the pollutants are associated with suspended particulate materials in stormwater, SS (suspended solids) is of acknowledged importance in stormwater runoff treatment by BMPs (best management practices). Filtration, which is commonly used for removing particulate matter in stormwater structural BMPs, depends on various factors (e.g., filter media size, flow rate, bed depth, filter surface properties, etc). Especially, the characteristics of filter media are important factor affecting removal efficiency of pollutants and replacement period of filter media in filtration performance. In this study, EPM (expanded polypropylene media) as a filter media was manufactured at different expansion ratios (i.e., 5, 10, 15 times) and tested in the up-flow filtration for removing pollutants in urban stormwater runoff. The specific surface area of EPM10, EPM15, EPM30, EPM54 was 0.760 m2/g, 0.799 m2/g, 0.812 m2/g, 0.845 m2/g, respectively. The SS removal efficiency (64.1%) by EPM media was higher than that (44.2%) by sand media. In case of EPM10 media, it took 175min of removal rate of filtration system to be approached under 50% and EPM15 media was spent 110min. However, the SS removal efficiency of EPM15 was over 10% higher than that of EPM10. The CODCr removal efficiency of EPM media was also increased with increasing expansion rate. The experimental results in this work show that pollutant removal efficiency by EPM media was increased with increasing expansion ratio but replacement period of media was decreased. EPM media are expected to adsorb non-biological organics like PAHs owing to its hydrophobicity.
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Boller, M. "Towards sustainable urban stormwater management." Water Supply 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0007.
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New directives for the management of urban stormwater prioritize infiltration and direct discharge into receiving waters. This requires innovative new stormwater facilities in urban areas. Besides hydraulic requirements for retention and infiltration capacity, the pollutants contained in the runoff water are of primary importance in future stormwater drainage concepts. Different urban surfaces are classified according to their potential for pollutant wash-off and the most crucial substances in view of hazardous effects in the aquatic and terrestrial environment are identified. Source control of hazardous pollutants by choosing alternative materials for the construction of buildings, roads and vehicles is considered to be most sustainable but will only be effective on a longterm perspective. In addition, new facilities for decentralized hydraulic retention combined with barrier systems for the most hazardous substances are proposed allowing for ecologically safe discharge of the stormwater into the local environment. Soil passage and new adsorber systems in the form of different granular adsorbents have been investigated and turned out to represent efficient retention systems which can well be integrated into infiltration and hydraulic retention facilities. It is suggested that the structures for stormwater handling are integrated into local landscaping in the surrounding of buildings in the form of ponds, reed-beds, ditches, etc. creating attractive blue-green environments.
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Saifur, Sumaiya, and Courtney M. Gardner. "Loading, transport, and treatment of emerging chemical and biological contaminants of concern in stormwater." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 12 (May 13, 2021): 2863–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.187.
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Abstract Stormwater is a largely uncontrolled source of pollution in rural and urban environments across the United States. Concern regarding the growing diversity and abundance of pollutants in stormwater, as well as their impacts on water quality, has grown significantly over the past several decades. In addition to conventional contaminants like nutrients and heavy metals, stormwater is a well-documented source of many contaminants of emerging concern, which can be toxic to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms and remain a barrier to maintaining high quality water resources. Chemical pollutants like pharmaceuticals and personal care products, industrial pollutants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and tire wear particles in stormwater are of great concern due to their toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Emerging microbial contaminants such as pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes also represent significant threats to environmental water quality and human health. Knowledge regarding the transport, behavior, and the remediation capacity of these pollutants in runoff is key for addressing these pollutants in situ and minimizing ecosystem perturbations. To this end, this review paper will analyze current understanding of these contaminants in stormwater runoff in terms of their transport, behavior, and bioremediation potential.
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Song, Du, and Ye. "Analysis of Potential Risks Associated with Urban Stormwater Quality for Managed Aquifer Recharge." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173121.
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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be used to increase storage and availability of groundwater resources, but water resources available for recharge are constrained due to a surface water shortage. Alternative resources, like stormwater, are receiving increasing attention as sustainable resources for reuse in MAR. However, pollutants in stormwater can impact groundwater quality, and cause clogging of the infiltration system. Based on the stormwater data in the literature, the physicochemical stormwater properties of data were analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of pollutants from different underlying surfaces varied widely. The main pollutants of stormwater were as follows: Total suspended particles (TSSs), organic matter represented by the chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; and NH3–N), and metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, and Mn). Based on the simulation of TOUGHREACT, the contamination risk of pollutants for each type of stormwater was assessed. The risk of contamination was divided into four categories due to the different migration times of ions through the sand column. The iron ion has the highest risk of contamination, followed by Zn and Mn, and the contamination risk of nutrients and other metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) are relatively low. Besides, the physical, biological, and chemical clogging risk were evaluated. The physical clogging potential of all types of stormwater is very high because of the high concentration of TSS. According to the concentration of TN that can spur the growth of bacteria and algae, the relative risk of biological clogging for stormwater is greenbelt stormwater < road stormwater < roof stormwater. However, only road stormwater has high chemical clogging due to the existence of iron, which can generate precipitation that blocks the pore volume.
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Bannerman, R. T., D. W. Owens, R. B. Dodds, and N. J. Hornewer. "Sources of Pollutants in Wisconsin Stormwater." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0426.
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Rainfall runoff samples were collected from streets, parking lots, roofs, driveways, and lawns. These five source areas are located in residential, commercial, and industrial land uses in Madison, Wisconsin. Solids, phosphorus, and heavy metals loads were determined for all the source areas using measured concentrations and runoff volumes estimated by the Source Load and Management Model. Source areas with relatively large contaminant loads were identified as critical source areas for each land use. Streets are critical source areas for most contaminants in all the land uses. Parking lots are critical in the commercial and industrial land uses. Lawns and driveways contribute large phosphorus loads in the residential land use. Roofs produce significant zinc loads in the commercial and industrial land uses. Identification of critical source areas could reduce the amount of area needing best-management practices in two areas of Madison, Wisconsin. Targeting best-management practices to 14% of the residential area and 40% of the industrial area could significantly reduce contaminant loads by up to 75%.
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Soonthornnonda, Puripus, Erik R. Christensen, Yang Liu, and Jin Li. "A washoff model for stormwater pollutants." Science of The Total Environment 402, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2008): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.036.
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Liu, An, Liang Liu, Dun Zhu Li, and Yun Tao Guan. "Development of Prediction Models for Particle Size Composition on Urban Road Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 743 (March 2015): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.743.450.
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It is commonly known that particles play a critical role in urban stormwater quality because other pollutants can be attached to the particles and transported into receiving waters. Previous research studies have shown a strong relationship between pollutant build-up loads and particle sizes. In this context, accurately estimating the particle amounts in different sizes is extremely important since it can assist in predicting stormwater quality and hence contribute to effective stormwater quality improvement measures. This paper presents a robust model to predict particle size composition on urban road surfaces using heavy-duty vehicle volumes, traffic coefficient and road texture depth by multiple linear regression (MLR) method. The pollutants build-up data was used for model development and was collected on typical urban roads in Shenzhen, China. The relative prediction error and coefficient of variation values were found within the acceptable limits and hence indicated that the developed prediction models are relatively reliable. This developed model can assist in predicting particle size composition on urban road surfaces and thereby contribute to effective stormwater quality assessment and treatment design. Additionally, this developed modelling approach can also provide a guide in terms of particle size composition prediction using more influential factors.
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Hatt, B. E., N. Siriwardene, A. Deletic, and T. D. Fletcher. "Filter media for stormwater treatment and recycling: the influence of hydraulic properties of flow on pollutant removal." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2006): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.626.
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Improved urban water management in Australia is of national importance. Water resources are stretched and urban runoff is a recognized leading cause of degradation of urban waterways. Stormwater recycling is an option that can contribute to easing these problems. Biofilters are effective structural stormwater pollution control measures with the potential for integration into stormwater treatment and recycling systems. However, premature clogging of biofilters is a major problem, with resulting decreased infiltration capacity (and hence the volume of stormwater the system can detain) and increased detention time. This paper presents preliminary findings with respect to the effect of clogging on pollutant removal efficiency in conventional stormwater filter media. A one-dimensional laboratory rig was used to investigate the impact of clogging on pollutant removal efficiency in a conventional biofiltration filter media (gravel over sand). Both the individual gravel layer and the overall multi-filter were highly efficient at removing suspended solids and particulate-associated pollutants. This removal efficiency was consistent, even as the filters became clogged. Removal of dissolved nutrients was more variable, with little reduction in concentrations overall. Although preliminary, these results challenge the concept that increased detention time improves the treatment performance of stormwater filtration systems.
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Hatt, B. E., A. Deletic, and T. D. Fletcher. "Stormwater reuse: designing biofiltration systems for reliable treatment." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.110.
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Stormwater reuse is increasing in popularity as a technique for overcoming water shortages in urban Australia. However, technology for the reliable treatment of stormwater for reuse is still not fully developed. This paper presents the first steps in refining biofilters for stormwater reuse. Six different filter media were selected, to target specific stormwater pollutants, as well as support plant growth. They were tested in the laboratory, where the filters were dosed three times per week with semi-synthetic stormwater for five weeks. Pollutant removal performance was monitored, and revealed that all soil-based filters performed similarly (while sand filters behaved somewhat differently). All filters removed more than 80% of solids and greater than 90% of lead, copper, and zinc. Three filter types were able to remove some phosphorus (particularly in the top 30 cm of the media). Apart from sand, all filter media were net producers of nitrogen, leading to an important conclusion that non-vegetated, soil-based filters are not suitable for targeting nutrients. However, since heavy metals are the primary pollutant of concern with respect to stormwater reuse for irrigation (the most popular end-use), it was concluded that biofilters may be promising technologies for treatment of stormwater for reuse.
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Tsuji, T. M., M. E. L. Costa, and S. Koide. "Diffuse pollution monitoring and modelling of small urban watershed in Brazil Cerrado." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.190.
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Abstract The stormwater runoff carries different pollutants that can reduce the quality of receiving waters due to diffuse pollutant loads. This research was aimed at evaluating the concentration of pollutants in stormwater and the application of SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) to an urban catchment in Lake Paranoá watershed to carry out the simulation of flow discharge with the hydraulic model, and subsequently to estimate the loads conveyed to the lake in ordinary events of precipitation. This study was carried out based on rainfall and runoff monitoring during events. It was confirmed that this model's results fit well in simulation of this type of watershed, leading to high value of the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient after calibration but, as expected, precipitation distribution is a very important factor for calibration. Concerning water quality, it was observed that the event mean concentration values of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand were high, indicating that the diffuse pollution is an important source of pollution of the receiving waters. The monitoring and modelling of stormwater are essential to identify diffuse pollution discharge, in searching for a sustainable solution.
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Eriksson, E., A. Baun, L. Scholes, A. Ledin, S. Ahlman, M. Revitt, C. Noutsopoulos, and P. S. Mikkelsen. "Selected stormwater priority pollutants — a European perspective." Science of The Total Environment 383, no. 1-3 (September 2007): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.028.
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Salehi, Maryam, Khashayar Aghilinasrollahabadi, and Mitra Salehi Esfandarani. "An Investigation of Stormwater Quality Variation within an Industry Sector Using the Self-Reported Data Collected under the Stormwater Monitoring Program." Water 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113185.
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Storm runoff pollutants are among the major sources of surface water impairments, globally. Despite several monitoring programs and guidance on stormwater management practices, there are many streams still impaired by urban runoff. This study evaluates an industry sector’s pollutant discharge characteristics using the self-reported data collected under Tennessee Multi Sector Permit program. The stormwater pollutant discharge characteristics were analyzed from 2014 to 2018 for an industry sector involving twelve facilities in West Tennessee, USA. The data analysis revealed the presence of both organic and inorganic contaminants in stormwater samples collected at all twelve industrial facilities, with the most common metals being magnesium, copper, and aluminum. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to better understand the correlation between water quality parameters, their origins, and seasonal variations. Furthermore, the water quality indexes (WQIs) were calculated to evaluate the stormwater quality variations among studied facilities and seasons. The results demonstrated slight variations in stormwater WQIs among the studied facilities ranging from “Bad” to “Medium” quality. The lowest seasonal average WQI was found for spring compared to the other seasons. Certain limitations associated with the self-reported nature of data were identified to inform the decision makers regarding the required future changes.
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Stillwell, Charles C., William F. Hunt, Jonathan L. Page, Joshua B. Baird, and Shawn G. Kennedy. "Stormwater management in nutrient-sensitive watersheds: a case study investigating impervious cover limits and pollutant-load regulations." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 664–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.338.
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Abstract The objective of this research project was to compare two stormwater management strategies within a nutrient-sensitive watershed: impervious cover limits versus pollutant-load regulations. A case study was conducted in the nutrient-sensitive Falls Lake watershed in North Carolina, USA, where a commercial fitness complex was constructed in a zone previously restricted to low-density housing. The Falls Lake watershed has a stormwater regulation that limits total nitrogen and total phosphorus export loads to 2.47 kg/ha/yr and 0.37 kg/ha/yr, respectively. Hydrology and water quality were monitored pre- and post-development to quantify changes to stormwater volumes, pollutant concentrations, and annual export loading rates. On-site stormwater control measures (SCMs) reduced nutrient export loading rates below the regulatory standard. However, increased stormwater volumes and nutrient export loading rates were observed from pervious surfaces that were disturbed during construction (total nitrogen increased from 2.06 to 4.24 kg/ha/yr, total phosphorus increased from 0.41 to 0.73 kg/ha/yr). Results from this case study suggest that (1) impervious cover limits do not adequately account for a parcel's nutrient export loads and (2) SCMs that reduce volume and treat pollutants can reduce nutrient export loads below regulatory levels in the Falls Lake watershed.
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Barraud, S., A. Gautier, J. P. Bardin, and V. Riou. "The impact of intentional stormwater infiltration on soil and groundwater." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0117.
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Stormwater infiltration is a principle which is more and more utilized on urban sites in France. However, given the characteristics of urban surfaces, and notably the amounts of the different pollutants that stormwater is likely to contain, it is important to try to assess the impact of intentional stormwater infiltration systems on the soil, and on groundwater. To try to answer that type of question, we present an experiment that was carried out in Valence (France) on two infiltration facilities. Situated in the same street, and serving equivalent catchment areas (i.e. a road network, along with a “classical” urban type of habitat), the first one is a recent cylindrical soakaway (1994) and the second one is a rectangular chamber which is around thirty years old. After explaining the experimental protocol, we shall present a body of data that we monitored. We shall then present our conclusions concerning the role of the soil and the groundwater in the process of “clearing up” the different pollutants that are present in stormwater, as well as the migration patterns of these pollutants.
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Eriksson, E., A. Baun, P. S. Mikkelsen, and A. Ledin. "Chemical hazard identification and assessment tool for evaluation of stormwater priority pollutants." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0031.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of chemical hazards is a critical issue, which have to be dealt with when evaluating different strategies for sustainable handling of stormwater. In the present study, a methodology for identifying the most critical and representative chemical pollutants was developed. A list of selected stormwater priority pollutants (SSPP-list) is the out-put from the procedure. Two different strategies for handling of stormwater were considered; discharge into a surface water recipient and infiltration. However, the same methodology can be used for other types of wastewater and other strategies for handling and treatment. A literature survey revealed that at least 656 xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) could be present in stormwater. In the next step, 233 XOCs were evaluated with respect to the potential for being hazardous towards either aquatic living organisms or humans, or causing technical or aesthetical problems. 121 XOCs were found have at least one of these negative effects, while 26 XOCs could not be assessed due to the lack of data. The hazard assessment showed that 40 XOCs had a PEC/PNEC ratio above one., e.g. they should be considered as priority pollutants. The final step is the expert judgement, which resulted in a final SSPP-list containing 16 selected priority pollutants.
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Shivalingaiah, Boregowda, and William James. "Stormwater pollution modelling: minor sources of pollutants in urban sewer networks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-017.
Full textAbstract:
In addition to the well-known, major pollution processes of dry weather buildup and wet weather washoff and routing, some less obvious minor processes contribute background pollutants to urban stormwater. Since related pollutant loads during storm events are not significant, the processes are termed "minor." These processes, which appear to be seasonally persistent, include aerosol and gaseous scavenging from the atmosphere, leaf canopy washoff, dry weather base flow, and local deposition/erosion due to obstructions.Equations are presented for each process. Algorithms for these equations were incorporated in version 3 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency stormwater management model (SWMM3) and tested collectively. The modified version is known as CHGQUAL. The effect of variable time steps in the computational scheme is discussed.CHGQUAL evidently contains more process-oriented algorithms and may predict surface water pollution management options better than SWMM3. Until more definite data becomes available, however, CHGQUAL should of course be used with caution. Key words: precipitation scavenging, canopy washoff, base flow, water pollution, air pollution, stormwater management models, urban runoff.
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Michelbach, S., and C. Wöhrle. "Settleable Solids from Combined Sewers: Settling, Stormwater Treatment, and Sedimentation Rates in Rivers." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0655.
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Settleable solids are an important pathway for pollutants found in river sediments. To study settling behaviour of settleable solids, settling velocity was measured by a settling apparatus. Special measurements were undertaken to determine the relationship between the settling distribution of settleable solids and their pollutant load - organic mass, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metals and organic micropollutants. To calculate where settleable solids from combined sewer systems will settle in receiving waters, the settling distribution is also useful. The results of a three-year research indicate that stormwater treatment by settling is effective in preventing adverse environmental impacts of combined sewage pollutants.
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Winston, Ryan J., Kristi Arend, Jay D. Dorsey, and William F. Hunt. "Water quality performance of a permeable pavement and stormwater harvesting treatment train stormwater control measure." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.914.
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Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban development causes undesired impacts to surface waters, including discharge of pollutants, erosion, and loss of habitat. A treatment train consisting of permeable interlocking concrete pavement and underground stormwater harvesting was monitored to quantify water quality improvements. The permeable pavement provided primary treatment and the cistern contributed to final polishing of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity concentrations (>96%) and loads (99.5% for TSS). Because of this, >40% reduction of sediment-bound nutrient forms and total nitrogen was observed. Nitrate reduction (>70%) appeared to be related to an anaerobic zone in water stored in the scarified soil beneath the permeable pavement, allowing denitrification to occur. Sequestration of copper, lead, and zinc occurred during the first 5 months of monitoring, with leaching observed during the second half of the monitoring period. This was potentially caused by a decrease in pH within the cistern or residual chloride from deicing salt causing de-sorption of metals from accumulated sediment. Pollutant loading followed the same trends as pollutant concentrations, with load reduction improved vis-à-vis concentrations because of the 27% runoff reduction provided by the treatment train. This study has shown that permeable pavement can serve as an effective pretreatment for stormwater harvesting schemes.
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Sablayrolles, C., C. Vialle, C. Vignoles, and M. Montrejaud-Vignoles. "Impact of carwash discharge on stormwater quality (Toulouse, France)." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.929.
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The contribution of discharge from carwashes to pollutant levels in stormwater was evaluated. Five carwashes and two outlets in the city of Toulouse (France) were selected. Water samples were collected from December 2006 to December 2007. Concentrations and loadings of classical water quality parameters (conductivity, pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate, suspended solid and volatile suspended solid) and five groups of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, lauryl alkyl benzene sulphonates, methyl tert-butyl ether and total hydrocarbons) were determined. The results suggest that the wastewater derived from carwashes was negligible compared to the volume and flow rates within the stormwater network. However, high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phosphorus and lauryl alkyl benzene sulphonates in liquid waste from carwashes, and the impact of these pollutants on stormwater quality could not be neglected.
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Han, Y. H., S. L. Lau, M. Kayhanian, and M. K. Stenstrom. "Correlation analysis among highway stormwater pollutants and characteristics." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.057.
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Stormwater runoff from highway land use is a common non-point source of pollutants. A large quantity of highway stormwater runoff characteristics were collected in California during the past three years. Correlations among various water quality parameters and constituents were performed using data sets collected over the 2000–2001, 2001–2002, and 2002–2003 wet seasons for 18, 21 and 23 storm events at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. In addition, statistical and graphical correlation analysis of the mass first flush ratio (MFF) with storm characteristics was made to determine if the first flush is related to site or storm characteristics. The results and analyses performed indicate that (1) TSS correlates well with most particulate-bound metals. However, TSS was poorly correlated with most other pollutants. (2) Strong correlations were also observed among dissolved and total metals; DOC, COD, TKN and oil and grease; conductivity and Cl. (3) Total metals, COD and DOC were generally well correlated with mass first flush, suggesting that BMPs that treat the early portion of runoff have an opportunity to remove high concentrations of these pollutants. Keywords Correlation analysis; highway stormwater runoff; mass first flush; storm characteristics
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Zuraini, Noor Atiqah, Noraliani Alias, Zainab Mohamed Yusof, Muhammad Nassir Hanapi, and Sobri Harun. "First flush analysis of urban stormwater runoff from an urban catchment in Johor, Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825006014.
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An increase of pollutants that are present in the initial stage of stormwater runoff hydrograph compared to a later stage of runoff is defined as a first flush phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of first flush from samples of urban stormwater runoff obtained from the grounds of a University in Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. In order to achieve the study’s objective; field investigations, manual sampling of urban stormwater runoff, laboratory testing and data analysis were carried out and the evaluation of the first flush phenomenon was calculated using concentration-based first flush (CBFF) and mass-based first flush (MBFF. A total of 90 stormwater samples were collected from six (6) rainfall events and were tested for total suspended solids (TSS). For each rainfall event, the pollutographs and the dimensionless curves of the cumulative pollutant mass versus the cumulative discharged volume were plotted. The first flush coefficient was also determined in order to evaluate the occurrence of first flush. The results indicated that the storm events demonstrated a weak presence of first flush.
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Lau, S. L., E. Khan, and M. K. Stenstrom. "Catch basin inserts to reduce pollution from stormwater." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0381.
Full textAbstract:
Stormwater contamination represents the largest source of contaminants to many receiving waters in the United States, such as Santa Monica Bay in Los Angeles, California. Point sources to these same waters generally receive secondary or better treatment before they are released, and they are usually discharged through outfalls that diffuse the wastewater plume to prevent it from contacting the shoreline. Stormwaters receive no treatment and reach the receiving waters through a variety of ways, but most enter through catch basins or inserts to storm drains that terminate at the beach or in shallow coastal areas. Under these conditions, the stormwater discharge may have greater impact on the quality and utility of the receiving water than the treated wastewater discharges. One method of reducing pollution is to equip catch basins with an insert that can capture pollutants. A number of commercially available devices exist but few have been evaluated by independent parties in full-scale applications. A series of tests using bench and full-scale devices under both laboratory and field conditions were conducted to evaluate their ability to remove trash and debris, suspended solids and oil and grease in stormwaters. The results presented in the paper should provide a basis for future insert development and application.
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Chow, M. F., and Z. Yusop. "Characterization and source identification of stormwater runoff in tropical urban catchments." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 2 (October 24, 2013): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.574.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristics of urban stormwater pollution in the tropics are still poorly understood. This issue is crucial to the tropical environment because its rainfall and runoff generation processes are so different from temperate regions. In this regard, a stormwater monitoring program was carried out at three urban catchments (e.g. residential, commercial and industrial) in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 51 storm events were collected at these three catchments. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), soluble reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to interpret the stormwater quality data for pattern recognition and identification of possible sources. The most likely sources of stormwater pollutants at the residential catchment were from surface soil and leachate of fertilizer from domestic lawns and gardens, whereas the most likely sources for the commercial catchment were from discharges of food waste and washing detergent. In the industrial catchment, the major sources of pollutants were discharges from workshops and factories. The PCA factors further revealed that COD and NH3-N were the major pollutants influencing the runoff quality in all three catchments.
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Awang Ali, Awang Nasrizal, Nurmin Bolong, and Nazaruddin Abdul Taha. "A REVIEW ON THE APPLICATION OF GRANULAR FILTER MEDIA AND THE UTILIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR STORMWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.15159.
Full textAbstract:
The stormwater management practices have changed from conveyance-oriented to storage-oriented, as part of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). Still, uncontrolled development increases potential pollutants in the stormwater, which conveys into a water body or river. Continuous improvements in the filtration mechanism would complement stormwater management. For the past decades, there is progress in applying granular filter media for stormwater quality improvement. However, the reports were not systematically reviewed. In this paper, the recent five years research that utilizes granular filter media for improving stormwater quality was retrieved and reviewed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was referred to, where Scopus and Web of Sciences, two primary journal databases, were used. Initially, keywords searching strings have resulted in 467 articles, which were further screened. Four themes have been formed: stormwater management, stormwater characteristics, separation mechanisms, and future perspectives. Next, two sub-themes and two sub-sub-themes were further established. Then, 65 articles were included manually to complement the themes developed to explore the potential agro-industrial wastes as sustainable filter media. Therefore, this review has proven that the relatively inexpensive and renewable resources from the agro-industrial wastes can remove pollutants efficiently from the stormwater. Four main criteria affecting filter media performances are also highlighted, including the grain sizes of the media, media bed configuration, hydraulic loading rate, and the suspended solids concentration. Further study on these variables can be beneficial to explore the impact of utilizing agro-based media in stormwater filtration.
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Pitt, Robert, Richard Field, Melinda Lalor, and Michael Brown. "Urban stormwater toxic pollutants: assessment, sources, and treatability." Water Environment Research 67, no. 3 (May 1995): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x131466.
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Vezzaro, Luca, Anna Ledin, and Peter Steen Mikkelsen. "Integrated modelling of Priority Pollutants in stormwater systems." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 42-44 (January 2012): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.002.
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Rybicki, Stanislaw M., and Joanna Krystkowiak. "Adverse impact of municipal solid waste transportation on collected stormwater biosolids quality." MATEC Web of Conferences 322 (2020): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032201055.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper was to identify possible specific contamination of stormwater biosolids, with a special emphasis on pollution associated with transportation of municipal solid wastes to the waste utilization plant. The study area for sampling includes two selected points of separate stormwater collection system in Cracow. Samples of stormwater and biosolids were collected during spring-summer-autumn season addressed towards rainy days to check the scope of the problem The results led to conclusion, whether the waste utilization plant impacts the stormwater quality, compared to the high-traffic road. The largest pollutants found in stormwater near the plant were nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) however general content of organic matter in biosolids collected in separated stormwater system also confirmed adverse impact of solid waste transportation on stormwater sludge (biosolids) quality.
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Park, Mi-Hyun, and Michael K. Stenstrom. "Comparison of pollutant loading estimation using different land uses and stormwater characteristics in Ballona Creek Watershed." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.259.
Full textAbstract:
Estimation of stormwater pollutant loads using land use based models has been widely used for establishing regulations and management practices. This approach requires land use information to assign the imperviousness or runoff coefficients (RC) and event mean concentrations (EMCs) for the pollutants of interest. This simplistic approach is useful to estimate the total mass emissions. However, different research groups have used various parameters based upon similar data sources, and there are very few validations using actual field data. This study compares the assumptions, methodologies and results of several, independent modelling efforts, and functions as a quality and sensitivity study of the methodologies. The similarity or differences of the various model results serve as a qualitative indicator of the state of art for this type of stormwater modelling.
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Hachoumi, Imane, Bernhard Pucher, Elisabetta De Vito-Francesco, Flora Prenner, Thomas Ertl, Guenter Langergraber, Maria Fürhacker, and Roza Allabashi. "Impact of Green Roofs and Vertical Greenery Systems on Surface Runoff Quality." Water 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192609.
Full textAbstract:
Green roofs (GRs) and vertical greenery systems (VGSs) can contribute certain pollutants to stormwater runoff, affecting the quality of the receiving waters. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the potential impact of these systems on the quality of urban runoff. In the green building systems section, a series of materials used in greenery systems and their specific application are presented and environmentally relevant substances that could be leached out from these materials are identified as potential pollutants. After the identification of environmentally relevant pollutants that have already been measured in urban runoff and originate from these systems, an assessment of their pathways, fate, and impact in the aquatic environment is performed. Since GRs and VGSs are already considered to be solutions for stormwater quantity and quality management in urban areas, recommendations for mitigating their environmental impact through runoff are needed. It can be concluded that special focus should be placed on measures that target the pollution source, such as optimizing GR and VGS construction practices and materials used, as well as establishing appropriate decentralized stormwater treatment measures. Both of these approaches will help to reduce or even entirely avoid the emission of relevant pollutants into the aquatic environment.
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Björklund, Karin, Ann-Margret Strömvall, and Per-Arne Malmqvist. "Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.642.
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Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.
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McCarthy, D. T. "A traditional first flush assessment of E. coli in urban stormwater runoff." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.374.
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The behaviour of microorganisms in urban stormwater should be thoroughly investigated and understood to (a) design treatment technologies that can reduce the human health risks of utilising stormwater and (b) develop models which can accurately predict the levels of microorganisms in urban stormwater to aid in health risk assessments. A crucial part of understanding the behaviour of pollutants in urban stormwater is to determine whether the pollutant experiences higher levels in certain portions of the event (e.g. does the pollutant experience a first flush?). The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) determine if the first flush phenomenon exists for a commonly used microbial indicator, Escherichia coli, and (b) determine whether the presence of a first flush is dependent on antecedent climatic and/or hydrologic characteristics. E. coli data collected from the wet weather flows of four urban catchments in Melbourne was used in the paper. Cumulative mass versus volume curves were used in conjunction with standard statistical inferences to determine that the first flush phenomenon was not consistently present, and that the presence and magnitude of a first flush varied considerably between each site. Regression analyses were used to determine that this variation was probably not caused by the same governing processes for all four sites, with different explanatory variables significantly explaining the first flush at each site.
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Geronimo, F. K. F., M. C. Maniquiz-Redillas, J. A. S. Tobio, and L. H. Kim. "Treatment of suspended solids and heavy metals from urban stormwater runoff by a tree box filter." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (March 31, 2014): 2460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.150.
Full textAbstract:
Particulates, inorganic and toxic constituents are the most common pollutants associated with urban stormwater runoff. Heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead are found to be in high concentration on paved roads or parking lots due to vehicle emissions. In order to control the rapid increase of pollutant loads in stormwater runoff, the Korean Ministry of Environment proposed the utilization of low impact developments. One of these was the application of tree box filters that act as a bioretention treatment system which executes filtration and sorption processes. In this study, a tree box filter located adjacent to an impervious parking lot was developed to treat suspended solids and heavy metal concentrations from urban stormwater runoff. In total, 11 storm events were monitored from July 2010 to August 2012. The results showed that the tree box filter was highly effective in removing particulates (up to 95%) and heavy metals (at least 70%) from the urban stormwater runoff. Furthermore, the tree box filter was capable of reducing the volume runoff by 40% at a hydraulic loading rate of 1 m/day and below.
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Niu, Siping, Kisoo Park, and Youngchul Kim. "Effect of sampling duration on the performance evaluation of a stormwater wetland." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (December 24, 2014): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.520.
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In this study, the effect of sampling duration on the performance estimate for a stormwater wetland over both rainy and dry days was evaluated for the appropriate design of sampling duration. As the cumulative percentage volume (Vp), the ratio of cumulative stormwater volume concerning time to the total stormwater volume, varied between 60 and 100%, generally, the inflow total suspended solids, turbidity and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) event mean concentrations (EMCs) did not vary significantly, whereas the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) EMCs were relatively stable. Compared to the inflow, the corresponding outflow EMCs changed much less as Vp changed. And these variations both from inflow and outflow EMCs did not result in significant changes in the removal efficiencies. The investigation during the dry days between two consecutive storm events showed that outflow pollutants did not change to a considerable extent after 1 day of the previous rainfall event. This study identifies the possibility of shortening the rainy sampling duration, because the performance of stormwater wetlands is usually estimated based on removal efficiencies rather than pollutant concentrations. Also, the sampling during dry days should be performed at least 1 day after a rainfall event.
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Hall, Ken J., and Bruce C. Anderson. "The toxicity and chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-011.
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The effects of land use on the chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff and its subsequent acute toxicity to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex have been investigated in the Brunette drainage basin of Burnaby, British Columbia. Both land use and interval between rainfall events influenced the chemical composition and toxicity of the stormwater. The industrial and commercial land use sites were the major source of those trace metals most often considered toxic to aquatic invertebrates, with runoff from the commercial sites proving most frequently toxic to the test organism. Toxicity followed the sequence commercial > industrial > residential > open space. A detailed study of a single storm event indicated that while the “first-flush” of the storm contributed to toxicity—through the physical scouring of insoluble pollutants—some soluble pollutants, which were washed out of the watershed later in the storm event, also proved to be toxic. This finding has implications for the collection and treatment of stormwater runoff. Laboratory bioassays with synthetic stormwater composed of the trace metals Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn at concentrations observed in field samples demonstrated that pH and suspended solids helped to regulate the toxicity of trace metals, and implicated the importance of these factors in natural stormwater toxicity. Key words: stormwater, street surface sediments, land use, buildup time, trace metals, toxicity, Daphnia bioassays, pH, suspended solids effects.
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Charters, Frances J., Thomas A. Cochrane, and Aisling D. O’Sullivan. "Predicting Event-Based Sediment and Heavy Metal Loads in Untreated Urban Runoff from Impermeable Surfaces." Water 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040969.
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Understanding the amount of pollutants contributed by impermeable urban surfaces during rain events is necessary for developing effective stormwater management. A process-based pollutant load model, named Modelled Estimates of Discharges for Urban Stormwater Assessments (MEDUSA), was further developed (MEDUSA2.0; Christchurch, New Zealand) to include simulations of dissolved metal loadings and improve total suspended solids (TSS) loading estimations. The model uses antecedent dry days, rainfall pH, average event intensity and duration to predict sediment and heavy metal loads generated by individual surfaces. The MEDUSA2.0 improvements provided a moderate to strong degree of fit to observed sediment, copper, and zinc loads for each modelled road and roof surface type. The individual surface-scale modelling performed by MEDUSA2.0 allows for identification of specific source areas of high pollution for targeted surface management within urban catchments.
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Lee, J. H., K. W. Bang, C. S. Choi, and H. S. Lim. "CFD modelling of flow field and particle tracking in a hydrodynamic stormwater separator." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 2381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.480.
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The best management practices (BMPs) for control of urban stormwater pollution are evaluated to remove solid particles containing various pollutants. Currently, most storm runoff treatment devices using primary pollutant removal mechanism are applied to storm water since most pollutants in runoff are associated with the solid particulates. A hydrodynamic separator is a storm water treatment device using centrifugal motion which separates solids pollution from runoff. In this study, the velocity flow field and particle tracking of hydrodynamic separator were investigated using anthracite as a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model particle. The Fluent 6.3.26 CFD program was used to predict the solid particles removal efficiency for various parameters such as particle size, surface loading rate, and the ratio of underflow to overflow. The velocity flow field in a hydrodynamic stormwater separator (HDS) has been simulated using CFD RNG κ-ɛ model. Modeling results for the removal efficiency of HDS were similar with the results obtained from experimental measurements of laboratory scale HDS. These results showed that the simulated velocity field was useful to interpret the behavior of flow in the hydrodynamic separator. The results obtained from particle tracking can be applied to predict the separation efficiency.
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Morash, Jennifer, Amy Wright, Charlene LeBleu, Amanda Meder, Raymond Kessler, Eve Brantley, and Julie Howe. "Increasing Sustainability of Residential Areas Using Rain Gardens to Improve Pollutant Capture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Resilience." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123269.
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Rain gardens have become a widespread stormwater practice in the United States, and their use is poised to continue expanding as they are an aesthetically pleasing way to improve the quality of stormwater runoff. The terms rain garden and bioretention, are now often used interchangeably to denote a landscape area that treats stormwater runoff. Rain gardens are an effective, attractive, and sustainable stormwater management solution for residential areas and urban green spaces. They can restore the hydrologic function of urban landscapes and capture stormwater runoff pollutants, such as phosphorus (P), a main pollutant in urban cities and residential neighborhoods. Although design considerations such as size, substrate depth, substrate type, and stormwater holding time have been rigorously tested, little research has been conducted on the living portion of rain gardens. This paper reviews two studies—one that evaluated the effects of flooding and drought tolerance on the physiological responses of native plant species recommended for use in rain gardens, and another that evaluated P removal in monoculture and polyculture rain garden plantings. In the second study, plants and substrate were evaluated for their ability to retain P, a typical water pollutant. Although plant growth across species was sometimes lower when exposed to repeated flooding, plant visual quality was generally not compromised. Although plant selection was limited to species native to the southeastern U.S., some findings may be translated regardless of region. Plant tissue P was higher than either leachate or substrate, indicating the critical role plants play in P accumulation and removal. Additionally, polyculture plantings had the lowest leachate P, suggesting a polyculture planting may be more effective in preventing excess P from entering waterways from bioretention gardens. The findings included that, although monoculture plantings are common in bioretention gardens, polyculture plantings can improve biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and rain garden functionality.
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Segarra-García, R., and G. V. Loganathan. "A Stochastic Pollutant Load Model for the Design of Stormwater Detention Facilities." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0680.
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A set of equations dependent on specified pollutant trap efficiency for computing storage capacity-treatment rate combinations of a stormwater detention system is provided. The equations are expressed in terms of the statistics of the runoff event variables: mean depth, duration, and interevent time. The hydrologic random variables are assumed to be independent and exponentially distributed. A mass balance equation is derived for the detention unit based on a first-order pollutant load model. With the aid of statistical derived distribution techniques, an expression for the expected pollutant washoff load is derived, which is further used to develop analytical storage/treatment isoquants for specified levels of pollutant trap efficiency. The isoquants are defined in terms of the design storage capacity, the treatment rate, the pollutant trap efficiency, and the runoff process statistics. A further extension of the model allows the derivation of equations for the estimation of the settling efficiency of pollutants of stored stormwater. The estimators for storage capacity-treatment rate are obtained from closed form expressions that, in addition, yield lower and upper bound estimates of the design variables. Illustrative examples using data for catchments in Minneapolis and Denver are provided.