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1
Molina, Rosa, Giorgio Manno, Carlo Lo Re, Giorgio Anfuso, and Giuseppe Ciraolo. "Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain)." Water 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030509.
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This paper investigates wave climate and storm characteristics along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia, for the period 1979–2014, by means of the analysis of wave data on four prediction points obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Normally, to characterize storms, researchers use the so-called “power index”. In this paper, a different approach was adopted based on the assessment of the wave energy flux of each storm, using a robust definition of sea storm. During the investigated period, a total of 2961 storm events were recorded. They were classified by means of their associated energy flux into five classes, from low- (Class I) to high-energetic (Class V). Each point showed a different behavior in terms of energy, number, and duration of storms. Nine stormy years, i.e., years with a high cumulative energy, were recorded in 1980, 1983, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2008, 2010, and 2013.
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Vennell, Ross. "Long Barotropic Waves Generated by a Storm Crossing Topography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3687.1.
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Abstract Storms crossing topography are shown to radiate long surface gravity waves. The waves are transients generated by changes in the depth-dependent amplitude of the atmospherically forced pressure wave beneath a storm. This generation mechanism for long waves, known as “meteorological tsunamis” or rissaga, does not appear to have been previously discussed. The transients have periods equal to the passage time of the storm, of order 30 min for small fast-moving storms. A 1D model is used to give the amplitudes of the transient waves generated by a small fast-moving storm crossing a topographic step on to a continental shelf and across a ridge. Large transients are generated by storms whose translation speed is subcritical in deep water and supercritical in shallow water, that is, faster than the shallow-water wave speed. Surprisingly, when the depth difference between the deep water and the continental shelf is large, a gentle transition from deep to shallow water over 10 storm widths only slightly reduces the amplitudes of the transients. The influence of a finite-width shelf on the enhancement of coastal storm surge is also discussed. A 2D numerical model illustrates the topographic transients generated by sub- and supercritical storms moving across a ridge. Topographic transients are suggested as a source of energy for seiches on shelves and within embayments. The energy may come from a storm crossing the adjacent continental slope and possibly from distant open-ocean storms crossing multiple ridges and seamounts.
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Wissmeier, Ulrike, and Robert Goler. "A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 2385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2963.1.
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Abstract The influence of vertical wind shear on storm development within a tropical environment is studied with the aid of two numerical models and compared with that in simulations of midlatitude storms. The simulations show that larger wind shears are required in a tropical environment than in a midlatitude environment for a storm of given updraft velocity to split. This finding is supported by the experience of forecasters at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Regional Forecasting Centre in Darwin that the operational storm forecasting tools developed for midlatitude storms overforecast supercells within the tropics. That tropical storms require higher shears to split can be attributed either to the larger gust front speed or to the earlier gust front occurrence compared to those in the midlatitudes. A fast gust front cuts off the storm from the warm moist inflow and the updraft has little or no time to split. In the cases where the midtropospheric relative humidity is larger in the tropics or comparable with that in the midlatitudes, the total liquid water and ice content within the deeper tropical storms is larger than in the midlatitude storms, causing a stronger downdraft. In other words, the main contribution to the negative buoyancy of the downdraft is the water loading rather than the evaporative cooling. When a tropical storm is simulated in an environment with smaller midtropospheric relative humidity than in the midlatitudes, the amount of liquid water and ice within the storm is comparable to that within the midlatitude storm. Intense evaporation within the tropical storm then leads to a stronger negative buoyancy than in the midlatitude storm, causing a stronger downdraft and thus an earlier or a faster-spreading gust front. At higher shears in the tropics, entrainment reduces the storm depth and thus water loading, resulting in a delayed gust front initiation and/or reduction of the gust front speed, which then allows storm splitting to occur.
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Smolders, S., Y. Plancke, S. Ides, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman. "Role of intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined estuary: a model study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2015): 1659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1659-2015.
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Abstract. Coastal lowlands and estuaries are subjected to increasing flood risks during storm surges due to global and regional changes. Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued as effective natural buffers for storm surges by dissipating wave energy and providing flood water storage. While previous studies focused on flood wave attenuation within and behind wetlands, this study focuses on the effects of estuarine wetland properties on the attenuation of a storm tide that propagates along the length of an estuary. Wetland properties including elevation, surface area, and location within the estuary were investigated using a numerical model of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands). For a spring tide lower wetland elevations result in more attenuation of high water levels along the estuary, while for a higher storm tide higher elevations provide more attenuation compared to lower wetland elevations. For spring and storm tide a larger wetland surface area results in a better attenuation along the estuary up to a threshold wetland size for which larger wetlands do not further contribute to more attenuation. Finally a wetland of the same size and elevation, but located more upstream in the estuary, can store a larger proportion of the local flood volume and therefore has a larger attenuating effect on upstream high water levels. With this paper we aim to contribute towards a better understanding and wider implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation to increasing estuarine flood risks associated with storms.
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Smolders, S., Y. Plancke, S. Ides, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman. "Role of intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined estuary: a model study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (May 8, 2015): 3181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3181-2015.
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Abstract. Coastal lowlands and estuaries are subjected to increasing flood risks during storm surges due to global and regional changes. Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued as effective natural buffers for storm surges by dissipating wave energy and providing flood water storage. While previous studies focused on flood wave attenuation within and behind wetlands, this study focuses on the effects of estuarine wetland properties on the attenuation of a storm tide that propagates along the length of an estuary. Wetland properties including elevation, surface area, and location within the estuary were investigated using a numerical model of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands). For a spring tide lower wetland elevations result in more attenuation of high water levels along the estuary, while for a higher storm tide higher elevations provide more attenuation compared to lower wetland elevations. For spring and storm tide a arger wetland surface area results in a better attenuation along the estuary up to a threshold wetland size for which larger wetlands do not further contribute to more attenuation. Finally a wetland of the same size and elevation, but located more upstream in the estuary, can store a larger proportion of the local flood volume and therefore has a larger attenuating effect on upstream high water levels. With this paper we aim to contribute towards a better understanding and wider implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation to increasing estuarine flood risks associated with storms.
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Watts, L. G., and A. Calver. "Effects of Spatially-Distributed Rainfall on Runoff for a Conceptual Catchment." Hydrology Research 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0001.
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A physically-based rainfall-runoff model is used to investigate effects of moving storms on the runoff hydrograph of throughflow dominated idealised catchments. Simulations are undertaken varying the storm speed, direction, intensity, the part of the catchment affected by rainfall, and the spatial definition of rainfall zones. For a 100 km2 catchment, under the circumstances investigated, an efficient spatial resolution of rainfall data is around 2.5 km along the path of the storm. Storms moving downstream produce earlier, higher peaks than do storms moving upstream. Error is most likely to be introduced into lumped-rainfall predictions for slower storm speeds, and the likely direction of this error can be specified. Differences in magnitude of peak response between downstream and upstream storm directions reach a maximum at a storm speed and direction similar to the average peak channel velocity. These results are qualitatively similar to those reported for overland flow dominated catchments, but differences in peak runoff between downstream and upstream storm directions are much smaller where rainfall inputs are modified by a period of hillslope throughflow.
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Basco, David R., and Nader Mahmoudpour. "THE MODIFIED COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER AND QUANTIFICATION OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR COASTAL DESIGN." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.66.
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A coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed in the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg) and ICCE 2010 (Shanghai) proceedings. COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (low-pressure fronts) can produce similar COSI parameters. Analysis of coastal storms over a 10 year period (1994-2003) of measured data at the Corps of Engineers, Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, NC showed the need to modify the original method to (1) use the mean, nonlinear wave momentum flux, and (2) use only the spikes in storm surge when elevated water levels are above the mean high water level of the tide. This paper presents the full details of how to calculate the modified COSI parameter; the modified results for the 10-yr Duck data set and suggest possible applications to develop fragility curves for coastal engineering design. Clearly, fragility curves are needed to quantify risk and hence resilience in coastal systems design. The intensity of the “load” or “disturbance”, i.e. the severity of the coastal storm must be quantified to develop fragility curves. Excess water levels (storm surge), wave conditions (height, period, direction) and storm duration all contribute to the intensity of a coastal storm. How to combine these three factors has long been a concern of coastal scientists and engineers.
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Scharffenberg, Kevin C., Dustin Whalen, Shannon A. MacPhee, Marianne Marcoux, John Iacozza, Gail Davoren, and Lisa L. Loseto. "Oceanographic, ecological, and socio-economic impacts of an unusual summer storm in the Mackenzie Estuary." Arctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0029.
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With increased warming and open water due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of storm surges is expected to increase. Although studies have shown that strong storms can negatively impact Arctic ecosystems, the impact of storms on Arctic marine mammals is relatively unknown. In July 2016, an unusually large storm occurred in the Mackenzie Delta while instrumented seabed moorings equipped with hydrophones and oceanographic sensors were in place to study environmental drivers of beluga habitat use during their summer aggregation. The storm lasted up to 88 h, with maximum wind speeds reaching 60 km/h; historical wind data from Tuktoyaktuk revealed a storm of similar duration has not occurred in July in at least the past 28 years. This provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of large storms on oceanographic conditions, beluga habitat use, and the traditional subsistence hunt that occurs annually in the delta. The storm resulted in increased water levels and localized flooding as well as a significant drop in water temperature (∼10 °C) and caused belugas to leave the area for 5 days. Although belugas returned after the storm ended, the subsistence hunt was halted resulting in the lowest beluga harvest between 1978 and 2017.
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Van Gent, Marcel R. A., Suzanna A. A. Zwanenburg, and Jan Kramer. "EFFECTS OF WATER LEVEL VARIATIONS ON THE STABILITY OF ROCK ARMOURED SLOPES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.44.
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Physical model tests on the stability of rock armoured slopes have been performed to demonstrate the importance of water level variations during a storm, due to a tide or a storm surge. For the stability of rock armoured slopes also the importance of the sequence of storms at various water levels has been studied. The test results indicate that a smooth sinusoidal water level variation leads to an increase in damage compared to the same wave conditions at a constant water level. Furthermore, a stepwise approach of the sinusoidal water level elevation leads to other results than the approach with a continuous water level variation, whereas the continuous water level variation resembles the peak of a storm or the tidal water level variation better than a stepwise approach. If storms with different water levels attack the armour layer, the damage is generally smaller than if all storms attack the armour layer at the same water level. Furthermore, the results have been discussed based on earlier analyses where the statistics of rock armoured slopes have been addressed and the importance of the length effect has been illustrated using a method to apply results from physical model tests to real structures.
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Shisler, Matthew P., and David R. Johnson. "Comparison of Methods for Imputing Non-Wetting Storm Surge to Improve Hazard Characterization." Water 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051420.
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Joint probability methods for characterizing storm surge hazards involve the use of a collection of hydrodynamic storm simulations to fit a response surface function describing the relationship between storm surge and storm parameters. However, in areas with a sufficiently low probability of flooding, few storms in the simulated storm suite may produce surge, resulting in a paucity of information for training the response surface fit. Previous approaches have replaced surge elevations for non-wetting storms with a constant value or truncated them from the response surface fitting procedure altogether. The former induces bias in predicted estimates of surge from wetting storms, and the latter can cause the model to be non-identifiable. This study compares these approaches and improves upon current methodology by introducing the concept of “pseudo-surge,” with the intent to describe how close a storm comes to producing surge at a given location. Optimal pseudo-surge values are those which produce the greatest improvement to storm surge predictions when they are used to train a response surface. We identify these values for a storm suite used to characterize surge hazard in coastal Louisiana and compare their performance to the two other methods for adjusting training data. Pseudo-surge shows potential for improving hazard characterization, particularly at locations where less than half of training storms produce surge. We also find that the three methods show only small differences in locations where more than half of training storms wet.
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Dupilka, Max L., and Gerhard W. Reuter. "Forecasting Tornadic Thunderstorm Potential in Alberta Using Environmental Sounding Data. Part II: Helicity, Precipitable Water, and Storm Convergence." Weather and Forecasting 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf922.1.
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Abstract Sounding parameters are examined to determine whether they can help distinguish between Alberta, Canada, severe thunderstorms that spawn significant tornadoes (F2–F4), weak tornadoes (F0–F1), or nontornadic severe storms producing large hail. Parameters investigated included storm-relative helicity (SRH), precipitable water (PW), and storm convergence. The motivation for analyzing these parameters is that, in theory, they might affect the rate of change of vertical vorticity generation through vortex stretching, vortex tilting, and baroclinic effects. Precipitable water showed statistically significant differences between significant tornadic storms and those severe storms that produced weak tornadoes or no tornadoes. All significant tornadic cases in the dataset used had PW values exceeding 22 mm, with a median value of 24 mm. Values of PW between 19 and 23 mm were generally associated with weak tornadic storms. Computed values of storm convergence, height of the lifted condensation level, and normalized most unstable CAPE did not discriminate between any of the three storm categories. The SRH showed discrimination of significant tornadoes from both weak tornadic and nontornadic severe storm groups. The Alberta data suggest that significant tornadoes tended to occur with SRH > 150 m2 s−2 computed for the 0–3-km layer whereas weak tornadoes were typically formed for values between 30 and 150 m2 s−2. Threshold values of SRH were lower than those suggested in studies based on storm observations throughout much of the United States.
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Bengtsson, Lars, and Janusz Niemczynowicz. "Areal Reduction Factors from Rain Movement." Hydrology Research 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0005.
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The relation between rain movement and areal reduction of rain intensity is investigated. An approach for calculating areal reduction factors from point hyetographs and storm speed is suggested. Very good agreement is found between moving storm derived areal reduction factors and reduction factors determined using a dense net of rain gauges. Moving areal reduction factors calculated for design storms and historical storms are shown not to differ much between different cities in the Nordic countries.
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Yang, Kun, Vladimir Paramygin, and Y. Peter Sheng. "An objective and efficient method for estimating probabilistic coastal inundation hazards." Natural Hazards 99, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 1105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03807-w.
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Abstract The joint probability method (JPM) is the traditional way to determine the base flood elevation due to storm surge, and it usually requires simulation of storm surge response from tens of thousands of synthetic storms. The simulated storm surge is combined with probabilistic storm rates to create flood maps with various return periods. However, the map production requires enormous computational cost if state-of-the-art hydrodynamic models with high-resolution numerical grids are used; hence, optimal sampling (JPM-OS) with a small number of (~ 100–200) optimal (representative) storms is preferred. This paper presents a significantly improved JPM-OS, where a small number of optimal storms are objectively selected, and simulated storm surge responses of tens of thousands of storms are accurately interpolated from those for the optimal storms using a highly efficient kriging surrogate model. This study focuses on Southwest Florida and considers ~ 150 optimal storms that are selected based on simulations using either the low fidelity (with low resolution and simple physics) SLOSH model or the high fidelity (with high resolution and comprehensive physics) CH3D model. Surge responses to the optimal storms are simulated using both SLOSH and CH3D, and the flood elevations are calculated using JPM-OS with highly efficient kriging interpolations. For verification, the probabilistic inundation maps are compared to those obtained by the traditional JPM and variations of JPM-OS that employ different interpolation schemes, and computed probabilistic water levels are compared to those calculated by historical storm methods. The inundation maps obtained with the JPM-OS differ less than 10% from those obtained with JPM for 20,625 storms, with only 4% of the computational time.
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Trinh, Tam Thi, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Toan Bui. "The Contribution of Forerunner to Storm Surges along the Vietnam Coast." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070508.
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Vietnam, located in the tropical region of the northwest Pacific Ocean, is frequently impacted by tropical storms. Occurrence of extreme water level events associated with tropical storms are often unpredicted and put coastal infrastructure and safety of coastal populations at risk. Hence, an improved understanding of the nature of storm surges and their components along the Vietnam coast is required. For example, a higher than expected extreme storm surge during Typhoon Kalmegi (2014) highlighted the lack of understanding on the characteristics of storm surges in Vietnam. Physical processes that influence the non-tidal water level associated with tropical storms can persist for up to 14 days, beginning 3–4 days prior to storm landfall and cease up to 10 days after the landfall of the typhoon. This includes the forerunner, ‘direct’ storm surge, and coastally trapped waves. This study used a continuous record of six sea level time series collected over a 5-year period (2013–2017) from along the Vietnam coast and Hong Kong to examine the contribution of the forerunner to non-tidal water level. The forerunner is defined as the gradual increase in mean water level, 2–3 days prior to typhoon landfall and generated by shore parallel winds and currents that result in a mean higher water level at the coast. Results indicated that a forerunner was generated by almost all typhoons, at least at one station, with a range between 20 and 50 cm. The forerunner contributed up to 50% of the water level change due to the storm. Combination of forerunner and onshore winds generated storm surges that were much higher (to 70 cm). It was also found that the characteristics of the typhoon (e.g., path, speed, severity and size) significantly influenced the generation of the forerunner. It is recommended that the forerunner that is not currently well defined in predictive models should be included in storm surge forecasts.
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Tiefenthaler, Liesl, Eric D. Stein, and Kenneth C. Schiff. "Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (December 22, 2010): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.056.
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Routine stormwater monitoring programs focus on quantification of average fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration at the terminal watershed discharge point. While important for permit compliance, such monitoring provides little insight into relative bacteria levels from different land use types or the mechanisms that influence FIB concentrations. The goal of this study was to quantify the relative levels and flux patterns of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and total coliforms from representative land use (LU) types. Bacteria concentrations were measured over the entire storm duration from 8 different LU types over 13 storm events in 5 southern California watersheds during the 2000–2005 storm seasons. In addition, runoff samples were collected from 8 bottom of the watershed mass emission (ME) sites. Intra-storm and intra-season patterns were investigated in order to identify mechanisms that influence patterns of FIB concentrations. Mean FIB event mean concentrations (EMCs) at LU sites ranged from 103 to 105 MPN/100 ml. Recreational (horse stables) LU sites contributed significantly higher storm EMCs than other LU types. Early season storms repeatedly produced higher EMCs than comparably sized late season storms. For most storms sampled, the highest bacterial concentrations occurred during the early phases of stormwater runoff with peak concentrations usually preceding peak flow.
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Do, Jong Dae, Yeon S. Chang, Jae-Youll Jin, Weon Mu Jeong, Byunggil Lee, and Ho Kyung Ha. "Hydrodynamic Measurements of Propagating Waves at Different Nearshore Depths in Hujeong Beach, Korea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090690.
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This paper reports the results of hydrodynamic measurements at two different water depths to observe wave properties in the course of wave propagation, especially during storm periods, in Hujeong Beach, Korea. In addition to hydrodynamic measurements, video monitoring data and satellite images from Sentinel-II were employed to compare the temporal changes in shoreline positions and shallow water bathymetry during the storms. Through combination of a variety of observational data sets, the accuracy of analysis could be enhanced by preventing possible misinterpretation. Two significant storms were observed from two experiments conducted at different times and locations of the beach. The hydrodynamic conditions were similar in both of the periods in terms of wave and current conditions as well as wave nonlinearity such as skewness. However, the response of shoreline during the two storms was the opposite because it was eroded during the first storm but advanced during the second storm. This suggests that other controlling factors such as storm duration need to be investigated to support the analysis of cross-shore sediment transport and consequent shoreline evolution for future studies.
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Fang, Zhanpei, Patrick T. Freeman, Christopher B. Field, and Katharine J. Mach. "Reduced sea ice protection period increases storm exposure in Kivalina, Alaska." Arctic Science 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2017-0024.
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On Arctic coasts, erosion is limited by the presence of nearshore sea ice, which creates a protective barrier from storms. In Kivalina, an Alaskan Inupiaq Inuit community, decreasing seasonal sea ice extent and a lengthening of the open-water season may be resulting in fall storms that (1) generate higher, longer, and more destructive waves and (2) cause damage later in the year, resulting in increased flooding and erosion. We assess trends in the duration of nearshore sea ice and their relationship with storm occurrence over the period 1979–2015 in Kivalina. Analysis of passive microwave sea ice concentration data indicates that the open-water season has increased by 5.6 ± 1.2 days/decade over the last 37 years, with moderate evidence that it is extending further into the fall than into the spring. This is correlated with an increased reporting frequency of high-damage storms; 80% of reported storms since 1970 occurred in the last 15 years. Each high-damage storm event occurred during the open-water season for that year. Our findings support Kivalina villagers’ assertions that climate change increases storm exposure and associated damages from flooding and erosion.
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Zirulnik, Alexander, Dan Neal, and Joshua S. Carson. "748 The Calm After the Storm? Burn Injury Incidence Following Hurricanes and Tropical Storms." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.330.
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Abstract Introduction In recent years, we have noted a pattern of a surges in burn admissions occurring in the wake of some of the larger storm events occurring in our region. Many injuries incurred in the activities related to the storms’ aftermath— accelerate related burns from burning debris, generator explosions, and electrical repair burns. It is suspected that conditions created by larger storms may increase the population-wide risk for burn injuries for some time after the storm itself. If trues, this would suggest a need for more concerted burn prevention efforts in the wake of major natural disasters. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there is indeed a predictable surge in burn injuries relationships between seasonal variation and burn injuries in one catchment area of a regional center. We hypothesize that there is an underlying association between significant storms and an increased number of burn-related injuries before and after storms. Methods Using a retrospective approach, we examined burn center admission data from 2007–2018 (N=4,637) to include burns in the week prior to and three weeks after hurricane or tropical storm events (a storm window) in our state. This dataset only examined burns in which patients were admitted greater than 20 hours to exclude any confounding follow-up visits. Results Using Poisson regression to evaluate the effect of the storm window has on the number of daily admissions, there was found to be no significant association in respect to daily case totals (p=.165) when comparing across all years in respect to storm windows. When examining data from 2017 and 2018; years in which severe storms (category 4+) hit the state of Florida, there was found to be a significant increase in the number of daily burn admissions during the storm window by about 39% (p=0.039) as compared to 2015 when no storms hit the state. Conclusions It is hypothesized that a significant association of injuries were found in later years due to the ever-increasing intensity of storms hitting the state. Public awareness should be directed to the dangers of burns and related injuries in the wake of major weather events, i.e. before and after storms. In addition, further studies should examine the relationships between injuries and weather-related events. Applicability of Research to Practice Awareness of a tendency for burn injuries and admissions to surge after major storms could be used to improve the timing and content of burn prevention response to these incidents.
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Salmun, H., A. Molod, F. S. Buonaiuto, K. Wisniewska, and K. C. Clarke. "East Coast Cool-Weather Storms in the New York Metropolitan Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2183.1.
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Abstract New York coastal regions are frequently exposed to winter extratropical storm systems that exhibit a wide range of local impacts. Studies of these systems either have used localized water-level or beach erosion data to identify and characterize the storms or have used meteorological conditions from reanalysis data to provide a general regional “climatology” of storms. The use of meteorological conditions to identify these storms allows an independent assessment of impacts on the coastal environment and therefore can be used to predict the impacts. However, the intensity of these storms can exhibit substantial spatial variability that may not be captured by the relatively large scales of the studies using reanalysis data, and this fact may affect the localized assessment of storm impact on the coastal communities. A method that uses data from National Data Buoy Center stations in the New York metropolitan area to identify East Coast cool-weather storms (ECCSs) and to describe their climatological characteristics is presented. An assessment of the presence of storm conditions and a three-level intensity scale was developed using surface pressure data as measured at the buoys. This study identified ECCSs during the period from 1977 through 2007 and developed storm climatologies for each level of storm intensity. General agreement with established climatologies demonstrated the robustness of the method. The impact of the storms on the coastal environment was assessed by computing “storm average” values of storm-surge data and by examining beach erosion along the south shore of Long Island, New York. A regression analysis demonstrated that the best storm-surge predictor is based on measurements of significant wave height at a nearby buoy.
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The, Nguyen Nguyen Ngoc The, Duong Cong Dien, and Tran Thanh Tung. "Research on wave set-up during storms along the coast of Cua Dai, Hoi An." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3/14058.
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The central coast of Vietnam is frequently prone to storms and floods. Aside from wind damages during storms, the effect of storm surges, which includes wave set-up, on the coast and coastal infrastructures is very severe. Therefore calculation and prediction of wave set-up and storm surges are significant, both scientifically and practically, to serve as scientific bases for sustainable coastal planning, development and protection. This paper presents the study results on nearshore wave propagation and transformation, as well as the distribution of wave set-up during storms in the coastal area of Cua Dai, Hoi An, using SWAN and SWASH models. The models are thoroughly tested against wave and water level data series collected during a campaign in the project framework. The simulation results show the overall picture of the nearshore wave field and the surge height induced by waves during a storm event along Cua Dai, Hoi An coast. The research output also indicates that wave set-up contributes an important part to the extreme water level of the local nearshore area during storms.
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Xuan Tinh, Nguyen, Magnus Larson, Chantal Donnelly, and Hitoshi Tanaka. "LABORATORY EXPERIMENT ON CROSS-SHORE BARRIER SPIT EVOLUTION BY STORM DYNAMICS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 19, 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.32.
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Every year there are many severe storms occurring around the world, in general, and in Japan, in particular. The occurrence of storms is expected to increase because of the global warming effects. An increasing wave height together with a rising mean water level during a storm create a high possibility for waves to overtop the beach crest causing a lot of sediment to be eroded to offshore areas or deposited in the inland direction. The study of the barrier island response to storms has therefore become very important in terms of sediment transport and beach morphology change, as well as damage to nearshore structures due to runup overwash and inundation overwash. However, changes in the beach profile and prevailing sediment transport mechanisms during a real event are difficult to obtain. Thus, laboratory studies are necessary to conduct. This study presents a laboratory experiment on the impact of storms on a sandy barrier islands. The main aim is to investigate the entire barrier island (or sand spit) response due to storm conditions considering the increase in water level due to storm surge. Also, further development of an analytical model for barrier profile change caused by runup overwash is presented and obtained results overall captured order-of-magnitude barrier face retreat and volume changes after the storm.
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Zharkenov, Y. B. "Experimental studies in the field of storm water drainage." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 130, no. 1 (2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-68-36-2020-130-1-95-100.
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Kettle, Anthony James. "Storm Tilo over Europe in November 2007: storm surge and impacts on societal and energy infrastructure." Advances in Geosciences 49 (November 4, 2019): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-187-2019.
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Abstract. Storm Tilo on 8–9 November 2007 ranks among the serious winter storms in northern Europe over the past 30 years. Its low pressure centre passed across the northern North Sea, and this led to a cold air outbreak in northwest Europe. Strong north winds across the North Sea contributed to a high storm surge that was serious for coastal regions in eastern England, the Netherlands and Germany. Storm winds and unusually high waves caused shipping accidents and damage to some offshore energy infrastructure. This report presents an outline of the met-ocean conditions and a short overview of storm impacts on societal and energy infrastructure. The progress of the storm surge around the North Sea is analysed using data from the national tide gauge networks. A spectral analysis of the water level data is used to isolate the long period storm surge and short period oscillations (i.e., <4.8 h) from the tidal signal. The calculated skew surge is compared with literature reports for this storm and also with another serious North Sea storm from 31 October–1 November 2006 (Storm Britta). The short period oscillations are compared with the platform and shipping incident reports for the 2 d storm period. The results support previous reports of unusual wave and water level dynamics during some severe regional winter storms.
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Palanques, A., P. Puig, J. Guillén, X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Latasa, R. Scharek, and J. Martin. "Effects of storm events on the shelf-to-basin sediment transport in the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2011): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-843-2011.
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Abstract. Shelf-to-basin sediment transport during storms was studied at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions from November 2003 to March 2004. Waves, near-bottom currents, temperature and sediment fluxes were measured on the inner shelf at 28-m depth, in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon head at 300-m depth and in the northwestern Mediterranean basin at 2350-m depth. This paper is a synthesis of results published separately in different papers; it includes some new data and focusses on the subject of storms. It is the first paper in which simultaneous data about the effect of storms on the shelf, the slope and in the basin are shown together. During the winter studied, there were two severe E-SE storms with significant wave heights ≥ 7 m: one in December 2003 and one in February 2004. During these storms, coastal water was exported off-shelf producing strong near-bottom currents (up to 82 cm s−1) at the canyon head that resuspended sediment and increased the downcanyon sediment fluxes by several orders of magnitude. The suspended sediment flux increase in the canyon head was much larger during the February storm than during the December storm. At the deep basin site, particle fluxes also increased drastically (1–2 orders of magnitude) immediately after the February storm but not after the December storm. The reason was that the February storm was reinforced by dense shelf water cascading and was long enough (43 h) to transfer large amounts of resuspended sediment from shallow shelf areas to the canyon head and from there to the northwestern Mediterranean basin. Thus, in the western Gulf of Lions, severe winter E-SE storms occurring during the dense shelf water cascading period can significantly increase the transfer to deep-sea (> 2000 m) environments of shelf and slope resuspended material, including anthropogenic contaminants and organic matter.
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Du, Xinzhong, Xuyong Li, Shaonan Hao, Huiliang Wang, and Xiao Shen. "Contrasting patterns of nutrient dynamics during different storm events in a semi-arid catchment of northern China." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (April 12, 2014): 2533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.181.
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Nutrient discharge during storm events is a critical pathway for nutrient export in semi-arid catchments. We investigated nutrient dynamics during three summer storms characterized by different rainfall magnitude in 2012 in a semi-arid catchment of northern China. The results showed that, in response to storm events, nutrient dynamics displayed big variation in temporal trends of nutrient concentration and in nutrient concentration-flow discharge relationships. Nutrient concentrations had broader fluctuations during an extreme storm than during lesser storms, whereas the concentration ranges of the a moderate storm were no broader than those of a smaller one. The different concentration fluctuations were caused by storm magnitude and intensity coupled with the antecedent rainfall amount and cumulative nutrients. Correlation coefficients between nutrient concentrations and flow discharge varied from positive to negative for the three different events. There were no consistent hysteresis effects for the three different events, and no hysteresis effects were observed for any of the variables during the moderate storm (E2). Our findings provide useful information for better understanding nutrient loss mechanisms during storm events in semi-arid areas of a monsoon climate region.
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Goudenhoofdt, Edouard, and Laurent Delobbe. "Statistical Characteristics of Convective Storms in Belgium Derived from Volumetric Weather Radar Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 4 (April 2013): 918–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-079.1.
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AbstractHigh-resolution volumetric reflectivity measurements from a C-band weather radar are used to study the characteristics of convective storms in Belgium. After clutter filtering, the data are processed by the storm-tracking system Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN) using a 40-dBZ reflectivity threshold. The 10-yr period of 5-min data includes more than 1 million identified storms, mostly organized in clusters. A storm is observed at a given point 6 h yr−1 on average. Regions of slightly higher probability are generally correlated with orographic variations. The probability of at least one storm in the study area is 15%, with a maximum of 35% for July and August. The number of storms, their coverage, and their water mass are limited most of the time. The probability to observe a high number of storms reaches a maximum in June and in the early afternoon in phase with solar heating. The probability of large storm coverage and large water mass is highest in July and in the late afternoon. Convective storms are mostly small and weak. Deeper ones are found mainly in the afternoon whereas bigger and more intense ones also appear in the evening. The occurrence of the most intense storms does not vary along the day. Simple tracks have a mean duration of 25 min. Complex tracks, involving splitting or merging, last 70 min on average. Most convective storms move in the northeast direction, with a median speed of 30 km h−1. Their motion is slower in summer and in the afternoon. Regions with slightly higher convective initiation are related to orography.
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Dissanayake, P., J. Brown, and H. Karunarathna. "Impacts of storm chronology on the morphological changes of the Formby beach and dune system, UK." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 9, 2015): 1533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1533-2015.
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Abstract. Impacts of storm chronology within a storm cluster on beach/dune erosion are investigated by applying the state-of-the-art numerical model XBeach to the Sefton coast, northwest England. Six temporal storm clusters of different storm chronologies were formulated using three storms observed during the 2013/2014 winter. The storm power values of these three events nearly halve from the first to second event and from the second to third event. Cross-shore profile evolution was simulated in response to the tide, surge and wave forcing during these storms. The model was first calibrated against the available post-storm survey profiles. Cumulative impacts of beach/dune erosion during each storm cluster were simulated by using the post-storm profile of an event as the pre-storm profile for each subsequent event. For the largest event the water levels caused noticeable retreat of the dune toe due to the high water elevation. For the other events the greatest evolution occurs over the bar formations (erosion) and within the corresponding troughs (deposition) of the upper-beach profile. The sequence of events impacting the size of this ridge–runnel feature is important as it consequently changes the resilience of the system to the most extreme event that causes dune retreat. The highest erosion during each single storm event was always observed when that storm initialised the storm cluster. The most severe storm always resulted in the most erosion during each cluster, no matter when it occurred within the chronology, although the erosion volume due to this storm was reduced when it was not the primary event. The greatest cumulative cluster erosion occurred with increasing storm severity; however, the variability in cumulative cluster impact over a beach/dune cross section due to storm chronology is minimal. Initial storm impact can act to enhance or reduce the system resilience to subsequent impact, but overall the cumulative impact is controlled by the magnitude and number of the storms. This model application provides inter-survey information about morphological response to repeated storm impact. This will inform local managers of the potential beach response and dune vulnerability to variable storm configurations.
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Dissanayake, P., J. Brown, and H. Karunarathna. "Impacts of storm chronology on the morphological changes of the Formby beach and dune system, UK." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): 2565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-2565-2015.
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Abstract. Impacts of storm chronology within a storm cluster on beach/dune erosion are investigated by applying the state-of-the-art numerical model XBeach to the Sefton coast, northwest England. Six temporal storm clusters of different storm chronologies were formulated using three storms observed during the 2013/14 winter. The storm power values of these three events nearly halve from the first to second event and from the second to third event. Cross-shore profile evolution was simulated in response to the tide, surge and wave forcing during these storms. The model was first calibrated against the available post-storm survey profiles. Cumulative impacts of beach/dune erosion during each storm cluster were simulated by using the post-storm profile of an event as the pre-storm profile for each subsequent event. For the largest event the water levels caused noticeable retreat of the dune toe due to the high water elevation. For the other events the greatest evolution occurs over the bar formations (erosion) and within the corresponding troughs (deposition) of the upper beach profile. The sequence of events impacting the size of this ridge-runnel feature is important as it consequently changes the resilience of the system to the most extreme event that causes dune retreat. The highest erosion during each single storm event was always observed when that storm initialised the storm cluster. The most severe storm always resulted in the most erosion during each cluster, no matter when it occurred within the chronology, although the erosion volume due to this storm was reduced when it was not the primary event. The greatest cumulative cluster erosion occurred with increasing storm severity; however, the variability in cumulative cluster impact over a beach/dune cross-section due to storm chronology is minimal. Initial storm impact can act to enhance or reduce the system resilience to subsequent impact, but overall the cumulative impact is controlled by the magnitude and number of the storms. This model application provides inter-survey information about morphological response to repeated storm impact. This will inform local managers of the potential beach response and dune vulnerability to variable storm configurations.
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Smale, Dan A., and Thomas Vance. "Climate-driven shifts in species' distributions may exacerbate the impacts of storm disturbances on North-east Atlantic kelp forests." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 1 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14155.
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Physical disturbance through wave action is a major determinant of kelp forest structure. The North-east Atlantic storm season of 2013–14 was unusually severe; the south coast of the UK was subjected to 6 of the 12 most intense storms recorded in the past 5 years. Inshore significant wave heights and periods exceeded 7m and 13s with two storms classified as ‘1-in-30 year’ events. We examined the impacts of the storm season on kelp canopies at three study sites. Monospecific canopies comprising Laminaria hyperborea were unaffected by storm disturbance. However, at one study site a mixed canopy comprising Laminaria ochroleuca, Saccharina latissima and L. hyperborea was significantly altered by the storms, due to decreased abundances of the former two species. Quantification of freshly severed stipes suggested that the ‘warm water’ kelp L. ochroleuca was more susceptible to storm damage than L. hyperborea. Overall, kelp canopies were highly resistant to storm disturbance because of the low vulnerability of L. hyperborea to intense wave action. However, if climate-driven shifts in kelp species distributions result in more mixed canopies, as predicted, then resistance to storm disturbance may be eroded.
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Ghofrani, Zahra, Victor Sposito, and Robert Faggian. "Designing a Pond and Evaluating its Impact Upon Storm-Water Quality and Flow: A Case Study in Rural Australia." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0036.
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Abstract Storm-water management is a common concern in rural catchments where development-related growth causes increases of storm-water flows. Greater magnitude and frequency of storm-water create greater challenges for mitigating storm-water damage and improving water quality. The concept of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) as a solution incorporates a wide range of applicable components with the aim of minimizing the effect of catchment development on flow regimes without changing the watershed morphology. BGI components manage storm-water by decreasing impermeable cover and expanding natural and semi-natural systems to store water or recharge and filter storm-water into the ground. In this paper, guidelines for designing a pond as a component of BGI are provided and, configuration and size of the pond are determined. Moreover, the impacts of the designed pond on storm-water peak flow and quality are assessed for the Tarwin catchment, State of Victoria, Australia. The results indicate that the introduction of the pond would have reduced outfall inflow by 94 % and would have achieved the reduction of 88.3, 75.5 and 50.7 % for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen respectively, during the extreme weather event in June 2012.
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Lemke, Laura, and Jon K. Miller. "DEVELOPMENT OF A STORM EROSION CLIMATOLOGY FOR THE NEW JERSEY COAST, US." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.93.
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In this study, the Storm Erosion Index (SEI), developed by Miller and Livermont (2008), is used to reevaluate storms that have impacted New Jersey over the past several decades based on their erosion potential. This index considers all three drivers of coastal erosion including wave height, water level, and storm duration and has been shown to more closely correlated to observed erosion than more traditional indices (Miller and Livermont 2008). Here, storms are assessed at thirteen shoreline segments defined along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey. When reevaluated with SEI, the top three storms across all shoreline segments are the December 1992 nor’easter, the Veteran’s Day Storm in November 2009, and Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. In general, the December 1992 nor’easter and Hurricane Sandy are more highly ranked in the northern half of the state with Hurricane Sandy having a maximum return period of 38 years. The Veteran’s Day Storm on the other hand is more highly ranked in the southern half of the state having a maximum return period of 42 years. A closer look at these three storms illustrates the importance of each of the three drivers of coastal erosion in determining erosion potential. A particular emphasis is placed on storm duration which explains why the Veteran’s Day Storm (td = ~90 hours) outranks Hurricane Sandy (td = ~60 hours) in the southern portion of the state. The assessment performed in this study produces a record of historical storms ranked by SEI that future storms can be compared to. This allows for an understanding of the erosion potential of future storms in the context of what has occurred previously.
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Housego, Rachel, Britt Raubenheimer, Steve Elgar, Levi Gorrell, Heidi Wadman, Jesse McNinch, and Kate Brodie. "BARRIER ISLAND GROUNDWATER." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.10.
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Storms can have long-term impacts on the groundwater flows and subsurface salinity structure in coastal aquifers. Previous studies have shown that tides, wave driven infiltration, and storm surge elevate the groundwater level within the beach (Nielsen 1999, Cartwright 2004). The resulting bulge of high groundwater propagates inland, and may cause flooding up to several days after a storm has passed (Gallien 2016). In addition, waves, tides, and storm surge force saltwater to infiltrate into the aquifer above the fresher terrestrial groundwater, and storm-driven pulses of salinity may persist for months (Robinson et al. 2014). Here, observations of groundwater heads and salinities collected continuously for three years are used to examine the effects of ocean storms, wind-driven fluctuations in sound water levels, and morphological changes on a barrier island aquifer.
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Olivares, Christopher I., Wenbo Zhang, Habibullah Uzun, Cagri Utku Erdem, Hamed Majidzadeh, Carl Trettin, Tanju Karanfil, and Alex Chow. "Optical in-situ sensors capture dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics after prescribed fire in high-DOC forest watersheds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 10 (2019): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18175.
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Fires alter terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports into water, making reliable post-fire DOC monitoring a crucial aspect of safeguarding drinking water supply. We evaluated DOC optical sensors in a pair of prescribed burned and unburned first-order watersheds at the Santee Experimental Forest, in the coastal plain forests of South Carolina, and the receiving second-order watershed during four post-fire storm DOC pulses. Median DOC concentrations were 30 and 23mgL−1 in the burned and unburned watersheds following the first post-fire storm. Median DOC remained high during the second and third storms, but returned to pre-fire concentrations in the fourth storm. During the first three post-fire storms, sensor DOC load in the burned watershed was 1.22-fold higher than in the unburned watershed. Grab samples underestimated DOC loads compared with those calculated using the in-situ sensors, especially for the second-order watershed. After fitting sensor values with a locally weighted smoothing model, the adjusted sensor values were within 2mgL−1 of the grab samples over the course of the study. Overall, we showed that prescribed fire can release DOC during the first few post-fire storms and that in-situ sensors have adequate sensitivity to capture storm-related DOC pulses in high-DOC forest watersheds.
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Raso, J., P. Malgrat, and F. Castillo. "Improvement in the selection of design storms for the new master drainage plan of Barcelona." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0049.
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In 1988 Barcelona finished its Master Drainage Plan, where a modified Chicago storm of 10 years return period was used. Nowadays, a new Master Drainage Plan has started due to enormous urbanistic changes with the Olympics, the increasing concern for CSO problems, etc. For this Plan the use of a 67 year record from an intensity raingauge, and long-term simulation models allows a change in the traditional concept of design storms, working with historical storms. In spite of that, the complexity of the urban drainage system of Barcelona advises the use of design storms for predesign purposes. Because of that, a study has been carried out to select new design storms to solve the problem that the Chicago storm is too unfavourable as it has all its maximum medium intensities corresponding to a 10-year return period, which is not realistic.
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Kyprioti, Aikaterini P., Ehsan Adeli, Alexandros A. Taflanidis, Joannes J. Westerink, and Hendrik L. Tolman. "Probabilistic Storm Surge Estimation for Landfalling Hurricanes: Advancements in Computational Efficiency Using Quasi-Monte Carlo Techniques." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121322.
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During landfalling tropical storms, predictions of the expected storm surge are critical for guiding evacuation and emergency response/preparedness decisions, both at regional and national levels. Forecast errors related to storm track, intensity, and size impact these predictions and, thus, should be explicitly accounted for. The Probabilistic tropical storm Surge (P-Surge) model is the established approach from the National Weather Service (NWS) to achieve this objective. Historical forecast errors are utilized to specify probability distribution functions for different storm features, quantifying, ultimately, the uncertainty in the National Hurricane Center advisories. Surge statistics are estimated by using the predictions across a storm ensemble generated by sampling features from the aforementioned probability distribution functions. P-Surge relies, currently, on a full factorial sampling scheme to create this storm ensemble, combining representative values for each of the storm features. This work investigates an alternative formulation that can be viewed as a seamless extension to the current NHC framework, adopting a quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling implementation with ultimate goal to reduce the computational burden and provide surge predictions with the same degree of statistical reliability, while using a smaller number of sample storms. The definition of forecast errors adopted here directly follows published NWS practices, while different uncertainty levels are considered in the examined case studies, in order to offer a comprehensive validation. This validation, considering different historical storms, clearly demonstrates the advantages QMC can offer.
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Plotnik, Tair, Colin Price, Joydeb Saha, and Anirban Guha. "Transport of Water Vapor from Tropical Cyclones to the Upper Troposphere." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111506.
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This paper investigates the influence of tropical cyclones on water vapor concentrations in the upper atmosphere above these storms. We use independent data sets of tropical storm intensity, water vapor and lightning activity to investigate this relationship. Water vapor in the upper troposphere is a key greenhouse gas, with direct impacts on surface temperatures. Both the amount and altitude of water vapor impact the radiative balance and the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. The water vapor enters the upper troposphere through deep convective storms, often associated with lightning activity. The intensity of the lightning activity represents the intensity of the convection in these storms, and hence the amount of water vapor transported aloft. In this paper, we investigate the role of tropical cyclones on the contribution of water vapor to the upper atmosphere moistening. Tropical cyclones are the largest most intense storms on Earth and can last for up to two weeks at a time. There is also evidence that the intensity of tropical cyclones is increasing, and will continue to increase, due to global warming. In this study we find that the maximum moistening of the upper atmosphere occurs at the 200 hPa level (~12 km altitude), with a lag of 1–2 days after the maximum sustained winds in the tropical cyclone. While the water vapor peaks after the maximum of the storm intensity, the lightning activity peaks before the maximum intensity of the storms, as shown previously. We show here that the absolute amount of water vapor in the upper troposphere above tropical storms increases linearly with the intensity of the storms. For every 10 hPa decrease in the minimum pressure of tropical storms, the specific humidity increases around 0.2 g/kg at the 200 hPa level.
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von Freyberg, Jana, Bjørn Studer, Michael Rinderer, and James W. Kirchner. "Studying catchment storm response using event- and pre-event-water volumes as fractions of precipitation rather than discharge." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 5847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5847-2018.
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Abstract. Catchment response to precipitation is often investigated using two-component isotope-based hydrograph separation, which quantifies the contribution of precipitation (i.e., event water Qe) or water from storage (i.e., pre-event water Qpe) to total discharge (Q) during storm events. In order to better understand streamflow-generating mechanisms, two-component hydrograph separation studies often seek to relate the event-water fraction Qe∕Q to storm characteristics or antecedent wetness conditions. However, these relationships may be obscured because the same factors that influence Qe also necessarily influence total discharge Q as well. Here we propose that the fractions of event water and pre-event water relative to total precipitation (Qe∕P and Qpe∕P), instead of total discharge, provide useful alternative tools for studying catchment storm responses. These two quantities separate the well-known runoff coefficient (Q∕P, i.e., the ratio between total discharge and precipitation volumes over the event timescale) into its contributions from event water and pre-event water. Whereas the runoff coefficient Q∕P quantifies how strongly precipitation inputs affect streamflow, the fractions Qe∕P and Qpe∕P track the sources of this streamflow response. We use high-frequency measurements of stable water isotopes for 24 storm events at a steep headwater catchment (Erlenbach, central Switzerland) to compare the storm-to-storm variations in Qe/Q,Qe/P and Qpe∕P. Our analysis explores how storm characteristics and antecedent wetness conditions affect the mobilization of event water and pre-event water at the catchment scale. Isotopic hydrograph separation shows that catchment outflow was typically dominated by pre-event water, although event water exceeded 50 % of discharge for several storms. No clear relationships were found linking either storm characteristics or antecedent wetness conditions with the volumes of event water or pre-event water (Qe, Qpe), or with event water as a fraction of discharge (Qe∕Q), beyond the unsurprising correlation of larger storms with greater Qe and greater total Q. By contrast, event water as a fraction of precipitation (Qe∕P) was strongly correlated with storm volume and intensity but not with antecedent wetness, implying that the volume of event water that is transmitted to streamflow increases more than proportionally with storm size under both wet and dry conditions. Conversely, pre-event water as a fraction of precipitation (Qpe∕P) was strongly correlated with all measures of antecedent wetness but not with storm characteristics, implying that wet conditions primarily facilitate the mobilization of old (pre-event) water, rather than the fast transmission of new (event) water to streamflow, even at a catchment where runoff coefficients can be large. Thus, expressing event- and pre-event-water volumes as fractions of precipitation rather than discharge was more insightful for investigating the Erlenbach catchment's hydrological behaviour. If Qe∕P and Qpe∕P exhibit similar relationships with storm characteristics and antecedent wetness conditions in other catchments, we suggest that these patterns may potentially be useful as diagnostic “fingerprints” of catchment storm response.
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Wang, Alexander, Xiao Hua Wang, and Gang Yang. "The Effects of Wind-Driven Storm Events on Partly Sheltered Estuarine Beaches in Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030314.
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Extreme wind-driven storm events have the potential to erode beach systems. Along the East Coast of Australia, storm events have been responsible for beach erosion in many coast-facing, open beaches. This paper investigates the potential impacts of wind-driven storms on partly sheltered estuarine beaches—a niche found within Batemans Bay, New South Wales (NSW), along the East Coast. It combines beach geomorphological data with meteorological and oceanographic data to evaluate the impacts of large storm events on three partly sheltered estuarine embayed beaches (Cullendulla Beach, Corrigans Beach, and Maloney’s Beach). The results show that while embayed beaches are protected from some storm events, storm impacts may vary with the season due to wind speed and direction changes, the presence of nearby rivers or creeks, and anthropogenic modifications such as dredging and coastline alterations. This study may contribute to the understanding of the erosive impacts of storms and help improve management strategies used to prevent recession, particularly on embayed beaches.
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Passeri, Davina L., Matthew V. Bilskie, Scott C. Hagen, Rangley C. Mickey, P. Soupy Dalyander, and Victor M. Gonzalez. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Nourishment in Decadal Barrier Island Morphological Resilience." Water 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070944.
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Nourishment has shown to be an effective method for short-term storm protection along barrier islands and sandy beaches by reducing flooding, wave attack and erosion. However, the ability of nourishment to mitigate the effects of storms and sea level rise (SLR) and improve coastal resilience over decadal time scales is not well understood. This study uses integrated models of storm-driven hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and post-storm dune recovery to assess the effectiveness of beach and dune nourishment on barrier island morphological resilience over a 30-year period, accounting for storms and a moderate amount of SLR. Results show that at the end of the 30 years, nourishment contributes to maintaining island volumes by increasing barrier height and width compared with a no-action scenario (i.e., no nourishment, only natural recovery). During storms where the collision regime was dominant, higher volumes of sand were lost from the wider beach in the nourishment scenario than in the no-action scenario. During stronger storms, nourishment reduced dune overtopping compared with the no-action scenario, allowing the island to maintain height and width. Additionally, nourishment was particularly effective in reducing breaching during back-to-back storms occurring in the same year.
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Ackerman, Drew, and Stephen B. Weisberg. "Relationship between rainfall and beach bacterial concentrations on Santa Monica Bay beaches." Journal of Water and Health 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
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Rainfall effects on beach water quality in southern California are large enough that county health departments typically issue warnings for the public to avoid recreational water contact for 3 days following a storm. To enhance the scientific foundation for these preemptive public health warnings, we examined the relationship between rainfall and beach indicator bacteria concentrations using 5 years of fecal coliform data taken daily at 20 sites in southern California. There was a countrywide increase in ocean bacterial concentrations associated with almost all storms larger than 6 mm and with every storm larger than 25 mm. Only for storms less than 2.5 mm was there no observable rainfall effect. Bacterial concentrations remained elevated for 5 days following a storm, although they generally returned to levels below state water quality standards within 3 days. The length of the antecedent dry period had a minimal effect on this relationship, probably reflecting a quickly developed equilibrium between the decay of older fecal material and the introduction of new fecal material to the landscape.
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Palmer, Merv D., and Ray J. Dewey. "Verification of a numerical beach water quality model." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-081.
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A dynamic two-dimensional finite difference water quality model was developed to predict the fecal coliform densities at the Toronto, Ontario, Eastern Beaches resulting from storm-water discharges. There are 10 storm-water and 2 combined sewer overflows discharging to the beach. Site-specific data were collected for use in the model. This data included local bathymetry, currents, dispersion, fecal coliform mortality rates, winds, receiving water fecal coliform densities, and discharge pollutographs. Specially designed field fecal coliform surveys were required to calibrate and verify the model since the storm effects are very dynamic in both time and space. The verified model was then used to estimate the reduction in fecal coliform densities at the beaches for different intensity storms for different remedial works. The improvements resulting from the different remedial works were quantified as the number of hours when the fecal coliform densities exceeded 100 counts/dL. Key words: beach fecal coliform predictions, storm runoff, water quality, numerical modelling, verification.
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Krvavica, Nino, and Josip Rubinić. "Evaluation of Design Storms and Critical Rainfall Durations for Flood Prediction in Partially Urbanized Catchments." Water 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072044.
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This study investigates and compares several design storms for flood estimation in partially urbanized catchments. Six different design storms were considered: Euler II, alternating block method, average variability method, Huff’s curves, and uniform rainfall. Additionally, two extreme historical storms were included for comparison. A small, ungauged, partially urbanized catchment in Novigrad (Croatia) was chosen as a study area to account for the infiltration impact on the rainfall-runoff process. The performance of each design storm was assessed based on the flood modeling results, namely the water depth, water velocity, flow rate, and overall flood extent. Furthermore, several rainfall durations were considered to identify a critical scenario. The excess rainfall was computed using the Soil Conservation Service’s Curve Number method, and two-dimensional flooding simulations were performed by the HEC-RAS model. The results confirmed that the choice of the design storm and the rainfall duration has a significant impact on the flood modeling results. Overall, design storms constructed only from IDF curves overestimated flooding in comparison to historical events, whereas design storms derived from the analysis of observed temporal patterns matched or slightly underestimated the flooding results. Of the six considered design storms, the average variability method showed the closest agreement with historical storms.
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Ions, Kristian, Harshinie Karunarathna, Dominic E. Reeve, and Douglas Pender. "Gravel Barrier Beach Morphodynamic Response to Extreme Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020135.
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Gravel beaches and barriers form a valuable natural protection for many shorelines. The paper presents a numerical modelling study of gravel barrier beach response to storm wave conditions. The XBeach non-hydrostatic model was set up in 1D mode to investigate barrier volume change and overwash under a wide range of unimodal and bimodal storm conditions and barrier cross sections. The numerical model was validated against conditions at Hurst Castle Spit, UK. The validated model is used to simulate the response of a range of gravel barrier cross sections under a wide selection of statistically significant storm wave and water level scenarios thus simulating an ensemble of barrier volume change and overwash. This ensemble of results was used to develop a simple parametric model for estimating barrier volume change during a given storm and water level condition under unimodal storm conditions. Numerical simulations of barrier response to bimodal storm conditions, which are a common occurrence in many parts of the UK were also investigated. It was found that barrier volume change and overwash from bimodal storms will be higher than that from unimodal storms if the swell percentage in the bimodal spectrum is greater than 40%. The model is demonstrated as providing a useful tool for estimating barrier volume change, a commonly used measure used in gravel barrier beach management.
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Ellis, Jean T., Michelle E. Harris, Mayra A. Román-Rivera, J. Brianna Ferguson, Peter A. Tereszkiewicz, and Sean P. McGill. "Application of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale to Assess Sand Dune Response to Tropical Storms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090670.
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Over one-third of the Earth’s population resides or works within 200 km of the coast. The increasing threat of coastal hazards with predicted climate change will impact many global citizens. Coastal dune systems serve as a natural first line of defense against rising sea levels and coastal storms. This study investigated the volumetric changes of two dune systems on Isle of Palms, South Carolina, USA prior to and following Hurricanes Irma (2017) and Florence (2018), which impacted the island as tropical storms with different characteristics. Irma had relatively high significant wave heights and precipitation, resulting in an average 39% volumetric dune loss. During Florence, a storm where precipitation was low and winds were moderate, net volumetric dune loss averaged 3%. The primary driving force causing dune change during Irma was water (precipitation and storm surge), and during Florence, it was wind (aeolian transport). We suggest that the application of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale classifications should be reconsidered because different geomorphic responses were measured, despite Irma and Florence both being designated as tropical storms. Site-specific pre- and post-storm studies of the dune morphology and site-specific meteorological measurements of the storm (wind characteristics, storm surge, precipitation) are critically needed.
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Yang, Ji, Kun Zhao, Xingchao Chen, Anning Huang, Yuanyuan Zheng, and Kangyuan Sun. "Subseasonal and Diurnal Variability in Lightning and Storm Activity over the Yangtze River Delta, China, during Mei-yu Season." Journal of Climate 33, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 5013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0453.1.
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AbstractUsing 5 years of operational Doppler radar, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data, this study examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of and correlations between summer storm and lightning activity over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), with a focus on subseasonal variability and diurnal cycles. The spatiotemporal features of storm top, duration, maximum reflectivity, size, and cell-based vertical integrated liquid water were investigated using the Storm Cell Identification and Tracking algorithm. Our results revealed that there was high storm activity over the YRD, with weak diurnal variations during the mei-yu period. Specifically, storms were strongly associated with mei-yu fronts and exhibited a moderate size, duration, and intensity. On average, afternoon storms exhibited stronger reflectivity and higher storm tops than morning storms, as evidenced by the afternoon peak in CG lightning. The storm intensity strengthened in the post-mei-yu period, due to an increase in atmospheric instability; this was accompanied by a higher frequency of CG lighting. The diurnal cycles of storm frequency and CG lightning in the post-mei-yu period followed a unimodal pattern with an afternoon peak. This is attributable to increased thermodynamic instability in the afternoon, as little diurnal variation was observed for wind shear and moisture. An inverse correlation between lightning occurrence and mean peak current (MPC) for negative CG lightning was evident during the pre-mei-yu and mei-yu periods. The diurnal variation in MPC for negative CG lightning agreed well with that for storm intensity.
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Andersen, Mikkel René, Elvira de Eyto, Mary Dillane, Russell Poole, and Eleanor Jennings. "13 Years of Storms: An Analysis of the Effects of Storms on Lake Physics on the Atlantic Fringe of Europe." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020318.
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While winter storms are generally common in western Europe, the rarer summer storms may result in more pronounced impacts on lake physics. Using long-term, high frequency datasets of weather and lake thermal structure from the west of Ireland (2005 to 2017), we quantified the effects of storms on the physical conditions in a monomictic, deep lake close to the Atlantic Ocean. We analysed a total of 227 storms during the stratified (May to September, n = 51) and non-stratified (November to March, n = 176) periods. In winter, as might be expected, changes were distributed over the entire water column, whereas in summer, when the lake was stratified, storms only impacted the smaller volume above the thermocline. During an average summer (May–September) storm, the lake number dropped by an order of magnitude, the thermocline deepened by an average of 2.8 m, water column stability decreased by an average of 60.4 j m−2 and the epilimnion temperature decreased by a factor of five compared to the average change in winter (0.5 °C vs. 0.1 °C). Projected increases in summer storm frequency will have important implications for lake physics and biological pathways.
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Pan, Sijie, Jidong Gao, David J. Stensrud, Xuguang Wang, and Thomas A. Jones. "Assimilation of Radar Radial Velocity and Reflectivity, Satellite Cloud Water Path, and Total Precipitable Water for Convective-Scale NWP in OSSEs." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 1 (January 2018): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0081.1.
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AbstractIn this study, the ensemble of three-dimensional variational data assimilation (En3DVar) method for convective-scale weather is adopted and evaluated using an idealized supercell storm simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Synthetic radar radial velocity, reflectivity, satellite-derived cloud water path (CWP), and total precipitable water (TPW) data are produced from the simulated supercell storm and then these data are assimilated into another WRF Model run that starts with no convection. Two types of experiments are performed. The first assimilates radar and satellite CWP data using a perfect storm environment. The second assimilates additional TPW data using a storm environment with dry bias. The first set of experiments indicates that incorporating CWP and radar data into the assimilation leads to a much faster initiation of supercell storms than found using radar data alone. Assimilating CWP data primarily improves the analyses of nonprecipitating hydrometeor variables. The results from the second set of experiments demonstrate the critical importance of the storm environment. When using the biased storm environment, assimilation of CWP and radar data enhances the analyses, but the forecast skill rapidly decreases over the subsequent 1-h forecast. Further experiments show that assimilating the TPW data has a large impact on storm environment that is essential to the accuracy of the storm forecasts. In general, the combination of radar data and satellite data within the En3DVar results in better analyses and forecasts than when only radar data are used, especially for an imperfect storm environment.
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Bolton, S. J., S. M. Levin, T. Guillot, C. Li, Y. Kaspi, G. Orton, M. H. Wong, et al. "Microwave observations reveal the deep extent and structure of Jupiter’s atmospheric vortices." Science 374, no. 6570 (November 19, 2021): 968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1015.
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Measuring the depth of Jupiter’s storms The atmosphere of Jupiter consists of bands of winds rotating at different rates, punctuated by giant storms. The largest storm is the Great Red Spot (GRS), which has persisted for more than a century. It has been unclear whether the storms are confined to a thin layer near the top of the atmosphere or if they extend deep into the planet. Bolton et al . used microwave observations from the Juno spacecraft to observe several storms and vortices. They found that the storms extended below the depths at which water and ammonia are expected to condense, implying a connection with the deep atmosphere. Parisi et al . analyzed gravity measurements taken while Juno flew over the GRS. They detected a perturbation in the planet’s gravitational field caused by the storm, finding that it was no more than 500 kilometers deep. In combination, these results constrain how Jupiter’s meteorology links to its deep interior. —KTS
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Parisi, Marzia, Yohai Kaspi, Eli Galanti, Daniele Durante, Scott J. Bolton, Steven M. Levin, Dustin R. Buccino, et al. "The depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot constrained by Juno gravity overflights." Science 374, no. 6570 (November 19, 2021): 964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1396.
Full textAbstract:
Measuring the depth of Jupiter’s storms The atmosphere of Jupiter consists of bands of winds rotating at different rates, punctuated by giant storms. The largest storm is the Great Red Spot (GRS), which has persisted for more than a century. It has been unclear whether the storms are confined to a thin layer near the top of the atmosphere or if they extend deep into the planet. Bolton et al . used microwave observations from the Juno spacecraft to observe several storms and vortices. They found that the storms extended below the depths at which water and ammonia are expected to condense, implying a connection with the deep atmosphere. Parisi et al . analyzed gravity measurements taken while Juno flew over the GRS. They detected a perturbation in the planet’s gravitational field caused by the storm, finding that it was no more than 500 kilometers deep. In combination, these results constrain how Jupiter’s meteorology links to its deep interior. —KTS
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Zhang, Jin Shan, Wei Sheng Zhang, Chen Cheng, and Lin Yun Sun. "The Study of the Impact for Coastal Engineering on High Water Level Induced by Storm Surges in Bohai Bay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.810.
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Bohai Bay is an semi-closed bay, the storm surge disaster is very serious in past. Now more and more large ocean engineering are built here, To study changes of storm surge induced by the construction of large-scale coastal engineering in Bohai Bay in present, 2D numerical storm surge model is established with large - medium - small model nested approach. The three most typical storms surges: 9216, 9711 and by cold wave in October 2003 are simulated in the condition of before and after implementation of planning projects in Bohai Bay. Changes of storm surge water level due to implementation of artificial projects are analysis in this paper.