Relevant bibliographies by topics / Storm electrification

Academic literature on the topic 'Storm electrification'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Storm electrification"

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Calhoun, Kristin M., Edward R. Mansell, Donald R. MacGorman, and David C. Dowell. "Numerical Simulations of Lightning and Storm Charge of the 29–30 May 2004 Geary, Oklahoma, Supercell Thunderstorm Using EnKF Mobile Radar Data Assimilation." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 11 (October 24, 2014): 3977–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00403.1.

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Abstract Results from simulations are compared with dual-Doppler and total lightning observations of the 29–30 May 2004 high-precipitation supercell storm from the Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning Experiment (TELEX). The simulations use two-moment microphysics with six hydrometeor categories and parameterizations for electrification and lightning while employing an ensemble Kalman filter for mobile radar data assimilation. Data assimilation was utilized specifically to produce a storm similar to the observed for ancillary analysis of the electrification and lightning associated with the supercell storm. The simulated reflectivity and wind fields well approximated that of the observed storm. Additionally, the simulated lightning flash rates were very large, as was observed. The simulation reveals details of the charge distribution and dependence of lightning on storm kinematics, characteristics that could not be observed directly. Storm electrification was predominately confined to the updraft core, but the persistence of both positive and negative charging of graupel in this region, combined with the kinematic evolution, limited the extent of charged areas of the same polarity. Thus, the propagation length of lightning flashes in this region was also limited. Away from the updraft core, regions of charge had greater areal extent, allowing flashes to travel farther without termination due to unfavorable charge potential. Finally, while the simulation produced the observed lightning holes and high-altitude lightning seen in the observations, it failed to produce the observed lightning initiations (or even lightning channels) in the distant downstream anvil as seen in the observed storm. Instead, the simulated lightning was confined to the main body of the storm.
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Miś, Tomasz Aleksander, and Józef Modelski. "Electrical Phenomena on Fully Airborne Vertical Electric Antennas in Extreme Weather Conditions." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010052.

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This is a conference extension of the paper ‘Investigation on the mature storm cloud’s electric field using long airborne antennas’. The use of vertical antennas (including the VEDs—Vertical Electric Dipoles), lifted up by aerostats to high altitudes without being anchored to the ground, presents numerous advantages in comparison with large terrestrial VLF (Very Low Frequency) antenna structures. A slow-moving floating-earth conductor—a vertical wire antenna—is subjected to intense electrification mechanisms in the atmosphere and inside the cloud layers, producing additional risks for the transmitter and the flight train itself. The electrical potential achieved in this process is, therefore, compared with the flashover voltages over the antenna’s upper fixing point, defining the voltage margins at which the VLF transmitter is able to operate. The electrification processes are also compared to the model based on experimental data on the occurrence of corona discharges over a long, vertical wire traversing a storm cloud layer. The external electric field strength (around the antenna wire) is calculated and compared with older experimental data for storm clouds for various locations, showing the correctness of the proposed analytical electrification model, and, therefore, expanding it with the loss of the electric charge via corona.
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Tessendorf, Sarah A., Steven A. Rutledge, and Kyle C. Wiens. "Radar and Lightning Observations of Normal and Inverted Polarity Multicellular Storms from STEPS." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3682–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr1954.1.

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Abstract This study discusses radar and lightning observations of two multicellular storms observed during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study. The Lightning Mapping Array data indicated that the charge structure of the 19 June 2000 storm was consistent with a normal polarity tripole, while the 22 June 2000 storm exhibited an overall inverted tripolar charge structure. The 19 June storm consisted of weaker convection and produced little to no hail and moderate total flash rates peaking between 80 and 120 min−1. The cells in the 22 June 2000 storm were much more vigorous, exhibited strong, broad updrafts, and produced large quantities of hail, as well as extraordinary total flash rates as high as 500 min−1. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) indicated that the 19 June storm produced mostly negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, while the 22 June storm produced predominantly positive CG lightning, peaking at 10 min−1 just after two cells merged. However, the Los Alamos Sferic Array indicated that many of the positive CG strokes reported by the NLDN in the 22 June storm were intracloud discharges known as narrow bipolar events. Negative CG lightning was also observed in the 22 June storm, but typically came to ground beneath an inverted dipole in the storm anvil.
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Kuhlman, Kristin M., Conrad L. Ziegler, Edward R. Mansell, Donald R. MacGorman, and Jerry M. Straka. "Numerically Simulated Electrification and Lightning of the 29 June 2000 STEPS Supercell Storm." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2734–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3217.1.

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Abstract A three-dimensional dynamic cloud model incorporating airflow dynamics, microphysics, and thunderstorm electrification mechanisms is used to simulate the first 3 h of the 29 June 2000 supercell from the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS). The 29 June storm produced large flash rates, predominately positive cloud-to-ground lightning, large hail, and an F1 tornado. Four different simulations of the storm are made, each one using a different noninductive (NI) charging parameterization. The charge structure, and thus lightning polarity, of the simulated storm is sensitive to the treatment of cloud water dependence in the different NI charging schemes. The results from the simulations are compared with observations from STEPS, including balloon-borne electric field meter soundings and flash locations from the Lightning Mapping Array. For two of the parameterizations, the observed “inverted” tripolar charge structure is well approximated by the model. The polarity of the ground flashes is opposite that of the lowest charge region of the inverted tripole in both the observed storm and the simulations. Total flash rate is well correlated with graupel volume, updraft volume, and updraft mass flux. However, there is little correlation between total flash rate and maximum updraft speed. Based on the correlations found in both the observed and simulated storm, the total flash rate appears to be most representative of overall storm intensity.
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Mansell, Edward R., Conrad L. Ziegler, and Eric C. Bruning. "Simulated Electrification of a Small Thunderstorm with Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2965.1.

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Abstract Electrification and lightning are simulated for a small continental multicell storm. The results are consistent with observations and thus provide additional understanding of the charging processes and evolution of this storm. The first six observed lightning flashes were all negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes, after which intracloud (IC) flashes also occurred between middle and upper levels of the storm. The model simulation reproduces the basic evolution of lightning from low and middle levels to upper levels. The observed lightning indicated an initial charge structure of at least an inverted dipole (negative charge above positive). The simulations show that noninductive charge separation higher in the storm can enhance the main negative charge sufficiently to produce negative CG flashes before upper-level IC flashes commence. The result is a “bottom-heavy” tripole charge structure with midlevel negative charge and a lower positive charge region that is more significant than the upper positive region, in contrast to the traditional tripole structure that has a less significant lower positive charge region. Additionally, the occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning is not necessarily a result of excess net charge carried by the storm, but it is primarily caused by the local potential imbalance between the lowest charge regions. The two-moment microphysics scheme used for this study predicted mass mixing ratio and number concentration of cloud droplets, rain, ice crystals, snow, and graupel. Bulk particle density of graupel was also predicted, which allows a single category to represent a greater range of particle characteristics. (An additional hail category is available but was not needed for the present study.) The prediction of hydrometeor number concentration is particularly critical for charge separation at higher temperatures (−5° < T < −20°C) in the mixed phase region, where ice crystals are produced by rime fracturing (Hallett–Mossop process) and by splintering of freezing drops. Cloud droplet concentration prediction also affected the rates of inductive charge separation between graupel and droplets.
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Helsdon, John H., Gang Wu, and Richard D. Farley. "An intracloud lightning parameterization scheme for a storm electrification model." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D5 (1992): 5865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jd00077.

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Pereira, Rebeca Fonseca de Oliveira, and Rachel Albrecht. "EVOLUÇÃO TEMPORAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E ATIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DE UMA TEMPESTADE COM OCORRÊNCIA DE TEMPO SEVERO." Ciência e Natura 38 (July 20, 2016): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20291.

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This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of rainfall and electrification of a Convective System, which occured on March 12, 2012 over the city of São Paulo, during the time interval from 1830 to 1945 UTC. An analysis was made of the behavior of the three dimensional structure of radar reflectivity and lightning type Intra-cloud (IN) and Cloud-Solo (NS), based on two lightning detection networks installed in the region during the RAIN Project, in order to correlate the occurrence of severe weather to the evolution of cloud ascending current, precipitation formation and electrification of this storm. It was observed by the reflectivity of the FCTH Radar images that, at times, the SC showed high values of reflectivity, with over 70 dBZ and indicating the presence of hail within the system. Through the behavior of electrical discharges, it is also noted that these accompany the displacement and intensity of the updraft and through the lightning jump, it is possible to detect in advance whether if the storm is intensifying or not. If so, this storm could possibly become a severe weather and cause serious damage to society.
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Gubenko, Inna M., Maria M. Kurbatova, and Konstantin G. Rubinstein. "An explicit method of mesoscale convective storm prediction for the central region of Russia." Advances in Science and Research 15 (August 27, 2018): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-213-2018.

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Abstract. This work presents simulation results of the storm observed on the 13–14 July 2016 over the Central region of Russia. The Cumulonimbus cloud (Cb) electrification model coupled with the numerical weather prediction model WRF-ARW were used for this study. The prognostic values of the electric field magnitude were compared with observations. Forecast scores were obtained. The results show that the proposed approach of explicit modelling of the electric field is applicable to short-term forecasting of intense convection and passage tracking of storms. Obtaining varying values of the electric field could help to identify the diversity of hazardous weather phenomena associated with convection.
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Nesbitt, Stephen W., Paola V. Salio, Eldo Ávila, Phillip Bitzer, Lawrence Carey, V. Chandrasekar, Wiebke Deierling, et al. "A Storm Safari in Subtropical South America: Proyecto RELAMPAGO." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 8 (August 2021): E1621—E1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0029.1.

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AbstractThis article provides an overview of the experimental design, execution, education and public outreach, data collection, and initial scientific results from the Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign. RELAMPAGO was a major field campaign conducted in the Córdoba and Mendoza provinces in Argentina and western Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil in 2018–19 that involved more than 200 scientists and students from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. This campaign was motivated by the physical processes and societal impacts of deep convection that frequently initiates in this region, often along the complex terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba and Andes, and often grows rapidly upscale into dangerous storms that impact society. Observed storms during the experiment produced copious hail, intense flash flooding, extreme lightning flash rates, and other unusual lightning phenomena, but few tornadoes. The five distinct scientific foci of RELAMPAGO—convection initiation, severe weather, upscale growth, hydrometeorology, and lightning and electrification—are described, as are the deployment strategies to observe physical processes relevant to these foci. The campaign’s international cooperation, forecasting efforts, and mission planning strategies enabled a successful data collection effort. In addition, the legacy of RELAMPAGO in South America, including extensive multinational education, public outreach, and social media data gathering associated with the campaign, is summarized.
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Mareev, Evgeny A., and Svetlana O. Dementyeva. "The role of turbulence in thunderstorm, snowstorm, and dust storm electrification." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 13 (July 1, 2017): 6976–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jd026150.

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Books on the topic "Storm electrification"

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Prichard, Eaton Walter. Boy Scouts at Crater Lake: A story of Crater Lake National Park and the high Cascades. Boston: W.A. Wilde, 1990.

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Trurnit, Hanno. Thüringen im Strom der Zeit: Wie die Elektrizität Land und Leuten zu einem besseren Leben verhalf. München: Frank Trurnit & Partner Verlag, 1998.

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Landesmuseum für Technik und Arbeit in Mannheim., ed. Staat und Strom: Die politische Steuerung des Elektrizitätssystems in Deutschland 1890-1950. Ubstadt-Weiher: Verlag Regionalkultur, 1999.

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Zängl, Wolfgang. Deutschlands Strom: Die Politik der Elektrifizierung von 1866 bis heute. Frankfurt: Campus, 1989.

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Going the extra mile: The story of the South Dakota Rural Electric Association. Sioux Falls, S.D: Pine Hill Press, 2006.

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Darroch, Sandra. Power for the people: An (uncensored) story of electricity in Australia 1770-2015. Strawberry Hills, NSW: ETT Imprint & The Svengali Press, 2015.

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McCarty, Jim. Electricity for all: The story of Ozark Electric Cooperative, 1937-2012. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co. Publishers, 2012.

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McCarty, Jim. Pioneers of power: The story of Ozark Border Electric Cooperative, 1938-2013. Virginia Beach: The Donning Company Publishers, 2013.

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Williams, Patricia Lloyd. The CFC story: How America's rural electric cooperatives introduced Wall Street to Main Street. Herndon, Va: National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corp., 1995.

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1956-, Marshall Heather, ed. Candles to kilowatts: The story of Edmonton's power company. Edmonton: Duval House Pub., 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Storm electrification"

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Fierro, Alexandre O. "Present State of Knowledge of Electrification and Lightning within Tropical Cyclones and Their Relationships to Microphysics and Storm Intensity." In Advanced Numerical Modeling and Data Assimilation Techniques for Tropical Cyclone Prediction, 197–220. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-94-024-0896-6_7.

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Williams, Earle R. "The Electrification of Severe Storms." In Severe Convective Storms, 527–61. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-06-5_13.

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Lee, Kenneth. "Expanding Access to Electricity in Kenya." In Introduction to Development Engineering, 101–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_5.

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AbstractThis case study tells the story behind a research project on the economics of rural electrification in Western Kenya. The chapter covers (1) aspects of the policy and technology environment that initially guided the course of the work; (2) how the project pivoted away from solar microgrids and focused instead on the expansion of the national electricity grid; (3) unexpected challenges encountered while implementing a randomized evaluation of electricity infrastructure; (4) how we interpreted the study findings in light of consequential, concurrent changes to Kenya’s electrification policies; and (5) possible directions for further research, motivated by our project experience.
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Meiton, Fredrik. "Introduction." In Electrical Palestine, 1–20. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520295889.003.0001.

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Electrical Palestine tells a story of how a particular relationship between technology and politics was made in Palestine in the period of British rule, and then the book tracks its consequences. Through the story of Palestine’s electrification, it seeks to offer a new perspective on the making and substance of modern political power. The central argument of this book is that the uneven development of Palestine’s electric grid critically shaped the land and the ethno-national conflict that unfolded on it.
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Zallen, Jeremy. "Epilogue." In American Lucifers, 256–72. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653327.003.0008.

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The epilogue provincializes what is usually the start or climax of any history of illumination, the emergence of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light. Taking a fresh look at the process historians have called “electrification,” the epilogue re-entangles two stories that should never have been so neatly separated. The first story follows the staging of performances of electric light. It begins in 1882, with the opening of the Boston Bijou Theatre, the first electrically lit theater in the United States, and concludes in 1893 with the electric utopianism on display at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The second story delves into the underground politics of copper lode mining. It, too, begins in 1882 and ends in 1893, years that marked the beginning of Butte’s rise as the undisputed copper capital of the world and the formation of the Western Federation of Miners, one of the most radical and influential labor organizations in the history of the United States. Weaving these two narratives back together brings into sharp relief the tensions and contradictions that gripped Gilded Age society and illuminates, too, the curious dialectic of risk and inequality that accompanied the seemingly miraculous progress of electrification.
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Conference papers on the topic "Storm electrification"

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BARKAT, ABUL. "BANGLADESH RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM: A SUCCESS STORY OF POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH ELECTRICITY." In The 32nd Session of International Seminars and International Collaboration. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701787_0037.

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Quijano-Ortiz, Felipe, and Carolyn Seepersad. "Design Recommendations for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Battery Packs." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89725.

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Abstract Electrification of the transportation sector is expanding rapidly, and lithium-ion batteries are an essential technology making electromobility possible. Automobile manufacturers currently optimize their battery strategy for fast charge, long range, and safety for the duration of the vehicle’s life. Batteries must eventually be replaced as they degrade and lose performance. While end of life batteries are not useful in electric vehicles, they can be repurposed to work in alternative energy storage products with lower performance. Once they can no longer store energy, they can be recycled to recover valuable metals and reintroduce them into newer products. The environmental impact of batteries differs across the industry since there is a lack of battery design standards. The goal of this work is to study the design choices that facilitate reusability and recyclability of electric vehicle batteries and compile them into a list of design recommendations. The recommendations are derived from published literature, in which design tradeoffs between performance, economics and recycling and reuse are investigated. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize these recommendations and best practices from throughout the published literature and organize them into summary tables that serve as quick-reference design guidelines for the engineer.
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Geier, Sebastian, Jan Petersen, Marius Eilenberger, and Peter Wierach. "Robust and Powerful Structural Integrated Thin Film Supercapacitors for Lightweight Space Structures." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-68349.

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Abstract Stored energy is the decisive factor for almost all missions in transportation systems. Additionally, the energy devices must be powerful, and lightweight at the same time for efficient performance of the overall transportation system. Due to the advancing electrification, there is a huge demand for devices to store electrical energy. Aside from batteries, which receive a great deal of scientific attention, supercapacitors are a very promising technology. This system features several advantages such as short charging time, high energy density and cycle stability. Especially the latter advantage enables a further lightweight approach by integrating supercapacitors as a thin film into composite structures. Due to their cycle stability, supercapacitors are the ideal energy device for integration into hardly accessible positions such as mechanically loadable structures. This publication deals with the strategy of structurally compliant integration of pouch supercapacitor cells (structural power composites). The aim is to operate a peak power application needed for space positioning. However, there are several properties which have to be optimized during the development of structural power composites to achieve the best possible electromechanical performance. Furthermore, there are effects which have a positive influence on the specific performance by scaling up from laboratory scale to a full-size demonstrator. In this case, integration of energy storage devices into structures offers a volume and weight reduction of up to 80% compared to a structure with commercial supercapacitors.
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Zhang, Xing, Zuomin Dong, and Curran Crawford. "Hybrid Energy Storage System for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Review and a New Control Strategy." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63280.

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Onboard energy storage system (ESS) plays a major role for vehicle electrification. The performance of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in HEV (PHEV), extended range electric vehicle (EREV), fuel cell vehicle (FCV), and electric vehicles (EV) heavily depends upon their ESS technology. The ESS must be able to store sufficient energy for adequate pure electric range, provide adequate peak power for needed vehicle performance under various driving cycles, absorb energy efficiently during regenerative breaking, and have long operation life and low costs. At present, pure battery based ESS often cannot effectively meet all these requirements due to many trade-offs. In order to improve the overall performance of ESS, integration of two (or more) energy sources have been studied to best utilize the unique characteristics of each, leading to a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Hybridization of high-energy batteries and ultracapacitors with complementary characteristics present a common choice today. In this paper, the necessity and superiority of a HESS are illustrated considering system performance, efficiency, costs, functional life, and temperature requirements. Three major types of battery-ultracapacitor HESS, passive, semi-active and fully active, are presented. Various HESS control strategies proposed in the past are then reviewed, including rules or reference curves and tables based control, fuzzy logic control, and closed-loop control. Building upon these review and analyses, a novel control strategy based on signal separation using sparse coding is proposed at the end.
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Herbst, John D., Matthew T. Caprio, and Robert F. Thelen. "Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) Project Status 2003." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55082.

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The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) is currently engaged in the development of an Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) for high speed passenger rail locomotives. The project is sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration as part of the Next Generation High Speed Rail program. The goal of the ALPS project is to demonstrate the feasibility of an advanced locomotive propulsion system with the following features: • Operation up to 150 mph on existing infrastructure; • Acceleration comparable to electric locomotives; • Elimination of $3–5M per mile electrification costs; • Fuel efficient operation with low noise and exhaust emissions. The propulsion system consists of two major elements: a gas turbine prime mover driving a high speed generator and an energy storage flywheel with its associated motor/generator and power conversion equipment. The 2.5 MW high speed generator is a three phase, eight pole synchronous machine designed to directly couple to a 15,000 rpm gas turbine. Power from the turbine/alternator system feeds the locomotive dc bus through a conventional full bridge rectifier. The energy storage flywheel features a graphite/epoxy composite rotor operating on active magnetic bearings and is designed to store 480 MJ at 15,000 rpm. An induction motor/generator and variable frequency motor drive provide the link to the dc bus and are used to control power flow into and out of the flywheel. In addition to design and fabrication of the propulsion system components, the project is also developing a distributed control system with power management algorithms to optimize the hybrid propulsion system. Fabrication of the major components of the propulsion system is nearing completion and some preliminary testing of the flywheel and high speed generator has been completed. After completion of the laboratory testing, the propulsion system will be integrated onto a locomotive platform for rolling demonstrations at the Transportation Technology Center test track in Pueblo, Colorado. The paper presents an overview of the propulsion system operation and control strategies, gives detailed descriptions of the major components, and presents component test results.
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Mikalsen, Kristian. "Subsea Liquid Energy Storage – The Bridge Between Oil and Energy/Hydrogen." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31294-ms.

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Abstract This paper demonstrates a pioneering technology adaption for using a membrane-based subsea storage solution for oil/condensate, modified into storing clean energy storage in the form of ammonia (as a hydrogen energy carrier). The immediate application will provide an economical alternative to electrification of offshore platforms, instead of using expensive cables from shore. Storing ammonia at the seabed using innovative subsea storage technologies will dramatically reduce CO2 emissions for offshore assets. The fluid will be stored in a safe manner on the seafloor, protecting both personnel and marine life. The next step will be to include subsea ammonia storage as part of the global logistical value chain, which can power the merchant shipping fleet. Clean ammonia can be produced using renewable resources as wind or solar. It focuses on bridging the ongoing oil/condensate storage qualification, adapted into storing ammonia. The large-scale verification test scope is explained, and we show how the test is extended to also prove the concept of safe energy/ammonia storage. The ammonia storage concept is explained, and we show how this can be included as part of a low carbon future. The focus is the immediate market for providing clean power to existing or new offshore assets. The full system solution will encompass storage tanks placed nearby the platforms at safe water depths, riser systems providing fuel to the ammonia power generators, and the tank filling systems. Bridging and adapting technologies from the petroleum industry into renewables shows the importance of utilizing the technology developments and competence of the oil and gas business. The technical evaluations have shown that the oil/condensate storage can be adapted into storing energy/ammonia with minor modifications. Converting hydrogen into ammonia gives slight energy losses, but it is defended by the large economic benefits of storing ammonia versus pressure storage of hydrogen. The paper presents qualification work already completed and how to implement ammonia fuel storage for platforms. In addition, we show the test setup for a large-scale qualification provided by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) company together with major Operators. Innovative modular design methods have shown that the concept can be included on existing offshore assets, which have limited topside space available. Adding green or blue ammonia as an alternative to power cables from shore have several benefits, and many of the connecting building blocks are falling into place. The main conclusion is how to adapt Novel technologies from the oil industry to store ammonia in a safe way on the seafloor.
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