Journal articles on the topic 'Stores, Retail – Ontario – Toronto'
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Minaker, Leia M., Meghan Lynch, Brian E. Cook, and Catherine L. Mah. "Exploring sales data during a healthy corner store intervention in Toronto: the Food Retail Environments Shaping Health (FRESH) project." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 37, no. 10 (October 2017): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.10.04.
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Introduction Population health interventions in the retail food environment, such as corner store interventions, aim to influence the kind of cues consumers receive so that they are more often directed toward healthier options. Research that addresses financial aspects of retail interventions, particularly using outcome measures such as store sales that are central to retail decision making, is limited. This study explored store sales over time and across product categories during a healthy corner store intervention in a lowincome neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario. Methods Sales data (from August 2014 to April 2015) were aggregated by product category and by day. We used Microsoft Excel pivot tables to summarize and visually present sales data. We conducted t-tests to examine differences in product category sales by “peak” versus “nonpeak” sales days. Results Overall store sales peaked on the days at the end of each month, aligned with the issuing of social assistance payments. Revenue spikes on peak sales days were driven predominantly by transit pass sales. On peak sales days, mean sales of nonnutritious snacks and cigarettes were marginally higher than on other days of the month. Finally, creative strategies to increase sales of fresh vegetables and fruits seemed to substantially increase revenue from these product categories. Conclusion Store sales data is an important store-level metric of food environment intervention success. Furthermore, data-driven decision making by retailers can be important for tailoring interventions. Future interventions and research should consider partnerships and additional success metrics for retail food environment interventions in diverse Canadian contexts.
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CARMODY, DANA. "THE T. EATON COMPANY LIMITED: A CASE ANALYSIS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 10, no. 03 (September 2002): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495802000104.
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The T Eaton company, considered the world's first department store, was named after its founder Timothy Eaton. In 1869, it as a small dry goods business in Toronto. By 1907, at the death of its founder, it was a giant retail store, with a branch in Winnipeg, alongside a country-wide mail-order business. Innovative practices established during his time included sales for cash only and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Eaton's successors extended the Eaton empire across Canada, continuing the tradition of quality goods, prices, customer service and also fair labour practices. It became a Canadian institution. Eaton's filed for protection from its creditors in February 1997 and once again in August 1999 (see Appendix 1 for a chronology of events) under the federal Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and the Ontario Business Corporations Act (Closings). The restructuring that followed the first bankruptcy was only partially successful. However, it had a significantly positive impact on Eaton's operations, and seemed to turn things around. Were it not for bad economic news and misfortune in mid-to-late 1998 (CNW 3 and CNW 5), the plan might have worked. Store-closings, employee terminations, and a huge liquidation sale followed the second bankruptcy declared in August 1999, as did the suspension of the trading of Eaton's stock (Chron). Sears Canada Inc. agreed to purchase 16 of the Eaton's stores in September 1999 (Sears 1; Material 1). These will open by the fall of 2000 (Material 2; Sears 1). A compromise was made with Eaton's creditors (including the employees) to give them approximately $0.50 on the dollar (Olijnyk 1). A compromise was also arrived at with Eaton's shareholders whereby the latter would be given participation units in exchange for their common shares (on a one-for-one trade) (Amended; Trachuk). These participation units are to be used in a contingent and conditional settlement based upon the possible utilization of tax credits by Sears acquired as a result of Eaton's $390 million in losses since 1996 (Receivership; Amended; Trachuk). These settlement monies might or might not be realized by the former shareholders (Amended; Trachuk). Today, Eaton's is no more. In its place are many great memories by a former generation of Canadians who used to go to the Eaton's stores to buy big things that were always of high quality. "Agnes Lunn, who was visiting [Edmonton, Calgary,] from Dartmouth, N.S., said she will miss the chain because of its trustworthiness. "If you bought something from Eaton's, you knew it was worth having, you knew it would be quality," she said (Auction)." Perhaps having six of the Eaton's stores open up this fall with the Eaton's name on them will rekindle a loyalty in a new generation of Canadians?
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Mollaei, Sadaf, Goretty M. Dias, and Leia M. Minaker. "Development and testing of the Sustainable Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for retail stores in Ontario." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 7 (February 1, 2021): 1962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021000446.
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AbstractObjective:To develop and test a tool to assess the price and availability of low-carbon footprint and nutritionally balanced dietary patterns in retail food environments in Ontario, Canada.Design:Availability and price of selected food from discount and regular grocery stores (n 23) in urban/rural areas of northern/southern Ontario were assessed with the Sustainable Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in 2017.Setting:Ontario, Canada.Results:Inter-rater reliability was high for price (intra-class correlation coefficients = 0·819) and for availability (Cohen’s κ = 0·993). The tool showed 78 % of the selected food items were available in all stores. Overall, price differences were small between urban and rural locations, and northern and southern Ontario. The greatest price difference was between discount and regular stores.Conclusions:The tool showed excellent inter-rater agreement. Researchers and public health dietitians can use this tool for research, practice and policy to link consumer-level health outcomes to the retail environment.
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Mathers, Annalise, Robert Schwartz, Shawn O’Connor, Michael Fung, and Lori Diemert. "Marketing IQOS in a dark market." Tobacco Control 28, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054216.
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IntroductionPhillip Morris International (PMI) is pushing hard to promote IQOS heat-not-burn cigarettes in Ontario, Canada. Canada regulates IQOS as a tobacco product so that the robust tobacco marketing ban creates challenges to its promotion.MethodsWe collected data on IQOS promotion in 49 retail outlets, and through interviews with clerks and observations outside an IQOS store.ResultsThe dominant marketing channel is the visible availability of IQOS in a large number of tobacco retail outlets—1029 across Ontario. Several stores display the price of ‘heated tobacco’ on one of three price signs which are permitted despite Ontario’s total display ban. IQOS boutique stores are the locus of aggressive promotion including exchanging a pack of cigarettes or lighter for an IQOS device, launch parties, ‘meet and greet’ lunches and after-hour events. Outside the store, promotion includes a prominent IQOS sign, a sandwich board sign reading ‘Building a Smoke-Free Future’ and sales representatives regularly smoking IQOS. Membership services: Upon acquiring an IQOS device one can register to access the IQOS website store5 and receive customer support services, a map of retail locations and a product catalogue. Members receive regular email invitations to complete surveys with opportunities to win prizes.ConclusionsThese promotion activities have undoubtedly made substantial numbers of Ontarians aware of IQOS. Yet, the government has not provided guidance as to absolute and relative potential harms. Our observations of tactics to promote a new tobacco product in a dark market may inform government regulatory policy and non-governmental organisation efforts wherever heat-not-burn products are introduced.
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Giesbrecht, Norman, Ashley Wettlaufer, Emma Walker, Anca Ialomiteanu, and Timothy Stockwell. "Beer, wine and distilled spirits in Ontario: A comparison of recent policies, regulations and practices." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 29, no. 1 (February 2012): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10199-012-0006-y.
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Aims There is a long-standing discussion about whether some beverages are more likely to be linked with high-risk drinking and damage than others, and implications for beverage specific alcohol policies. While the evidence is inconclusive, when controlling for individual consumption, some studies have shown elevated risks by beverage type. This paper examines the situation in Ontario, Canada, from 1995 to present (2011) on several dimensions in order to assess the differences by beverage and their rationale with a specific focus on the most recent policie. Methods This paper draws on archival consumption statistics, taxation and pricing arrangements, and retailing and marketing practices. Results Off-premise sales, which represent an estimated 75% of ethanol, involve several channels: stores controlled by the Liquor Control Board (LCBO) – which sell all spirits, imported and domestic wines, and beer products; the Beer Store network which sell all beers; and Ontario winery stores – which sell Ontario wines. In LCBO stores Ontario wines are more prominently displayed than other beverages, and extensive print advertising tends to feature wine over beer and spirits. There are also differences by beverage in terms of taxation and price. The taxes on higher alcohol content beverage types account for a higher portion of the retail price than taxes on lower alcohol content beverage types. Furthermore, minimum price regulations allow for differential minimum pricing per standard drink [17.05 ml ethanol] across beverage types. Conclusions The apparent rationale for these arrangements is not primarily that of favouring lighter-strength beverages in order to reduce harm, but rather to accommodate long-standing vested interests which are primarily financially based.
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Richman, Russell, and Rob Simpson. "Towards quantifying energy saving strategies in big-box retail stores: A case study in Ontario (Canada)." Sustainable Cities and Society 20 (January 2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.09.007.
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Chaiton, Michael O., Graham Mecredy, and Joanna Cohen. "Tobacco retail availability and risk of relapse among smokers who make a quit attempt: a population-based cohort study." Tobacco Control 27, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053490.
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IntroductionThe availability of tobacco is thought to influence smoking behaviour, but there are few longitudinal studies examining if the location and number of tobacco outlets has a prospective impact on smoking cessation.MethodsThe Ontario Tobacco Survey, a population-representative sample of Ontario adult smokers who were followed every 6 months for up to 3 years, was linked with tobacco outlet location data from the Ontario Ministry of Health. Proximity (distance), threshold (at least one outlet within 500 m) and density (number of outlets within 500 m) with respect to a smokers’ home were calculated among urban and suburban current smokers (n=2414). Quit attempts and risk of relapse were assessed using logistic regression and survival analysis, adjusted for neighbourhood effects and individual characteristics.ResultsIncreased density of tobacco outlets was associated with decreased odds of making a quit attempt (OR: 0.54; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.85) in high-income neighbourhoods, but not in lower income ones. There was an increased risk of relapse among those who had at least one store within 500 m (HR: 1.41 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.88). Otherwise, there was no association of proximity with quit attempts or relapse.ConclusionsThe existence of a tobacco retail outlet within walking distance from home was associated with difficulty in succeeding in a quit attempt, while the increased density of stores was associated with decreased attempts in higher income neighbourhoods. The availability of tobacco may influence tobacco use through multiple mechanisms.
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DECKERT, ANNE, ALFONSO VALDIVIESO-GARCIA, RICHARD REID-SMITH, SUSAN TAMBLYN, PATRICK SELISKE, REBECCA IRWIN, CATE DEWEY, PATRICK BOERLIN, and SCOTT A. MCEWEN. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Retail Chicken in Two Health Units in Ontario." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1317.
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Campylobacter is an important enteric pathogen of humans and can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter infections have frequently been associated with the handling and consumption of raw and undercooked poultry. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains is of concern in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in vulnerable populations. A 2-year multidisciplinary study was conducted in the Perth and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph public health units in Ontario, Canada, to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in retail chicken. Retail chicken samples were collected from randomly selected stores in these health units. Resulting Campylobacter isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CLI), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TCY), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (SXT) using the E test. The prevalence of Campylobacter in 1,256 retail chicken samples was 59.6%. Of these positive samples, 9% contained Campylobacter coli, 1% contained Campylobacter lari, and 90% contained Campylobacter jejuni. Of the chicken isolates that were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, 301 isolates (40%) were resistant to one agent, 374 (50%) were resistant to two, 39 (5%) were resistant to three, 20 (3%) were resistant to four, and 6 (1%) were resistant to five. Nine isolates (1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were susceptible to AMC, CHL, and GEN. Less than 10% of isolates were resistant to NAL, CIP, CLI, ERY, and AMP. Resistance to TCY was common (56%). No isolates had a resistance pattern that included all three antimicrobials important in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis (CIP, ERY, and TCY); however, 24 isolates (3.2%) were resistant to at least two of these antimicrobials.
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COOK, ANGELA, RICHARD J. REID-SMITH, REBECCA J. IRWIN, SCOTT A. McEWEN, VIRGINIA YOUNG, KELLY BUTT, and CARL RIBBLE. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Milk-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-495.
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This study estimated the prevalence of Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail milk-fed veal scallopini pieces obtained from grocery stores in Ontario, Canada. In addition, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. One hundred fifty-three milk-fed veal samples were collected over the course of two sampling phases, January to May 2004 and November 2004 to January 2005. E. coli isolates were recovered from 87% (95% confidence interval, 80.54 to 91.83%) of samples, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 392 isolates. The prevalence of resistance to one or more antimicrobials was 70% (274 of 392), while the resistance to five or more antimicrobials was 33% (128 of 392). Resistance to ceftiofur (2.8%), ceftriaxone (3.6%), nalidixic acid (12%), and ciprofloxacin (3.8%) alone or in combination was observed. Eighty-five resistance patterns were observed; resistance to tetracycline only (7.4%) was observed most frequently. Individual antimicrobial resistance prevalence levels were compared with grain-fed veal and retail beef data from samples collected in Ontario. In general, resistance to individual antimicrobials was observed more frequently in E. coli isolates from milk-fed veal than in isolates from grain-fed veal and beef. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials and to five or more antimicrobials in E. coli isolates was more frequent in isolates from milk-fed veal than in isolates from grain-fed veal and beef. This study provides baseline data on the occurrence of resistance in E. coli isolates from milk-fed veal that can be compared with data for other commodities. Additionally, E. coli resistance patterns may serve as an indicator of antimicrobial exposure.
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Webber, Steven, and Tony Hernandez. "Big box battles: the Ontario Municipal Board and large-format retail land-use planning conflicts in the Greater Toronto Area." International Planning Studies 21, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2015.1114451.
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COOK, ANGELA, RICHARD REID-SMITH, REBECCA IRWIN, SCOTT A. McEWEN, ALFONSO VALDIVIESO-GARCIA, and CARL RIBBLE. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Turkey Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.473.
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This study estimated the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli isolated from fresh retail turkey purchased at grocery stores in Ontario, Canada. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined and assessed for potential public health risk. From February 2003 to May 2004, 465 raw turkey meat samples were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for Campylobacter isolates with a concentration gradient test and for Salmonella and E. coli isolates with a broth microdilution assay. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 188 (46%) of 412 samples. The prevalence of resistance to one or more antimicrobials was 168 (81%) of 208. For antimicrobials of very high human health importance (category I of Health Canada's antimicrobial categorization), 12 (6%) of 208 Campylobacter isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant. Salmonella isolates were recovered from 95 (24%) of 397 samples. The prevalence of resistance to one or more antimicrobials was 50 (49%) of 102, and 13 (13%) of 102 samples were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. For category I antimicrobials, 14 (14%) of 102 and 1 (1%) of 102 isolates were resistant to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, respectively. E. coli isolates were recovered from 392 (95%) of 412 turkey samples. The prevalence of resistance to one or more antimicrobials was 906 (71%) of 1,281, and 225 (18%) of 1,281 samples were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. For category I antimicrobials, 30 (2%) of 1,281 samples were resistant to ceftiofur. This study demonstrated that raw turkey pieces are a potential source of human exposure to enteric pathogens, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, if undercooked or improperly handled.
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Komakech, Morris D. C., and Suzanne F. Jackson. "A Study of the Role of Small Ethnic Retail Grocery Stores in Urban Renewal in a Social Housing Project, Toronto, Canada." Journal of Urban Health 93, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0041-1.
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Carbone, Charlotte. "Trans* inclusivity in fashion retail: Disrupting the gender binary with queer perspectives." Clothing Cultures 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cc_00025_1.
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This study is about gender-inclusive fashion retail, with a focus on trans* inclusivity. It is based on primary and secondary research of trans* issues in fashion. This research resulted in an inclusive pop-up shop that eliminated the reinforcement of the gender binary present in conventional fashion retail. Primary research consisted of semi-structured shop-and-talk interviews with end users and industry experts. All end-user interviews were conducted in Toronto in a minimum of two different fashion retail stores, such as one department store and one gendered store. The expert interviews were conducted in a context that matched the individual, such a designer’s home studio. Secondary research used a blended framework of queer, intersectional and post-capitalist theories to analyse trans* discrimination, unisex fashion and transness in popular culture. Key themes derived from these areas were cultural variance of gender expression, lack of accurate trans* representation and superficial queer initiatives. Fashion is based on the socially constructed gender binary, which excludes trans* people and cisgender (cis) people who are gender non-conforming in dress. The heteronormative and cis-normative beauty standards of fashion shame those who do not follow them. The current trans* representation in fashion is minimal and problematic. Real trans* people and narratives are not broadcasted by mainstream media; however, tokenized trans* celebrities and cis people acting as trans* mouthpieces are. This research questions how services and environments of fashion retail can be redesigned to be gender inclusive, by normalizing disruptive gender expression and increasing trans* visibility. This research is important because of the empowerment, validation and safety that queer and trans* people deserve when in public spaces.
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de Koning, Alice J., and John F. McArdle. "Implementing Regulation in an Emerging Industry: A Multi-Province Perspective." Journal of Canadian Studies 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 362–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2020-0035.
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The decriminalization of cannabis in Canada has required a host of regulatory changes at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. Provinces have operationalized the development of legal markets in very different ways, offering an opportunity to perform comparative analysis of business responses. This article outlines and delineates the various regulatory frameworks that have been employed at the provincial level, discusses how they have impacted the development of the legal cannabis market, and considers how they have resulted in some further regulatory changes. After reviewing coevolution as a conceptual framework, the implementation of legalization of recreational cannabis is discussed, followed by an exploration of different provincial approaches at a general level. The effects of that framework on the first phase of legal market operations are explored, with a focus on issues emanating from regulatory choices through discussions of five regions: British Columbia, the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; each section exemplifying different priorities in the regulatory choices. Several themes emerge in the discussion. First, provincial approaches to retail licence approval have created severe bottlenecks, affecting consumer access to legal recreational cannabis. Additionally, the regulatory framework for those licences has resulted in a chilling effect on many potential entrepreneurs. Second, a reduction in black market sales has not yet occurred, largely due to the failure of some provinces to adequately provide retail licences and support legal distribution channels, or to operationalize the retail sales network. Third, many provinces struggled with operationalizing wholesale distribution to the retail stores, initially leading to administrative restrictions on store licences. Finally, issues of fairness and equity, effective displacement of the illegal market, government’s role as a market regulator and participant, and other issues that emerge from the critical comparison of the provincial markets are addressed.
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Hanning, Rhona M., Henry Luan, Taryn A. Orava, Renata F. Valaitis, James K. H. Jung, and Rashid Ahmed. "Exploring Student Food Behaviour in Relation to Food Retail over the Time of Implementing Ontario’s School Food and Beverage Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142563.
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Background: Canadian provincial policies, like Ontario’s School Food and Beverage Policy (P/PM 150), increasingly mandate standards for food and beverages offered for sale at school. Given concerns regarding students leaving school to purchase less healthy foods, we examined student behaviours and competitive food retail around schools in a large urban region of Southern Ontario. Methods: Using a geographic information system (GIS), we enumerated food outlets (convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, full-service restaurants) within 500, 1000 and 1500 m of all 389 regional schools spanning years of policy implementation. Consenting grade 6–10 students within 31 randomly selected schools completed a web-based 24-h diet recall (WEB-Q) and questionnaire. Results: Food outlet numbers increased over time (p < 0.01); post-policy, within 1000 m, they averaged 27.31 outlets, with a maximum of 65 fast-food restaurants around one school. Of WEB-Q respondents (n = 2075, mean age = 13.4 ± 1.6 years), those who ate lunch at a restaurant/take-out (n = 84, 4%) consumed significantly more energy (978 vs. 760 kcal), sodium (1556 vs. 1173 mg), and sugar (44.3 vs. 40.1 g). Of elementary and secondary school respondents, 22.1% and 52.4% reported ever eating at fast food outlets during school days. Conclusions: Students have easy access to food retail in school neighbourhoods. The higher energy, sodium and sugar of these options present a health risk.
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Kirkpatrick, Sharon I., and Valerie Tarasuk. "Assessing the relevance of neighbourhood characteristics to the household food security of low-income Toronto families." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 7 (March 3, 2010): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010000339.
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AbstractObjectiveAlthough the sociodemographic characteristics of food-insecure households have been well documented, there has been little examination of neighbourhood characteristics in relation to this problem. In the present study we examined the association between household food security and neighbourhood features including geographic food access and perceived neighbourhood social capital.DesignCross-sectional survey and mapping of discount supermarkets and community food programmes.SettingTwelve high-poverty neighbourhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.SubjectsRespondents from 484 low-income families who had children and who lived in rental accommodations.ResultsFood insecurity was pervasive, affecting two-thirds of families with about a quarter categorized as severely food insecure, indicative of food deprivation. Food insecurity was associated with household factors including income and income source. However, food security did not appear to be mitigated by proximity to food retail or community food programmes, and high rates of food insecurity were observed in neighbourhoods with good geographic food access. While low perceived neighbourhood social capital was associated with higher odds of food insecurity, this effect did not persist once we accounted for household sociodemographic factors.ConclusionsOur findings raise questions about the extent to which neighbourhood-level interventions to improve factors such as food access or social cohesion can mitigate problems of food insecurity that are rooted in resource constraints. In contrast, the results reinforce the importance of household-level characteristics and highlight the need for interventions to address the financial constraints that underlie problems of food insecurity.
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Myran, Daniel Thomas, Rhiannon Roberts, Michael Pugliese, Monica Taljaard, Peter Tanuseputro, and Rosalie Liccardo Pacula. "Changes in Emergency Department Visits for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Subsequent Commercialization in Ontario, Canada." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): e2231937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31937.
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ImportancePrior research suggests that the legalization of recreational cannabis is associated with increases in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), but it is unclear how cannabis commercialization (ie, greater retail store access as well as increased variety and potency of cannabis products) may be associated with these changes.ObjectivesTo examine changes in the number and characteristics of CHS emergency department (ED) visits from before to after legalization of cannabis in Ontario, Canada.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study used interrupted time-series analyses to examine immediate and gradual changes in ED visits for CHS in Ontario, Canada, during 3 time periods: prelegalization (January 2014-September 2018), legalization with product and retail store restrictions (October 2018-February 2020), and commercialization with new products and expanded stores, which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-June 2021). Data were obtained from routinely collected and linked health administrative databases. All individuals aged at least 15 years and who were eligible for Ontario’s Universal Health Coverage were included. Data were analyzed between March and July 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMonthly counts of ED visits for CHS per capita.ResultsThere were 12 866 ED visits for CHS from 8140 individuals during the study. Overall, the mean (SD) age was 27.4 (10.5) years, with 2834 individuals (34.8%) aged 19 to 24 years, 4163 (51.5%) females, and 1353 individuals (16.6%) with a mental health ED visit or hospitalization in the 2 years before their first CHS ED visit. Nearly 10% of visits (1135 visits [8.8%]) led to hospital admissions. Monthly rates of CHS ED visits increased 13-fold during the 7.5-year study period, from 0.26 visits per 100 000 population in January 2014 to 3.43 visits per 100 000 population in June 2021. Legalization was not associated with an immediate or gradual change in rates of ED visits for CHS; however, commercialization during the COVID-19 pandemic period was associated with an immediate increase in rates of CHS ED visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.31-1.70). During commercialization, rates of CHS ED visits increased more in women (IRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.16-1.92) and individuals older than the legal age of cannabis purchase (eg, age 19-24 years: IRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.19-2.16) than men (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.85-1.37) and individuals younger than the legal age of purchase (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.42-1.45).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found large increases in CHS ED visits during the period of time when the market commercialized and the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. Greater awareness of CHS symptoms by ED staff in regions where legal commercialized cannabis markets exist is indicated.
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COOK, ANGELA, JOSEPH ODUMERU, SUSAN LEE, and FRANK POLLARI. "Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Escherichia coli Prevalence, Enumeration, and Subtypes on Retail Chicken Breasts with and without Skin." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-206.
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This study examined the prevalence, counts, and subtypes of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC), and E. coli on raw retail chicken breast with the skin on versus the skin off. From January to December 2007, 187 raw skin-on chicken breasts and 131 skin-off chicken breasts were collected from randomly selected retail grocery stores in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from a higher proportion of the skin-off chicken breasts, 55 (42%) of 131, than of the skin-on chicken breasts tested, 55 (29%) of 187 (P = 0.023). There was no difference in the proportion of Salmonella isolates recovered from the two meat types (P = 0.715): 40 (31%) of 131 skin-off chicken breasts versus 61 (33%) of 187 skin-on chicken breasts. L. monocytogenes isolates were recovered from a statistically lower proportion of the skin-off chicken breasts, 15 (15%) of 99, than of the skin-on chicken breasts, 64 (34%) of 187 (P = 0.001). There was no difference in the proportion of E. coli isolates recovered from the skin-off chicken breasts, 33 (33%) of 99, than from the skin-on chicken breasts, 77 (41%) of 187 (P = 0.204). VTEC was detected on a single skin-off chicken breast. Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequent species isolated on both types of chicken meat: skin-on, 48 (87%) of 55, and skin-off, 51 (94%) of 54. Salmonella serotypes Kentucky and Heidelberg and L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a were the most frequently detected serotypes from both skin-off and skin-on chicken breasts. Although there appeared to be a trend toward higher enumeration values of these pathogens and E. coli on the skin-on chicken, the differences did not exceed 1 log. This study suggested that skin-off chicken breast may represent a higher risk of consumer exposure to Campylobacter, a similar risk for Salmonella, VTEC, and E. coli, and a lower risk for L. monocytogenes than skin-on chicken breast.
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Atzema, Clare L., Ivona Mostarac, Dana Button, Peter C. Austin, Arshia P. Javidan, Lauren Wintraub, Allen Li, et al. "Assessing effective mask use by the public in two countries: an observational study." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e049389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049389.
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ObjectivesDuring the COVID-19 pandemic wearing a mask in public has been recommended in some settings and mandated in others. How often this advice is followed, how well, and whether it inadvertently leads to more disease transmission opportunities due to a combination of improper use and physical distancing lapses is unknown.DesignCross-sectional observational study performed in June–August 2020.SettingEleven outdoor and indoor public settings (some with mandated mask use, some without) each in Toronto, Ontario, and in Portland, Oregon.ParticipantsAll passers-by in the study settings.Outcome measuresMask use, incorrect mask use, and number of breaches (ie, coming within 2 m of someone else where both parties were not properly masked).ResultsWe observed 36 808 persons, the majority of whom were estimated to be aged 31–65 years (49%). Two-thirds (66.7%) were wearing a mask and 13.6% of mask-wearers wore them incorrectly. Mandatory mask-use settings were overwhelmingly associated with mask use (adjusted OR 79.2; 95% CI 47.4 to 135.1). Younger age, male sex, Torontonians, and public transit or airport settings (vs in a store) were associated with lower adjusted odds of wearing a mask. Mandatory mask-use settings were associated with lower adjusted odds of mask error (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.73), along with female sex and Portland subjects. Subjects aged 81+ years (vs 31–65 years) and those on public transit and at the airport (vs stores) had higher odds of mask errors. Mask-wearers had a large reduction in adjusted mean number of breaches (rate ratio (RR) 0.19; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.20). The 81+ age group had the largest association with breaches (RR 7.77; 95% CI 5.32 to 11.34).ConclusionsMandatory mask use was associated with a large increase in mask-wearing. Despite 14% of them wearing their masks incorrectly, mask users had a large reduction in the mean number of breaches (disease transmission opportunities). The elderly and transit users may warrant public health interventions aimed at improving mask use.
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Lynch, Meghan, Marketa Graham, Krystal Taylor, and Catherine L. Mah. "Corner Store Retailers’ Perspectives on a Discontinued Healthy Corner Store Initiative." International Quarterly of Community Health Education, April 6, 2021, 0272684X2110049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x211004930.
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Making fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) more widely available has been a prominent focus of healthy retail interventions and may have an important role in improving food access and diet quality at the population level. ‘Healthy retail’ interventions in corner/convenience stores (CS) are increasingly being adopted by public health practitioners to address the diet-related risk factors, improve food access at the community level, and change food retail environments. Private sector retailers are integral to the success of public health retailing interventions, making their perspectives and experiences critical. There is a particular need for greater evidence from retailers in settings where evaluations of these interventions have yielded null or mixed results. Through semi-structured interviews with 8 CS retailers (7 from urban settings and 1 from rural) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, this study aimed to describe experiences and critical factors regarding the feasibility and sustainability of a healthy CS program that was not sustained following the pilot testing phase, with a specific focus on the sale of FFV. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data, which indicated that retailers faced two dominant challenges with selling FFV in CS: both relate to how these stores are embedded in the larger local and global food system. We join others in arguing that efforts and support for retail interventions aiming to increase the availability of FFV in CS need to address the structure and relations of the food system, as an upstream determinant of CS retailer interest and motivation.
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Robinson, Derek T., and Bogdan Caradima. "A Multi-Scale Suitability Analysis of Home-Improvement Retail-Store Site Selection for Ontario, Canada." International Regional Science Review, May 8, 2022, 016001762210924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01600176221092483.
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A multi-scale suitability analysis using big data (4.7 million suitability scores) is presented across a large spatial extent (1.076 million km2) to identify potential locations for new home-improvement retail stores. Suitability scores were generated for individual property parcels using criteria weights derived from surveyed retail-industry experts. To increase capacity for site selection, distributions of suitability scores were generated at census dissemination areas (populations 500-700; n = 19,963) and census metropolitan and agglomeration areas (core populations >10,000; n = 43). Analogues among metropolitan and agglomeration areas were generated and spatial clustering was used to identify groups of highly-suitable parcels within urban areas. Lastly, individual parcels can be interrogated for overall suitability or individual criteria scores. Our approach combines retail methods typically used in isolation (e.g. location quotient, Huff’s model, network analysis) and demonstrates how a simple survey can be used to weight criteria. Results show that survey respondents were in general agreement and that top-line revenues were more critical to perceived location success than development and operational costs. Analysis of suitability scores found analogues and clusters of census metropolitan areas that coincide with store sales as well as clusters of highly suitable parcels predominantly located around major highways. In addition to identifying challenges and solutions to the presented research, we also describe future research directions that extend the presented static analysis to include processes like store closure and openings, competition, and land use change through the use of agent-based modelling.
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Steckley, Joshua. "Nightcrawler commodities: A brief history on the commodification of the humble dew worm." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, July 16, 2021, 251484862110313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25148486211031341.
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Each year, 500 to 700 million dew worms are sold from thousands of gas stations, convenience stores, big box retailers, making this particular species, Lumbricus terrestris, the most popular live bait for recreational freshwater fisherman across North America. In fishing parlance, these effective bait worms are referred to as “Canadian Nightcrawlers,” not because they are native to the region (they are not) or because they cannot be found elsewhere (they can), but because the entire global supply comes from a stretch of rural land between Toronto and Windsor in Ontario, Canada. How did this simple garden worm become a valuable commodity, and why is production relegated to one single region in the world? In this paper, I rely on newspaper archives and key informant interviews to construct a “capitalist commodification story” that explain why demand for Canadian Nightcrawlers emerged in North America, why the production of nightcrawlers is relegated to southwestern Ontario, and how this lowly living, breathing, squirming creature beneath our feet became a capitalist commodity producing value through competitive markets. In sum, I argue L. terrestris became a capitalist commodity when burgeoning demand from a new class of recreational fishermen increased competition between nightcrawler suppliers. The inability of capital to take hold of the ecological conditions of nightcrawler production relegated the most productive producers to southwestern Ontario who had the contingent privileges of useful soils combined and cheap and efficient labor. The materiality of L. terrestris physiology is thus constitutive of how capital seeks to accumulate surplus value in a peculiar industry. At the same time, this research shows that no matter how peculiar or banal a commodity may be capitalist logics are constantly experimenting with heterogenous peoples and environments to find a way to increase productivity and accumulate surplus value through market exchange.
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Ordóñez, Camilo, Vadim Sabetski, Andrew Millward, James Steenberg, Amber Grant, and James Urban. "The Influence of Abiotic Factors on Street Tree Condition and Mortality in a Commercial-Retail Streetscape." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44, no. 3 (May 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2018.011.
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It is challenging to successfully grow trees in highly-urbanized areas, such as downtown commercial-retail districts. As part of a streetscape revitalization project, initiated in 2010, 133 London planetrees (Platanus × acerifolia) were planted in structural soil cells along the downtown, commercial district of Bloor Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. After most trees experienced severe decline, with many dying, all trees were removed and replaced in 2015. This research reports on an investigation of multiple abiotic factors that may have contributed to the decline and mortality of the Bloor Street trees. Researchers collected cross-sectional data on soil texture, soil compaction, soil chemistry, built-environment characteristics (e.g., proximity to road intersections, pit or bed planter), sunlight availability, and historic data on tree condition and mortality, and analyzed them with multivariate statistical techniques (e.g., correlation, MANOVA, contingent, and ANOVA tests) to investigate the potential for relationships to tree mortality (mortality rate of 46.6% before removal) and tree condition. Results indicate that trees that were alive and demonstrated better structural and foliar condition before removal in 2015 had significantly lower levels of soil salinity and alkalinity, sunlight exposure, and signs of physical damage, suggesting co-occurring and cumulative impact of these variables on tree performance. Modification to streetscape design can ameliorate tree decline in the long term, while education targeted at raising awareness about de-icing salt application and irrigation practices will lessen tree stressors immediately.
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Papastergiou, John, and Tom Smiley. "Evaluation of Current Hazardous Drug Exposure Control in Community Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmacy Technology, February 8, 2022, 875512252110727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87551225211072743.
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Purpose: To evaluate effectiveness of current hazardous drug exposure control practices in community pharmacies through identification of commonly contaminated surfaces. We also assessed the decontamination effectiveness of 5 different cleaning agents. Methods: This study was prospective and nonrandomized and conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, 15 common areas used in the dispensing process were tested at each of 4 pharmacies in Toronto Ontario, Canada. Testing was conducted using the BD® HD Check System, a rapid, point-of-care, hazardous drug detection system that is able to identify contamination with methotrexate (MTX) and cyclophosphamide (CYP) and doxorubicin. In phase 2, 5 different cleaning agents (70% isopropyl alcohol, Lysol® spray, Ecolab® retail multiquat sanitizer, Ecolab retail multisurface and glass cleaner with peroxide, and Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser) were tested for their ability to eliminate contamination. Results: All 4 pharmacies tested positive for contamination with MTX (25.8% of surfaces). Contamination with CYP was less frequent, with only 3 sites and 18.2% of surfaces testing positive. Of the 5 cleaning agents tested, only Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser was able to eliminate contamination with MTX. None of the agents were successful against CYP. Conclusions: The results illustrate an unacceptable prevalence of hazardous drug contamination in community pharmacy settings. The BD HD Check System can serve to rapidly detect common high-risk areas for surface contamination. Decontamination protocols against MTX may include Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser. Novel agents must be identified to remove contamination caused by CYP.
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Leung, K. H. Benjamin, Rejuana Alam, Steven Brooks, and Timothy C. Chan. "Abstract 220: Public Defibrillator Accessibility and Mobility Trends During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Canada." Circulation 142, Suppl_4 (November 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.220.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread closures of non-essential businesses and buildings. The impact of such closures on public automated external defibrillator (AED) accessibility compared to mobility trends is unknown. Methods: We identified all publicly available online AED registries in Canada last updated May 1, 2019 or later. AEDs were classified by location type using addresses and registry notes, and deemed completely inaccessible, partially inaccessible, or unaffected using government-issued closure orders as of May 1, 2020. We mapped AED location types to categories used by Google’s COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports and calculated the median percent change in daily traffic between Feb. 15 - May 1, 2020 (excluding Apr. 10-12). We compared the percent of completely inaccessible AEDs to the median percent change in traffic for each category. Results: We identified three provincial (British Columbia, Alberta, Nova Scotia) and two municipal (Mississauga and Toronto in Ontario) online AED registries, collectively covering 13.1 million people. Of the 5,845 AEDs identified, 69.9% were completely inaccessible, 18.8% were partially inaccessible, and 11.3% were unaffected. AEDs in parks (n=141), almost all retail and recreational locations (n=1,539), and two-thirds of workplaces (n=3,633) were completely inaccessible, grocery and pharmacy-based (n=173) AEDs were partially inaccessible, and transit station (n=277) and residential (n=85) AEDs were unaffected. The largest discrepancies between AED accessibility and mobility occurred in parks (100% completely inaccessible vs. 10.5% traffic decrease), retail and recreation (99.0% completely inaccessible vs. 48.0% traffic decrease), and transit stations (100% unaffected vs. 63.0% traffic decrease). Conclusion: Government-mandated closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a greater reduction in AED accessibility than mobility in many locations across Canada.