Journal articles on the topic 'Store location – Chicago – Planning'

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1

Norris, Darrell A., R. L. Davies, D. S. Rogers, and Robert W. Bacon. "Store Location and Store Assessment Research." Geographical Review 76, no. 3 (July 1986): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/214156.

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2

Blomley, Nicholas K., and Neil Wrigley. "Store Choice, Store Location and Market Analysis." Economic Geography 65, no. 2 (April 1989): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143779.

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3

Dawson, John A., and N. Wrigley. "Store Choice, Store Location and Market Analysis." Geographical Journal 155, no. 2 (July 1989): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635099.

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4

Collins, A. "Store Location Planning: Its Role in Marketing Strategy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 5 (May 1989): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210625.

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The role of location strategy within the context of a multiple retailer's overall marketing strategy is examined. The author also looks at some of the techniques now being applied by retailers to provide the information needed to make better location decisions.
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5

Wood, Steve, and Sue Browne. "Convenience store location planning and forecasting – a practical research agenda." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 35, no. 4 (April 10, 2007): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550710736184.

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6

Mohammadipour, Faezeh, Maghsoud Amiri, Iman Raeesi Vanani, and Jahanyar Bamdad Soofi. "A model for location-assortment problem in a competitive environmen." International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 13, no. 4 (2022): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2022.5.002.

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This paper considers simultaneously two areas of facility location and assortment planning in a competitive environment. In fact, a chain store that has competitors in the market locates a new facility. As there are different products in the market that can substitute with each other, it is intended to determine the best product assortment as well. An integer nonlinear programming problem is proposed to model the mentioned subject. For solving the model, the problem is reformulated as a mixed integer linear programming one. Therefore, a MIP solver software can be used for solving the small- and medium-size problems. For large-scale problems, a firefly algorithm is designed for obtaining a satisfactory solution. By using the proposed model, it is numerically shown that, in addition to the optimal location, it is also necessary to determine simultaneously the best product assortment for the new store. Actually, comparison results reveal that the location significantly affects the assortment scenarios for the new store. In other words, the selection of new store locations may lead to loss of large profit if the assortment planning is neglected.
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Hood, Nick, Graham Clarke, and Martin Clarke. "Segmenting the growing UK convenience store market for retail location planning." International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 26, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2015.1086403.

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8

Newing, Andy, Graham Clarke, and Martin Clarke. "Applied spatial modelling for retail planning in tourist resorts." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 46, no. 11/12 (December 10, 2018): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-10-2017-0253.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that applied spatial modelling can inform the planning, delivery and evaluation of retail services, offering improvements over traditional retail impact assessment (RIA), especially within localities which experience seasonal fluctuations in demand. Design/methodology/approach The paper first describes a new theoretically informed tourist-based spatial interaction model (SIM) which has been custom-built and calibrated to capture the dynamics of the grocery sector in Cornwall, UK. It tests the power of the model to predict store performance for stores not used in the original calibration process, using client data for a new store development. The model is operationalised for the evaluation of various retail development schemes, demonstrating its contribution across a full suite of location decision making application areas. Findings The paper demonstrates that this highly disaggregate modelling framework can provide considerable insight into the local economic and social impacts of new store developments, rarely addressed in the retail location modelling literature. Practical implications Whilst SIMs have been widely used in retail location research by the private sector, the paper shows that such a model can have considerable value for public sector retail planning, a sector which seemed to have abandoned such models from the 1980s onwards, replacing them with often very limited and crude RIA. Originality/value The ability to review the forecasting capabilities of a model (termed post-investment review) are very rare in academic research. This paper offers new evidence that SIMs can support the RIA process.
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Savitt, Ronald. "The greatest store west of Chicago: Meier & Frank, 1857-1932." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-05-2016-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to document the development of a major regional department store from the firm’s start to the completion of a single block structure including the warehouses required to support its operations. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a survey of historic materials including the recently available archival materials in the Oregon Historical Society Research Library. Findings The study reveals the interaction of vision, planning and risk taking in a family enterprise over two generations. It illustrates the search for information as to what was required and the importance of architectural elements in the construction and operation of their store. Research limitations/implications The archival materials are extensive; however, over the years, much of the operating data were destroyed or lost. Although family members remain in Oregon, they are reluctant to discuss the store’s history, even though the matters that affected them took place many years after the study’s period. Originality/value Much of the information collected in the study had never been used in previous work.
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10

Shieh, Chih-Hui, Yingzi Xu, and I.-Ling Ling. "How location-based advertising elicits in-store purchase." Journal of Services Marketing 33, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-03-2018-0083.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate how location-based advertising (LBA) elicits in-store purchase intention. To deepen the understanding of LBA’s effect on consumers’ purchase decision, the research examines the role of consumers’ time consciousness in click intention in pull or opt-out LBA approaches. The study also explores how consumers react to LBA with an asymmetric dominance decoy versus a compromise decoy message. Design/methodology/approach Two field experiments were conducted, and a total of 363 volunteers within 3 km of a shopping mall participated. The participants were asked to turn on their global positioning system and then informed that a convenience store was planning to launch a mobile coupon subscription service. Data collected were analysed using analysis of variance, regression analysis, bootstrapping and spotlight tests. Findings The results demonstrate that consumers had a higher intention to click pull LBA than to click opt-out push LBA. Consumers with high time-consciousness had greater click intentions for pull LBA than for opt-out push LBA. Consumers with low time-consciousness, however, showed no difference in click intention for either LBA approach. Further, click intention mediates the effect of LBA on in-store purchase intention, and the asymmetric dominance decoy message is a more powerful strategy for LBA to increase the likelihood of in-store purchase. Originality/value This research provides insight into location-based services marketing by revealing how time-consciousness and decoy promotional messages affect consumers’ reaction to LBA and in-store purchase intentions. The findings offer practical suggestions for retailers on how to reach and engage with consumers more effectively through the use of LBA.
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11

Kwate, Naa Oyo A., and Ji Meng Loh. "Fast food and liquor store density, co-tenancy, and turnover: Vice store operations in Chicago, 1995–2008." Applied Geography 67 (February 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.021.

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12

Wieland, Thomas. "Spatial Shopping Behavior in a Multi-Channel Environment: A Discrete Choice Model Approach." REGION 8, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v8i2.361.

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Spatial impacts of online shopping are discussed frequently in retail geography. Here, online shopping is mostly regarded as a central driver of competition for physical retailing and its locations, such as town centers or malls. Due to its high popularity, cross-channel shopping is sometimes considered to be a support for physical retailing. However, traditional retail location theory does not consider shopping channels other than in-store shopping. Furthermore, although online shopping is far too important to be neglected in examining consumer spatial shopping behavior, there is an obvious lack in the previous literature towards incorporating multi- and cross-channel shopping into store choice models. The present study aims to identify the main drivers of store choice on the basis that both in-store and online shopping alternatives are available, as well as the opportunity for cross-channel shopping. Taking into account previous literature on both physical store choice and multi-channel shopping, hypotheses on the impact of different shopping transaction costs (such as travel time, delivery charges, or uncertainty with respect to the stores' assortment) were derived. Based on a representative consumer survey, real past shopping decisions in three retail sectors (groceries, consumer electronics [CE], and furniture) were collected. The econometric analysis of empirical store choices was performed using a nested logit model which includes both physical and online stores. The results confirm several assumptions of classical retail location theory as well as previous findings from single-firm studies and stated choice experiments on multi-channel shopping behavior. Travel time to physical stores reduces consumer utility and store choice probability, respectively. Consumer sensitivity towards travel time decreases with decreasing purchase frequency of the desired goods. Delivery charges also decrease the likelihood of choosing a store. The impact of cross-channel integration on store choice (assuming the reduction of consumer transaction costs) is considerably lower than expected and differs between retail sectors. While furniture retailers profit from enabling cross-channel shopping, there is no such competitive advantage found for grocery and CE retailers. The positive effect of assortment on condition of diminishing marginal utility is confirmed for grocery stores and CE stores, but not for furniture stores. From a theoretical perspective, this study shows that multi- and cross-channel shopping behavior does not contradict the main thoughts of classical retail location theory. From a practical perspective, the study is a contribution as store choice models play a significant role in both business location planning and governmental land use planning.
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13

Joseph, Lawrence. "Similarities between Competitors and the Implications for Location Strategies." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2010100104.

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Although Burger King and McDonald’s are widely recognized as direct competitors, there may be enough differences in customer profiles between the two chains to recommend or justify divergent location strategies. In this regard, the authors use ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression to test whether site and trade-area criteria can explain individual store sales and if such criteria are consistent for both chains. This research shows that there are situations where locational factors may have directionally different effects on store sales of the two chains. While Burger King generally experienced higher sales in denser urban areas with higher proportions of minorities, McDonald’s experienced higher sales in suburban areas adjacent to freeways.
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14

Newing, Andy, Graham Clarke, and Martin Clarke. "Visitor expenditure estimation for grocery store location planning: a case study of Cornwall." International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 23, no. 3 (July 2013): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2012.759612.

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15

KANEKO, Jun. "Spatial Structure of Store Location and Delivery System in a Home Center Chain." Geographical Review of Japa,. Ser. A, Chirigaku Hyoron 73, no. 11 (2000): 783–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984a.73.11_783.

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16

Kim, Jonghyuk, Hyunwoo Hwangbo, Sung Jun Kim, and Soyean Kim. "Location-Based Tracking Data and Customer Movement Pattern Analysis Using for Sustainable Fashion Business." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 6209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226209.

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Retailers need accurate movement pattern analysis of human-tracking data to maximize the space performance of their stores and to improve the sustainability of their business. However, researchers struggle to precisely measure customers’ movement patterns and their relationships with sales. In this research, we adopt indoor positioning technology, including wireless sensor devices and fingerprinting techniques, to track customers’ movement patterns in a fashion retail store over four months. Specifically, we conducted three field experiments in three different timeframes. In each experiment, we rearranged one element of the visual merchandising display (VMD) to track and compare customer movement patterns before and after the rearrangement. For the analysis, we connected customers’ discrete location data to identify meaningful patterns in customers’ movements. We also used customers’ location and time information to match identified movement pattern data with sales data. After classifying individuals’ movements by time and sequences, we found that stay time in a particular zone had a greater impact on sales than the total stay time in the store. These results challenge previous findings in the literature that suggest that the longer customers stayed in a store, the more they purchase. Further, the results confirmed that effective store rearrangement could change not only customer movement patterns but also overall sales of store zones. This research can be a foundation for various practical applications of tracking data technologies.
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17

Fotheringham, A. S., and R. Trew. "Chain Image and Store-Choice Modeling: The Effects of Income and Race." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 2 (February 1993): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250179.

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Addressed in this paper is the lack of understanding of the extent to which the image of a store can affect store selection and of the extent to which this image varies across market segments. The subject of the analysis is the choice of supermarkets for major grocery shopping, and image is here measured by the chain to which a supermarket belongs. Evidence is presented through the use of descriptive statistics from a sample of consumers and through several store-choice model calibrations that chain image is an important determinant of store choice. In the particular data set employed, chain image is at least as important as store size and store competition. Evidence is presented on the effects of peoples' income and race on their store selection. Differences are found in chain image both across income groups and across racial groups. Differences are also reported in distance deterrence across income groups, although in the opposite direction to common belief. It appears that low-income consumers are willing to travel further for grocery shopping, ceteris paribus, probably to take advantage of lower prices. Higher income consumers may be unwilling to spend the extra time involved to shop at the stores with the lowest prices and therefore give up low prices for the sake of convenience. The general conclusion from the results presented here is that intrinsic differences in store-choice behavior exist across different groups of consumers and that analyzing store location accurately demands knowledge of such differences.
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18

Wan, Peng, Jie Zhang, Yiwei Liu, and Xiaoxuan Jiang. "Location Optimization of Offline Physical Stores Based on MNL Model under BOPS Omnichannel." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1633–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17040083.

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With the continuous upgrading of consumer demand and retail modes, more and more retailers are switching to an omnichannel retail mode. In order to study the location problem of offline physical stores of online retail enterprises that plan to implement the BOPS (Buy Online and Pickup in Store) omnichannel retail model, this paper considers consumers’ choice behavior under the omnichannel retail model; uses the MNL (Multinomial Logit) model to depict customers’ choice behavior between the online channel, BOPS channel, and offline physical channel; and constructs a location optimization model of offline physical stores with the goal of minimizing the enterprise’s cost. According to the characteristics of the model, an improved genetic algorithm was designed; the algorithm was improved on chromosome selection mode, crossover, and mutation rules. Finally, an example is calculated, and the physical store location scheme of a retail enterprise and the vehicle routing optimization scheme under the two-level distribution network are obtained, which verifies the effectiveness of the model and algorithm and provides a scientific reference for the physical store location decision of online retail enterprises planning to implement the BOPS omnichannel retail model. The impact of freight, return rate, and service level of physical stores on the location of offline physical stores is analyzed. The results show that in the process of expanding offline physical stores to implement the BOPS omnichannel retail model, online retail enterprises can reduce enterprise costs by improving the freight level and service level of the physical store. The higher the return rate of the online channel, the more necessary it is to expand offline physical stores, and the lower the enterprise cost. At the same time, management suggestions are put forward for the enterprise operation under the BOPS omnichannel retail mode.
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Yin, Ling, Jie Chen, Hao Zhang, Zhile Yang, Qiao Wan, Li Ning, Jinxing Hu, and Qi Yu. "Improving emergency evacuation planning with mobile phone location data." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 964–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319874805.

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Timely responses to emergencies are critical for urban disaster and emergency management, particularly in densely populated mega-cities. Researchers and personnel involved in urban emergency management nowadays rely on computers to carry out complex evacuation planning. Agent-based modeling, which supports the representation of interactions among individuals and between individuals and their environments, has become a major approach to simulating evacuations wherein spatial–temporal dynamics and individual conditions need attention, such as congestion in urban areas. However, the development of optimal evacuation plans based upon agent-based evacuation simulations can be very time-consuming. In this study, to shorten the computation time to provide a timely response in an efficient way, we develop a knowledge database to store evacuation plans for typical population distributions generated by mobile phone location data. Subsequently, we use the prepared knowledge database (offline) to accelerate real-time (online) processes in searching for near-optimal evacuation plans. Our experimental result demonstrates that the evacuation plans generated with a knowledge database always outperform those that are generated without a knowledge database. Specifically, the knowledge database can reduce the computation time by an average of 96.76%, with an average fitness value improvement of 21.86%. This result confirms the effectiveness of our proposed approach in improving agent-based evacuation planning. With the rapid development of human sensor data collection and analysis, the estimation of a more accurate population distribution will become easier in future. Thus, we believe that the proposed approach of developing a knowledge database based on population distribution patterns will provide a more feasible alternative solution for evacuation planning in the practice of urban emergency management.
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Sander, William, and William A. Testa. "Multinomial logit estimates of household location in the Chicago metropolitan area." Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-016-0169-3.

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Lin, Yen-Hsun, Yi-Chung Chen, Sheng-Min Chiu, Chiang Lee, and Fu-Cheng Wang. "Applying Check-In Data and User Profiles to Identify Optimal Store Locations in a Road Network." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050314.

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Spatial information analysis has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its wide range of applications, from disaster prevention and human behavioral patterns to commercial value. This study proposes a novel application to help businesses identify optimal locations for new stores. Optimal store locations are close to other stores with similar customer groups. However, they are also a suitable distance from stores that might represent competition. The style of a new store also exerts a significant effect. In this paper, we utilized check-in data and user profiles from location-based social networks to calculate the degree of influence of each store in a road network on the query user to identify optimal new store locations. As calculating the degree of influence of every store in a road network is time-consuming, we added two accelerating algorithms to the proposed baseline. The experiment results verified the validity of the proposed approach.
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22

Densham, P. J., and G. Rushton. "Strategies for Solving Large Location-Allocation Problems by Heuristic Methods." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 2 (February 1992): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240289.

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Solution techniques for location-allocation problems usually are not a part of microcomputer-based geoprocessing systems because of the large volumes of data to process and store and the complexity of algorithms. In this paper, it is shown that processing costs for the most accurate, heuristic, location-allocation algorithm can be drastically reduced by exploiting the spatial structure of location-allocation problems. The strategies used, preprocessing interpoint distance data as both candidate and demand strings, and use of them to update an allocation table, allow the solution of large problems (3000 nodes) in a microcomputer-based, interactive decisionmaking environment. Moreover, these strategies yield solution times which increase approximately linearly with problem size. Tests on four network problems validate these claims.
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23

Cynthia J., Saroja M.N., Parveen Sultana, and J. Senthil. "IoT-Based Real Time Air Pollution Monitoring System." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 11, no. 4 (October 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2019100103.

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Humans can be adversely affected by exposure to air pollutants in ambient air. Hence, health-based standards and objectives for a number of pollutants in the air are set by each country. Detection and measurement of contents of the atmosphere are becoming increasingly important. Careful planning of measurements is essential. One of the major factors that influence the representativeness of data collected is the location of monitoring stations. The planning and setting up of a monitoring station are complex and incurs a huge expenditure. An IoT-based real time air pollution monitoring system is proposed to monitor the pollution levels of various pollutants in Coimbatore city. The geographical area is classified as industrial, residential and traffic zones. This article proposes an IoT system that could be deployed at any location and store the measured value in a cloud database, perform pollution analysis, and display the pollution level at any given location.
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O'Brien, L. G., and C. M. Guy. "Locational Variability in Retail Grocery Prices." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 17, no. 7 (July 1985): 953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170953.

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In this paper a number of locational explanations of retail price variation are examined using a price survey of two shopping baskets in Cardiff. From the results it can be seen that distance-decay and zonal hypotheses are not supported by the Cardiff data but significant price differences do exist if the type of location is analysed with controls for organisational type and store size.
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25

Colaço, Rui, and João de Abreu e Silva. "Commercial Classification and Location Modelling: Integrating Different Perspectives on Commercial Location and Structure." Land 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060567.

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Commercial classification is essential to describe and compare the spatial patterns of commercial activity. Most classification systems consider a large set of dimensions that include detailed features such as store ownership or development type. Since new business models are continually being developed, the need to revise classification systems is constant. This makes generalisation hard, thus hindering the comparison of commercial structures in different places and periods. Recent studies have focused on cluster analysis and a smaller number of variables to gain insights into commercial structures, directly addressing this issue. Systematic bottom-up classification generates comparable structures, which is essential to contrast policy results in different situations. Furthermore, since form or accessibility are usually considered in classifications, cluster membership is precluded from most retail location models, often relying on the latter as an explanatory variable. Hence, a new classification system is proposed, based on cluster analysis (k-means) and a minimal set of variables: density, diversity, and clustering. This classification was implemented in 1995, 2002, and 2010 in Lisbon. Cross-sectional analysis of the commercial structures shows the system accurately describes commercial location and change, suggesting it can be generalised as a classification system. Since the minimal dataset also allows for cluster membership to be used on location models, the relationship between commercial classification and location modelling could be strengthened, reinforcing the role of commercial studies in urban planning and policymaking.
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Lovreta, Stipe, Sinisa Milosevic, and Ljiljana Stankovic. "Competition policy and optimal retail network development in transitional economies." Ekonomski anali 58, no. 199 (2013): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1399057l.

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The choice of retail store location is a very complex process, with many different stakeholders having interests in both the micro and macro locations. The goal of this work is to contribute to the better understanding of the different interests of corporative and public policies in choosing retail store locations, in order to enable more efficient and effective trade network development. After having slowed down as a consequence of the global economic crisis, the retail sector is experiencing strong expansion in the markets of transitional countries. Insufficient engagement of public policy in planning trade networks can violate market competition. An active government role in carrying out the policy of retail network development in transitional countries is necessary to maintain the level of competition and prevent big market players abusing their dominant position.
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MEI, Lin. "A STUDY OF THE LOCATION CHARACTERISTIC AND GENERATION FORECAST ANALYSIS IN THE CONVENIENCE STORE(Architectural Planning and Design)." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 12, no. 24 (2006): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.12.345.

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Guy, C. M. "Corporate Strategies in Food Retailing and Their Local Impacts: A Case Study of Cardiff." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 9 (September 1996): 1575–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281575.

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The development programmes of major grocery retailers in Britain have transformed the retail systems of many urban areas. Impacts upon patterns of consumer behaviour and shopping provision have been substantial. Although many writers have discussed retailers' changing corporate strategies and their implications for new store development, there is still a need for local case studies. In this paper, therefore, processes of change in grocery provision in Cardiff, a city of almost 300000 population, are examined, mainly over a recent twelve-year period. An initial burst of superstore development was accompanied by closures of many small grocery stores owned by multiple and cooperative organisations. Since about 1986, rates of new store development and of store closure have diminished. These changes were superimposed upon a longer term decline in independent food retailing. The question of trading impact is then investigated through associations over time and space of store openings and closures. Although some of the closures in this analysis appear to be explained, it is clear also that certain characteristics of the stores themselves (particularly size and location) were strongly related to the likelihood of closure. This in turn reflected corporate strategies for growth, repositioning, or retrenchment amongst the multiples concerned, mediated through the local property market and land-use planning policies. The conclusion is that the case study clearly exemplifies the impacts of recent events in British retailing, but that further studies are needed to build a comprehensive understanding of retail change at the local level.
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Dai, Jiguang, and Yue Gu. "OSO-YOLOv5: Automatic Extraction Method of Store Signboards in Street View Images Based on Multi-Dimensional Analysis." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11090462.

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To realize the construction of smart cities, the fine management of various street objects is very important. In dealing with the form of objects, it is considered a pursuit of normativeness and precision. Store signboards are a tangible manifestation of urban culture. However, due to factors such as high spatial heterogeneity, interference from other ground objects, and occlusion, it is difficult to obtain accurate information from store signboards. In this article, in response to this problem, we propose the OSO-YOLOv5 network. Based on the YOLOv5 network, we improve the C3 module in the backbone, and propose an improved spatial pyramid pooling model. Finally, the channel and spatial attention modules are added to the neck structure. Under the constraint of rectangular features, this method integrates location attention and topology reconstruction, realizes automatic extraction of information from store signboards, improves computational efficiency, and effectively suppresses the effect of occlusion. Experiments were carried out on two self-labeled datasets. The quantitative analysis shows that the proposed model can achieve a high level of accuracy in the detection of store signboards. Compared with other mainstream object detection methods, the average precision (AP) is improved by 5.0–37.7%. More importantly, the related procedures have certain application potential in the field of smart city construction.
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Hernandez, Tony, and Magnus Svindal. "Emerging Retail Strategies in Urban Canada." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2010020902.

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In this article, the authors examine the spatial distribution of major retail chains across Canada. Using store location data for 2001 and 2006, the geospatial approach adopted in this study allows for the analysis of retail chains’ store portfolios by the size of the resident population of the ‘markets’ within which they operate. The analysis presented highlights the dominance of chain locations within and proximal to Canada’s major urban markets and provides further evidence of increasing interest amongst a number of major chains in ‘small town’ (or ‘C’) markets. It points to a future in which these smaller markets will become more competitive with an increased presence of major retail chains. The findings reported can be seen as the locational imprint of the processes of corporate concentration taking place across Canada, fuelled by the interplay of increased competition, concerns over market saturation and the need to sustain growth.
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Hammerle, Meghan, Michael Haynes, and Sue McNeil. "Use of Automatic Vehicle Location and Passenger Count Data to Evaluate Bus Operations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1903, no. 1 (January 2005): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190300104.

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New technologies such as automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger counters (APC) make tremendous amounts of data available to transit planners and operators. Transit agencies would like to use these data to inform service planning and management and ultimately to provide more reliable service. This requires data processing in such a way as to provide pertinent information to transit planners. The research presented considers a sample of data collected from Chicago Transit Authority buses during the initial stage of AVL and APC implementation in Chicago, Illinois. Methods were developed for extracting information from these data that could be used to compute service reliability indicators. This research also discusses some of the challenges encountered in the data collection process. At the time of the data collection, the home garage for the bus route under consideration was not fully stocked with AVL-equipped buses. Other challenges included the misplacement of some time points and undercounting by the APC system. The data proved useful even with these challenges, and valuable information, such as bus travel patterns, schedule adherence, and headway regularity, was gained from this study. By recognizing some of the challenges faced in the data collection process, this research provided insights that can be used to inform future larger-scale studies of transit operations using AVL and APC data.
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Sevtsuk, Andres, and Raul Kalvo. "Patronage of urban commercial clusters: A network-based extension of the Huff model for balancing location and size." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 508–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317721930.

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We introduce a version of the Huff retail expenditure model, where retail demand depends on households’ access to retail centers. Household-level survey data suggest that total retail visits in a system of retail centers depends on the relative location pattern of stores and customers. This dependence opens up an important question—could overall visits to retail centers be increased with a more efficient spatial configuration of centers in planned new towns? To answer this question, we implement the model as an Urban Network Analysis tool in Rhinoceros 3D, where facility patronage can be analyzed along spatial networks and apply it in the context of the Punggol New Town in Singapore. Using fixed household locations, we first test how estimated store visits are affected by the assumption of whether shoppers come from homes or visit shops en route to local public transit stations. We then explore how adjusting both the locations and sizes of commercial centers can maximize overall visits, using automated simulations to test a large number of scenarios. The results show that location and size adjustments to already planned retail centers in a town can yield a 10% increase in estimated store visits. The methodology and tools developed for this analysis can be extended to other context for planning and right-sizing retail developments and other public facilities so as to maximize both user access and facilities usage.
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Cheng, Dayu, Guo Yue, Tao Pei, and Mingbo Wu. "Clustering Indoor Positioning Data Using E-DBSCAN." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100669.

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Indoor positioning data reflects human mobility in indoor spaces. Revealing patterns of indoor trajectories may help us understand human indoor mobility. Clustering methods, which are based on the measurement of similarity between trajectories, are important tools for identifying those patterns. However, due to the specific characteristics of indoor trajectory data, it is difficult for clustering methods to measure the similarity between trajectories. These characteristics are manifested in two aspects. The first is that the nodes of trajectories may have clear semantic attributes; for example, in a shopping mall, the node of a trajectory may contain information such as the store type and visit duration time, which may imply a customer’s interest in certain brands. The semantic information can only be obtained when the position precision is sufficiently high so that the relationship between the customer and the store can be determined, which is difficult to realize for outdoor positioning, either using GPS or mobile base station, due to the relatively large positioning error. If the tendencies of customers are to be considered, the similarity of geometrical morphology does not reflect the real similarity between trajectories. The second characteristic is the complex spatial shapes of indoor trajectory caused by indoor environments, which include elements such as closed spaces, multiple obstacles and longitudinal extensions. To deal with these challenges caused by indoor trajectories, in this article we proposed a new method called E-DBSCAN, which extended DBSCAN to trajectory clustering of indoor positioning data. First, the indoor location data were transformed into a sequence of residence points with rich semantic information, such as the type of store customer visited, stay time and spatial location of store. Second, a Weighted Edit Distance algorithm was proposed to measure the similarity of the trajectories. Then, an experiment was conducted to verify the correctness of E-DBSCAN using five days of positioning data in a shopping mall, and five shopping behavior patterns were identified and potential explanations were proposed. In addition, a comparison was conducted among E-DBSCAN, the k-means and DBSCAN algorithms. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can discover customers’ behavioral pattern in indoor environments effectively.
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Stern, Dieter. "‘Nado minimum!’." Inner Asia 17, no. 1 (April 21, 2015): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340031.

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This article deals with the impact of a major redesign of public space at a cross-border market on the Russian—Chinese border on customer—seller interrelations. The location in question is the Chinese border town of Manzhouli, which, over the last two decades, has risen to become a bustling town of cross-border tourism and retail trade. It will be shown that the large-scale replacement of makeshift market stalls by huge, ostentatious department store buildings is paralleled by the way Chinese traders try to impose a more restricted and rule-governed price regime in their interactions with Russian customers. Russian customers react to this recent shift in appearance and behaviour by sticking to received perceptions of the border as a place outside orderly society and will accordingly reject the Chinese reinterpretation of the cross-border market location.
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Holtzclaw, John, Robert Clear, Hank Dittmar, David Goldstein, and Peter Haas. "Location Efficiency: Neighborhood and Socio-Economic Characteristics Determine Auto Ownership and Use - Studies in Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco." Transportation Planning and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060290032033.

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Kohsaka, H. "A Monitoring and Locational Decision Support System for Retail Activity." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 2 (February 1993): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250197.

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In this paper a monitoring and locational decision support system for retail activity is presented. This system uses point-based customer densities as a set of data instead of area-based densities which have been used in most of the previous studies. Bicubic spline gridding and interpolation methods are applied to convert sample data to grid data and to convert grid data to grid data, respectively. Retail trade areas are represented as a three-dimensional surface in colour graphics to monitor the small changes. This system can also search for an optimal location for an intended store and assess its spatial impacts upon the existing stores by means of a spatial interaction model with bicubic splines.
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Liao, Qing, Haoyu Tan, Wuman Luo, and Ye Ding. "Diverse Mobile System for Location-Based Mobile Data." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4217432.

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The value of large amount of location-based mobile data has received wide attention in many research fields including human behavior analysis, urban transportation planning, and various location-based services. Nowadays, both scientific and industrial communities are encouraged to collect as much location-based mobile data as possible, which brings two challenges: (1) how to efficiently process the queries of big location-based mobile data and (2) how to reduce the cost of storage services, because it is too expensive to store several exact data replicas for fault-tolerance. So far, several dedicated storage systems have been proposed to address these issues. However, they do not work well when the ranges of queries vary widely. In this work, we design a storage system based on diverse replica scheme which not only can improve the query processing efficiency but also can reduce the cost of storage space. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate the data storage and processing in the context of big location-based mobile data. Specifically, we conduct in-depth theoretical and empirical analysis of the trade-offs between different spatial-temporal partitioning and data encoding schemes. Moreover, we propose an effective approach to select an appropriate set of diverse replicas, which is optimized for the expected query loads while conforming to the given storage space budget. The experiment results show that using diverse replicas can significantly improve the overall query performance and the proposed algorithms for the replica selection problem are both effective and efficient.
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RENUNCIO, LUIZ ERNESTO, and CARLOS LOCH. "Aproveitamento de Recursos Hídricos em Micro Bacias Hidrográficas Utilizando Sistemas de Informação Geográfica." Pesquisas em Geociências 24, no. 1-2 (December 31, 1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21177.

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The daily increase of inhabitants in our cities, when associated with the commercial and industrial development, leads to larger water consumption demand. Despite the larger demand the resource may maintain its quality. The solutions to these difficult problem frequently require the capacity to store manage and analyze large databases, spatially distributed. This work presents the methodology adopted to plan and locate the best site for a water supply reservoir, with the aggregation of a GIS structured database, regarding a microbasin as the planning unit. This was held in the municipality of Cocal do Sul, Brazil. The result was a previous location for the water supply reservoir, considering also other uses for the water that should be stored.
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TSOUTSOS, Michail-Christos, and Yorgos Photis. "Spatial point pattern analysis of urban retail stores: the case of twelve large- and medium-sized Greek cities." European Journal of Geography 11, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 36–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.m.mar.11.4.36.63.

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The retailers’ profitability and the consumers’ satisfaction depend on finding the optimal location for a retail store. When considering the stores’ spatial distribution, business potential can be understood and a squandering planning of resources can be avoided. In this paper we identify the spatial patterns of retail stores located in the traditional commercial centers of twelve large -and medium-sized Greek cities, aiming to explain why such patterns exist. The type of retail activities was determined using the image of the ground-floor stores provided by the Google Street View (GSV) service and thus 7322 stores were recorded in a geodatabase as point features. The results reveal that the retail stores’ distribution has a clustered and random spatial pattern at least in one city, where the high population density and the increase in rental prices of premises for professional activities constitute the factors that form these spatial patterns respectively.
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Reuter, Christina, Jan Philipp Prote, and Margarete Stöwer. "Aggregation of Production Data for the Strategic Planning of Global Production Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.461.

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In the last two decades a large amount of companies decided to establish productions sites all over the world in order to profit from cost benefits and to gain access to new markets and know-how. This internationalisation trend leads to more and more complex production networks. According to this development managers are confronted with growing intransparencies within their companies due to increasing information asymmetries, growing amount of interfaces and a growing effort for coordination. Nowadays a lot of strategic decisions, e.g. location decisions are made according to someone’s instinct. The usage of a valid data base within decision making processes can improve the quality of taken decisions. There are two ways to establish a sound data base: Manual data gathering, which is always associated with great effort or the usage of “big data”. Technologies from the era “Industrie 4.0” enable companies to gather and store a large amount of data. This data amount can establish transparency to support an objective assessment. Therefore the aim of this paper is the development of a method to aggregate production data systematically to support the strategic planning of global production networks.
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Ady Aryanto, I. Komang Agus, and Ni Made Ika Marini Mandenni. "Sistem Informasi Geografis Letak Puskesmas di Wilayah Kabupaten Tabanan Berbasis Web." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 1, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v1i4.70.

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Technology is used as a tool in everyday life to accelerate the resolution of a problem one ofwhich is the design of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).The purpose of this study is tohelp collect and store data and analyze objects and geographical data to support decisionmaking in planning a mapping of the route search location to the nearest clinic that can helpthe community in Tabanan Regency. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) allows itwill help the community in solving the problem of finding the location of the nearest clinicbecause in the presence of a GIS it will illustrate the location of the Clinic where the actualconditions are. The system built can display map data and data from the map can also bechanged dynamically. Here you will get a visualization of the location of the location in a webform so that it can be accessed anywhere and the information can be used as a reference fordecision makers, especially in the search for transportation routes that can be traversed to theclinic location is located. In addition, the information contained in the GeographicInformation System can be processed to provide a new discourse in the presentation ofgeographic information online that is equipped with data analysis in the form of images,descriptions and other attribute analysis. This research resulted in a program for Web-BasedGeographic Information System for Clinical Location Search in Tabanan Regency, which isable to display maps effectively with information. This process makes use of existing librarieson Google Maps combined with the Web Mapping process.
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Fonseca, Ana Monize Ribeiro, Fabiana Ramos Viana, Larissa de Araújo Correia Teixeira, Mellyne Henriques Guerra, Maria Alice Menezes Moura, and Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos. "Alternative method for approaches to intracranial metastases in budget Constrained settings." JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA 32, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v32i3.1979.

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Introduction: Preference has been given to minimally invasive approaches to the intracranial metastases, and alternative methods should be developed especially for environments with budget constraints. Objectives: This paper aims to describe a technique using a application for smartphone and a pair of compasses in approaches to intracranial metastases in a budget-constrained environment. Methods: Two cases are reported describing a technique of microsurgical treatment of brain metastases in a minimally invasive approach using a smartphone application that allows the planning of approaches to intracranial metastases. The NeuroKeypoint app is available in the App Store and Google Play Store. The compass Trident 9001 was used in association. Results: The incisions for craniotomies were marked at the indicated points according to the Neurokeypoint application. A single point marking was prioritized, corresponding to the center of the intended craniotomy. Intraoperative ultrasound was done before corticectomy and the location of the lesion was confirmed. The lesions were easily localized in both cases and both craniotomies were considered as adequate. Conclusion: The NeuroKeypoint application provides a low-cost and widely available alternative, making it accessible to a wide range of services.
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Liao, Cong, Teqi Dai, Pengfei Zhao, and Tiantian Ding. "Weighted Centrality and Retail Store Locations in Beijing, China: A Temporal Perspective from Dynamic Public Transport Flow Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199069.

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The spatial relationship between transport networks and retail store locations is an important topic in studies related to commercial activities. Much effort has been made to study physical street networks, but they are seldom empirically discussed with considerations of transport flow networks from a temporal perspective. By using Beijing’s bus and subway smart card data (SCD) and point of interest (POI) data, this study examined the location patterns of various retail stores and their daily dynamic relationships with three weighted centrality indices in the networks of public transport flows: degree, betweenness, and closeness. The results indicate that most types of retail stores are highly correlated with weighted centrality indices. For the network constructed by total public transport flows in the week, supermarkets, convenience stores, electronics stores, and specialty stores had the highest weighted degree value. By contrast, building material stores and shopping malls had the weighted closeness and weighted betweenness values, respectively. From a temporal perspective, most retail types’ largest correlations on weekdays occurred during the after-work period of 19:00 to 21:00. On weekends, shopping malls and electronics stores changed their favorite periods to the daytime, while specialty stores favored the daytime on both weekdays and weekends. In general, the higher store type level of the shopping malls correlates more to weighted closeness or betweenness, and the lower-level store type of convenience stores correlates more to weighted degree. This study provides a temporal analysis that surpasses previous studies on street centrality and can help with urban commercial planning.
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Quintilla-Castán, M., S. Martínez-Aranda, and L. Agustín-Hernández. "DIGITAL 3D INVENTORY FOR THE PROMOTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 6, 2022): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-379-2022.

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Abstract. Heritage graphic representation combining building spatial location and urban/land planning supports the decision-making of government agencies and simplifies the development of protection and conservation projects. The evolution of web-based open-source representation systems, able to store 3D graphics information and to make it accessible by web platforms, allows to develop novel heritage catalogues which simplify the exchange of information between administrations and citizens. This work is devoted to the creation of the Digital 3D Inventory of the Aragonese Mudéjar Architectural Heritage, a list of 225 buildings with unique architectural elements which are part of the UNESCO World Heritage. We propose a generalized methodology for collecting, store and disseminate friendly 2D geospatial and 3D geometric documentation of the historical buildings, ensuring that valuable information is stored and providing greater graphic and documentary resources than traditional inventories of architectural heritage. The main novelty is creation of a web platform which allows the exploitation of the architectural information through a cartographic webGIS viewer and a 3D environment based on webGL for rendering large point clouds. The proposed web platform enables to delivery 3D content through generic web browsers natively supported by all devices and without installing third-party applications neither downloading massive data files.
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Li, Yingru, and Lin Liu. "Assessing the impact of retail location on store performance: A comparison of Wal-Mart and Kmart stores in Cincinnati." Applied Geography 32, no. 2 (March 2012): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.006.

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Yuan, Haohao. "Design of an Automatic Collision Avoidance System for Ships Based on Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 14, no. 05 (May 25, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v14i05.8639.

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The system designed is a ship collision avoidance system based on consistent use of satellite positioning technology, spread spectrum communication technology and a wireless sensor network. The system design includes: an information collecting terminal, a data processing terminal and a mobile data terminal as the three main parts. CC2530 is selected as the master chip for the information collecting terminal, and the GPS module with NEO-6M UBLOX satellite positioning function is used to obtain the latitude, longitude, heading and other information. The AS62-T30 wireless communication module is used to realize the data interaction between ships, and a 0.96-inch OLED display module is used to show the current location of the ship, thus realizing the GPS positioning data receiving, data analysis, information display, data integration and transmission, and other functions. In terms of the software in the data processing terminal, QT5 is selected as the development environment, and QtSql as the database to process and store the data packet sent by the information collecting terminal. The system has many functions including real-time data analysis and alarm, real-time location annotation, track query, route planning and weather forecasting, etc.
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47

Romero de Ávila Serrano, Vicente. "The Intrametropolitan Geography of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS): A Comparative Analysis of Six European and U.S. City-Regions." Economic Development Quarterly 33, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242419875498.

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Analyzing the intrametropolitan locations of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) provides insight into the geography of the knowledge economy. This study focuses on the urban spatial structure and implications of KIBS for urban or regional development and planning through a comparison of KIBS’ structures in six city-regions representing different global contexts. This includes varied socioeconomic and political frameworks: three European city-regions (London, Paris, and Madrid) and three U.S. city-regions (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago). The results show that (a) there is a relationship between urban spatial structure and KIBS location; (b) KIBS locate in a polycentric form in search of urbanization economies; but (c) certain KIBS are highly concentrated in just a few subcenters, looking for localization economies; (d) proximity to the core and agglomeration economies are a factor in the location of KIBS; and (e) the European cases have more KIBS subcenters but closer to their central business districts, while the American cases have fewer and larger KIBS subcenters located farther from their central business districts.
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48

Sari, Diana Puspita, Nur Aini Masruroh, and Anna Maria Sri Asih. "Extended Maximal Covering Location and Vehicle Routing Problems in Designing Smartphone Waste Collection Channels: A Case Study of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168896.

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Most people will store smartphone waste or give it to others; this is due to inadequate waste collection facilities in all cities/regencies in Indonesia. In Yogyakarta Province, there is no electronic waste collection facility. Therefore, an e-waste collection network is needed to cover all potential e-waste in the province of Yogyakarta. This study aims to design a collection network to provide easy access to facilities for smartphone users, which includes the number and location of each collection center and the route of transporting smartphone waste to the final disposal site. We proposed an extended maximal covering location problem to determine the number and location of collection centers. Nearest neighbor and tabu search are used in forming transportation routes. The nearest neighbor is used for initial solution search, and tabu search is used for final solution search. The study results indicate that to facilitate all potential smartphone waste with a maximum distance of 11.2 km, the number of collection centers that must be established is 30 units with three pick-up routes. This research is the starting point of the smartphone waste management process, with further study needed for sorting, recycling, repairing, or remanufacturing after the waste has been collected.
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Gan, Mingxin, and Tongfang Li. "Sponge City Planning and Information System Development Based on Geographic Information Fuzzy Processing." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 15, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9464785.

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During the development of the urban water system from 1.0 to 3.0, the impervious surface area gradually increased, hindering the natural infiltration and self-purification process of urban rainwater, resulting in serious urban water pollution, urban waterlogging in the rainy season, and groundwater problems. Since water will seep into the ground, serious water pollution will cause damage to the ground. Therefore, in dealing with urban rainwater problems, we want to use the sponge’s ability to absorb and store water to build our cities into sponge cities. In this paper, we have constructed a sponge city planning and information system development based on geographic information fuzzy processing. We use differentiated fuzzy processing methods to eliminate classified information to achieve a perfect combination with nearby images and use ordinary fuzzy processing methods to solve the problem of nonconfidential information. This paper discusses the impact of natural topography on the planning and construction of sponge cities, including whether natural topography will affect rainwater, whether it will affect the distribution of different strata, and whether it will affect the utilization of groundwater resources. The basic functions of this platform are provided by a series of functions of GIS, and multiple modules are developed according to management requirements. The initial state of street view data is a lot of fisheye lens photos and corresponding point location information, which are displayed online after data preprocessing, detection information, editing information, and blurring processing.
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Putri, Aggita Raras, Eppy Yuliani, and Boby Rahman. "PEMBENTUKAN RUANG AKTIVITAS SOSIAL PADA RUANG TERBUKA PUBLIK TAMAN MENTERI SUPENO." Jurnal Planologi 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jpsa.v14i2.3870.

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The Menteri Supeno Park is one of the grounds are among the active line meeting Menteri Supeno Street, Mugas Street and Pahlawan Street. A strategic location to the City Centre makes the Park is used for a variety of activities such as art, social activity, livelihoods, recreation and culture. The interconnectedness of activities in the public space is important to sustained beauty and tranquillity, let alone see the existence of the Park is located between the areas of trade, education and office. The Park has become one of the grounds which support the activity of the people as well as his role as the face of the image or the city of Semarang. See the conditions, then an attempt to examine and organize the Garden Store to see the Minister forms the social spaces that occur in the Park store is Minister. This, the future can be used as a reference for the review and recommendation of policy and development of the Park store is additionally the Minister so that the role and functions optimized.The research use descriptive qualitative approach to rationalistic Unitarians with supported research methods using the technique of place-centered behavior mapping. Research used variables i.e. system activity and the system places. On the collection of data using the techniques of field observation, interview and documentary studies in support of the information-related information of the writing of this research. Based on the analysis that has been done with regard to space activities forming the Park store is also influenced by the Minister several factors namely the interconnectedness of the store along with Minister of Garden spaces in it with the surrounding environment; accessibility and circulation; completeness of the complementary elements; Security; the ability of attracting visitors; view; climatology; and visitor activity. As for, the activity space formed by the need for customized visitor activity on the grounds that the new spaces were found in the garden at the beginning of the planning of the Park. As for the findings, activities outside the spaces of functions including the existence of visitors who utilize wifi facility to work on tasks in Open Space Theater, the presence of tenant builders toys in Space Playground, the existence of deviant behavior of the visitors on the space Sitting Group, the existence of the visitors who played badminton at the Plaza, the presence of hawkers and visitors who urinate in the Skatepark.Key Word: Public Open Space , Activity Space
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