Journal articles on the topic 'Stone protection'
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Yang, Lu, Shi Min Li, Dai Heng Chen, and Zhi Min Wu. "Rolling Stones under the Action of the Numerical Simulation Research Shed Hole." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.238.
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With a rolling stone gathers tent hole structure as the prototype, using ABAQUS finite element software to simulate the rolling stones impact process with different impact, research rolling angle and speed impact tent hole structural dynamic mechanical response for rolling stone protection design, provide necessary basis. The results show that the rolling stones in different speed and incident angle of tents hole shocks on concrete protective structure of contact force ,displacement and injuries have great influence and for the rolling stones protection engineering design to provide theoretical reference.
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Lettieri, Mariateresa, Maurizio Masieri, Alessandra Morelli, Mariachiara Pipoli, and Mariaenrica Frigione. "Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity." Coatings 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120429.
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Conservation strategies to limit the degradation of stone materials are being constantly developed. To this aim, new materials are designed to confer hydrophobic properties and anti-graffiti protection to the treated surfaces. Hybrid nanocomposites, based on inorganic nano-particles added to an organic matrix, have been recently proposed for treatments of stone surfaces, obtaining promising and innovative properties. In the present paper, an experimental product based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, a commercial fluorine-based product and a silicon-based material were applied as protective coatings on two calcareous stones (compact and porous) widely employed in the Mediterranean region. All the studied products are expected to provide both water and anti-graffiti protection to both stones’ surfaces. The rheological characterization of the liquid products, changes in color of the surfaces, and variations in water vapor permeability allowed the compatibility of the protective systems applied to stones to be evaluated. Water–stone contact angle measurements and water absorption by capillarity were used to control the action against water ingress. The oleophobicity was assessed by measuring the oil–stone contact angle. The experimental nano-filled product proved to be a suitable hydrophobic coating for compact and porous stones; furthermore, it provides high oleophobicity to the treated surfaces, as required for anti-graffiti systems.
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Mudronja, Domagoj, Frederik Vanmeert, Stjepko Fazinic, Koen Janssens, Darko Tibljas, and Vladan Desnica. "Protection of Stone Monuments Using a Brushing Treatment with Ammonium Oxalate." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040379.
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Stone monuments and buildings are susceptible to weathering. Carbonate-based stones are especially vulnerable in acidic environments, whereas magmatic acidic stones are more susceptible to chemical weathering in basic environments. To slow down surface corrosion of limestone and marble artworks/buildings, protective coatings which inhibit calcite dissolution have been proposed. In this work, samples from two stone types with different porosity were treated with ammonium oxalate (AmOx) to create a protective layer of calcium oxalate (CaOx) using the previously developed brushing method. Two different synchrotron microscopy experiments were performed to determine its protective capability. X-ray powder diffraction (SR-μ-XRPD) in transmission geometry allowed visualization of the distributions of calcium carbonate and oxalates along the sample depths. In a second step, X-ray fluorescence (SR-μ-XRF) was used to check the efficiency/integrity of the protective surface coating layer. This was done by measuring the sulfur distribution on the stone surface after exposing the protected stones to sulfuric acid. XRPD showed the formation of a protective oxalate layer with a thickness of 5–15 µm on the less porous stone, while a 20–30 µm thick layer formed on the more porous stone. The XRF study showed that the optimal treatment time depends on the stone porosity. Increasing the treatment time from 1 to 3 h resulted in a decreased efficiency of the protective layer for the low porosity stone. We assume that this is due to the formation of vertical channels (cracks) in the protective layer.
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Roveri, Marco, Sara Goidanich, and Lucia Toniolo. "Artificial Ageing of Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for the Protection of Natural Stones." Coatings 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080729.
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During the last ten years, photocatalytic nanocomposites combining titania nanoparticles with silicon-based matrices have received increasing attention in the stone conservation research field, because they offer an effective multifunctional approach to the issue of stone protection. However, much work still has to be done in studying the behaviour of these nanocomposites in real environmental conditions and understanding to what extent they are able to retain their effectiveness and compatibility once applied on outdoor surfaces. The latter is a key information that should lie at the basis of any successful conservation and maintenance campaign. The present study provides insight into this relevant topic trough laboratory testing by assessing the artificial ageing of two silane-based photocatalytic nanocomposites, previously selected through an accurate testing on different natural stones. Three accelerated ageing procedures, based on artificial solar irradiation, heating and rain wash-out, allowed simulating about two years of outdoor exposure to some of the weathering factors to which stones are normally subjected. The results provided quite accurate information about the long-term behaviour of the products and on the role that the stone properties play therein. It was shown that, when the products are able to penetrate deeply enough inside the stone pores, they retain much of their hydrophobising and photocatalytic properties and maintain a good compatibility with the stone substrates, even after partial chemical degradation of the alkyl-silica matrices has occurred on the very stone surface.
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Shu, Hui, Ming Yang, Qiang Liu, and Maobin Luo. "Study of TiO2-Modified Sol Coating Material in the Protection of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage." Coatings 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020179.
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Coating materials can effectively protect stone-built cultural heritage and, as such, research into coating materials has gained comprehensive attention from researchers. The aim of this work is to prepare a TiO2-modified sol coating material (TSCM) and study its protective effects on stone-built cultural heritage. TSCM and pure TiO2 sol (p-sol, unmodified; for comparison) were applied evenly over the entire surface of stone samples. The prepared stone samples included untreated stone, stone treated with pure sol, and stone treated with TSCM. The protective effects of TSCM were evaluated by water absorption, water vapor permeability, acid resistance, and weather resistance experiments. The results show that stone treated with TSCM has excellent water absorption and water vapor permeability, strong acid resistance, and good weather resistance, compared with untreated stone or stone treated with p-sol. The acid resistance of stone treated by TSCM was 1.75 times higher than that treated with traditional coating materials. The weather resistance cycle number of stone treated by TSCM was four times higher than that treated with organic protective materials. These findings are expected to provide useful suggestions for the protection of stone-built cultural heritage.
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Svatovskaya, Larisa, Maxim Sychov, Vladislav Britov, and Ivan Drobychev. "Lithosynthesis in transport construction for geosphere protection." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901005.
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Geoecological problems of lithosphere protection in transport construction are of great importance nowadays. The article deals with the research of the new lithosynthesis technology which can be used for geosphere protection in transport construction. Lithosynthesis is a new method of geosphere purification by means of engineering structures and building materials. The main aim of the paper is to show a possibility to restore lithosphere using mineral artificial stones of different nature, e.g. foam concrete or phosphates. Both theoretical, namely thermodynamic, method and experimental one are used in the study. Two techniques of lithosynthesis are demonstrated in the paper. The first technique is to apply so-called the “stone sponge” to absorb pollutions and detoxicate them. The second technique is formation of the artificial phosphate stone to detoxicate pollutions during hardening. The level of concentration of heavy metal ions to be detoxicated by means of foam concrete lithoreactions is determined. The study suggests creation of a new lock surface, e.g. through sols’ use, after detoxication of pollutions.
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Kourai, Kenichi, Takeshi Azumi, and Shigeru Chiba. "Efficient and Fine-Grained VMM-Level Packet Filtering for Self-Protection." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 2 (April 2014): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014040105.
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In Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) clouds, stepping-stone attacks via hosted virtual machines (VMs) are critical for the credibility. This type of attack uses compromised VMs as stepping stones for attacking the outside hosts. For self-protection, IaaS clouds should perform active responses against stepping-stone attacks. However, it is difficult to stop only outgoing attacks at edge firewalls, which can only use packet headers. In this paper, we propose a new self-protection mechanism against stepping-stone attacks, which is called xFilter. xFilter is a packet filter running in the virtual machine monitor (VMM) underlying VMs and achieves pinpoint active responses by using VM introspection. VM introspection enables xFilter to directly obtain information on packet senders inside VMs. On attack detection, xFilter automatically generates filtering rules based on packet senders. To make packet filtering with VM introspection efficient, we introduced several optimization techniques. Our experiments showed that the performance degradation due to xFilter was usually less than 16%.
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Duan, Zhuoqi, Zaixin Xie, Bao Zhou, Xiaobo Yang, Heng-Yong Nie, and Yongmao Hu. "Natural Stones with a Self-Cleaning Surface via Self-Assembled Monolayers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 4771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094771.
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Heritage buildings and monuments are mostly made from natural stone, which undergoes irreversible decay under outdoor conditions. The main reason for the contamination, degradation, and cracking of natural stones is water and oil permeation. Hence, modifications on stones rendering their surface self-cleaning are effective for stone protection. Reported in this paper is the development of a bionic approach to enabling self-cleaning stone surface via growing self-assembled polydopamine (PDA) as the adhesive layer on the stone surface, followed by depositing Al2O3 nanoparticles derivatized by self-assembled monolayers of a fluorophosphonic acid (FPA). This approach ensured a robust surface modification that realized superhydrophobicity, as demonstrated on natural marbles, Hedishi, and Qingshi. The surface modification was thermally stable up to 400 °C.
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Foye, William O. "Sulfur Compounds in Therapy: Radiation-Protective Agents, Amphetamines, and Mucopolysaccharide Sulfation." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 9 (September 1992): 1144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600918.
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OBJECTIVE: Sulfur-containing compounds have been used in the search for whole-body radiation-protective compounds, in the design of amphetamine derivatives that retain appetite-suppressive effects but lack most behavioral effects characteristic of amphetamines, and in the search for the cause of kidney stone formation in recurrently stoneforming patients. METHODS: Organic synthetic procedures were used to prepare radiation-protective compounds having a variety of sulfur-containing functional groups, and to prepare amphetamine derivatives having electron-attracting sulfur functions. In the case of the kidney stone causation research, isolation of urinary mucopolysaccharides (MPS) from recurrently stoneforming patients was carried out and the extent of sulfation of the MPS was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Whole-body radiation-protective agents with a high degree of protection against lethal doses of gamma-radiation in mice were found in a series of quinolinium and pyridinium bis(methylthio) and methylthio amino derivatives. Mechanism studies showed that the copper complexes of these agents mimicked the beneficial action of superoxide dismutase. Electron-attracting sulfur-containing functions on amphetamine nitrogen, as well as 4'-amino nitrogen provided amphetamine derivatives with good appetite-suppressant effects and few or no adverse behavioral effects. Higher than normal levels of sulfation of the urinary MPS of stone formers suggested a cause for recurrent kidney stone formation. A sulfation inhibitor was found to prevent recurrence of stone formation and inhibit growth of existing stones. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of various sulfur-containing functions in organic molecules yielded compounds having whole-body radiation protection from lethal doses of gamma-radiation in animals. The presence of electron-attracting sulfur functions in amphetamine gave derivatives that retained appetite-suppressant effects and eliminated most adverse behavioral effects. A therapy for recurrent urolithiasis resulted from inhibition of MPS sulfation, after the finding that stoneforming patients had abnormally high levels of MPS sulfation.
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Karyasa, I. Wayan, I. Gede Putu Astawa, and I. Made Ardwi Pradnyana. "Mengembalikan Kejayaan Industri Kerajinan Cadas Silakarang di Kabupaten Gianyar melalui Penerapan Teknologi Cadas Termokromik Buatan." JPM (Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 6, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jpm.v6i1.5095.
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Covid-19 pandemi affects most of craft industries, including the formerly fabulous Silakarang stone’s arts and crafts located in the Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. Environmental issues regarding to river basin ecological protection along Ubud and Sukawati Districts, the mining of basaltic stones from the river banks was restricted strictly by the government. Thus, the natural stones resources for the Silakarang crafts became more difficult to afford. Hence, todays the Silakarang stone craftsmen are more and more dependent on the so-called white stone of Yogya from Java Island. Artificial stone, composing of volcanic ashes, rice husk ash silica-carbon nanocomposite, Portland cement could be the solution the problem. The addition of thermochromic natural inorganic pigment to the mixture could improve their color and performance of the artificial stones. The implementation of the thermochromic artificial stones technology to solve the stone crafts problem was conducted through community service using the participatory action and learning system approuch. As results, the artificial thermochromic stone crafts and arts products could be well accepted by costumers and it impacted to better selling of the stone crafts. The craftsmen gained better income and the Silakarang stone arts and crafts enterprises could better survive among the pandemic time.
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Lettieri, Mariateresa, Maurizio Masieri, and Mariaenrica Frigione. "Novel Nano-Filled Coatings for the Protection of Built Heritage Stone Surfaces." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020301.
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An experimental nano-filled coating, based on a fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, was applied on calcareous stones, representative of materials used in buildings and monuments of the Mediterranean basin; for comparison purposes, two commercial products were applied on the same substrates. The efficacy of the protective treatments was assessed by analyzing different characteristics of the three experimental/commercial products, i.e., color changes and permeability to water vapor to evaluate the treatments’ harmlessness; capillary water absorption and water stone contact angle to evaluate the protection against water ingress; oleophobicity of the treated surfaces and the behavior under staining by acrylic blue-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker to verify the anti-graffiti action. Finally, the properties of the treated stone surfaces were analyzed also after the application of pancreatin, used to simulate bird excreta (guano). The protective coatings were found to promote graffiti removal, reducing also the detrimental effects due to simulated guano. The experimental nano-filled product, in addition, was able to provide outstanding performance but using smaller amounts of product in comparison to commercial systems.
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Bergsland, Kristin J., Fredric L. Coe, Daniel L. Gillen, and Elaine M. Worcester. "A test of the hypothesis that the collecting duct calcium-sensing receptor limits rise of urine calcium molarity in hypercalciuric calcium kidney stone formers." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 4 (October 2009): F1017—F1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00223.2009.
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The process of kidney stone formation depends on an imbalance between excretion of water and insoluble stone-forming salts, leading to high concentrations that supersaturate urine and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) fluid. For common calcium-containing stones, a critical mechanism that has been proposed for integrating water and calcium salt excretions is activation of the cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on the apical membranes of IMCD cells. High deliveries of calcium into the IMCD would be predicted to activate CaSR, leading to reduced membrane abundance of aquaporin-2, thereby limiting water conservation and protecting against stone formation. We have tested this hypothesis in 16 idiopathic hypercalciuric calcium stone formers and 14 matched normal men and women in the General Clinical Research Center. Subjects were fed identical diets; we collected 14 urine samples at 1-h intervals during a single study day, and one sample overnight. Hypercalciuria did not increase urine volume, so urine calcium molarity and supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate rose proportionately to calcium excretion. Thus CaSR modulation of urine volume via IMCD CaSR activation does not appear to be an important mechanism of protection against stone formation. The overnight period, one of maximal water conservation, was a time of maximal stone risk and perhaps a target of specific clinical intervention.
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Barkhatova, Ekaterina, and Nikita Belomestnov. "Amber – Natural Wealth out of Criminal Protection." Legal Concept, no. 4 (December 2019): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2019.4.24.
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Introduction: amber, not being, in fact, a precious stone, is of great strategic importance, having a significant impact on the formation of the state economic policy in the field of regulating the circulation of natural resources. That is why amber is included in the list of strategic resources for the purposes of art. 2261 of the Criminal Code, and often is the subject of smuggling. Unique amber formations in cases stipulated by federal law are equated to precious stones. At the same time, the criminal law protection of amber from illicit trafficking is imperfect, which determined the purpose of the work – to develop recommendations for strengthening the criminal law protection of amber and unique amber formations as a strategically important resource. Methods: the methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, as well as a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which should be distinguished methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical, logical, specific sociological methods of knowledge. Conclusion: the authors have identified contradictions in federal legislation that impede the full-fledged criminal law protection of amber as a strategically important resource and in some cases a stone equivalent to a precious one. In addition, revealed contradictions concerning the subject of regulation of art. 191 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a whole. On the basis of criminological analysis, the economic importance of amber and unique amber formations, as well as the need to protect it from unlawful encroachment, is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the provisions of criminal law, as well as the Federal Law “On Precious Metals and Precious Stones”, the authors formulated proposals for improving the criminal law, which provides for liability for illegal trafficking in precious metals, natural gems or pearls.
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Li, Pengling, Fengxian Qiu, Xiaoying Zhang, Lili Wang, Qian Chen, and Dongya Yang. "Preparation and application of fluorinated-siloxane protective surface coating material for stone inscriptions." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0266.
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Abstract A series of fluorinated-siloxane protective surface coating materials (FPA/SiO2) were prepared with different contents of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and fixed content of siloxane. The properties of FPA/SiO2 protective materials were investigated by the methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra, UV-Vis spectrum, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface morphology and mineralogical analysis of the fresh and weathered stone samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The artificial ageing test, which was commonly used as a criterion for the evaluation of the protective ability of FPA/SiO2 coating material, was performed. The results indicate that when the content of DFMA is 30 wt.% and the content of SiO2 is 10 wt.%, the prepared coating material has good comprehensive performances. The artificial ageing test shows that the protective surface coating material has good compatibility with and similar appearance to stone relics. The effect of FPA/SiO2 protective coating material for protection of Jiaoshan Steles Grove (China) is noticeable and it can be widely applied to the protection of stone relics.
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Ciaramitaro, Veronica, Alberto Spinella, Francesco Armetta, Roberto Scaffaro, Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino, George Kourousias, Alessandra Gianoncelli, Eugenio Caponetti, and Maria Luisa Saladino. "A New Methodological Approach to Correlate Protective and Microscopic Properties by Soft X-ray Microscopy and Solid State NMR Spectroscopy: The Case of Cusa’s Stone." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 5767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135767.
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Hydrophobic treatment is one of the most important interventions usually carried out for the conservation of stone artefacts and monuments. The study here reported aims to answer a general question about how two polymers confer different protective performance. Two fluorinated-based polymer formulates applied on samples of Cusa’s stone confer a different level of water repellence and water vapour permeability. The observed protection action is here explained on the basis of chemico-physical interactions. The distribution of the polymer in the pore network was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy. The interactions between the stone substrate and the protective agents were investigated by means of solid state NMR spectroscopy. The ss-NMR findings reveal no significant changes in the chemical neighbourhood of the observed nuclei of each protective agent when applied onto the stone surface and provide information on the changes in the organization and dynamics of the studied systems, as well as on the mobility of polymer chains. This allowed us to explain the different macroscopic behaviours provided by each protective agent to the stone substrate.
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Peng, Meiman, Liqin Wang, Lang Guo, Jinyi Guo, Liping Zheng, Fuwei Yang, Zhuang Ma, and Xing Zhao. "A Durable Nano-SiO2-TiO2/dodecyltrimethoxysilane Superhydrophobic Coating for Stone Protection." Coatings 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2022): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101397.
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Water can trigger freeze–thaw cycles, acid rain corrosion, and microbial colonisation, all of which destroy stone. Water is one of the most influential factors in the destruction of outdoor stone heritage. Therefore, materials with excellent hydrophobic properties and durability are urgently required to effectively retard long-term stone weathering. In this study, two nanoparticles, TiO2 and SiO2, were used to modify dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS), a waterproof coating commonly used for stone heritage protection, to fabricate nanocomposite superhydrophobic coatings. The micromorphology, water repellence (water contact angle and capillary water absorption), suitability to protect stone heritage (color change and water vapor permeability), and durability (thermal, light, and chemical stability) of DTMS and nanocomposite coatings were evaluated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that adding 0.5% (w/w) SiO2 produced nanoscale roughness on the sandstone surface, leading to superhydrophobicity. The results of ultraviolet -visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer showed that adding 0.01% TiO2 shielded more than 90% of UV light but accelerated the decrease in the contact angle under UVA irradiation. The addition of SiO2 was able to avoid the detrimental effect of TiO2 under UV light. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that both SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles improved the thermal stability of the coatings. In particular, the fabricated nanocomposite coating, SiO2 and TiO2 co-modified DTMS, had excellent water repellence, low color change and outstanding durability, and retained about 85% of the water vapor permeability of the stone, showing promise for stone protection.
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Manoudis, P. N., I. Karapanagiotis, A. Tsakalof, I. Zuburtikudis, B. Kolinkeová, and C. Panayiotou. "Surface Properties of Superhydrophobic Coatings for Stone Protection." Journal of Nano Research 8 (September 2009): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.8.23.
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Superhydrophobic films are produced by a simple and low cost method. Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles are dispersed in solutions of Rhodorsil 224, a commercial poly(alkyl siloxane) which is used for the protection of outdoor cultural heritage objects, and the suspensions are sprayed on glass surfaces. It is shown that the siloxane-nanoparticle composite films prepared from dispersions of high particle concentrations (≥ 0.5% w/v) exhibit superydrophobic properties (high static contact angle and small hysteresis) which can be rationalized by the Cassie-Baxter model, according to quantitative measurements obtained by SEM images. Siloxane-nanoparticle films are then deposited (sprayed) on “Opuka”, a fine-grained argillite which was used for the restoration of the castle of Prague. It is shown that the treated stone surfaces exhibit superydrophobic properties, similar to the treated glass surfaces. The efficacy of the superhydrophobic films to protect Opuka is evaluated by performing water contact angle, water capillary absorption, water vapor permeability and colorimetric measurements. It is shown that the use of nanoparticles in the protective coating has a positive effect on the results of the aforementioned tests, except for the colorimetric measurements.
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Martín-Gil, J., M. C. Ramos-Sánchez, F. J. Martín-Gil, J. Martin-Gil, M. C. Ramos-Sanchez, and F. J. Martin-Gil. "Ancient Pastes for Stone Protection against Environmental Agents." Studies in Conservation 44, no. 1 (1999): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1506696.
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Martín-Gil, J., M. C. Ramos-Sánchez, and F. J. Martín-Gil. "Ancient pastes for stone protection against environmental agents." Studies in Conservation 44, no. 1 (January 1999): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1999.44.1.58.
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Xu, Feigao, and Dan Li. "Modification of HBA/D230 Polymer for Stone Protection." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 25, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 1304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0903-3.
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Zhang, Jin Lan, and Qian Lv. "Automatic Control System of Stone Sawing Machine Based on PLC and Human-Computer Interface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1417.
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This paper designs a PLC automatic control system in stone cutting. The author elaborated the stone cutting process, the system hardware/software design and the human-machine interface design process. This system is the collection of PLC, sensing detection, frequency converter, configuration control technology and advanced stone cutting process in an organic whole. The author designed optional automatic/manual function and parameters setting screen. The author added limit current protection and position protection, and designed function of automatic detecting cooling water shortage to protect the saw blade from damage. Also the designed equipment can automatic light and bell for alarm. Operation results show that, this system can meet the designed requirement, and can remarkably improve the quality of stone processing. This designed control system has high machining accuracy, high intelligence, full automation, perfect protection, friendly man-machine interface and simple operation.
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Voit, Klaus, Johannes Hron, Gerhard Frei, Renata Adamcova, and Oliver Zeman. "Mechanism and Internal Stability of Supportive Stone Constructions." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093175.
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Natural stone constructions for the protection of slopes, banks and riverbeds are widely used in infrastructure engineering. These structures are made of stacked natural stones, which can be placed loosely on top of each other. Additionally, their bond behavior can be improved by using concrete mortar to fill the joints between the stones. Although such structures are now widely used, there is still a need for research concerning their inner stability and the structural design of such protective stone structures. In this study, experimentally, investigations were made to determine the force transmission and the interaction between rock and concrete mortar by deriving characteristic values of the adhesion strength and friction angle at different scales. A method for the determination of shear parameters from direct shear testing is used, considering the interaction between vertical and horizontal forces in the joint. In the course of these investigations, the roughness of the rock surface was recorded using conventional visual methods using the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) as well as via laser imaging. By applying laser scanning, a theoretical roughness factor could be derived. Furthermore, the properties of the rocks of the concrete mortar (fresh and hardened concrete mortar properties as well as a durability characteristic) were investigated in detail. It could be shown that different types of concrete mortar result in different bond strengths—expressed as tensile and shear strengths—when applied to a stone surface. The roughness of the stone surface has a positive influence on the tensile and shear strength between the stone and the mortar. Based on the test results, a failure description based on the Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion could be determined, which can be used to calculate characteristic parameters for the design of stone support bodies. It was also shown that the stone’s compressive strength is being exceeded through load due to very punctual contact areas. Moreover, concrete mortar differs significantly from conventional concrete in terms of its mechanical properties due to the on-site installation conditions, which allow no dynamic compaction.
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Gorelick, Leonard, and A. John Gwinnett. "Minoan versus Mesopotamian Seals: Comparative methods of Manufacture." Iraq 54 (1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002485.
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In a previous article we reported a study of Ancient Mesopotamian cylinder seals. The purpose was to provide insights, based on experimental evidence for the change from stone to metal drills in seal manufacture. These findings were correlated to earlier research in which the proportion of medium and hard stone seals (Mohs 5–7) e.g. hematite, quartz, etc. to those of soft stones (Mohs 1–3) e.g. steatite, marble, etc. was documented. The time span encompassed the beginning of cylinder seal history at Uruk (4% medium and hard stone seals) at the end of the 4th millennium B.C. through the Sasanian period c. A.D. 200–600 (99% medium and hard stone seals). Inferences were drawn relating the tremendous increase in the proportion of hard stones to advances in the technology of hard stone seal manufacture. The growing fashion for hard stone seals was attributed to their desirability as status symbols as well as to economic factors. These findings and explanations in no way contradicted the important well documented multi-functional purpose of seals for legal, political, amuletic and funerary use as well as for the protection of property.The purpose of the present article is to provide comparable data for Minoan seals. We sought evidence for the following questions:(1) What was the proportion of medium and hard stone seals to soft stone seals during the time frame of Minoan history?(2) What were the tools and technology used for the manufacture of Minoan seals and how did these change over time?(3) What inferences might be drawn from this data to Minoan culture and history?(4) What comparisons could be made to Mesopotamian glyptic?
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Chobba, Marwa Ben, Maduka Lankani Weththimuni, Mouna Messaoud, Donatella Sacchi, Jamel Bouaziz, Filomena De Leo, Clara Urzi, and Maurizio Licchelli. "Multifunctional and Durable Coatings for Stone Protection Based on Gd-Doped Nanocomposites." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 11033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911033.
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The development of nanocomposite materials with multifunctional protective features is an urgent need in many fields. However, few works have studied the durability of these materials. Even though TiO2 nanoparticles have been extensively applied for self-cleaning effect, it displays a weak activity under visible light. Hence, in this study, pure and Gd-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (molar ratios of doping ions/Ti are 0.1 and 1) were synthesised, characterised, and then mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), used as a binder, in order to produce a homogenised thin film on a very porous stone substrate. To our knowledge, Gd-doped TiO2/PDMS protective coatings are studied for the first time for application on historic structures. The protective coatings developed in this work are intended to reduce the surface wettability of the stone and protect the historic stones from dye pollution and microorganism colonisation. Moreover, in this study, the durability of the developed nanocomposite was deeply studied to evaluate the stability of the coatings. Results confirmed that samples treated with the lowest concentrations of Gd ions (0.1 mol%) showed acceptable chromatic variations, a good repellent feature, acceptable water vapour permeability, good durability, the highest self-cleaning activity, and good inhibitory behaviour against microbial colonisation.
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Wen, Yaping, Huoliang Qing, Hui Shu, and Qiang Liu. "Evaluating the Protective Effects of Calcium Carbonate Coating on Sandstone Cultural Heritage." Coatings 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121534.
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The purpose of this work was to use different surfactants to deposit different crystalline calcium carbonate films on the surface of sandstone through a simple double displacement reaction. This was done to test the protective effects of calcium carbonate coatings based on water absorption, moisture permeability and weather resistance. Experimental results showed that the air permeability of the stone treated with vaterite calcium carbonate was reduced, but that this did not affect water vapor’s access into and out of the stone. Compared with untreated stone, the water absorption rate was reduced 0.5 times, and the weather resistance increased by 4 times due to small crystal grains, high solubility, and deep penetration hindering the erosion of water and soluble salts. These findings are expected to provide useful suggestions for the protection of stone cultural heritage.
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Fistos, Toma, Irina Fierascu, Mihaela Doni, Irina Elena Chican, and Radu Claudiu Fierascu. "A Short Overview of Recent Developments in the Application of Polymeric Materials for the Conservation of Stone Cultural Heritage Elements." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 6294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186294.
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Stones are ones of the most ancient natural materials exploited by humans, with different uses, from tools to buildings, that have endured over time in better conditions than other objects belonging to cultural heritage. Given the importance of those silent witnesses of our past, as well as our duty to preserve all parts of cultural heritage for future generations, much effort was put into the development of materials for their consolidation, protection, self-cleaning, or restoration. Protection of ancient stone monuments and objects has gained the interest of researchers in the last decades in the field of conservation of cultural heritage. In this respect, the present paper aims to be a critical discussion regarding potential polymeric materials, which can be used in restorative and conservative approaches for stone materials of cultural heritage importance, against physical degradation phenomena. Recent advances in this area are presented, as well as the current bottle-necks and future development perspectives.
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Li, Xu Hong. "Analyses of Pathological Changes of Lingnan Ancient Stone Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.99.
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Reasons of pathological changes of Lingnan ancient stone bridges are elaborated in this paper, classification of pathological changes and procedures of protection are discussed, methods of elimination of pathological changes and protection are also probed into. The purpose of this paper is to initiate people to have profound understanding to pathological changes of Lingnan ancient stone bridges to protect them in modernization strategy.
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Li, Feng Lan, and Qian Zhu. "Strength Development of Concrete with Proto-Machine-Made Sand." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1479.
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The proto-machine-made sand is a new artificial material for environmental protection with grain size smaller than 5 mm made of water cleaned crushed stones or gravels broken and separated by machines, in which the stone powder maintains as prototype and certain content by improving the production technology. The paper introduces a series of test results of grade C50 concrete mixed by proto-machine-made sand with stone powder in mass content of 3 %, 7 % and 13 %. Based on the cubic compressive strength of concrete at different ages of 3 d, 4 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, 56 d, 90 d, 120 d, 150 d and 180 d, the developing regularities of strength affected by the content of stone powder are analyzed, the formula for predicting the cubic compressive strength of concrete at any ages is proposed. It is proved that the effect of stone-powder in proto-machine-made sand on concrete strength is virtually different from that of the stone powder mixed with powdered mud in ordinary machine-made sand, and the limit value of stone powder content lower than 5 % is not suitable to proto-machine-made sand for mixing concrete with grade of C50.
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Shu, Hui, Yujian Song, Qiang Liu, and Maobin Luo. "The study of rod-shaped TiO2 composite material in the protection of stone cultural relics." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0034.
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AbstractTiO2 has many advantages, such as UV resistance, thermal stability, and antibacterial; the attention toward TiO2 composite materials (TCMs) is rapidly increasing in the protection of stone culture relics. An innovative rod-shaped TCM was synthesized in this study. The structure and morphology of TCM were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The acid resistance, weather resistance, hydrophilicity, and photocatalytic performance of TCM had been investigated. The experimental results indicated that TCM has good protection effects. The stone sample treated with TCM has stronger acid resistance and weather resistance, better hydrophilicity, and more excellent photocatalytic activity compared with the untreated stone. More importantly, the stone treated with TCM has better acid resistance and weather resistance than that treated with normal shaped TiO2 materials of the previous study. This work describes an effective way to protect stone cultural relics.
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Hoxha, Dashnor, Naima Belayachi, and Duc Phi Do. "On Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) Fatigue Damage of Historical Stone Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.36.
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The efficient conservation, restoration and protection of stone historical buildings could not be dissociated from the researches of mechanism of stone decays. While various mechanisms of stone degradations are considered and studied in previous studies, in this paper is focused on the cumulative damage modeling of wall stones due to the fatigue induced from quotidian fluctuations of thermal and hydric conditions. The thermoporomechanics theory of partially saturated media is used to describe the behavior of stone wall and its interaction with climatic conditions. Further, the effective stress concept firstly introduced by Terzaghi is extended for partially saturated media providing a quite powerful tool for design and analysis [. The behavior of a typical stone wall from Chambord castle (Center region of France) is then simulated, taking into account the heterogeneity of the stone-mortar contacts. The climatic conditions are introduced in the model as boundary conditions. The records of temperature and humidity from meteorological stations close to castle are used to establish time-variation of condition with a time resolution of 6 hours. From performed numerical analyses, it is shown that variation of temperature and relative humidity leads to the variation and fluctuation of effective stress in the stone, more intensively on the outdoor. The contact of stone with mortar is a natural stress concentration center, but even there the stress is much lower than tensile strength of the white tuffeau stone. The fatigue of the stone due to the stress fluctuation induced by the variations of meteorological conditions seems to be a major factor of stone degradation. A model is used to assess the cumulative damage of the stone wall as a function of the time.
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Liu, Qi Xia, Yong Hui Duan, and Jun Yan Deng. "Geological Protection Project of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.155.
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This paper starting with the analysis of weathering actuality of Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, combined with the result of geological hazard investigation of 3 caverns ( Qianxi temple, HuangPuGong cave and Lu hole ), divides the damage effects of Longmen Grottoes into mechanics effect, chemical effect and biology effect, then analyses the geological condition and the solution to protect caverns, and proposes a geological protection project for this kind of stone cultural relics. So as to this paper can provide reference to the similar stone cultural relics protection works.
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Suchorab, Zbigniew, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, and Henryk Sobczuk. "Moisture measurements of the chalk rock walls from Kazimierz Dolny with the application of TDR method." Budownictwo i Architektura 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2008): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2317.
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The article presents monitoring measurements of the physical parameters and mineralogical-petrographical composition analysis of the chalk rock from the Kazimierz Dolny region. The experiments involve the reflectometric techniques TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) as a perspective alternative in moisture determinations. The investigation domain was the stone from the Castle of Janowiec by the Vistula river, which walls indicate the progressive corrosion depending on external exposition and age. Other object of investigations was the stone from quarry in Kazimierz Dolny. Porosimetric examinations of the chalk rock from the southern and northern elevation of the castle indicate differences in structure changes of the stones. These differences influence different behaviour of the chalk rock during capillary rise of water and salt solutions. It is connected with the suitable matching of the conservation protection, wall protecting preparations which kind and application depend on porosimetric parameters of the material. The TDR method is applied as a good alternative of water transport measurement in porous building materials and other water parameters characterisig described material.
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Camaiti, Mara, Villiam Bortolotti, Yijian Cao, Alessandra Papacchini, Antonella Salvini, and Leonardo Brizi. "High Efficiency Fluorinated Oligo(ethylenesuccinamide) Coating for Stone." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040452.
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The protection of stone cultural assets is related to the transformation of the surface characteristic from hydrophilic to hydrophobic/superhydrophobic through the application of a coating. The suitability of a coating depends not only on its capability to dramatically change the surface wettability, but also on other parameters such as the modification of kinetics of water absorption, the permanence of vapor diffusivity, the resistance of the coating to aging and the low volatile organic compound emissions during its application. In this work, an oligo(ethylensuccinamide) containing low molecular pendant perfluoropolyether segments (SC2-PFPE) and soluble in environmentally friendly solvents was tested as a protective agent for historic stone artifacts. Magnetic resonance imaging and relaxometry were employed to evaluate the effects of the surface wettability change, to follow the water diffusion inside the rock and to study the porous structure evolution after the application of SC2-PFPE. A sun-like irradiation test was used to investigate the photo-stability of the product. The results demonstrate that the highly photo-stable SC2-PFPE minimizes the surface wettability of the stone by modifying the water sorptivity without significantly affecting its porous structure and vapor diffusivity. The improved performance of SC2-PFPE in comparison to other traditional coatings makes it a potential candidate as an advanced coating for stone cultural heritage protection.
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Jiang, Guan, Zhongju Feng, Ruixin Zhao, Fuchun Wang, Xiang Yu, Min Wu, and Zhengxu Zhang. "Case Study on Safety Assessment of Rockfall and Splash Stone Protective Structures for Secondary Excavation of Highway Slope." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1863845.
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Rockfall occurs on the excavation of the slope of highway resulting from excavated rock pieces. In order to solve the problem of rockfall protection during the disturbance of high slope secondary excavation, rockfall analysis program RocFall was used to perform inverse calculation for rockfall path of excavation disturbed rock. Based on a case study of a reconstruction and expansion project, two rockfall movement models were proposed under excavation disturbance. Moreover, the safety of protective structures under five protection schemes and different initial rockfall movement points is evaluated according to the rockfall interceptions rate. The evaluation results were further verified by long-term field observation. The results show that the protective structure at the slope top has a better interception effect to rockfall. It was difficult to intercept the splash stone, which threats to the traffic safety of the existing roads. According to different construction points of mechanical excavation and the interception rate of splash stone by the protective structure, the forbidden region and safety region of mechanical excavation were proposed.
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Voldina, Tatyana V. "The symbolic significance of bone, stone and metal in the context of traditional views of the Ob Ugrians on reincarnation." Finno-Ugric World 11, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.011.2019.01.032-044.
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The article continues the series of materials devoted to the problem of reincarnation in the traditional culture of the Ob Ugrians (“Finno-Ugric World”, “Bulletin of Ugric Studies” (2014–2018). The theme of reincarnation of the human soul is directly related to the question about the vital forces and their carriers. In traditional practices for determination whose “soul” reincarnated, the leading ones were the traditional divination and prediction of dreams, but also the attention was paid to the internal (character, preferences, etc.) and the external likeliness of a children to the reincarnated ancestor. It is not main, but very important parameter, confirming the correctness of the definition of the reborn “soul”. Part of the mythical traditions of the Khanty and Mansi is the so-called “bodily” magic, where special attention is paid to the bones (skeleton) as the basis of the human body. According to the bone structure, people could determine the fate and qualities of a person. Special attention was paid to the spine (or to the back), because the vitality of the human body depended on its strength. The safety and integrity of the skeleton was considered an important condition for subsequent reincarnation. Echoes of ancient beliefs can be found in the mythological texts about the ancestors and customs related to the bear cult. Relationship between the ideas about the bones with the worship of ancestral guardian spirits is universal. At the same time among the Ob Ugrians bones are also associated with stones. It explains sacralization of natural stone objects, in which “heroes of the past” have “turned”; a stone has generative, protective and deadly functions. The identity of bone and stone can be seen in folklore texts about heroes or miraculous arrows (bone and stone), which appear from the miracle stones, and these arrows are used by the heroes to defeat the supernatural creatures. Metal in its sacred functions is close to bone and stone. Metal products also symboliz a magical protection, ancestral spirits and the human soul (needle, knife, arrow tip).
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Roveri, M., F. Gherardi, S. Goidanich, D. Gulotta, V. Castelvetro, R. Fischer, L. Winandy, J. Weber, and L. Toniolo. "Self-cleaning and antifouling nanocomposites for stone protection: properties and performances of stone-nanomaterial systems." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 364 (June 2018): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/364/1/012070.
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Riederer, Josef. "Protection from weathering of building stone in tropical countries." Studies in Conservation 31, sup1 (January 1986): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1986.31.supplement-1.151.
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Manoudis, P. N., A. Tsakalof, I. Karapanagiotis, I. Zuburtikudis, and C. Panayiotou. "Fabrication of super-hydrophobic surfaces for enhanced stone protection." Surface and Coatings Technology 203, no. 10-11 (February 2009): 1322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.10.041.
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Skrebkov, G. P., K. A. Afim'ina, V. A. Mukin, and V. E. Korotkov. "Protection of underwater slopes by self-placement of stone." Hydrotechnical Construction 25, no. 5 (May 1991): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01423563.
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Pauliny, Pavol. "Stone in the Restoration of Architectural Heritage - Deterioration of Stone Structures Caused by Humidity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.140.
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Over the centuries, stone as the elementary building material has not only been the substance used for constructing buildings but also the subject of arts and crafts. Aesthetics of stone has come into use in the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque as well as architectural works implemented in the 19th and 20th century. The diversity of use but mostly the range of stone masonry and elements in the whole volume of our architectural heritage is forcing us to look for effective protection methods. The deterioration of stone structures most frequently encountered include undoubtedly the undesired water intrusion and dampness which ultimately precludes habitability of interiors, causes the loss of thermo-physical properties as well as static distortion of the object. There are multiple methods of excessive dampness rehabilitation, which are, however, in case of valuable and protected works of architecture, limited to technological procedures in compliance with the principles of heritage protection. On the case studies of redevelopment of the burgher house in Banská Štiavnica and the Prónay manor house in Lučenec, we will present the available methods of rehabilitation and determinants for utilisation of the selected method.
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Willett, M. J., E. L. Proebsting, and R. E. Redman. "Protecting Stone Fruit Flower Buds from Winter Freeze Damage." HortTechnology 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.1.16.
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Flower buds of peach, apricot, and sweet cherry are killed by low temperatures during winter and spring. Frost protection measures used commonly in the spring are applied to freeze protection during the winter in the Yakima Valley of Washington. Critical temperatures change rapidly during winter. To succeed, winter freeze protection requires adequate inversions, equipment that operates at temperatures below -15C, and reliable estimates of critical temperatures for flower bud survival. Observations and experience have shown that inversions develop on most critical winter nights. Wind machines and orchard heaters will operate under severe low-temperamre conditions. Winter freeze protection has been practiced successfully on an increasing scale in the Yakima Valley for more than 20 years. Five packinghouses operate laboratories to measure critical temperatures. A computer model that estimates critical temperatures from daily or hourly air temperatures is being incorporated into these estimates.
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Ziyaettin, Nejdet, Kübra Ekiz Barış, and Leyla Tanaçan. "EFFECT OF ALKOXYSILANE-BASED TREATMENT ON THE DURABILITY OF NORTH CYPRUS STONES FOR CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.1.179.
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ABSTRACT Limestones are generally vulnerable to various weathering effects, hence, protection and consolidation of them is necessary. Locally available limestones of Northern Cyprus have been used in both historical buildings dated back to the 16th century for conservation applications and new buildings mostly as a cladding material. However, certain decay patterns exist on these stones. In the current study, the service life of Cyprus stones was inspected. Alkoxysilane-based consolidation and protection treatments were applied on new quarried stones to enhance the stone properties and aged stones to conserve and protect the architectural heritage. Service life assessment was performed by applying accelerated aging tests on both new and aged stones before and after treatments. The treatments improved the physical, mechanical and durability properties of the stones in terms of unchanging the water vapor diffusion resistance factor, decreasing the porosity and the water absorption ratio, increasing the ultrasound pulse velocity, the compressive and the flexural strengths, and improving the resistance of the stones against wetting-drying, freeze-thaw, salt crystallization and SO2 vapour effects. The combination of consolidation and protection treatment (K2) was more efficient on the properties of the stones compared to only protection treatment (K1) due to the better penetration capacity, higher decreasing ratio of the porosity, and higher improvement of the physical, mechanical and durability properties. The treatments also improved the properties of the aged stones; thus, it may be inferred that treatment would benefit the conservation of historical buildings.
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Zhang, Haoming, Yue Qi, Xiaoting Xue, and Yahui Nan. "Ancient Stone Inscription Image Denoising and Inpainting Methods Based on Deep Neural Networks." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (December 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7675611.
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Chinese ancient stone inscriptions contain Chinese traditional calligraphy culture and art information. However, due to the long history of the ancient stone inscriptions, natural erosion, and poor early protection measures, there are a lot of noise in the existing ancient stone inscriptions, which has adverse effects on reading these stone inscriptions and their aesthetic appreciation. At present, digital technologies have played important roles in the protection of cultural relics. For ancient stone inscriptions, we should obtain more perfect digital results without multiple types of noise, while there are few deep learning methods designed for processing stone inscription images. Therefore, we propose a basic framework for image denoising and inpainting of stone inscriptions based on deep learning methods. Firstly, we collect as many images of stone inscriptions as possible and preprocess these images to establish an inscriptions image dataset for image denoising and inpainting. In addition, an improved GAN with a denoiser is used for generating more virtual stone inscription images to expand the dataset. On the basis of these collected and generated images, we designed a stone inscription image denoising model based on multiscale feature fusion and introduced Charbonnier loss function to improve this image denoising model. To further improve the denoising results, an image inpainting model with the coherent semantic attention mechanism is introduced to recover some effective information removed by the former denoising model as much as possible. The experimental results show that our image denoising model achieves better results on PSNR, SSIM, and CEI. The final results have obvious visual improvement compared with the original stone inscription images.
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Zhu, Zhaoyang, and Bo Zhang. "Study on the Protection Methods of Rockery in Classical Gardens." Frontiers in Science and Engineering 3, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fse.v3i2.3985.
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As an important cultural heritage, traditional garden stone rockery has attracted much attention. In recent years, with the frequent climate change and the intensification of the impact of human activities, the health status of traditional garden rockery has been declining. However, the corresponding technical means of health evaluation are still not systematic. Starting from the actual needs of rockery protection, this paper focuses on combing the relevant detection and analysis technologies from the aspects of materials and structural connection, and explores their applicability, in order to improve the protection level of traditional garden stone rockeries in Beijing.
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Roveri, Marco, Simona Raneri, Sabrina Bianchi, Francesca Gherardi, Valter Castelvetro, and Lucia Toniolo. "Electrokinetic Characterization of Natural Stones Coated with Nanocomposites for the Protection of Cultural Heritage." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091694.
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Protective coatings, in recent years also from nanocomposite formulations, are commonly applied onto architectural stone and stone artefacts, mainly to prevent absorption of condensed water and dissolved atmospheric pollutants into the porous stone structure. While standard protocols to assess a coating’s performance are available, understanding the response of the coating-stone system is a complex task, due to the interplay of various factors determining the overall behaviour. Characterization techniques allowing one to correlate the extent and nature of surface modification upon treatment with the most relevant physical properties (i.e., water absorption and surface wettability) are thus of great interest. Electrokinetic analysis based on streaming current measurements, thanks to its sensitivity towards even minor changes in the surface chemical composition, may fulfil such requirement. Indeed, by involving the interaction with a testing aqueous electrolyte solution, this technique allows one to probe not only the outer surface, but also the outermost layer of the pore network, which plays a crucial role in the interaction of the stone with condensed atmospheric water. In this work, a correlation was found between the extent of surface modification, as determined by streaming current measurements, surface wettability and capillary water absorption, for three lithotypes with different mineralogical and microstructural properties treated with two nanocomposite formulations (one water based and one in alcoholic solvent) containing organosilica precursors and titania nanoparticles.
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Maravelaki, Pagona-Noni, Kali Kapetanaki, and Dimitrios Stefanakis. "TEOS-PDMS-Calcium Oxalate Hydrophobic Nanocomposite for Protection and Stone Consolidation." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 4068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040224.
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A treatment for both protection and consolidation, was synthesized in a simplified procedure through the sol gel process. Synthesized nano-calcium oxalate (CaOx) was incorporated into tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), providing a hybrid hydrophobic consolidant nanocomposite. Oxalic acid was selected due to its ability to catalyse the hydrolysis of TEOS, as a drying control agent, but also because of its contribution at the formation of the calcium oxalate in reaction with calcium hydroxide. CaOx, incorporated into the silica matrix of the final copolymer, exhibits interfacial compatibility with the stone substrate and simultaneously strengthens the treated surface, since CaOx appears to be more stable than calcium carbonate. The hydrolysis of TEOS, as well as the formation of CaOx was evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). The nanocomposite consists of particles with approximately 7–700 nm in size range, as shown in TEM images. The consolidation, in combination with the hydrophobicity of surface resulted in an increase of the resistance to decay. Mechanical properties were enhanced as evaluated by ultrasonic pulse velocity on treated and untreated surfaces. Furthermore, water contact angle, as well as water absorption by capillarity test, showed improved water repellency of treated stones. Finally, this treatment doesn’t alter the aesthetic surface parameters, a fact that is essential in cultural heritage conservation, while the consolidant remains intact under UV and moisture exposure.
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Abd-elmagied, Mohamad Farouk, and Fahmy Salah Abd-elhaleem. "Design Aspects of Proposed Alternative Solutions for Tertiary Irrigation Canal." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.5.1330.
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This study presents a five alternative systems for the protection of old lined mesqas. The main causes of damages were identified and the hydraulic calculations for mesqas were carried out. The suggested technical alternatives for old lined mesqas were; 1- U-shape reinforced concrete section under the ground level; 2- U-shape reinforced concrete section above the ground level; 3- Reinforced concrete pipe mesqa; 4- Fiber reinforced concrete lined mesqa; and 5- Grouted stone pitched lined mesqa. The design aspects of these five alternatives were analyzed and deliberated. The most promising alternative for protecting old lined mesqas is fiber reinforced concrete lining. Also, the grouted stone pitched lined mesqas economically recommended.
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Abd-elmagied, Mohamad Farouk, and Fahmy Salah Abd-elhaleem. "Design Aspects of Proposed Alternative Solutions for Tertiary Irrigation Canal." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.5.1330.
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This study presents a five alternative systems for the protection of old lined mesqas. The main causes of damages were identified and the hydraulic calculations for mesqas were carried out. The suggested technical alternatives for old lined mesqas were; 1- U-shape reinforced concrete section under the ground level; 2- U-shape reinforced concrete section above the ground level; 3- Reinforced concrete pipe mesqa; 4- Fiber reinforced concrete lined mesqa; and 5- Grouted stone pitched lined mesqa. The design aspects of these five alternatives were analyzed and deliberated. The most promising alternative for protecting old lined mesqas is fiber reinforced concrete lining. Also, the grouted stone pitched lined mesqas economically recommended.
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Chiu, Ying-Chiao, Po-Han Chen, and Wen-Cheng Liao. "Empirical Study on Weather Resistance of White Artificial Stones in Subtropical Island Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031509.
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White building components, whether decorative or the overall structure, are susceptible to extreme weathering conditions, which affect the durability of the building’s external surface. In particular, white natural stone materials can provide buildings with beauty, durability, and sustainability, but this beauty is affected by key factors determining their weather resistance, namely physical properties such as porosity and acid and alkali resistances. As indicated by a past study, marble used as the exterior wall of a building in a similar environment will exhibit tarnishing after six months of weathering. Taiwan is a subtropical island, so the weather resistance of building materials to this environment is worthy of attention. As pointed out by the study, raw stone materials containing zirconium and silica can have greater weather resistance, do not easily change color, and possess good stress resistance properties. Focusing on this, this study attempted to identify stone materials with such compositions and sent samples to SGS (Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A., New Taipei City, Taiwan) for testing of weather resistance. This paper uses Spanish artificial stones for the study and observes the changes in the surface cleanliness on two buildings in Yilan County and Taipei in Taiwan after exposure to sun and rain. The experiments were conducted over two years. The study results showed that the artificial stones displayed no change in outward appearance under both rainy and acid rain environments. In Yilan, construction of an exterior wall was carried out in February 2018. The exterior wall used the white artificial stone directly from the manufacturer, and the black artificial stone with added paint for stone protection. After two months, the black artificial stone covered with paint exhibited a change in color and stains appeared on the surface, while the white artificial stone not covered with paint maintained the same cleanliness after two years. In Taipei, white Spanish artificial stone was used for the exterior wall of an entire building block in February 2020. After the frame was dismantled in September 2020, the color was found to be unaffected, being as pure white as it was when new. Therefore, this study selected Spanish artificial stone for the design of a building’s exterior wall, as the cleanliness of the stone surface is not affected and it has good applicability in rainy and acid rain island environments.
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Peng, Qian-Long, Chuang-Ye Li, Yao-Wang Zhao, Xin-Yuan Sun, Hong Liu, and Jian-Ming Ouyang. "Protective Effect of Degraded Porphyra yezoensis Polysaccharides on the Oxidative Damage of Renal Epithelial Cells and on the Adhesion and Endocytosis of Nanocalcium Oxalate Crystals." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (March 3, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6463281.
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The protective effects of Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharides (PYPs) with molecular weights of 576.2 (PYP1), 105.4 (PYP2), 22.47 (PYP3), and 3.89 kDa (PYP4) on the oxidative damage of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells and the differences in adherence and endocytosis of HK-2 cells to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals before and after protection were investigated. Results showed that PYPs can effectively reduce the oxidative damage of oxalic acid to HK-2 cells. Under the preprotection of PYPs, cell viability increased, cell morphology improved, reactive oxygen species levels decreased, mitochondrial membrane potential increased, S phase cell arrest was inhibited, the cell apoptosis rate decreased, phosphatidylserine exposure reduced, the number of crystals adhered to the cell surface reduced, but the ability of cells to endocytose crystals enhanced. The lower the molecular weight, the better the protective effect of PYP. The results in this article indicated that PYPs can reduce the risk of kidney stone formation by protecting renal epithelial cells from oxidative damage and reducing calcium oxalate crystal adhesion, and PYP4 with the lowest molecular weight may be a potential drug for preventing kidney stone formation.