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Academic literature on the topic 'STONE PEBBLES'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "STONE PEBBLES"

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Jiao, Shuang Jian, Shuai Wang, and Yong Guo. "Research on Properties of Coastal Natural Spherical Aggregate Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1810.

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Our country has a long coastline and there are a lot of natural pebbles in coastal region. Applying natural pebbles in concrete is of great engineering significance and prospect. To measure the performance of coastal natural pebbles concrete and study the effect of aggregate on concrete properties, this article put forward a new comparison conditionthe same slump constant and cement dosage based on properties of coastal natural pebbles concrete and crushed stone concrete. Prepare different strength concrete under this condition. The compressive strength of pebble concrete is 100.5%110.7% times of stone concrete. The bending strength and fatigue strength are 97.8%108.1%, 135.8%176.6% respectively. This explains good static and fatigue properties of coastal natural pebbles. Pebble concrete has significant fatigue strength advantages in cement concrete pavement and concrete member under dynamic loading.
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Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić, and Nikola Grgić. "Shake Table Study on the Efficiency of Seismic Base Isolation Using Natural Stone Pebbles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1012527.

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The results of a shake table study of the efficiency of a seismic base isolation using a layer of natural stone pebbles are presented. Models of stiff and medium-stiff buildings were tested. Case studies were conducted with the foundation of model on the rigid base and on four different layers of pebbles (thin and thick layer with small and large pebbles). Four different horizontal accelerograms were applied, and the characteristic displacements, accelerations, and strains were measured. Strains/stresses of the tested models remained in the elastic area. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the stone pebble layer under the foundation, i.e., the reduction in the seismic forces and stresses in the structure compared to the classical solution of foundation, significantly depends on the type of the applied excitation and depends relatively little on the layer thickness and pebble fraction. The results of the study showed that a layer of pebbles can significantly reduce the peak acceleration and strains/stresses of the model, with acceptable displacements. Further research is expected to confirm the effectiveness of this low-cost and low-tech seismic base isolation and to pave the way to its practical application.
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Silva-Gago, María, Flora Ioannidou, Annapaola Fedato, Timothy Hodgson, and Emiliano Bruner. "Visual Attention and Cognitive Archaeology: An Eye-Tracking Study of Palaeolithic Stone Tools." Perception 51, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211069504.

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The study of lithic technology can provide information on human cultural evolution. This article aims to analyse visual behaviour associated with the exploration of ancient stone artefacts and how this relates to perceptual mechanisms in humans. In Experiment 1, we used eye tracking to record patterns of eye fixations while participants viewed images of stone tools, including examples of worked pebbles and handaxes. The results showed that the focus of gaze was directed more towards the upper regions of worked pebbles and on the basal areas for handaxes. Knapped surfaces also attracted more fixation than natural cortex for both tool types. Fixation distribution was different to that predicted by models that calculate visual salience. Experiment 2 was an online study using a mouse-click attention tracking technique and included images of unworked pebbles and ‘mixed’ images combining the handaxe's outline with the pebble's unworked texture. The pattern of clicks corresponded to that revealed using eye tracking and there were differences between tools and other images. Overall, the findings suggest that visual exploration is directed towards functional aspects of tools. Studies of visual attention and exploration can supply useful information to inform understanding of human cognitive evolution and tool use.
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Korneva, T. V. "Geometric Images on Pebbles and Stone Tablets in the Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia: Comparative Analysis and Possibilities of Interpretation." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 41 (2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2022.41.57.

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This study is devoted to geometric images (also called “abstract” and “non-figurative”) on pebbles and stone tablets that are represented in the context of cave and open Paleolithic sites of Europe and Russia. Terms such as “geometric image” and “symbolic image” reflect different approaches to the study of non-figurative images - morphological and semiotic. Geometric images chronologically appeared earlier than figurative ones: the first evidence of nonutilitarian activity in the form of notches and strokes is known at the sites of the Acheulean time, and for the Middle Paleolithic their number reached several dozen. With the onset of the Upper Paleolithic, the heyday of Paleolithic art begins. Since the Magdalenian, there has been a sharp development of non-figurative art, which reached its apogee in the final Paleolithic. It was during this period that Azil pebbles appeared, and geometric images on stones became serial and standardized, primarily in Western Europe. Pebbles and stone tablets with signs are found on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe, the Urals and Siberia, up to Kamchatka. Some geometric images are found both in mobile and in rock art, but in most cases, it is impossible to consider the signs separately from the object on which they are applied. Pebbles and stone tablets are usually decorated with different motifs. They existed in different contexts and cultures: tablets were more often used as a base in the Magdalenian, and pebbles – in the Azilian. They probably had different meanings and were created for different purposes. The technique of image creation was also important: it is no accident that drawings made with paint rarely have analogies among engraved images, even within the one site. The application of the semiotic approach allows us to identify groups of images that can be considered elements of sign systems. The Azilian pebbles of Western Europe can be attributed to the sign systems. Stone objects with geometric images from Eastern Europe and Siberia do not form such a unity: they are represented by single artifacts, diverse in morphology, age, technique and the type of the stone object. Some objects found at the sites of the Northern Asia, from the Urals to Kamchatka, show similarities with European artifacts. However, such examples are rare, and similar stones with geometric images were found at sites very remote from each other, so it is too early to draw conclusions about their relationship.
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Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić, and Nikola Grgić. "Geotechnical Seismic Isolation System Based on Sliding Mechanism Using Stone Pebble Layer: Shake-Table Experiments." Shock and Vibration 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9346232.

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Using a shake-table, the effects of several stone pebble layer parameters (the layer thickness, the fraction of pebbles, the pebble compaction, the pebble moisture, the vertical contact stress below the foundation, and the effect of repeated excitations) on layer aseismic efficiency were investigated. For each considered parameter, a model of a rigid building on an aseismic layer was exposed to four different accelerograms, with three levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA), while all other layer parameters were kept constant. For each test, the characteristic displacements and accelerations were measured. Based on the test results, the main conclusions regarding the effect of the considered parameters on the effectiveness of the adopted aseismic layer are given.
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NOVICHIKHIN, A. M. "Stone Weights from Gorgippia." Ancient World and Archaeology 19 (December 18, 2019): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0320-961x-2019-19-367-375.

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Two stone weights, which are large rounded stones (pebbles) with signs applied to them, found in archaeological excavation of Gorgippia Weights belong to the Hellenistic time. The first weight with the inscription ΤΡΕΙΣ (three) weighing 1 518 g corresponds to three mines of the Persian weight system. The second weigh weighing 5 730 g has a sign Μ (40), indicating the weight of fortythirds of the mines of the Euboean-Attic weight system. The monogram ΠΑ on the opposite side of the stone may evidence, that the weight indicated on it was approved by the corresponding magistracy in Panticapaeum.
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Rose, Jeffrey I. "New Evidence for the Expansion of an Upper Pleistocene Population out of East Africa, from the Site of Station One, Northern Sudan." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304000137.

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Evidence for a hunter-gatherer range-expansion is indicated by the site of Station One in the northern Sudan, a surface scatter of chipped stone debris systematically collected almost 40 years ago, though not studied until present. Based on technological and typological correlates in East Africa, the predominant use of quartz pebbles for raw material, and the production of small bifacial tools, the site can be classified as Middle Stone Age. While often appearing in East African assemblages, quartz was rarely used in Nubia, where ferrocrete sandstone and Nile pebble were predominantly used by all other Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone Age populations. Additionally, façonnage reduction is characteristic of lithic technology in East Africa in the late Middle Stone Age, while Middle Palaeolithic industries in the Nile Valley display only core reduction. It is proposed this assemblage represents a range-expansion of Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers from East Africa during an Upper Pleistocene pluvial.
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Shen, Yinlan, Xingchen Yan, Hui Liu, Guofang Wu, and Wei He. "Enhancing the In-Plane Behavior of a Hybrid Timber Frame–Mud and Stone Infill Wall Using PP Band Mesh on One Side." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040773.

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Traditional village dwellings in China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls represent an important part of cultural heritage and civilization. Due to the lack of an effective link between the wood frame and the infill and the poor cohesiveness of clay, the masonry infill can collapse during an earthquake, whereas the wood frame suffers minimal damage. In this study, current retrofitting techniques for village buildings were investigated and discussed. A method using polypropylene (PP) band mesh and cement mortar to retrofit the timber frame with a mud and stone infill was proposed and the connection construction details were designed. In-plane static cyclic tests were conducted on two full-scale wood–stone hybrid walls reinforced on one side with different grid sizes of the PP band mesh. The failure behaviors of the reinforced and non-reinforced sides of the specimens were compared, and the failure mechanics and seismic capacity of the two specimens, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results were also compared with those of a previous frame with stone infill without pebbles and no reinforcement. The study indicated that the retrofitting method strengthened the integrity and lateral resistance of the hybrid structure and prevented the collapse of the stone infill of the reinforced surface in a plane earthquake. The grid size of the PP band mesh substantially affected the lateral performance of the reinforced specimens. The hybrid wall with the narrow PP band mesh grid (150 mm × 150 mm) had a higher lateral stiffness (79%) and lateral capacity (50%) than the wall with the wide grid (250 mm × 250 mm). However, the narrow PP band mesh resulted in a lower ductility of the wall than the wide PP band mesh. The involvement of pebbles in the stone infill led to collapses sooner and a weaker lateral resistance than in the structure without pebble infill.
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Sorrentino, Giusi, Laura Longo, Theodor Obada, Alessandro Borghi, Alessandro Re, Marco Paggi, and Alessandro Lo Giudice. "Tracing Old Gestures: A Multiscale Analysis of Ground Stone Tools Developed on Sequential Lab-Controlled Replicative Experiments." Heritage 6, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 4737–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060252.

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This article presents an analytical procedure developed to replicate, document, and analyse the formation and evolution of use-wear traces on task-specific ground stone tools. The purpose of this study is to build a reference collection for wear patterns that occurred during the processing of vegetal resources, specifically those compatible with the MIS 3 period. To create the collection, riverine slabs and pebbles were utilised and various aspects related to their use in the transformation of aerial and underground plant organs were explored. Moreover, the feasibility of using perishable supports, such as a wooden base, for processing tasks was examined. The experiments explored the transformation of pebble stone surfaces during repeated cycles of processing plant organs by monitoring and recording the features at fixed intervals. Several variables that affect the surface texture, morphology, distribution, and extent of use-wear traces are identified and discussed. The influential factors under control included the petrographic and morphological characteristics of the unused stones, the type and amount of transformed vegetables, and the duration of the process, as well as monitoring human factors. The documentation strategy applied at various stages of the experiment was found to be suitable for tracing the cumulative development of wear. The replicative collection was tailored to the morphological and petrographic characteristics of the ground stone tools retrieved from the level attributed to the Prut River culture of Brînzeni I, a cave site located in NW Moldova.
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Choudhary, Sandeep, and Nupoor Dewangan. "A Review-on Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pervious Concrete by Various Shape and Sizes of Aggregate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44040.

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Abstract: A mixture of concrete and a water level of 0.35. Normally flowing concrete has little or no aggregate and has just enough cement to cover the coarse particles while maintaining the voids. In this paper the effects of aggression combined on concrete compression strength and PC stiffness, cubes were studied using experiments. The coarse aggregate shape used by the flaky is a penetrating effect but also reduces the power of the PC. cubes tossed using standard size, 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm green stones, pebbles and standard collections. It is well known that different types of mixing produce different levels of performance when applied to concrete mixes of given mixes and water / cement ratios. Flaky is a term used for flat and thin aggregates in terms of their width and height. Weak ratings will reduce the performance of the concrete mix and may affect long-term durability. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration. Keywords: No fines concrete, Pervious concrete, Pebbles, flaky and elongates aggregate.
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Books on the topic "STONE PEBBLES"

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Qibin, Zhao, ed. Zhongguo yu hua shi jian shang yu yan jiu: Appreciation and research of Chinese Yuhua stone. Beijing: Wen wu chu ban she, 2007.

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Les galets utilisés au Paléolithique supérieur: Approche archéologique et expérimentale. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1997.

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ill, Grell Susi, ed. Malinda Martha and her skipping stones. Los Altos Hills, Calif: Images Press, 1999.

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Clare, Beaton, ed. A pocketful of games with stones. London: Hippo, 1985.

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Piedra: Miremos unas piedritas. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2006.

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Pebbles on the path and stones in my shoe. Pittsburgh, Pa: RoseDog Books, 2010.

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Schaefer, Jerome. Prehistoric lithic procurement and land use on the pebble terraces of the Mule Mountains near Palo Verde, Riverside County, California. Denver, Colo: Bureau of Land Management, 1985.

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Kaufman, Herbert L. Pebbles on the Stone. Xlibris Corporation, 2002.

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Peters Pebbles. Top That! Publishing Ltd, 2013.

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Royston, Angela. Rock (Read & Learn: Material Detectives). Raintree Publishers, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "STONE PEBBLES"

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Godlewski, Włodzimierz. "Mosaic floor from the sanctuary of the EC.II cathedral in Dongola." In Classica Orientalia. Essays presented to Wiktor Andrzej Daszewski on his 75th Birthday, 193–98. DiG Publisher, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/pcma.uw.dig.9788371817212.pp.193-198.

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One of the civilizational innovations brought to Dongola, the capital of the rising Nubian Kingdom of Makuria, located in what is today central Sudan, was the art of laying mosaics. However, it seems to have been a one off undertaking, the whim of a bishop in the second half of the 7th century. Two floors have been excavated to date, both pebble mosaics with geometric black patterns against a white background (one in the eastern end of the nave of the EC.II Cathedral in the lower town and the other in a small three-aisled basilica on the outskirts, referred to as MC.II), both locally made out of stone pebbles collected locally. The art did not take root among the local craftsmen and gave way to technically easier and functionally more practical ceramic-tile pavements used prolifically in later Dongola.
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"pebble (stone)." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 971. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_160558.

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"pebble stone, n." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/6773586064.

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Brück, Joanna. "Object biographies." In Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.003.0006.

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In September 1886, John and Richard Mortimer excavated a large barrow at Garton Slack, East Yorkshire (Mortimer 1905, 229). At the centre of the barrow lay the inhumation burial of a young adult male. A flint knife, a clay button, and two lumps of yellow ochre had been arranged behind his head; at his left hand were two quartz pebbles and fragments of two boar’s tusks, while the scapula of a pig had been laid on top of his ribs. One detail of this burial seems particularly alien to contemporary eyes, however. When the body had begun to decompose, his mandible was removed and placed carefully on his chest, and a miniature Food Vessel inserted into his mouth. Here, a pot replaced an element of the human self and the physical boundary between person and object was elided: the open mouths of both pot and body worked as channels through which relationships flowed in processes of communication and commensality. This chapter will explore the relationship between people and objects in the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age saw the introduction of new technologies, notably metalworking, which had a significant impact on concepts of personhood and identity. A greater diversity of materials was employed than in previous centuries, including visually striking substances such as amber and faience, while more ‘mundane’ materials such as bone were used to make a new and wider variety of objects, particularly during the later part of the period. Such objects were incorporated into new contexts too, notably settlements and burials, and our interpretation of these finds—especially those from burials and hoards—has had a significant impact on our understanding of the period. We will start by examining objects from Early Bronze Age contexts, focusing in particular on burials, before moving on to consider what technologies such as metalworking and cloth production can tell us about the construction of concepts of the self in the Middle and Late Bronze Age. During the early part of the period, artefacts such as copper-alloy daggers, bone pins, pottery vessels, and stone tools were buried with the dead.
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Toth, Nicholas, and Kathy Schick. "Insights into the Cognitive Abilities of Oldowan and Acheulean Hominins." In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology, C30S1—C30S16. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192895950.013.30.

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Abstract This chapter incorporates a personal retrospective on the authors’ development of experimental and other comparative approaches in researching the behavioral and cognitive evolution of early tool-making hominins. Over the past four decades, the authors have conducted experimental archaeological and other actualistic research bearing on the technology, adaptation, behavioral patterns, and cognitive complexity of Early Stone Age hominins in Africa and Eurasia (~2.5–0.5 million years ago). This research has primarily focused on the Oldowan Industrial Complex (Mode 1 or “pebble tool” industries) and the Acheulean Industrial Complex (Mode 2 or “handaxe and cleaver” industries). This actualistic research has included experimental replicative and functional studies of early stone artifacts, geoarchaeological investigations of site formation processes, teaching modern African apes (bonobos) to make and use stone tools, ethnoarchaeology, and brain imaging studies.
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Chen, Hong, Jiying Liu, Xinmin Xu, and Huiru Lian. "A Macroscopic Perspective on Lithic Technology and Human Behavior during Pleistocene in Zhejiang Province, Southeastern China." In Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93821.

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Paleolithic archeological remains were not reported from Zhejiang until 2002. Up to now, over 70 Paleolithic sites and/or localities have been recovered through a series of surveys mainly in the north part of Zhejiang. An overview of the Paleolithic record and archeological sequence in this region during the Early to Late Pleistocene are present from a macroscopic perspective in this article, as well as the brief introduction of lithic technology and human adaptation in south China. In general, the lithic assemblages in Zhejiang represent the features of Pebble Industry in south China and show a trend of reduction on the size of stone artifacts since the Late Paleolithic. It is presumed that prehistoric humankind has shown the behavioral strategies as followed: a) exploited local raw material; b) the utilization of core and the degree of proficiency in knapping have been improved gradually; c) the retouching focused on the areas of edges; and d) preferred to use sharp edges of tools.
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Maurizio, Lisa. "A Reconsideration of the Pythia’s Use of Lots." In Ancient Divination and Experience, 111–33. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844549.003.0005.

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This chapter interrogates the visual, material, and literary evidence used to support the argument that the Pythia used lots (stones, pebbles, beans, or other) at Delphi. In particular, it considers recent ethnographic descriptions of divinatory practices to challenge two scholarly assumptions that drive interpretation of this material. The first is that aleatory forms of divination at Delphi affirmed or denied a client’s question, and thus constrained or limited oracular responses. The second assumption is that ancient written records of Delphic divination are adequate guides to divinatory exchanges at Delphi. Recent ethnographic studies demonstrate that divinatory sessions, including those that incorporate the use of aleatory devices, are lengthy and even combative, and that most written descriptions of such sessions in earlier ethnographic literature omit details and are best understood as brief summaries. This review of the ancient evidence for the use of lots at Delphi, alongside such recent ethnographic studies, suggest the need for a renewed scrutiny of the relationship between ancient written accounts and divinatory sessions at Delphi and the notion that the goal of divinatory dialogues is to obtain as quickly as possible a simple, brief answer (such as an aleatory device is imagined to provide) to the complex and troubling problems that motivate divination.
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Adeoye, Blessing F., and E. B. Anyikwa. "The Era of Digital Technology in Teaching and Learning in African Universities." In Effects of Information Capitalism and Globalization on Teaching and Learning, 36–47. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6162-2.ch003.

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Technology for teaching and learning has transformed from its crudest form of communicating with stones, pebbles, and skin to modern day technology devices such as filmstrips, projected media, m-learning, and e-learning. This has brought immense change into higher institutions of learning in Africa. This change has brought a revolution in teaching and learning and the roles of universities in producing lifelong learners. A wide range of technology devices and their applications are outlined, ranging from multimedia to radio broadcasting with policies related to ICT applications in different African universities, showing the level of information capitalism, access, and quality of higher education in Africa. Even though low teledensity, inadequate supply of electricity, low funding, and high level of poverty are some of the challenges generally faced by African universities, it is recommended that ICT policies across African universities need to be revitalized. In addition, there is a need to provide sufficient computing facilities and specialized facilities like multimedia laboratories to enable e-content generation. Finally, teaching and learning can be made available to thousands of students in Africa when universities are operating 24-7 online tutorials as a result of ICT and other technological developments. This is explored in this chapter.
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Price, T. Douglas. "The First Europeans." In Europe before Rome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914708.003.0005.

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The story of our human ancestors is a fascinating, but fragmentary, tale. There are lots of missing pages in the book. The further back we go in time, the less evidence is available and the more conjecture is required to fill in the gaps. Our oldest arguably human ancestors are found mostly in East and South Africa, resemble our ape family relatives, and date to more than 6 mya (million years ago). These individuals walked on two feet, the first step on the path to becoming human. Fossils of our ancient ancestors are diagnosed as to genus and species, a dual scientific designation in Latin; a wide range of names have been applied. We modern humans are Homo sapiens. Some of our earliest relatives have species names such as Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, and many others. These names are often more confusing than enlightening for anyone but the experts. To make a long story short, there appear to have been several early humanlike ancestors and the exact relationships among them are not clear. These individuals walked on two legs, had relatively small brains, did not use tools, and were largely vegetarian. Sometime around 2.5 mya, however, a clearer line of human evolution emerged with the appearance of the first members of our own genus, Homo, again in East Africa. This area is the center for most of the current research on early human ancestors. There are fossil-containing geological deposits from the appropriate time periods. Many of the earliest human remains have been found in this region. The first Homo is subtitled habilis, or tool-using human. At about this same time, the first evidence for the manufacture of simple stone tools comes to light. These so-called pebble tools provided a cutting edge for a creature that lacked sharp teeth and claws. Stone tools may have afforded better access to meat for these individuals, whose brains began to grow from ape toward human in size. Shortly after 2 mya a new species, Homo ergaster, emerged in Africa and our evolutionary story started to change dramatically.
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"the context of evidence from other spheres. This evidence of manipulation may correspond to increasing concern with the production of corporate descent groups, lineages or other communities or sub-groups as suggested by Robb (1994a: 49ff) for southern Italy and by others dealing with the Neolithic elsewhere (e.g. Chapman 1981 ; Thomas & Whittle 1986). This suggests different spatialities to those described for the earlier Epipalaeolithic burials, as does the evidence in much of Neolithic southern Italy for separation of activities such as not only the procurement but also the consumption of wild animals. Remains of these are extremely rare at most settlement sites, but evidenced at other locations whether associated with 'cults' e.g. the later Neoltihic (Serra d'Alto) hypogeum at Santa Barbara, (PUG: Geniola 1987; Whitehouse 1985; 1992; 1996; Geniola 1987), or at apparently more utilitarian hunting sites e.g. Riparo della Sperlinga di S. Basilio (SIC: Biduttu 1971; Cavalier 1971). One interpretation may wish to link these to newly or differently gendered zones or landscapes (see below). ART, GENDER AND TEMPORALITIES In southern Italy there is a rich corpus of earlier prehistoric cave art, parietal and mobiliary, ranging from LUP incised representations on cave walls and engraved designs on stones and bones; probable Mesolithic incised lines and painted pebbles; and Neolithic wall paintings in caves (Pluciennik 1996). Here I shall concentrate on two caves in northwest Sicilia; a place where there is both LUP (i.e. from c. 18000-9000 cal. BC) and later prehistoric art, including paintings in caves from the Neolithic, perhaps at around 6000 or 7000 years ago. These are the Grotta Addaura II, a relatively open location near Palermo, and the more hidden inner chamber of the Grotta del Genovese on the island of Levanzo off north west Sicilia. These are isolated, though not unique examples, but we cannot talk about an integrated corpus of work, or easily compare and contrast within a widespread genre, even if we could assign rough contemporaneity. Grotta dell'Addaura II Despite poor dating evidence for the representations at this cave, material from the excavations perhaps suggests they are 10-12000 years old (Bovio Marconi 1953a). Many parts of the surface show evidence of repeated incision, perhaps also erasure as well as erosion, producing a palimpsest of humans and animals and other lines, without apparent syntax. Most of the interpretations of this cave art have centred on a unique 'scene' (fig. 3) in which various masked or beaked vertical figures surround two horizontal ones, one (H5) above the other (H6), with beak-like penes or penis-sheaths, and cords or straps between their buttocks and backs. These central figures could be flying or floating, and have been described as 'acrobats'. Bovio Marconi (1953a: 12) first suggested that the central figures were engaged in an act of homosexual copulation, but later preferred to emphasise her suggestion of acrobatic feats, though still connected with a virility ritual (1953b). The act of hanging also leads to penile erection and ejaculation; and in the 1950s Chiapella (1954) and Blanc (1954; 1955) linked this with human sacrifice, death and fertility rites. All of these interpretations of this scene are generally ethnographically plausible. Rituals of masturbation (sometimes of berdaches, men who lived as women) are recorded from North America, where the consequent dispersal of semen on ground symbolised natural fertility (Fulton & Anderson 1992: 609, note 19). In modern Papua New Guinea ritual fellatio was used in initiation ceremonies as a way of giving male-associated sexual power to boys becoming men (Herdt 1984) and this ethnographic analogy has been used by Tim Yates (1993) in his interpretation of rock art in Scandinavia, which has figures with penes, and figures without: he argues in a very unFreudian manner that to be penis-less is not necessarily a female prerogative." In Gender & Italian Archaeology, 76–86. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315428178-18.

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Conference papers on the topic "STONE PEBBLES"

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Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić, and Nikola Grgić. "Seismic base isolation using a layer of natural stone pebbles." In Common Foundations 2018 - uniSTem: 6th Congress of Young Researchers in the Field of Civil Engineering and Related Sciences. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31534/co/zt.2018.01.

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RAVICHANDRAN, Lenin, Dmitrijs RUSOVS, Thottipalayam Vellingri ARJUNAN, Selvaraj VIJAYAN, and Murugesan MATHESWARAN. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BRACKISH WATER DISTILLATION IN SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE MATERIALS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.086.

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Solar distillation is one of the important methods of getting clean water from brackish and seawater using the renewable energy of the sun. The passive type solar still represent most economical method to supply drinking water for domestic applications for decentralized level. Experimental measurements of solar distillation productivity for single slope still were conducted at the testing field of the Mechanical Engineering department, Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. The influence of basin water quantity and amount of energy storage materials are examined and the performance is compared. The target of this research is to find best way to keep the excess heat by energy storage materials and release it during off-sunshine hours for increment in distillate output and efficiency. Various sensible heat energy storage materials like pebbles, blue metal stone, red brick, granites and white marbles were used as energy storage medium. The daily yield of black granite still is higher than other energy storage material stills and is equal to 3.216 kg/day/m2, which is 29% higher than that of the still without energy storage materials.
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Hoffmann, Ellen. "Kieselstein (Pebble Stone)." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 computer animation festival. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1504271.1504308.

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Кокоев, М. Н. "RESERVOIRS OF DIVERSION HYDRO POWER PLANTS AND THE APPLICATION OF ALLUVIUM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.22.95.027.

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В горных реках Северного Кавказа расход воды в паводок увеличивается в десятки раз. Часто в горных условиях технически проще и дешевле построить не плотинную станцию с большим водохранилищем, а деривационную ГЭС с небольшим водохранилищем или с бассейном суточного регулирования. Горные реки несут большое количество песка и ила. Во время паводков вода переносит и мелкие камни, и гальку. Если не принимать мер для очистки от речных наносов водохранилищ, то через несколько лет полезный объем водохранилищ будет исчерпан. В статье рассматривается один из способов поддержания водохранилищ и бассейнов суточного регулирования в рабочем состоянии. Предложено речные наносы (аллювий) регулярно извлекать из водохранилищ, обрабатывать и использовать как сырье для производства строительных песчано-гравийных смесей и щебня. Есть большая потребность в этих материалах при строительстве автомобильных дорог, в промышленном и гражданском строительстве. Одновременно можно использовать тонкие фракции аллювия в виде ила, глины и тонкого песка в качестве основы для приготовления почвенного субстрата с целью применения его для улучшения пойменных земель. Обсуждаются вопросы организации при водохранилищах каскада ГЭС на горных реках механизированных участков по утилизации донных отложений. In the mountain rivers of the North Caucasus, the water discharge during a flood increases tenfold. Often, in mountainous conditions, it is technically easier and cheaper to build a derivation hydroelectric power station with a small reservoir or with a daily regulation pool than a dam station with a large reservoir. Mountain rivers carry large amounts of sand and silt. During floods, the water carries lots of small stones and pebbles. If no measures are taken to cleanse reservoirs from river sediments, their useful volume would be exhausted in a few years of operation. The article discusses one of the ways to maintain reservoirs and basins of daily regulation in working order. It is proposed that river sediments (alluvium) be regularly removed from reservoirs, processed and used as raw materials for the production of construction sand and gravel mixtures and crushed stone. The demand for these materials in the construction of highways, in industrial and civil construction is high. At the same time, it is possible to use fine fractions of alluvium in the form of silt, clay and fine sand as a basis for preparing a soil substrate to improve floodplain lands. The issues of organizing mechanized teams for utilization of bottom sediments at reservoirs of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers are discussed.
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Schulte, Brandon, and O. A. Plumb. "A Numerical Model of In-Channel Pebble Bed Thermal Storage for a Solar Chimney." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88356.

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In this study, solar chimney performance is numerically modeled. Previously published models have considered water bags and natural earth as means to store daytime thermal energy for nighttime operation of the system. The present model considers in-channel pebble bed thermal storage. A one-dimensional, implicit time stepping numerical model is developed to predict solar chimney performance throughout a 24 hour period. The model is partially verified with available experimental data. The daily energy, daily efficiency and heat transfer characteristics of the solar chimney with pebble bed thermal storage are summarized. The numerical simulation showed that by introducing a pebble bed, nightly exit velocities reach 40% of the peak daytime velocity. However, the daily kinetic energy delivered by a solar chimney with pebble bed thermal storage is much less than a traditional solar chimney, suggesting pebble bed thermal storage is more practicable in building heating applications as opposed to power generation.
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Meister, C. "POSSIBLE OR NOT: PARIETAL IN THE SWABIAN JURA?" In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.18-19.

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The Swabian Alb is known for its caves, in which figural ivory carvings and flutes from the Aurignacian period were found. Parietal art, on the other hand, as known from sites in France, Spain, Romania or Russia, has not been discovered in this region so far. In fact, up to now, there are no documented caves with Pleistocene wall paintings in Germany. Nevertheless, the presence of ochre traces on mobile artefacts indicates the purposeful application of pigments by humans during the Pleistocene in the region, for example stone pebbles or possible wall fragments from Magdalenian occupations bear series of dots (Conard, Floss, 1998). The paint is, however, fixed to portable objects and not to the cave walls. Not at least for these reasons, the question arises how the lack of parietal art in this region can be explained. If we assume from the known finds in Hohle Fels and Geienklsterle, which demonstrate that ochre was known and accessible to humans at least during the Aurignacian and the Gravettian (Conard, Malina, 2019), a lack of raw material as an explanation for the absence of caves with wall paintings in this region can be excluded. Moreover, at that time humans were able to reproduce the environment in the form of highly realistic images of the Ice Age fauna (Conard, Kind, 2017). A large number of ivory carvings from this period are, if one considers the degree of realism, comparable with the paintings in Chauvet, Altamira or Kapova Cave. Other aspects must therefore be taken into account when determining the reasons for the absence of parietal art. On the one hand, it is possible that the limestone rocks of the Swabian Jura are not suitable for a permanent preservation of ochrebased colors. Most of them are active caves, which are still strongly influenced by geological processes, but above all by water and karst. In addition, it is possible that the knowledge of the existence of caves which goes with long periods of use by people from all times may have destroyed existing paintings. However, one would expect to find some remains or at least residues of paint, if existing images were demolished by the permanent use of the caves. Ultimately, and although it cannot be ruled out that people during the Upper Palaeolithic in southern Germany have expressed themselves artistically in other forms, we must assume that there is a research gap. So far, a systematic research and analysis of the cave walls has not yet been carried out in the Swabian Jura. Today, the use of new technologies can be utilized to confirm or deny the current state of research. At the moment we aim to systematically examine the cave walls in the archaeological sites of the World Heritage Site Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura. We consider them an excellent test cluster for the Paleolithic of this region. Three-dimensional recordings of the caves have already been produced. In the next steps we will test these recordings of the known caves with different filters and light conditions for parietal art, but at the same time continue to look for new and up to now unknown caves in the region. Conard, N. J., Floss, H. (1999). Ein bemalter Stein vom Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen und die Frage nach palolithischer Hhlenkunst in Mitteleuropa. Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 29 (3), 307316. Conard, N. J., Kind, C.-J. (2017). Als der Mensch die Kunst erfand: Eiszeithhlen auf der Schwbischen Alb. Darmstadt: Theiss Verlag. Conard, N. J., Malina, M. (2019). Weiterfhrende Ausgrabungen im Hohle Fels und neue Einblicke in die Nutzung von Ocker im Jungpalolitikum. Archologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Wrttemberg 2018, 5659.
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Al Edhari, A. J., and C. C. Ngo. "Experimental Study of Thermal Energy Storage Using Natural Porous Media." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71714.

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Thermal energy storage has been an area of research interest due to the need to store solar energy or excess energy for later use in many applications including district heating. The focus of a lot of research is on exotic and expensive storage media. This paper presents an experimental study of thermal energy storage using porous media readily available and commonly found in nature such as sand, soil, pebble rocks and gravel. This study also considers a simple and inexpensive thermal storage system which could be constructed easily and examines what could be done to increase the thermal storage performance. The thermal storage system examined in the present study was a thermal energy storage unit with embedded horizontal pipes carrying water as the heat transfer fluid for thermal charging. Different thermal storage configurations were examined by adjusting the thermal charging temperature and using different storage media. The temperature distribution within the storage media was monitored for 10 hours using a data acquisition system with K-type thermocouples. The results indicate that a thermal storage system using sand as storage media is slightly better compared with gravel or pebble rocks as storage media.
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Sterner, Hakan, and Dieter Rittscher. "The AVR (HTGR) Decommissioning Project With New Strategy." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7040.

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The 15-MWel prototype pilot reactor AVR is a pebble bed HTGR. It was designed in the late 50s and was connected to the grid end of 1967. After 21y of successful operation the reactor was shut down end of 1988. In 1994 the first decommissioning license was granted and work with defueling, dismantling and preparation of a Safe Enclosure started. The primary system is contaminated with the fission products Sr90 and Cs137 and the activation products are Co60, C14 and H3. Due to the large amounts of Sr and Cs bound to graphite dust, the dismantling of systems connected to the pressure vessel is very tedious. In 2003 the AVR company was restructured and the strategy of the decommissioning was changed from safe enclosure to green field, i.e. the complete direct dismantling of all facilities and clean up of the site. The highlight during the dismantling is the removal of the reactor vessel (diameter ca. 7.6m and length ca. 26m) in one piece. Before handling the reactor vessel it will be filled with low density cellular concrete. Subsequently the reactor building will be cut open and the reactor vessel (total weight ca. 2100Mg) lifted out and transported to an interim store.
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Guiso, Bianca, and Maria Vittoria Tappari. "Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11542.

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Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.
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Wang, Jinhua, Bing Wang, Bin Wu, and Yue Li. "Design of the Spent Fuel Storage Well of HTR-PM." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60051.

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There are more than 400 reactors in operation to generate electricity in the world, most of them are pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors, which generate great amount of spent fuel every year. The residual heat power of the spent fuel just discharged from the reactor core is high, it is required to store the spent fuel in the spent fuel storage pool at the first 5 years after discharged from the reactor, and then the spent fuel could be moved to the interim storage facility for long term storage, or be moved to the factory for final treatment. In the accident of the Fukushima in 2011, the spent fuel pool ruptured, which led to the loss of coolant accident, it was very danger to the spent fuel assemblies stored in the pool. On the other hand, the spent fuel stored in the dry storage facility was safe in the whole process of earthquake and tsunami, which proved inherent safety of the spent fuel dry storage facility. In china, the High Temperature gas cooled Reactor (HTR) is developing for a long time in support of the government. At the first stage, HTR-10 with 10MW thermal power was designed and constructed in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET) of Tsinghua University, and then the High Temperature Reactor-Pebble bed Modules (HTR-PM) is designed to meet the commercial application, which is in constructing process in Shandong Province. HTR has some features of the generation four nuclear power plant, including inherent safety, avoiding nuclear proliferation, could generate high temperature industrial heat, and so on. Spherical fuel elements would be used as fuel in HTR-PM, there are many coating fuel particles separated in the fuel element. As the fuel is different for the HTR and the PWR, the fuel element would be discharged into the appropriate spent fuel canister, and the canister would be stored in the appropriate interim storage facility. As the residual power density is very low for the spent fuel of HTR, the spent fuel canister could be cooled with air ventilation without water cooling process. The advantage of air cooling mode is that it is no need to consider the residual heat removal depravation due to loss of coolant accident, so as to increase the inherent safety of the spent fuel storage system. This paper introduced the design, arrangement and safety characteristics of the spent fuel storage well of HTR-PM. The spent fuel storage wells have enough capacity to hold the total spent fuel canisters for the HTR-PM. The spent fuel storage facility includes several storage wells, cold intake cabin, hot air discharge cabin, heat shield cylinders, well lids and so on. The cold intake cabin links the inlets of all the wells, which would be used to import cold air to every well. The hot air discharge cabin links the outlets of all the wells, which would be used to gather heated air discharged from every well, the heated air would be discharged to the atmosphere through the ventilating pipe at the top of the hot air cabin. The design of the spent fuel storage well and the ventilating pipe could discharge the residual heat of the spent fuel canisters in the storage wells, which could ensure the operating safety of the spent fuel storage system.
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