Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stokes expansion'

La premième partie a pour but l’établissement d’un développement asymptotique pour la solution du problème de Stokes avec une petite perturbation du domaine. Dans ce travail, nous avons appliqué la théorie du potentiel. On a écrit les solutions du problème non-perturbé et du problème perturbé sous forme des opérateurs intégraux. En calculant la différence, et en utilisant des propriétés liées aux noyaux des opérateurs on a établi un développement asymptotiquede la solution.L’objectif principal de la deuxième partie de ce rapport est de déterminer les termes d’ordre élevé de l’expansion asymptotique des valeurs propres et fonctions propres pour l’opérateur de Stokes dues aux changements d’interface de l’inclusion. Dans la troisième partie, nous proposons une méthode pour l’évaluation des integrales singulières provenant de la mise en oeuvre de la méthode des éléments finis de frontière en électromagnetisme. La méthodeque nous adoptons consiste en une réduction récursive de la dimension du domained’intégration et aboutit à une représentation de l’intégrale sous la forme d’une combinaison linéaire d’intégrales mono-dimensionnelles dont l’intégrand est régulier et qui peuvent s’évaluer numériquement mais aussi explicitement. Pour la discrétisation du domaine, destriangles plans sont utilisés ; par conséquent, nous évaluons des intégrales sur le produit de deux triangles. La technique que nous avons développée nécessite de distinguer entre diverses configurations géométriques
This thesis contains three main parts. The first part concerns the derivation of an asymptotic expansion for the solution of Stokes resolvent problem with a small perturbation of the domain. Firstly, we verify the continuity of the solution with respect to the small perturbation via the stability of the density function. Secondly, we derive the asymptotic expansion ofthe solution, after deriving the expansion of the density function. The procedure is based on potential theory for Stokes problem in connection with boundary integral equation method, and geometric properties of the perturbed boundary. The main objective of the second part on this report, is to present a schematic way to derive high-order asymptotic expansions for both eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the Stokes operator caused by small perturbationsof the boundary. Also, we rigorously derive an asymptotic formula which is in some sense dual to the leading-order term in the asymptotic expansion of the perturbations in the Stokes eigenvalues due to interface changes of the inclusion. The implementation of the boundary element method requires the evaluation of integrals with a singular integrand. A reliable andaccurate calculation of these integrals can in some cases be crucial and difficult. In the third part of this report we propose a method of evaluation of singular integrals based on recursive reductions of the dimension of the integration domain. It leads to a representation of the integralas a linear combination of one-dimensional integrals whose integrand is regular and that can be evaluated numerically and even explicitly. The Maxwell equation is used as a model equation, but these results can be used for the Laplace and the Helmholtz equations in 3-D.For the discretization of the domain we use planar triangles, so we evaluate integrals over the product of two triangles. The technique we have developped requires to distinguish between several geometric configurations

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Escola Politécnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Particle suspensions occur in many situations in nature and industry. In this master’s thesis, the motion of a single rigid spheroidal particle immersed in Stokes flow is studied numerically using a boundary integral method and a new specialized quadrature method known as quadrature by expansion (QBX). This method allows the spheroid to be massless or inertial, and placed in any kind of underlying Stokesian flow.   A parameter study of the QBX method is presented, together with validation cases for spheroids in linear shear flow and quadratic flow. The QBX method is able to compute the force and torque on the spheroid as well as the resulting rigid body motion with small errors in a short time, typically less than one second per time step on a regular desktop computer. Novel results are presented for the motion of an inertial spheroid in quadratic flow, where in contrast to linear shear flow the shear rate is not constant. It is found that particle inertia induces a translational drift towards regions in the fluid with higher shear rate.
Partikelsuspensioner förekommer i många sammanhang i naturen och industrin. I denna masteruppsats studeras rörelsen hos en enstaka stel sfäroidisk partikel i Stokesflöde numeriskt med hjälp av en randintegralmetod och en ny specialiserad kvadraturmetod som kallas quadrature by expansion (QBX). Metoden fungerar för masslösa eller tröga sfäroider, som kan placeras i ett godtyckligt underliggande Stokesflöde.   En parameterstudie av QBX-metoden presenteras, tillsammans med valideringsfall för sfäroider i linjärt skjuvflöde och kvadratiskt flöde. QBX-metoden kan beräkna kraften och momentet på sfäroiden samt den resulterande stelkroppsrörelsen med små fel på kort tid, typiskt mindre än en sekund per tidssteg på en vanlig persondator. Nya resultat presenteras för rörelsen hos en trög sfäroid i kvadratiskt flöde, där skjuvningen till skillnad från linjärt skjuvflöde inte är konstant. Det visar sig att partikeltröghet medför en drift i sidled mot områden i fluiden med högre skjuvning.

Mittels spontaner Raman-Streuung im Überschallstrahl wurden kleine Moleküle und Molekülaggregate untersucht. Es wird gezeigt wie Schwingungs- und Rotationstemperaturen im Jet mittels des Stokes/Anti-Stokes-Intensitätsverhältnisses bestimmt werden können. In Studien kleiner Wassercluster konnten Kopplungskonstanten der gebundenen OH-Oszillatoren verschiedener Ringcluster von Trimeren bis Pentameren bestimmt werden, die auch zum Verständnis der Dynamik in kondensierten Phasen relevant sind. Außerdem wird die experimentelle Ermittlung von Enthalpiedifferenzen verschiedener Monomerkonformere zweier isomerisierungsdynamisch sehr unterschiedlicher Systeme vorgestellt. Des Weiteren wurde die Weiterentwicklung der bestehenden Raman-Technik durch Kopplung mit einer IR-Laseranregung realisiert und erste Tests des neuen Aufbaus durch Studien des Methanol-Dimers durchgeführt.

The aim of this master thesis is to characterize the fluid forces applied to a fuel assembly inthe core of a nuclear power plant in case of seism. The forces are studied with a simplifiedtwo-dimensional model constituted of an array of 3 by 3 infinite cylinders oscillating in aclosed box. The axial flow of water, which convects the heat in the core of a nuclear powerplant, is also taken into account. The velocity of the axial flow reaches 4m/s in the middle ofthe assembly and modifies the forces features when the cylinders move laterally.The seism is modeled as a lateral displacement with high amplitude (several cylinderdiameters) and low frequencies (below 20 Hz). In order to study the effects of the amplitudeand of the frequency of the displacement, the displacement taken is a sine function withboth controlled amplitude and frequency. Four degrees of freedom of the system will bestudied: the amplitude of the displacement, its frequency, the axial velocity amplitude andthe confinement (due to the closed box).The fluid forces exerted on the cylinders can be seen as a combination of three terms: anadded mass, related to the acceleration of cylinders, a drift force, related to the damping ofthe fluid and a force due to the interaction of the cylinder with residual vortices. The firsttwo components will be characterized through the Morison expansion, and their evolutionwith the variation of the degree of freedom of the system will be quantified. The effect ofthe interaction with the residual vortices will be observed in the plots of the forces vs. timebut also in the velocity and vorticity map of the fluid.The fluid forces are calculated with the CFD code Code_Saturne, which uses a second orderaccurate finite volume method. Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations arerealized with a k-epsilon turbulence model. The Arbitrary Lagrange Euler model is used todescribe the structure displacement. The domain is meshed with hexahedra with thesoftware gmsh [1] and the flow is visualized with Paraview [2]. The modeling techniquesused for the simulations are described in the first part of this master thesis.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho de mestrado consiste em apresentar uma modelagem para escoamentos isotérmicos viscoelásticos em que a viscosidade varia de acordo com a pressão e estudos numéricos para alguns problemas bidimensionais, como escoamentos entre placas paralelas e expansão planar 1:4. Para este trabalho é utilizado o modelo viscoelástico Oldroyd-B e uma modelagem linear da viscosidade com relação a pressão. O método numérico desenvolvido é baseado no método da projeção para desacoplar velocidade e pressão nas equações de Navier-Stokes e depois calcula os tensores pela equação constitutiva com a informação da viscosidade variando com a pressão. As equações são discretizadas em uma malha deslocada pelo método de diferenças finitas. Os resultados numéricos são obtidos das simulações de escoamentos em um canal e expansão planar 1:4 bidimensional, cujo foco é destacar algumas diferenças entre o modelo Oldroyd-B Standard e o modelo Oldroyd-B sob influência da viscosidade que varia linearmente com a pressão. Este trabalho de mestrado também tem por objetivo resolver problemas, com fluidos viscoelásticos, em que haja regiões com variações da pressão e estudar estes resultados numéricos comparando-os com o modelo Oldroyd-B Standard.
The present master's work consists in presenting a model for viscoelastic isothermal flows with pressure-dependent viscosity and numerical studies for some two-dimensional problems, such as channel flow and planar expansion 1:4. In this work will be considered the Oldroyd-B viscoelastic model and a linear modeling viscosity with a linear relationship between viscosity and pressure. The numerical method developed is based on the projection method to decouple velocity and pressure in the Navier-Stokes equations and then calculates the tensor from the constitutive equation taking account the pressure-dependent viscosity. The equations are discretized on a staggered grid by using the finite diference method. The numerical results are obtained for two problems: two-dimensional channel and planar expansion 1:4 flows, whose focus is to highlight some diferences between the standard Oldroyd-B model and the Oldroyd-B model under the influence of viscosity that varies linearly with pressure. This master's work aims to solve problems of viscoelastic fluids in which there exist regions where pressure varies and to study these numerical results comparing them with the standard Oldroyd-B model.

[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the abstract for an accurate reproduction.] Wave run-up is the vertical uprush of water when an incident wave impinges on a free- surface penetrating body. For large volume offshore structures the wave run-up on the weather side of the supporting columns is particularly important for air-gap design and ultimately the avoidance of pressure impulse loads on the underside of the deck structure. This investigation focuses on the limitations of conventional wave diffraction theory, where the free-surface boundary condition is treated by a Stokes expansion, in predicting the harmonic components of the wave run-up, and the presentation of a simplified procedure for the prediction of wave run-up. The wave run-up is studied on fixed vertical cylinders in plane progressive waves. These progressive waves are of a form suitable for description by Stokes' wave theory whereby the typical energy content of a wave train consists of one fundamental harmonic and corresponding phase locked Fourier components. The choice of monochromatic waves is indicative of ocean environments for large volume structures in the diffraction regime where the assumption of potential flow theory is applicable, or more formally A/a < Ο(1) (A and a being the wave amplitude and cylinder radius respectively). One of the unique aspects of this work is the investigation of column geometry effects - in terms of square cylinders with rounded edges - on the wave run-up. The rounded edges of each cylinder are described by the dimensionless parameter rc/a which denotes the ratio of edge corner radius to half-width of a typical column with longitudinal axis perpendicular to the quiescent free-surface. An experimental campaign was undertaken where the wave run-up on a fixed column in plane progressive waves was measured with wire probes located close to the cylinder. Based on an appropriate dimensional analysis, the wave environment was represented by a parametric variation of the scattering parameter ka and wave steepness kA (where k denotes the wave number). The effect of column geometry was investigated by varying the edge corner radius ratio within the domain 0 <=rc/a <= 1, where the upper and lower bounds correspond to a circular and square shaped cylinder respectively. The water depth is assumed infinite so that the wave run-up caused purely by wave-structure interaction is examined without the additional influence of a non-decaying horizontal fluid velocity and finite depth effects on wave dispersion. The zero-, first-, second- and third-harmonics of the wave run-up are examined to determine the importance of each with regard to local wave diffraction and incident wave non-linearities. The modulus and phase of these harmonics are compared to corresponding theoretical predictions from conventional diffraction theory to second-order in wave steepness. As a result, a basis is formed for the applicability of a Stokes expansion to the free-surface boundary condition of the diffraction problem, and its limitations in terms of local wave scattering and incident wave non-linearities. An analytical approach is pursued and solved in the long wavelength regime for the interaction of a plane progressive wave with a circular cylinder in an ideal fluid. The classical Stokesian assumption of infinitesimal wave amplitude is invoked to treat the free-surface boundary condition along with an unconventional requirement that the cylinder width is assumed much smaller than the incident wavelength. This additional assumption is justified because critical wavelengths for wave run-up on a fixed cylinder are typically much larger in magnitude than the cylinder's width. In the solution, two coupled perturbation schemes, incorporating a classical Stokes expansion and cylinder slenderness expansion, are invoked and the boundary value problem solved to third-order. The formulation of the diffraction problem in this manner allows for third-harmonic diffraction effects and higher-order effects operating at the first-harmonic to be found. In general, the complete wave run-up is not well accounted for by a second-order Stokes expansion of the free-surface boundary condition and wave elevation. This is however, dependent upon the coupling of ka and kA. In particular, whilst the modulus and phase of the second-harmonic are moderately predicted, the mean set-up is not well predicted by a second-order Stokes expansion scheme. This is thought to be caused by higher than second-order non-linear effects since experimental evidence has revealed higher-order diffraction effects operating at the first-harmonic in waves of moderate to large steepness when k < < 1. These higher-order effects, operating at the first-harmonic, can be partially accounted for by the proposed long wavelength formulation. For small ka and large kA, subsequent comparisons with measured results do indeed provide a better agreement than the classical linear diffraction solution of Havelock (1940). To account for the complete wave run-up, a unique approach has been adopted where a correction is applied to a first-harmonic analytical solution. The remaining non-linear portion is accounted for by two methods. The first method is based on regression analysis in terms of ka and kA and provides an additive correction to the first-harmonic solution. The second method involves an amplification correction of the first-harmonic. This utilises Bernoulli's equation applied at the mean free-surface position where the constant of proportionality is empirically determined and is inversely proportional to ka. The experimental and numerical results suggest that the wave run-up increases as rc/a--› 0, however this is most significant for short waves and long waves of large steepness. Of the harmonic components, experimental evidence suggests that the effect of a variation in rc/a on the wave run-up is particularly significant for the first-harmonic only. Furthermore, the corner radius effect on the first-harmonic wave run-up is well predicted by numerical calculations using the boundary element method. Given this, the proposed simplified wave run-up model includes an additional geometry correction which accounts for rc/a to first-order in local wave diffraction. From a practical view point, it is the simplified model that is most useful for platform designers to predict the wave run-up on a surface piercing column. It is computationally inexpensive and the comparison of this model with measured results has proved more promising than previously proposed schemes.

We study certain confluences of equations with two Fuchsian singularities which produce an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank one. We demonstrate a method to understand how to pass from solutions with power-like behavior which are analytic in neighbourhoods to solutions with exponential behavior which are analytic in sectors and have divergent asymptotic behavior. We explicitly calculate the Stokes' matrices of the confluent system in terms of the monodromy data, specifically the connection matrices, of the original system around the merging singularities. The confluence of Gauss' hypergeometric equation gives an excellent opportunity to show our approach with a concrete example. We explicitly show how the Stokes' data arise in the confluences of the isomonodromic deformation problems for the Painlevé equations PVI to PV and PV to PIII(D6).

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A indústria de lavra e beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais vem sendo citadas pelos ambientalistas como uma grande fonte de contaminação e poluição do meio ambiente, devido à enorme quantidade de resíduos gerados e que frequentemente são lançados diretamente nos ecossistemas. Por outro lado o emprego de argamassa expansiva para demolição e corte de rochas, vem sendo uma das mais procuradas tecnologias de corte utilizadas pelas indústrias extrativas, por suas inúmeras vantagens, ante outras tecnologias de corte utilizadas na lavra de rochas ornamentais. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a viabilidade da incorporação na argamassa expansiva de demolição de resíduos dos processos de lavra e beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais além do caulim e gesso. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização de duas argamassas expansivas comerciais dos resíduos gerados nos processos de lavra e beneficiamento do granito do caulim e do gesso, avaliando-se a influência do percentual de incorporação e da granulometria dos mesmos no desempenho da argamassa expansiva. Concluindo-se que é possível a incorporação do caulim, do gesso e dos resíduos do beneficiamento de granitos e do pó da perfuração do granito, como carga nas argamassas expansiva, sem perdas consideráveis da pressão de expansão, para utilização em corte de rochas na lavra de rochas ornamentais.
The mining industry and processing of ornamental rocks has been cited by environmentalists as a major source of contamination and pollution of the environment, due to the enormous amount of waste generated and which often are released directly in the ecosystems. On the other hand the use of expansive grout for demolition and cutting of rocks, has been one of the most sought after cutting technologies used by extractive industries, for its numerous advantages, compared to other cutting technologies used in the ornamental rock mining. So the aim of this work is to study the feasibility of incorporation into the expansive mortar demolition waste from mining processes and processing of ornamental rocks beyond the kaolin and gypsum. For both tests were carried out to characterize two expansive commercial mortars of waste generated in the processes of mining and processing kaolin and granite plaster, by evaluating the influence of percentage of incorporation and the granulometry of the same expansive mortar performance. In conclusion-if that is possible the incorporation of kaolin, gypsum and waste from processing of Granites and granite drilling dust, as cargo on the expansive mortar, without considerable losses of the expansion pressure for use in cutting of rocks in the ornamental rock mining.

La dynamique des flammes de prémélange est étudiée par deux approches numériques différentes. La première résout les équations compressibles de Navier-Stokes avec une chimie simplifiée (DNS). Afin de réduire les coûts de calcul, nous analysons et développons un schéma numérique à grille décalée. Le traitement des ondes acoustiques aux sorties est connu pour rendre les flammes cylindriques légèrement carrées. Ces déformations non-physiques sont expliquées en mettant en évidence la modélisation insuffisamment précise de l'accélération du fluide lorsque l'écoulement est oblique à la sortie. Une étude paramétrique et statistique de flammes turbulentes est menée en 2D et une simulation parallèle 3D est réalisée dans un domaine de (3cm)3. En considérant la flamme infiniment mince, l'approche EEM diminue considérablement les coûts de calcul. Les mêmes simulations sont réalisées et comparées aux résultats de DNS pour tester la capacité du modèle EEM à fournir des résultats quantitatifs.

A new construction of regular solutions to the three dimensional Navier{Stokes equa- tions is introduced and applied to the study of their asymptotic expansions. This construction and other Phragmen-Linderl??of type estimates are used to establish su??- cient conditions for the convergence of those expansions. The construction also de??nes a system of inhomogeneous di??erential equations, called the extended Navier{Stokes equations, which turns out to have global solutions in suitably constructed normed spaces. Moreover, in these spaces, the normal form of the Navier{Stokes equations associated with the terms of the asymptotic expansions is a well-behaved in??nite system of di??erential equations. An application of those asymptotic expansions of regular solutions is the analysis of the helicity for large times. The dichotomy of the helicity's asymptotic behavior is then established. Furthermore, the relations between the helicity and the energy in several cases are described.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Existe atualmente uma tendência de se utilizar em revestimento das fachadas de grandes edificações placas cada vez maiores, separadas por juntas de dilatação com dimensões menores possíveis, a fim de proporcionar efeitos arquitetônicos agradáveis e ao mesmo tempo dificultar a infiltração de agentes deterioradores na estrutura das edificações. Desta forma, há a necessidade de se dimensionar precisamente estas juntas, cuja função é absorver as variações do comprimento de placas produzidas pela dilatação térmica linear (β) de rochas graníticas e gnáissicas extraídas nos Estados de São Paulo, Mato Grosso e Espírito Santo, usadas comercialmente na forma de placas para revestimento de edificações. Os coeficientes de dilatação térmica linear (β) foram determinados em dilatômetro de quartzo fundido e correlacionadas com o conteúdo em quartzo, granulação, porosidade aparente e estrutura das rochas estudadas. Conclui-se que, nas rochas gnáissicas, os valores de β são muito maiores quando determinados paralelo à gnaissificação. Nas graníticas, o β aumenta com o conteúdo em quartzo e diminui com os aumentos da porosidade aparente e do tamanho dos grãos minerais.
There is a great tendency of using larger plaques of rocks on the covering of the faces of buildings, separated by expansion joints of very small dimensions as possible, in order to provide agreeable architectural effects and at the same time to make difficult the infiltration in the building structure of deterioration agents. Therefore, there is a great need of dimensioning precisely these joints whose function is to absorb the plates length variation produced by thermal expansion. This research presents values of plates length variation produced by thermal expansion. This research presents values of thermal linear expansion coefficient (β) of granite and gneiss rocks extracted from São Paulo, Mato Grosso and Espírito Santo states, used commercially in plate shapes for covering of buildings. The thermal linear expansion coefficients (β) were determined by cast quartz dilatometer and correlated with the quartz content, granulation, apparent porosity, and the studied rock structures. It can be concluded that, in gneiss rocks, the β values are much bigger when determined in parallel with the structure. On the granite rocks, the β value increases with the quartz content and it decreases with the increases of apparent porosity and the size of mineral grains.

O trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese propõe a aplicação do método da expansão em funções hierárquicas elaborado por Zienkiewics e Morgan (1983), para a solução das equações de conservação da massa (continuidade), conservação da quantidade de movimento (Navier-Stokes) e conservação da energia, para fluidos compressíveis em duas dimensões e em alta velocidade. Esse método consiste no emprego do método de elementos finitos utilizando a formulação Petrov-Galerkin, conhecido como SUPG (“Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin”), desenvolvido por Brooks e Hughes (1982), aplicado em conjunto com uma expansão das variáveis em funções hierárquicas. A fim de testar e validar o método numérico proposto, assim como o programa computacional elaborado, foram simulados alguns casos conhecidos da literatura. Os casos estudados foram os seguintes: teste de Continuidade; teste de convergência e estabilidade; problema do degrau de temperatura e problema do choque oblíquo, onde o objetivo desse último caso era, basicamente, verificar a captura da onda de choque pelo método numérico desenvolvido. Através dos casos estudados e em função dos resultados obtidos nas simulações realizadas, conclui-se que o objetivo desse trabalho foi alcançado de maneira satisfatória, pois os resultados obtidos com o método desenvolvido nesse trabalho foram qualitativamente e quantitativamente bons, quando comparados com os resultados teóricos.
The Thesis develops a new application for the Hierarchical Function Expansion Method, proposed by Zienkiewics and Morgan (1983), for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids in two dimensions and in high velocity. This method is based on the finite elements method using the Petrov-Galerkin formulation, know as, SUPG (Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) developed by Brooks and Hughes (1982), and applied in conjunction with the expansion of the variables into hierarchical functions. To test and validate the numerical method proposed as well as the computational program developed some cases whose theoretical solution are known simulated. These cases are the following: continuity test; stability and convergence test; temperature step problem; and several oblique shocks. The objective of the last cases is basically to verify the capture of the shock wave by the method developed. The results obtained in the simulations of the cases performed with the proposed method were good both qualitatively and quantitatively when compared with the teorethical solutions. This allows us to conclude that the objective of this Thesis was satisfactorily reached.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Artur
Banca: Antenor Braga Paraguassú
Banca: José Eduardo Rodrigues
Banca: Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá
Banca: Peter Christian Hackspacher
Resumo: Considerando um conjunto de 21 tipos de rochas utilizadas como revestimento e subdivididas em quatro conjuntos por afinidade da composição mineral (rochas carbonáticas, quartzosas, feldspáticas e quartzo-feldspáticas) foram realizados ensaios tecnológicos para a determinação do coeficiente de dilatação térmica linear e da resistência à compressão uniaxial, bem como a anisotropia dessas propriedades. Os dados tecnológicos obtidos foram correlacionados com informações petrográficas qualitativas e quantitativas referentes à composição mineral, variações texturais e estruturais determinadas em seções ortogonais entre si a partir de um sistema de referência (xyz) baseado na foliação e lineação macroscopicamente visíveis. A análise integrada dos dados utilizando estatística convencional e multivariada procurou apontar as variáveis petrográficas mais relevantes para as duas propriedades tecnológicas enfocadas e suas respectivas anisotropias. A dilatação térmica e sua anisotropia são influenciadas principalmente pela composição mineral e pela orientação preferencial dos minerais embora as microfissuras desempenhem papel importante em alguns casos. A tensão de compressão mostra sua variabilidade e anisotropia influenciadas pela granulação média, tipos de contatos minerais predominantes e padrões de microfissuras mais ou menos definidos por influência da foliação presente. Constatou-se que no conjunto analisado a presença da foliação não implica necessariamente em anisotropia das duas propriedades estudadas.
Abstract: The anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient and compressive tensile strength were determined for 21 commercially used stones gathered in four set according the main mineral composition named carbonatic, quartz-rich, feldspar-rich and quartz-feldspar-rich rocks. Using a coordinate reference system (xyz) based on the macroscopic visible foliation and lineation the samples were submitted to normalized laboratorial analyses for determination of the both technological properties and the petrographical features such as mineral composition, texture and fabric. Additionally was carried out measurements of weathered area and microcrack quantification by image analysis and texture quantification by U-stage methods. In order to understand the relationship between the anisotropy measured and petrographical data it was applied traditional and multivariate statistical analysis. The results pointed to the great significance of mineral composition and the crystallographic preferred orientation for thermal expansion and respective anisotropy, especially to monomineralic and/or foliated rocks, in spite of some cases microcracks play this role. The compressive strength is mainly controlled by a complex interaction between grain size distribution, grain boundary and microcrack patterns related or not to foliation.
Doutor

Cette thèse contient deux parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous proposons une nouvelle formulation variationnelle pour le problème de diffusion en électromagnétisme qui s’obtient avec une méthode intégrale utilisant une condition aux limites d’impédance d’ordre élevé (HOIBC). Cette méthode améliore la précision du calcul de la surface équivalente radar (SER) par rapport à la condition limite d’impédance de Leontovich dans de nombreux cas. Ensuite, nous donnons la discrétisation de cette formulation avec des fonctions de base de Rao-Wilton-Glisson. Par suite, une approximation de la condition aux limites d’impédance d’ordre élevé est donnée. A cette fin, des formules de saut et la théorie des distributions pour surmonter la difficulté de la discrétisation de div(n×w) et de rot(w) pour tout w dans H(div) est utilisée. De plus, nous mettons en oeuvre trois méthodes pour évaluer certaines intégrales singulières qui apparaissent dans les éléments de matrice de notre formulation. Cette méthode numérique est validée par des cas tests sur des sphères où l'on compare les résultats numériques et analytiques pour le calcul de la SER. Dans la deuxième partie, on a étudié un problème de transmission pour le système de Stokes. Tout d’abord, on a trouvé une représentation de la solution en appliquant la théorie du potentiel. Par la suite, on a obtenu un développement asymptotique de cette solution en fonction du paramètre de la déformation du bord de l’inclusion. Puis, on a donné un développement asymptotique pour le tenseur de viscosité du système de Stokes
This thesis contains two main parts. In the first one, we propose a new variational formulation for the electromagnetic scattering problem which derives from an integral method with the use of high order impedance boundary condition (HOIBC) to improve the accuracy of Leontovich impedance boundary condition. Then, we give the discretization for this formulation with Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions. Therefore, we propose an approximation of the high order impedance boundary condition which is Hodge operator. We use the jump formulas and the theory of distributions to overcome the difficulty of the discretization of div(n × w) and rot(w) for all w in H(div). Moreover, we implement three methods to evaluate some singular integrals that appear in the boundary integral equation. The performances of the HOIBC are evaluated by calculating the radar cross section (RCS) with different meshes for the unit sphere. We also compare the numerical and analytical results. In the second part, we have considered the Stokes system for a viscous medium consisting of an inclusion immerged in a background medium. We derive the asymptotic expansion of the perturbed velocity field due to the presence of small perturbations in the interface of an inclusion using the layer potential theory. Further, we use these techniques to determine a relationship between Stokes solutions measurements and the shape of the object. Besides, we prove an asymptotic expansion for the perturbation in the viscosity moment tensors caused by the presence of an inhomogeneity

Ice sheets, such as the Greenland Ice Sheet or Antarctic Ice Sheet, have a fundamental impact on landscape formation, the global climate system, and on sea level rise. The slow, creeping flow of ice can be represented by a non-linear version of the Stokes equations, which treat ice as a non-Newtonian, viscous fluid. Large spatial domains combined with long time spans and complexities such as a non-linear rheology, make ice sheet simulations computationally challenging. The topic of this thesis is the efficiency and error control of large simulations, both in the sense of mathematical modelling and numerical algorithms. In the first part of the thesis, approximative models based on perturbation expansions are studied. Due to a thick boundary layer near the ice surface, some classical assumptions are inaccurate and the higher order model called the Second Order Shallow Ice Approximation (SOSIA) yields large errors. In the second part of the thesis, the Ice Sheet Coupled Approximation Level (ISCAL) method is developed and implemented into the finite element ice sheet model Elmer/Ice. The ISCAL method combines the Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA) and Shelfy Stream Approximation (SSA) with the full Stokes model, such that the Stokes equations are only solved in areas where both the SIA and SSA is inaccurate. Where and when the SIA and SSA is applicable is decided automatically and dynamically based on estimates of the modeling error. The ISCAL method provides a significant speed-up compared to the Stokes model. The third contribution of this thesis is the introduction of Radial Basis Function (RBF) methods in glaciology. Advantages of RBF methods in comparison to finite element methods or finite difference methods are demonstrated.
eSSENCE

The behaviour of free-surface gravity waves on small Froude number fluid flow past some obstacle cannot be determined using ordinary asymptotic power series methods, as the amplitude of the waves is exponentially small. An exponential asymptotic method is used by Chapman and Vanden-Broeck (2006) to consider the problem of two-dimensional, steady flow past a submerged obstacle in the small Froude number limit, finding that a steady downstream wavetrainis switched on rapidly across a curve known as a Stokes line. Here, equivalent wavetrains on three-dimensional and unsteady flow configurations are considered, and Stokes switching causedby the interaction between exponentially small free-surface components is shown to play an important role in both cases. The behaviour of free-surface gravity waves is introduced by considering the problem of steady free-surface flow due to a line source. A steady wavetrain is shown to exist in the far field, and the behaviour of these waves is compared to existing numerical results. The problem of unsteady flow over a step is subsequently investigated, with the flow behaviour formulated in terms of Lagrangian coordinates so that the position of the free surface is fixed. Initially, the problem is linearized in the step-height, and the steady wavetrain is shown to spread downstream over time. The position of the wavefront is determined by considering the full Stokes structure present in the problem. The equivalent fully-nonlinear problem is then considered, with the position of the Stokes lines, and hence the wavefront, being determined numerically. Finally, linearized three-dimensional free-surface flow past an obstacle is considered in both the steady and unsteady case. The surface is shown to contain downstream longitudinal and transverse waves. These waves are shown to propagate downstream in the unsteady case, with the position of the wavefront again determined by considering the full Stokes structure of the problem.

Land use change (LUC) induces modifications on soil organic matter (SOM), which is one of the main source of uncertainty in life cycle assessments of biofuels. In Brazil, currently the world largest producer of sugarcane and second biggest producer of bioethanol, the potential negative effects of LUC has raised doubts about the sugarcane ethanol as a sustainable option. Recently, most of sugarcane expansion has been placed over extensive pastures. Therefore, we conducted a field study within the south-central Brazil, the largest sugarcane-producing region in the world, to evaluate the effects of the most common LUC sequence in sugarcane expansion areas (i.e., conversions from native vegetation to pasture and from pasture to sugarcane) on SOM. Our main hypothesis is that the conversion of degraded pastures to unburnt sugarcane enhance SOM quantity and quality from sites in Brazil. Long-term conversion from native vegetation to pasture induced significant C stock losses (1.01 Mg ha-1 yr-1). In contrast, the conversion from pasture to sugarcane increased C stocks at a rate of 1.97 Mg ha-1 yr-1 down to 0-1.0 m depth. In addition, our findings indicated that SOM assessments restricted to the surface soil layers can generate bias in studies regarding LUC. The main difference in SOM molecular composition undergoing the conversion pasture-sugarcane was the notably higher contribution from compounds associated to fresh litter inputs in sugarcane areas, probably related to the high litter input in sugarcane fields under green management in Brazil. The conversion of areas under native vegetation to pasture decreases both the labile C (LC) and the C management index (CMI), whilst the conversion of pasture to sugarcane increased the CMI according to all evaluated methods. Additionally, the method used to quantify LC and CMI is critical to infer about the LUC effects on SOM. The DayCent model estimated that the conversion native vegetation-pasture caused C losses of 0.34±0.03 Mg ha-1 yr-1, whilst the conversion pasture-sugarcane resulted in C gains of 0.16±0.04 Mg ha-1 yr-1 down to 0.3 m depth. Moreover, simulations showed C decreases of 0.19±0.04 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in sugarcane areas with straw removal for second-generation (2G) ethanol production. However, our analysis suggested that adoption of some best management practices can mitigate these losses, highlighting the application of organic amendments (+0.14±0.03 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Overall, our study showed that the conversion of pastures to sugarcane has positive effects on SOM quantity and quality, increasing the C savings of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol. Moreover, our findings endorse the potential of sugarcane production to partially recover SOM in degraded pastures. However, most of these gains greatly depends on the high litter input in sugarcane fields under green management, and straw removal for 2G ethanol production is likely to potentially affect SOM in areas of sugarcane expansion in Brazil. Finally, based on land availability and positive effects on SOM, we believe that stakeholders involved with the governance of bioethanol expansion should consider ways to incentivize sugarcane expansion on degraded pastures in Brazil.
Alterações na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) associadas à mudança de uso da terra (MUT) estão entre as principais fontes de incerteza em avaliações do ciclo de vida dos biocombustíveis. No Brasil, atualmente o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar e o segundo maior produtor de bioetanol do mundo, os possíveis efeitos negativos da MUT geram questionamentos sobre a efetividade do bioetanol como uma opção sustentável. Grande parte da expansão da cana-de-açúcar ocorre em áreas de pastagem. Nesse sentido, conduziu-se um estudo no Centro-Sul do Brasil, a maior região produtora de cana-de-açúcar do mundo, objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos da MUT vegetação nativa - pastagem - cana-de-açúcar na MOS. A principal hipótese é que a conversão de pastagens degradadas para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar melhore a qualidade e a quantidade da MOS. A conversão da vegetação nativa para pastagem induz significativas perdas de C no solo (1,01 Mg ha-1 ano-1). Já a conversão dessas pastagens para cana-de-açúcar associa-se a ganhos de C, a uma taxa de 1,97 Mg ha-1 ano-1 até 1m de profundidade. Além disso, avaliações da MOS restritas a camadas superficias relacionam-se a indesejáveis vieses em estudos de MUT. A principal diferença na composição molecular da MOS após a conversão de pastagens para cana-de-açúcar é o aumento na contribuição de formas menos estáveis de C, aspecto associado a alta adição de material vegetal ao solo em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sem queima. A conversão da vagetação nativa para pastagem diminui o C lábil (CL), bem como o índice de manejo de C (IMC), enquanto a conversão da pastagem para a cana-de-açúcar aumenta o IMC de acordo com todos os métodos avaliados. Nesse sentido, o método utilizado para quantificar o CL e o IMC é determinante ao se inferir sobre os efeitos da MUT na MOS. O modelo DayCent estimou que a conversão vegetação nativa-pastagem associa-se a perdas de C no solo de 0,34±0,03 Mg ha-1 ano-1, enquanto a conversão pastagem - cana-de-açúcar associa-se a ganhos de C a 0,16±0,04 Mg ha-1 ano-1 na camada de 0-0,3 m. Além disso, simulações mostraram decréscimos de 0,19±0,04 Mg ha-1 ano-1 do C do solo nas áreas de cana-de-açúcar com remoção de palha para produção de etanol de segunda gereção (2G). No entanto, a adoção de algumas práticas de manejo podem mitigar essas perdas, com destaque para a aplicação de vinhaça e torta de filtro (+0,14±0,03 Mg C ha-1 ano-1). Nosso estudo mostrou que a conversão de pastagens para cana-de-açúcar apresenta efeitos positivos na qualidade e na quantidade da MOS, favorecendo o balanço de C do etanol brasileiro. Nossos resultados endorsam o potencial da cana-de-açúcar em recuperar, parcialmente, os estoques de C em pastagens degradadas. No entanto, esses ganhos são altamente dependentes da alta adição de resíduos vegetais nas áreas de cana-de-açúcar, e a remoção de palha para produção de etanol 2G poderá afetar a MOS em áreas de expansão. Por fim, com base na disponibilidade de áreas e nos efeitos positivos sobre a MOS, meios para estimular a expansão da cana-de-açúcar em áreas de pastagem degradadas no Brasil devam ser considerados.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Considerando um conjunto de 21 tipos de rochas utilizadas como revestimento e subdivididas em quatro conjuntos por afinidade da composição mineral (rochas carbonáticas, quartzosas, feldspáticas e quartzo-feldspáticas) foram realizados ensaios tecnológicos para a determinação do coeficiente de dilatação térmica linear e da resistência à compressão uniaxial, bem como a anisotropia dessas propriedades. Os dados tecnológicos obtidos foram correlacionados com informações petrográficas qualitativas e quantitativas referentes à composição mineral, variações texturais e estruturais determinadas em seções ortogonais entre si a partir de um sistema de referência (xyz) baseado na foliação e lineação macroscopicamente visíveis. A análise integrada dos dados utilizando estatística convencional e multivariada procurou apontar as variáveis petrográficas mais relevantes para as duas propriedades tecnológicas enfocadas e suas respectivas anisotropias. A dilatação térmica e sua anisotropia são influenciadas principalmente pela composição mineral e pela orientação preferencial dos minerais embora as microfissuras desempenhem papel importante em alguns casos. A tensão de compressão mostra sua variabilidade e anisotropia influenciadas pela granulação média, tipos de contatos minerais predominantes e padrões de microfissuras mais ou menos definidos por influência da foliação presente. Constatou-se que no conjunto analisado a presença da foliação não implica necessariamente em anisotropia das duas propriedades estudadas.
The anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient and compressive tensile strength were determined for 21 commercially used stones gathered in four set according the main mineral composition named carbonatic, quartz-rich, feldspar-rich and quartz-feldspar-rich rocks. Using a coordinate reference system (xyz) based on the macroscopic visible foliation and lineation the samples were submitted to normalized laboratorial analyses for determination of the both technological properties and the petrographical features such as mineral composition, texture and fabric. Additionally was carried out measurements of weathered area and microcrack quantification by image analysis and texture quantification by U-stage methods. In order to understand the relationship between the anisotropy measured and petrographical data it was applied traditional and multivariate statistical analysis. The results pointed to the great significance of mineral composition and the crystallographic preferred orientation for thermal expansion and respective anisotropy, especially to monomineralic and/or foliated rocks, in spite of some cases microcracks play this role. The compressive strength is mainly controlled by a complex interaction between grain size distribution, grain boundary and microcrack patterns related or not to foliation.

Este trabalho analisa a expansão do turismo no litoral do Maranhão a partir da apropriação dos fundos territoriais induzida pelo Estado por meio de suas políticas de turismo. Nesse processo, estes espaços são tratados como estoques de território para a expansão da acumulação de capital, meio para futuras expansões de usos hegemônicos do território. Discute-se a particularidade do litoral enquanto espaço apropriado para o lazer, destacando a expansão de seu uso turístico e os processos relacionados à inserção do Maranhão em tal dinâmica. As políticas e os planos dedicados ao desenvolvimento do turismo são apresentados como instrumentos de indução do uso turístico do território, evidenciando o papel do Estado na expansão desta atividade em espaços periféricos. Os municípios de Barreirinhas, Guimarães e Carutapera, identificados como representativos do movimento de expansão em curso e caracterizados por configurações distintas nesse processo, dão base às análises realizadas acerca da apropriação dos fundos territoriais para o turismo no litoral do Maranhão. A análise proposta situa a atividade turística no âmbito do desenvolvimento geográfico desigual, na geografia histórica do capitalismo, tendo como realidade concreta a periferia, onde a expansão do turismo tem encontrado espaço para investimentos em infraestruturas, aplicação de capitais na aquisição de terras, ampliação do mercado de redes hoteleiras, companhias aéreas, agências e operadores de turismo, além de uma série de atividades de cunho especulativo. O uso turístico do território do Maranhão é proposto a partir dos anos 2000 circunscrito prioritariamente ao litoral. O processo de expansão do turismo litorâneo analisado direciona-se para além da capital, São Luís, e seu entorno, consolidando a exploração turística dos Lençóis Maranhenses e induzindo-a em ritmos desiguais aos demais municípios litorâneos, sobretudo àqueles com características ambientais amazônicas. Configura-se assim o Maranhão como a fronteira de expansão do turismo no litoral setentrional do Brasil, processo que se dá acompanhado de diversos problemas, conflitos e contradições.
This study examines the expansion of tourism on the coast of Maranhão from the appropriation of territorial stocks induced by the state through its tourism policies. In this process, these spaces are treated as territory stocks to the expansion of capital accumulation, a form of savings for future expansions of hegemonic use of the territory. We discuss the peculiarity of the coast as an appropriate space for leisure, highlighting the expansion of its touristic use and the process related to the insertion of Maranhão in such dynamics. Policies and plans devoted to the development of tourism are presented as instruments of induction for the touristic use of the territory, highlighting the state\'s role in the expansion of this activity in peripheral spaces. The municipalities of Barreirinhas, Guimarães and Carutapera, identified as representative of the ongoing expansion movement and characterized by different configurations in this process support the analysis about the appropriation of territorial stocks for tourism activity on the coast of Maranhão. This analysis places tourism activity in the context of uneven geographical development, in the historical geography of capitalism, which shows as a concrete reality the periphery, where the expansion of tourism has found room for investments in infrastructure, capital investment in land acquisition, the expansion of market chains linked to hotels, airlines, travel agencies and tour operators, as well as a number of speculative activities. The touristic use of Maranhão\'s territory is proposed since the 2000s, primarily restricted to the coast. The process of expansion of coastal tourism analyzed goes beyond the capital, São Luís, and its surroundings, consolidating the tourist exploitation of Lençóis Maranhenses and inducing it in uneven rhythms to other coastal municipalities, especially those with Amazonian environmental characteristics. So is configured Maranhão as the tourism expansion frontier in the northern coast of Brazil, a process that takes place accompanied by various problems, conflicts and contradictions.

This study solves the problem of unsteady free convection from an inclined heated tube both numerically and analytically. The tube is taken to have an elliptic cross-section having a constant heat flux applied to its surface. The surrounding fluid is viscous and incompressible and infinite in extent. The Boussinesq approximation is used to describe the buoyancy force driving the flow. The underlying assumptions made in this work are that the flow remains laminar and two-dimensional for all time. This enables the Navier-Stokes and energy equations to be formulated in terms of the streamfunction, and vorticity. We assume that initially an impulsive heat flux is applied to the surface and that both the tube and surrounding fluid have the same initial temperature. The problem is solved subject to the no-slip and constant heat flux conditions on the surface together with quiescent far-field and initial conditions. An approximate analytical-numerical solution was derived for small times, t and large Grashof numbers, Gr. This was done by expanding the flow variables in a double series in terms of two small parameters and reduces to solving a set of differential equations. The first few terms were solved exactly while the higher-order terms were determined numerically. Flow characteristics presented include average surface temperature plots as well as surface vorticity and surface temperature distributions. The results demonstrate that the approximate analytical-numerical solution is in good agreement with the fully numerical solution for small t and large Gr.

碩士
國立東華大學
國際企業學系
101
This paper aims to introduce switch options approach with managerial flexibility for evaluating the investment project on branches’ extension of chain stores. Under consumer spending behavior is uncertain, and follows geometric Brownian motion, there are two alternative options can be switched immediately; the programⅠ: expand scale of the original branch; the programⅡ: create new service location. With different movements of consumption’s variation and different switch cost so as to construct dynamic investment decision-making model by using switch options for assessing the firm value of chain store branches, also provide the managers with a more flexible policy thinking mode in response to the uncertain environment for the branches’ extension project on chain stores.

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
No presente trabalho são incluídos dois estudos cuja ligação é a espécie florestal, Pinheiro bravo. A finalidade de ambos foi fornecer instrumentos para a quantificação de biomassa e de carbono na floresta portuguesa. O objectivo do primeiro estudo foi melhorar as equações existentes conferindolhes um carácter de aplicação geral para Portugal, agrupando os dados recolhidos em diferentes locais do país. Apresentam-se dois sistemas de equações para a espécie pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster Aiton), para estimar ao nível da árvore individual, a biomassa aérea e a biomassa para as principais componentes da árvore (lenho, casca, ramos e agulhas). Um dos sistemas de equações poderá ser aplicado em povoamentos irregulares ou povoamentos regulares de idade desconhecida e o outro em povoamentos regulares, cuja idade é conhecida. Os sistemas de equações foram obtidos por ajustamento simultâneo pelo método dos mínimos quadrados não lineares generalizados. Para a validação das equações seleccionadas foi aplicado o método Jack Knife, porque a grandeza da amostra não permitiu a separação em dois conjuntos, um para ajustamento e outro para validação. A selecção dos sistemas obtidos teve em consideração a melhor performance dos modelos e a inclusão de variáveis dendrométricas e variaveis do povoamento disponibilizadas pelo inventário florestal nacional. O segundo estudo teve como finalidade avaliar e quantificar o sequestro de carbono na floresta, resultante da aplicação de diferentes métodos de estimação da biomassa do povoamento. Para o efeito foram aplicadas as actuais equações de biomassa existentes para as principais espécies florestais portuguesas. Como método alternativo, foram aplicados os factores de expansão de biomassa, publicados no relatório do Inventário Nacional de Emissões por Fontes e Remoções por Sumidouros de Poluentes Atmosféricos por espécie, pela simples multiplicação destes valores constantes pelo volume do povoamento. A utilização de factores de expansão de biomassa, em relação à determinação da biomassa com recurso a equações alométricas da árvore, tem a vantagem de ser aplicável em dados já processados e em modelos de crescimento do povoamento que não incluem o módulo de biomassa. Com base na conclusão de diversos estudos de que o factor de expansão de biomassa não é constante ao longo do tempo, foram ajustadas equações para estimar factores de expansão de biomassa em função de variáveis do povoamento facilmente obtidas com os dados de inventário florestal. Estas equações foram utilizadas para estimar a biomassa do povoamento de algumas espécies florestais, nomeadamente: pinheiro bravo, eucalipto, sobreiro, pinheiro manso e castanheiro. Os resultados da sua aplicação são comparados com os resultados obtidos com os métodos anteriormente descritos.-------------------------------------This study contains two working papers that are linked to a final objective: biomass and carbon estimates of Portuguese forests. The link is also established by one forest species, the Maritime pine. Two systems of compatible equations were developed in the first study for the maritime pine species, to estimate tree aboveground biomass and biomass per tree component at Portugal level. One of the systems may be applied to uneven aged stands or to even-aged stands in which the age is unknown and the other system can be applied to even-aged stands where age is known. The aim of the second study was to support a critical analysis comparing different methods to estimate stand biomass: i) applying the current tree level biomass equations; ii) using biomass expansion factors that have been published in the Portuguese National Inventory Report on greenhouse gases; iii) using models developed under this study, for the prediction of biomass expansion factors as a function of stand variables. This second study was developed for five of the main forest species in Portugal: maritime pine, eucalyptus, cork oak, umbrella pine and chestnut.

碩士
崑山科技大學
企業管理研究所
96
The industrial structures changed dramatically accompanied with the development of the economics, the chain store business is one of the crucial industrial whose its influences on the domestic economics is getting deep. Retailer’s market is in the keen competition due to the changes of the consumers’ behaviors and thus the industrial revolution is stimulated; which the establishment and expansion of the chain store business models is one of the most important reformation example. This study is focusing on the chain store business model and its expansion, the author tries to get a better understanding on the standard process of store expansion and to develop its business model, aim to come up with the managerial implications for chain stores business management and expansion. Interviews with the senior professionals in the chain stores business were conducted to summarize their insights and perceptions of the operations and managements in the industry. A case study was done with one of the leading shoes chain store company in Taiwan. Relevant information from interview and case study were analyzed and adjusted to generate a modified business model as well as the standard process of chain stores expansion. We concluded that the following 7 subjects of management should to be implemented simultaneously, in terms of management, marketing, products, logistics, human resource, finance and I.T. Besides, the implementation of standard process when expanding chain stores is also strongly recommended. The business models referring to the 7 subjects of management and the standard process of chain stores expansion are established and developed in this study.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
企業管理系碩士在職專班
99
Since the 2008 financial crisis, the global economy is relatively conservative, the overall investment environment present situation is unknown, but maternal and infant supplies, health food and drug and beauty-related industry is still in the retail market in the survive this, number of stores are also getting trend, showing The industry flourished, and people's lives have been inextricably linked. No matter what kind of drug store location, commodity composition of no more than health, beauty, home occupied three categories, drug store channel plays gatekeeper role for the customer to select the best quality products, carefully selected by professionals so that customers can rest assured that checks to buy the necessary goods. However, successful business chain stores, many of the conditions necessary for clear why these conditions, the paper selects store age, district population, visibility, competition and shopping district with an area of five variables to chain drug NB Board to study, using questionnaire survey data to study these variables on business performance. The empirical results show that age stores, shopping district population, competition and shopping district with an area of impact on business performance have a significant positive correlation; CD store visibility of the impact on operating performance is not significant. Therefore, in practical policy development shop, store age, district population, district and shopping area of the same competition, with a key influence. The visibility of the variables that showed no significant measure of the phenomenon may be related with the data. Therefore, the visibility of empirically the relative impact on business performance of small, may be included in considerations.