Journal articles on the topic 'Stocking density'
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Watt, Michael S., Branislav Zoric, Mark O. Kimberley, and Jonathan Harrington. "Influence of stocking on radial and longitudinal variation in modulus of elasticity, microfibril angle, and density in a 24-year-old Pinus radiata thinning trial." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-070.
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Detailed radial measurements of wood properties at four heights (0, 1.4, 5, and 20 m) were taken from 24-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don growing at four final crop stockings (200, 350, 500, and 1100 stems·ha–1). Using these measurements, the objectives of the study were to examine pith-to-bark trends at several heights to (i) determine how stocking influenced modulus of elasticity (MoE), wood density, and microfibril angle (MFA), (ii) quantify the relations among these properties and age at different stocking levels, and (iii) develop a graphical model for MoE across the stocking range. The influence of stocking on all wood properties was primarily expressed through a highly significant interaction between age and stocking. Wood properties in the highest stocking treatment diverged from those in the lowest stocking treatment at tree age 5 to reach a maximum difference of 92 kg·m–3 (488 vs. 580 kg·m–3) at tree age 18 for density, –5.7° (29.2° vs. 23.5°) at tree age 10 for MFA, and 5.1 GPa (12.1 vs. 17.2 GPa) at tree age 20 years for MoE. Graphical predictions from the model show greatest gains in MoE at high final crop stocking to occur over the lower part of the stem.
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Peterson, Doug, Mark Brownlee, and Tim Kelley. "Stocking Density Affects Diet Selection." Rangelands 35, no. 5 (October 2013): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rangelands-d-13-00020.1.
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Santana, Thiago Macedo, Amanda Halum Elias, Flávio Augusto Leão da Fonseca, Odair Rodrigues Freitas, Juliana Tomomi Kojima, and Ligia Uribe Gonçalves. "Stocking density for arapaima larviculture." Aquaculture 528 (November 2020): 735565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735565.
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Iji, P. A., N. N. Umunna, J. P. Alawa, and O. A. Ikwuegbu. "The performance of West African Dwarf does and their kids at various stocking densities on stylo-based pasture in the subhumid zone of Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 2 (October 1995): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084409.
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SUMMARYTwo studies were conducted between 1991 and 1993 to assess the impact of grazing improved v. natural pasture at different stocking densities on animal and vegetation responses. In the first grazing season, goats of the West African Dwarf (WAD) breed were grazed at four stocking densities – 1·90, 2·86, 3·86 or 4·71 TLU/ha (Tropical Livestock Unit = 250 kg liveweight). Wet-season grazing lasted for 14 weeks while assessment was continued until kids were weaned at 120 days of age. There were significant (P < 0·05) changes in the content of legume and forbs in response to variations in stocking density. Liveweight gain per head was significantly (P < 0·05) higher at low than at high stocking density. The same trend was maintained with most aspects of reproductive performance. Goats at low stocking density were of a higher (P < 0·05) body condition score at parturition and had larger litter sizes than does stocked at high stocking density. Kid birth weight and liveweight gain were significantly (P < 0·001) higher at low than at high stocking density. The overall weight loss in does during nursing was similar at the different stocking densities.In the following year, comparisons were made between three stocking densities, 2·11, 3·17 and 4·23 TLU/ha, on improved and unimproved pastures. Over 14 weeks of wet-season grazing, there was a significant (P < 0·01) decline in available dry matter except at the lowest stocking density on both pasture types. Weight gain per head decreased with increase in stocking density while the reverse was true for weight gain per unit of land. No significant differences were observed for reproductive performance between pasture types or stocking densities. Kid growth rate up to weaning declined with increase in stocking density (P < 0·001) while kid mortality rose with increase in stocking density (P < 0·01). Weight losses in nursing does were higher (P < 0·05) at low than at high stocking density.
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Barruni, Nurul, Syahrio Tantalo, Dian Septinova, and Khaira Nova. "PENGARUH KEPADATAN KANDANG TERHADAP BOBOT HIDUP, KARKAS, DAN GIBLET BROILER UMUR 14-28 HARI DI CLOSED HOUSE." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 4, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2020.4.2.104-108.
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This study aimed to study the effect of stocking density on live weight, carcasses and giblets of broiler in closed houses; and to determine the best stocking density on live weight, carcass and giblet of broiler in a closed house. This research was conducted in April-May 2019 for 28 days with 14 days of treatments period (14-28 days) at PT. Charoen Pokphand (Kandang Bandara 2) located in Bangun Sari hamlet, Way Sari Village, Natar District, Lampung Selatan Regency. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments, of stocking density of 15 heads/m2 (P1), stocking density of 17 heads/m2 (P2), stocking density of 19 heads/m2 (P3), and stocking density of 21 heads/m2 (P4), with five replications for each treatment. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance at 5% level. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the different stocking density had no significant effect on the live weight, carcasses, and giblet of broiler at 28 days of age in the closed house.
Keywords: Carcass, Closed house, Giblet, Live weight, Stocking density
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Awal Hossain, Md Robiul, Md Eilious Hosain, Anika Tabassum, and Md Niamul Naser. "Effects of Stocking Density on Production Performance of nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in grow-out Culture Cages." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, no. 2 (November 20, 2022): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i2.62056.
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A 120-day cage grow-out production performance of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus was conducted in the Dakatia river, Echoli, Chandpur to identify an optimal stocking density. The three stocking densities were used at 30, 50, and 70 tilapia m-3 under three treatments with triplicate. The initial average weight of tilapia fingerlings at 32.31±9.59 g was stocked. Final weight, specific growth rate, and survival were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 30 tilapia m-3 stocking density than those in the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities. The best food conversion ratio of 1.47 was found in the 30 tilapia m-3 stocking density and followed by 2.0 and 2.90 in the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities, respectively. The production was comparable (p > 0.05) between the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities; however, the net profit was higher (p < 0.05) in the 50 tilapia m-3 stocking density group compared to the two other stocking density groups. This study suggests a stocking of density at 50 tilapia m-3 to increase Nile Tilapia O. niloticus productivity in the riverine cage culture system. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (2): 239-250, 2022
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Anugraheni, Laini, Elrifadah Elrifadah, and Yulius Kisworo. "VARIASI PADAT PENEBARAN DAN PENGGUNAAN LARUTAN DAUN KETAPANG (Terminalia catappa L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)." EnviroScienteae 18, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v18i1.13006.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of stocking density, the dose of ketapang leaf solution (Terminalia catappa L.) and the interaction between stocking density and dose of ketapang leaf solution (Terminalia catappa L.) on the growth of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). This research was conducted in July-August 2022 for 30 days, located on Jl RO Ulin Gang Sapta Warga Rt.07 Rw.02 Banjarbaru City. This study used a factorial completely randomized design method with 2 levels of Factor A (10 and 15 stocking densities) and 2 levels of Factor B (dose of ketapang leaf solution 2ml/l and 3 ml/l) with 3 repetitions (2x2x3). The treatments obtained were A1B1 (10 stocking density and 2ml/l ketapang leaf solution), A1B2 (10 stocking density and 3ml/l ketapang leaf solution), A2B1(15 stocking density and 2ml/l ketapang leaf solution dose). ) and A2B2 (stocking density of 15 individuals and the dose of ketapang leaf solution was 3ml/l). The fish used is tilapia seeds measuring 3-5 cm. In the results of the stocking density study, the dose of ketapang leaf solution had no significant effect on absolute growth and relative growth of tilapia fry. However, the interaction between stocking density and dose of ketapang leaf solution had a significant effect on the survival of tilapia.
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Sinansari, Shofihar, Vitas Atmadi Prakoso, Erma Primanita Hayuningtyas, Bambang Priadi, Sri Sundari, and Eni Kusrini. "Pengaruh Padat Tebar terhadap Konsumsi Oksigen dan Respons Stres Ikan Cupang Alam (Betta imbellis)." OLDI (Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia) 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2021.v6i1.314.
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<strong>Effect of Stocking Density on Oxygen Consumption and Stress Response in Crescent Betta (<em>Betta imbellis</em>)</strong>. Stocking density is one of the determinant parameters for fish growth optimization in aquaculture systems due to its relationship with fish metabolism. Information about the impact of different stocking densities on crescent betta (<em>Betta imbellis</em>) metabolism was not available yet. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of stocking density on oxygen consumption, critical oxygen level, and stress responses in crescent betta.The study was carried out under three different stocking density treatments: 5, 10, and 15 fish/L with three replications using 2.74 ± 0.23 cm total length and 0.22 ± 0.05 g body weight tested fishes.The parameters observed were oxygen consumption, ventilation rate, blood glucose level, cortisol, and critical oxygen level. The result showed that the highest oxygen consumption was found at 5 fish/L stocking density treatment (3.01 ± 0.28 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h), which was significantly different from 10 fish/L (1.01 ± 0.21 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h) and 15 fish/L (0.92 ± 0.08 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h) stocking density treatments. Oxygen consumptions under hypoxic condition was not significantly different compared to normoxic condition.The ventilation rate tends to increase significantly along with the increasing of stocking densities. Critical oxygen levels were not significantly different among the treatments,with the value of 3.31 ± 0.65 mg/L, 3.14 ± 0.29 mg/L, and 2.83 ± 0.19 mg/L for stocking density of 5, 10, and 15 fish/L, respectively. The blood glucose level at 15 fish/L stocking density was significantly higher than others, whereas the cortisol levels was not significantly different among the treatments. The results of this study provided information that the increasing stocking density of cressent betta will decrease their metabolism activity and increase ventilation rate. However, the increase of ventilation rate was negatively correlated with oxygen consumption per breath at higher stocking densities due to decrease in fish activity; and higher stocking densities will decrease oxygen consumption. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ideal stocking density for crescent betta is 5 fish/L. The increasing of stocking density will decrease oxygen consumption rates and increase the stress level of crescent betta.
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Chen, Qiuyan, Xiaohui Li, Jiarun Cui, Caiyun Xu, Hongfei Wei, Qian Zhao, Hongli Yao, Hailong You, Dawei Zhang, and Huimei Yu. "Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid Metabolism by Skeletal Muscle in Mice." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192538.
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Specific pathogen-free (SPF) grade laboratory animals are kept in specific cages for life. The limited space could affect the characterization of colonization and dynamic changes related to gut microorganisms, and affect adipokines, even further affecting the fat synthesis and muscle quality of animals. The objective of this study was to analyze the stocking density on the dynamic distribution of gut microbiota, fat synthesis and muscle quality of SPF grade Kunming mice. Three housing densities were accomplished by raising different mice per cage with the same floor size. Kunming mice were reared at low stocking density (LSD, three mice a group), medium stocking density (MSD, 5 mice a group), and high stocking density (HSD, 10 mice a group) for 12 weeks. The results demonstrated that the stocking density affected intestinal microbial flora composition. We found that compared with the MSD group, the abundance of Lactobacillus in the LSD group and the HSD group decreased, but the abundance of unclassified_Porphyromonadaceae increased. Moreover, fat synthesis and muscle quality were linked to the intestinal microbial flora and stocking density. Compared with the LSD group and the HSD group, the MSD group had a more balanced gut flora, higher fat synthesis and higher muscle quality. Overall, this study demonstrated that stocking density could affect gut microbiota composition, and reasonable stocking density could improve fat synthesis and muscle quality. Our study will provide theoretical support for the suitable stocking density of laboratory animals.
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Mehta, K. S., Akansha Khati, Mohd Danish, V. K. Singh, and H. C. S. Bisht. "Development of carp fish culture practice under different stocking densities in mid hills of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.877.
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The present study was undertaken in order to standardise the stocking density values of carps fishes for sustainable fisheries development in mid hills and enhancing the fish production. The paper deals with growth performance of 3 exotic fish species in low stocking density i.e. 3 fish/m3 over high stocking density of 5 fish/m3 and 10 fish/m3 in the control pond. The net production was 12.6% higher with stocking density of 3 fish/m3. Among the both tested density, the combination of 30: 40: 30 was superior (45.6%) in terms of growth and production in comparison to the other combinations and control. In present study, the highest production as 57.13kg/100m2 (5713 kg/ha.) was achieved in the stocking ratio of 30:40:30 with stocking density of 3 fish/m3. It is 4.7% higher of the combination of 40:30:30 and 4% higher than the combination of 30: 30: 40. It is 12.6% higher than the stocking density of 5 fish/m3 and 48.5% higher than the stocking density of 10 fish /m3. The growth pattern reflected the slow growth during the winter months, reflected the direct negative effect of water temperature on the growth. The production level of existing practice of the farmers may be enhanced up to 1.5 times with proper stocking density i.e. 3 fish/m3 and perfect species combination i.e. 30: 40: 30 for silver carp, grass carp and common carp respectively.
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Mohammed, Ahmed Ismael Mohammed, Saman Abdulmajid Rashid Rashid, and Shahla Muhammad Saeed Kirkuki Saeed Kirkuki. "Effect of Stocking Density and Marketing Age on Broiler Performance." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 2ndInt.Conf.AGR, Special Issue (February 6, 2018): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10673.
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Nguyen, Tu P. C. "Influence of stocking density on water quality and growth performance of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in fiberglass tanks, without water exchange." Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 06 (December 27, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.3.06.2019.
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The present study evaluated the effects of stocking density on water quality parameters, growth performance and survival rate of white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in fiberglass tanks, without water exchange. Three stocking densities (50, 100 and 200 shrimp/m2) were tested. Each treatment consisted of three replicates fiberglass tanks (500 L). The shrimp were fed ad libitum four times per day with a commercial pellet (40-42% protein). After an 8-week trial, concentrations of nutrients in the culture tanks showed an increasing linear relationship with increasing stocking density. The growth performance of shrimp in low stocking densities was significantly greater than that in high stocking densities. The results from this study demonstrate that with increasing the stocking density the production of shrimp increased but in a low final weight and survival compared to low stocking density.
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Utami, Diah Ayu Satyari, Afan Auriel Ramlanis, Wifky Ezra Mohammad Faruq, and Fazril Saputra. "PADAT TEBAR OPTIMUM UNTUK MENDUKUNG OPTIMASI KUALITAS AIR DAN PRODUKSI TAMBAK INTENSIF UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei)." Jurnal Akuakultura Universitas Teuku Umar 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/ja.v6i1.6268.
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This study aimed to determine the optimum stocking density that supported optimization of water quality and production of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds. This study was conducted in 2 different cycles, namely cycles 14 and 15 and with different shrimp stocking densities in each cycle, namely 94 and 150 shrimp/m2. Each cycle and stocking density was represented by 2 ponds, namely ponds B5 and B6. Experimental animals used were white shrimp post-larvae stadia 9-10 (PL 9-10) with a size of 9-12 mm. Experimental parameters observed included water quality parameters (brightness, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, ammonium, and nitrite) and production performance (average body weight, average daily growth, biomass, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, and feed intake). Water quality of rearing medium reached the optimum value at a stocking density of 94 shrimp/m2. This was indicated by higher dissolved oxygen (4.0-5.3 mg/l) and lower ammonium (0.5-3.0 mg/l) compared to rearing ponds with a stocking density of 150 shrimp/m2 (4 0.0-5.0 mg/l; 1.0-3.0 mg/l). A stocking density of 94 shrimp/m2 showed a higher production performance than a stocking density of 150 shrimp/m2. This was indicated by the higher average body weight, average daily growth, and SR (18.20-19.77 g/shrimp; 0.30-0.48 g/day; 80.60-80.90%) and the lower FCR (1.11-1.33) at stocking density of 94 shrimp/m2 compared to 150 shrimp/m2 (17.18-17.40 g/shrimp; 0.45-0.50 g/day; 73, 92-78.32%; 1.64-1.75). The results of this study indicated that stocking density could affect water quality and shrimp production performance. The optimum shrimp stocking density in this study was 94 shrimp/m2.
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Manullang, Helentina Mariance. "Influence of Survival Rate and Growth juvenile of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Against the Probiotic Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) on Feed." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v6i1.1503.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of the use of EM-4 probiotics (effective microorganisms-4) in feed on different stockings in increasing the survival rate and growth of African catfish. This research was conducted by the Faculty of Fisheries Laboratory of the Dharmawangsa University Medan from September to October 2019. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments 3 replications. The treatment consists of the different amount of stocking density (P1: 50 fish / 48 liters of water), (P2: 65 fish / 48 liters of water), (P3: 80 fish / 48 liters of water) and (P4: 95 fish / 48 liters of water). The observation result Data is analyzed by variance analysis (ANAVA) after meeting the requirements, Subsequently conducted a variety of error test homogenized and use a chi-squared spread with the formula Steel and Torries (2003). The results showed that the different amount of stocking density affected the growth and graduation of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) seeds. The optimal density of stocking on the growth and graduation of live African catfish is the density of 50 fish/ 48 liters of water, with an average survival rate of 90.66%, the average growth of absolute weight 19.10 grams and average average growth length 9 cm
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Sapkota, Karuna, Susant Mani Chaudhary, Laxmee Bhandari, Mahesh Budha Magar, Birendra Chaudhary, Subhash Kumar Jha, Prabin Pandey, and Jiban Shrestha. "Growth and production of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) under different levels of stocking densities." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 20, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v20i2.63585.
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Monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) was evaluated in a freshwater pond for 100 days at Gokuleshwor, Baitadi, Nepal during the summer and rainy seasons of 2019. Fingerlings were supplied at stocking densities of 5, 10, 15, and 20 fish per m3. At the time of stocking, the average fingerling weight was 8.5 grams. Each treatment had four replicates. Each of the treatments involved feeding the fish twice a day. The results revealed that the specific growth rate and survival rates decreased with increasing levels of stocking density. As stocking density increased, the growth performance of tilapia dropped. Fish growth was the highest at a stocking density of 5 fish per m3, but the production was the highest at a stocking density of 20 fish per m3. According to the findings of this study, farmers should use higher stocking densities to maximize production. SAARC J. Agric., 20(2): 247-259 (2022)
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Utnik-Banaś, Katarzyna, Janusz Żmija, and Elżbieta Sowula-Skrzyñska. "Economic Aspects of Reducing Stocking Density in Broiler Chicken Production using the Example of Farms in Southern Poland." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0029.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of reducing stocking density to the level recommended by Council Directive 2007/43/EC on broiler production profitability. The study was carried out using the example of three broiler-only farms located in southern Poland. The farms with production area of 950 m2, 3 400 m2 and 5 040 m2, had fully automated systems for feeding, watering and ventilation. In total, the research covered 54 production rounds in the years 2009–2011. research material included data concerning production costs and achieved production results, as well as income obtained in individual rounds. Net income from broiler production was calculated for three variants differing in stocking density: variant 1 – actual stocking density in farms in 2009 (47–45 kgm–2), variant 2 – stocking density of 42 kg m–2, variant 3 – stocking density of 33 kg m–2. the study results indicate that reducing stocking density increases total production costs, and decreases broiler production income. Production profitability depended primarily on the relation between prices of broiler livestock and feed. Reducing stocking density to the level recommended by the European commission (33 kg m–2) in 2009 would result in decrease of income from €2.40 to 0.77 per m–2, whereas in 2011 production carried out at this stocking density would result in losses. To maintain the current income level of farmers, it would require an increase of 5–6% in meat prices.
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Seo, Junhyuk, and Jeonghwan Park. "Does Stocking Density Affect Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in a Recirculating Aquaculture System?" Animals 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010044.
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Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is a representative culture species in South Korea. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) have received increased attention because they can provide sustainable and environmentally friendly productivity. However, to maintain economic sustainability, the system generally requires high productivity, achieved through a high stocking density, which compromises animal welfare. The reduction in growth based on the stocking density may be due to the social hierarchy resulting from the growth suppression of subordinate individuals. Species, size, culture systems, and other management regimes can affect the social hierarchy. Therefore, a more practical approach must be taken to adjust the stocking density for a particular fish species and fish size in a specific culture system. This study investigated the effect of stocking density on juvenile olive flounder in an RAS. Juvenile olive flounder (61.0 ± 0.3 g) were initially stocked at 3.29, 4.84, 7.14, and 8.56 kg/m2 (T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively). After 8 weeks, growth performance, in terms of feed conversion, specific growth rate, and daily feed intake rate, was measured. In addition, the blood levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), growth hormone, glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase and the whole-body composition were evaluated as stress indicators. Growth performance increased as stocking density increased, but fish at the highest stocking density showed signs of growth reduction toward the end of the experiment. In addition, as stocking density increased, IGF-1 decreased, and cortisol increased. The whole-body protein level was significantly lower in T4 compared with the other treatments. Olive flounder seemed to tolerate a stocking density up to 20.16 kg/m2. Based on the growth performance, hematological response, and whole-body composition results in the present study, a final stocking density of 20 kg/m2 (from the initial stocking density of 4.84–7.14 kg/m2) may be desirable for juvenile olive flounder in an RAS for fish weighing ~60–180 g.
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Paswan, V. K., K. D. Rawat, P. P. Srivastava, C. Prakash, M. D. Aklakur, S. Saseendran, and R. S. S. Lingam. "Optimization of stocking density and feeding ration for rearing of stunted Labeo rohita fingerlings in cages." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/2/mrn-1369.
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Aim: To rear stunted Labeo rohita fingerlings in cages and determine the optimum stocking density and feeding ration for better growth performance of fishes. Methodology: Eight-month-old stunted fingerlings of Labeo rohita (14.65cm/38.23g) were stocked in floating net square cages at different stocking densities (10, 15, 20 and 25 fishm-2) and fed with different feeding ration (3%, 4%, 5% and 6% of body weight), further reared for 330 days and fed twice a day with commercial floating pellets with 25% crude protein. The study followed 4*4 factorial design and were triplicated for each treatment and level. Results: The study found a decrease in the final body weight, average body weight gain, and specific growth rate with increasing stocking density. The highest final body weight (732.64 g), body weight gain (694.30 g) and specific growth rate (0.89 % day-1) were recorded in 10/m2 stocking density with feed ration of 6% body weight. In contrast to this, fish reared in higher stocking density (25/m2) exhibited poor feed conversion ratio. Fish reared in lower stocking density (10/m2) and fed with 6% feeding ration displayed an enhanced feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio which indicated that rearing of stunted rohu in intensive cage culture at lower stocking density (10/m2) with higher feeding ration (6%) increase their feed utilization capacity. Interpretation: Rearing of stunted rohu in intensive cage culture is possible, however, the stocking density and feeding ration should be 10/m2 and 6%, respectively, compared to traditional cage practices, in order to reduce stress and to get optimum production. Key words: Cage culture, Feeding ration, Fingerling, Labeo rohita, Stocking density
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Thema, Kwena Kgaogelo, Caven Mguvane Mnisi, and Victor Mlambo. "Stocking density-induced changes in growth performance, blood parameters, meat quality traits, and welfare of broiler chickens reared under semi-arid subtropical conditions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e0275811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275811.
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Broiler production in semi-arid tropics must contend with high levels of heat stress, which have implications on stocking density, bird welfare, and profitability. Under these conditions, optimal stocking densities are likely to be lower than expected, thus must be experimentally determined. Therefore, this study investigated growth performance, haematology, serum biochemistry, carcass and meat quality, sizes of internal organs, and stress biomarkers in response to different stocking densities in broilers reared under semi-arid subtropical conditions. Five hundred, day-old Ross 308 broilers (44.0 ± 5.24 g live-weights) were randomly distributed to 25 replicate pens (1.32 m2 floor space each) to create five stocking densities: 1) 10 birds/pen (SD10); 2) 15 birds/pen (SD15); 3) 20 birds/pen (SD20); 4) 25 birds/pen (SD25); and 5) 30 birds/pen (SD30). There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in overall feed intake and weight gain in weeks 2 and 3 as stocking density increased. However, weight gain showed positive and negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in weeks 5 and 6, respectively, as stocking density increased. No linear or quadratic effects (P ˃ 0.05) were observed for overall feed conversion ratio, haematological parameters, and meat quality traits in response to stocking density. Symmetric dimethylarginine, alanine transaminase, and albumin levels quadratically increased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing stocking densities. Serum glucose and thigh weight were not affected (P < 0.05) while final body, drumstick, breast, and wing weights linearly declined with stocking density. Increasing stocking density linearly reduced (P < 0.05) the weights of gizzard, proventriculus, caecum, and colon. Stocking density had no effect (P ˃ 0.05) on latency-to-lie. It was concluded that higher stocking densities compromised feed intake, resulting in poor weight gains. Based on weight gain trends observed in week 5, it was determined that Ross 308 broilers should be reared at no more than 20 birds/pen (~15 birds/m2 or 27.27 kg/m2) under the experimental ambient conditions compared to the much higher globally accepted industry standard of 20 birds/m2.
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Lukashenko, V. S., and Ye A. Ovseychik. "BROILER STOCkING DENSITY WHEN CAGE GROWING." Poultry and Chicken Products 23, no. 2 (2021): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2021-23-2-43-45.
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Lunger, Angela, Michael R. Rasmussen, Jesper Laursen, and Ewen McLean. "Fish stocking density impacts tank hydrodynamics." Aquaculture 254, no. 1-4 (April 2006): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.023.
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Lee, Daesung, and Jungkee Choi. "Stocking Diagrams for Silvicultural Guideline in Korean Pines and Japanese Larch." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080833.
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Appropriate management of stand density is necessary to avoid wasted growing space and overcrowding-induced self-thinning and therefore to optimize profitability. We developed a Gingrich-style stocking chart for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean white pine (P. koraiensis), and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) in Korea. Datasets for even-aged stands were categorized into two censored datasets via relative density based on species-specific stand density indices to assign adequate plots for tree allometry. Censored plot data for maximum density on full stocking were used to develop A-level stocking based on mean individual tree area. In censored plot data for minimum density on full stocking, individual trees represented open-grown trees, and a crown competition factor of 100 was proposed as B-level stocking. Based on parameters estimated from allometry, stocking diagrams comprising quadratic mean diameter, number of trees, and basal area were correctly expressed. A-level stocking at the same quadratic mean diameter revealed that Korean white pine had the most trees and largest basal area, while Japanese larch had the fewest trees and smallest basal area. In contrast, B-level stocking disclosed that Japanese larch had the most trees and basal area, whereas Korean white pine had the fewest trees and smallest basal area. The stocking diagrams suggest that silvicultural treatments for these species should be species-specific.
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Haser, T. F., E. Supriyono, K. Nirmala, Widanarni, T. H. Prihadi, T. Budiardi, F. Azmi, and M. S. Nurdin. "Effects of different stocking densities on growth performance of Tor soro fingerlings under recirculation aquaculture system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1033, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012008.
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Abstract Intensive aquaculture is an attempt to farm fish at a high stocking density. High stocking density in Tor soro can affect growth, survival, and feed efficiency. Therefore, intensive aquaculture usually adopts several technologies and one of them can be found in the form of a recirculation aquaculture system. This study aimed to examine optimal stocking density supporting Tor soro performance under the recirculation aquaculture system. Four different stocking densities were used as treatments: 2 fingerlings/L, 3 fingerlings/L, 4 fingerlings/L and 5 fingerlings/L. The experiment followed a completely randomized design experiment with four replications. Tor soro fingerlings sized 4-5 cm were reared in a 48 × 48 × 30 cm3 recirculated aquarium, with a water debit of 40 L in each tank for 60 days. Growth and survivals of fingerlings differed significantly between high and low stocking densities. The highest growth occurred to fingerlings at 4 stocking densities per liter (1.67±0.06) and the lowest growth occurred to the group with 5 fingerlings/L (0.34±0.56). Stocking density also significantly affected fingerling survivals where the first group attained 100% survivals, followed by a group of 4 fingerlings/L with (96±4.00%). Results from this study recommend stocking the fingerlings at a density of 4/L to maintain optimal growth conditions.
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Williams, Roger A. "Use of Stand Density Index as an Alternative to Stocking Percent in Upland Hardwoods." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/20.3.137.
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Abstract Stand Density Index (SDI) equations were developed and presented for upland hardwoods in southern Ohio. The relationship between SDI and stocking percent from upland hardwood stocking charts were developed, and a diagram displaying this relationship is presented. Critical stand density boundaries equivalent to stocking percent on stocking charts were defined: (1) the C-level of stocking (SDI < 125), (2) the B-level of stocking (125 ≤ SDI < 215), and (3) the A-level of stocking (215 ≤ SDI < 250). A fourth boundary—the region where competition-induced mortality begins—was determined through empirical evidence at an SDI = 175, or 81% stocking. How these boundaries can be utilized in various management strategies is presented. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):137–142.
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Pratama, Asep Rachmat, Iskandariah Iskandariah, Elinah Elinah, and Siti Yulianti. "Response of Blood Glucose of Brek Fish (Puntius Orphoides) on Stocking Density Stress." Barakuda 45: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan dan Kelautan 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47685/barakuda45.v4i2.275.
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This research was conducted with the aim to evaluate the performance of blood glucose of brek fish (Puntius orphoides) in response to stocking density stress. Fish weighing an average of 2.21 g with a weight of 27 individuals were given stocking density stress by inserting them into 9 cylindrical containers of 200.96 cm2 width and 3 L volume of peat water with stocking differently for 72 hours. These stocking density treatments are A (2 fishes/0.02 m2), B (3 fishes/0.02 m2) and C (4 fishes/0.02 m2) with three replicates. Blood glucose collected from 1 fish per container at 72 hours. The preliminary test was conducted to determine the oxygen demand of fish through the oxygen consumption level test which can then be calculated oxygen demand from the fish in accordance with the density used. The average value of blood glucose levels of brek fish that were given the stress of stocking density 2 fishes / 0.02 m2, 3 fishes / 0.02 m2 and 4 fishes / 0.02 m2 tends to be low, that is 53 mg / dL, 52.67 mg / dL and 49.33 mg / dL respectively. The response of blood glucose to stocking density stress results in stocking recommendations for culture brek fish ranging from 100-200 fish / m2.
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Rimalia, Anny, and Yulius Kisworo. "OPTIMASI DAYA TETAS TELUR IKAN GURAMI (Osphronemus gouramy, Lac) DENGAN PENGONTROLAN SUHU AIR." EnviroScienteae 15, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v15i3.7425.
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This study aims to determine the effect of different temperatures and stocking densities and the hatching rate of Gouramy eggs with Experimental Design of Factorial Complete Randomized Design The main treatments of temperature, including A1: Temperature 28ºC and A2: Temperature 30ºC. The main treatment of stocking density includes B1: Stocking density of 10 pcs/liters and B2: Stocking density of 20 pcs/liters. The results were obtained as follows: Different temperatures did not have a significant effect on the hatching rate of Gouramy eggs. Different stocking densities have a significant effect on the hatching rate of Gouramy eggs. The interaction of temperature and stocking density did not have a significant effect on the hatching rate of Gouramy eggs. From the results of measurements of water quality parameters obtained water temperature data 28 and 30 ° C, pH 7.3 - 8.5 and DO (dissolved oxygen) ranged from 4.68 to 5.00 ppm
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Yazarel, Serkan, Şenay Sarıca, and Sedat Karaman. "EFFECTS OF FERMENTED MEALWORM LARVAE MEAL WITH DIFFERENT PROBIOTICS ON LITTER QUALITY IN BROILER HOUSE." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.036.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the supplementation of fermented mealworm larvae meal with two different probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus brevis) to diets of broilers reared normal or high stocking density on litter quality. Wood shavings, commonly used in broiler houses, are used as litter material. High stocking density significantly increased litter moisture content compared to that of broiler reared normal stocking density (P<0.0001). Dietary supplementing of fermented mealworm larvae meal with Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus brevis significantly decreased litter moisture content compared to that of control diet (P<0.0001). High stocking density significantly increased litter pH level compared to normal stocking density (P<0.0001). On the other hand, dietary treatments had no significant effect on litter pH. High stocking density significantly increased ammonia gas emissions in the 5th day (P<0.05) and 7th day (P<0.0001) compared to normal stocking density. Furthermore, feeding on diets supplemented with fermented mealworm larvae meal with Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus brevis numerically decreased ammonia gas emissions in the 5th and 7th days although their effects on ammonia gas emissions are not significant. It was concluded based on present findings that fermented mealworm larvae meal with probiotics can be used as a natural feed additive to prevent the problems resulted from wet litter and high indoor ammonia levels in broiler houses.
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Ibáñez, M., J. De la Fuente, J. Thos, and E. González de Chavarri. "Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Suckling Lambs to Transport and Lairage." Animal Welfare 11, no. 2 (May 2002): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028177.
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AbstractThe effects on stickling lambs of two stocking densities during transport (high stocking density: eight lambs per m2; low stocking density: four lambs per m2) and two periods of lairage before slaughter (1.5 h and 3 h) were studied. The behaviour of lambs transported for short-duration journeys at the two stocking densities was recorded. At slaughter, blood samples were obtained after a lairage period and some physiological parameters related to stress were analysed: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), calcium (Ca2+), Cortisol, and packed cell volume (PCV). There was a significant effect of stocking density on lambs’ behaviour during transit. The number of lambs walking was greater at low than at high density (84 and 20 observations, respectively: P < 0.001) whilst the number standing was lower at low density (852 and 366 observations, respectively). There was a significant effect (P < 0.001) of stocking density on the plasma concentration of LDH. The length of the period of lairage significantly affected plasma concentrations of LDH (P < 0.001), CK (P < 0.05), Ca2+ (P < 0.001) and Cortisol (P < 0.05), as well as PCV (P < 0.01). The results show that stocking density affects the lambs’ behaviour during transport. After the longer lairage period, plasma Cortisol concentration is lower; meanwhile, the activity of LDH and CK is higher.
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Iffiong, S. A., I. J. Fulani, and J. M. Olomu. "THE EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (January 19, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2652.
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THREE trials were conducted to determine the optimum stocking density for broiler chickens raised in a tropical environment In Trial 1, 100,67, 50,40, 34 and 29 birds were placed in duplicates in each pen with an area of 3.72 M2 to give stocking densities of 0.037, 0.056, 0.074, 0.093, 0.10 and 0 128 M2 per bird respectively. In Trial 2, stocking densities of 0.046, 0056, 0.064, 0.074, 0.083 and 0.093 M2 per bird were compared. Trial 3 involved studying the effects of providing equal feeder space (5cm/bird) or equal number of similar sized feeders (2 feeders per pen) when birds were stocked at floor spaces of 0.056, 0.064, 0.74, 0.083 and 0.093 sq meter per bird. Results showed that weight gain and feed consumption decreased, while total meat yield and net income per unit area increased, with increase in stocking rates. Feed efficiency, mortality and carcass dressing percentages were not significantly affected by the stocking rates. The effects of stocking densities on the performance of the birds were not altered by equalizing the feeder space per bird or by providing equal number of feeders per unit space. Management problems in terms of wetness of litter, feeding and watering were encountered with stocking densities of 0.037, 0.046 and 0.056 M2/ bird. Stocking rates of 0.083, 0.093, 0.10 and 0.128 M2 were uneconomic and did not produce superior performances to stocking densities of 0.064 or 0.074 M2/bird. On the basis of the results, floor spaces of 0.064 or 0.074 M2 per bird may be recommended as the optimum for broiler chickens raised in the tropics. The feeder space at these optimum stocking rates need not be more than 5cm per bird.
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Arbeláez-Rojas, Gustavo Alberto, Gilberto Moraes, Cleujosí da Silva Nunes, and Fernando Fabrizzi. "Sustained swimming mitigates stress in juvenile Brycon amazonicus reared in high stocking densities." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000100001.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of stocking density associated with the swimming exercise on the stress responses of Brycon amazonicus. During 70 days, fish were subjected to three stocking densities: LD, low density of 88 fish per cubic meter; ID, intermediary density of 176 fish per cubic meter; and HD, high density of 353 fish per cubic meter. These densities were combined with static water (non-exercised group) or moderate-speed water (exercised group). Chronic stress was observed in HD, and plasma cortisol and glucose increased with the stocking densities. In HD, levels of plasma cortisol were significantly lower in exercised fish (135 ng mL-1) than in non-exercised ones (153 ng mL-1). The greatest hepatic glycogen bulks occurred in fish kept in ID and sustained swimming. Hepatic free amino acids (FAA) increased with the stocking density, particularly in non-exercised fish. The contents of FAA in the liver and of free fatty acids (FFA) in the liver and muscle were mobilized to meet the metabolic demands imposed by exercise and stocking density. The hematological parameters remained stable. The results show that Brycon amazonicus is more resistant to stress when subjected to sustained swimming and high stocking density than to static water.
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Teke, Bulent, Bulent Ekiz, Filiz Akdag, Mustafa Ugurlu, Gulay Ciftci, and Berrin Senturk. "Effects of Stocking Density of Lambs on Biochemical Stress Parameters and Meat Quality Related to Commercial Transportation." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0012.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stocking density (0.20 and 0.27 m2/lamb) during transportation on certain biochemical stress parameters and meat quality characteristics of fifty- five Karayaka lambs divided into two groups. The front compartment of the trailer was loaded at high stocking density (hd: 0.20 m2/lamb; n=33) and the remainder was loaded at low stocking density (ld: 0.27 m2/lamb; n=22). the distance was approximately 130 km and duration was 2 h 15 min. blood samples were taken just before and just after transportation. glucose (p<0.001), lactate (p<0.001), cortisol (p<0.01), creatine kinase (ck) (p<0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) (P<0.01) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P<0.05) levels were significantly higher in lambs of the hd group than in the ld group. the effects of stocking density on ph, proportion of expressed juice, cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force value and meat colour parameters were not significant (P>0.05). Transportation with a stocking density of 0.20 m2/lamb resulted in higher stress responses in lambs compared with a stocking density of 0.27 m2/lamb. however, increased stress in the hd group did not lead to any adverse effects on meat quality characteristics. in the determination of stocking density, a compromise that gives animal welfare and commercial objectives equal status would improve the current situation.
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Hunt, Taylor L., Khageswor Giri, Paul Brown, Brett A. Ingram, Paul L. Jones, Laurie J. B. Laurenson, and Anne M. Wallis. "Consequences of fish stocking density in a recreational fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 10 (October 2014): 1554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0517.
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Density-dependent processes resulting from fish stocking were demonstrated to have a significant impact on recreational fishery performance, and this case study will be of use to guide fish stocking decisions in other fisheries. We evaluated a put-grow-and-take lake fishery stocking program for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) located in south-western Victoria, Australia. We hypothesised that recreational fishery performance would show significant density-dependent relationships with fish stocking. To test this hypothesis, we used Wald F tests in a general linear regression model to evaluate relationships between a long-term historical fish stocking program and fishery performance, including angler and net catch rates and weight, length, and condition of caught fish. Our results yielded (i) significant positive relationships between angler and net catch rate of Chinook salmon with the number of Chinook salmon stocked in the same year and (ii) significant negative relationships between the weight of angler-caught Chinook salmon with both the number of Chinook salmon stocked in the same year and total number of fish stocked (apart from Chinook salmon) over the previous three year period.
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Bai, Dongying, Kexin Liu, Xianglong He, Haiqiu Tan, Yanhao Liu, Yuqian Li, Yi Zhang, Wenrui Zhen, Cai Zhang, and Yanbo Ma. "Effect of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Function, and Immune Response of Broiler Breeders under Immune Stress and Stocking Density Stress." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100582.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler breeders exposed to immune stress or high stocking density stress. The test was divided into two stress models. For the immune stress test, 198 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) saline control (birds injected with saline and fed basal diet), (2) LPS group (birds injected with 0.5 mg LPS/kg body weight and fed basal diet), and (3) CGA + LPS group (birds injected with LPS and fed basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg CGA. LPS was intraperitoneally injected from day 14, and then daily for 10 days. For the high stocking density stress model, 174 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) controls (birds fed basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 14 broilers per m2), (2) high-density group (birds fed with basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m2), and (3) high density + CGA group (birds fed with 1 g/kg CGA and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m2). Results showed that LPS injection and high stocking density significantly decreased the body weight and feed intake of broiler breeders, while CGA supplementation increased feed intake of broiler breeders under LPS injection and high stocking density stress. Moreover, LPS injection and high stocking density increased the concentration of corticosterone in serum, and CGA addition remarkably downregulated serum corticosterone levels. The GSH level decreased with LPS injection and CGA increased the GSH concentration in the intestines of immune-stressed broiler breeders. LPS injection promoted the production of circulating proinflammatory cytokines (serum IL-1β and TNF-α) by 72 h after LPS injection. Dietary supplementation with CGA prevented the increase in serum TNF-α caused by LPS. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 1 g/kg CGA could increase the feed intake of broiler breeders and alleviate the effects of inflammatory mediator stress and exposure to high stocking density.
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Puluhulawa, Riska, Tatag Budiardi, Iis Diatin, and Irzal Effendi. "Production performance and business analysis of clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Bleeker 1852) in recirculating systems with different stocking densities and water discharge." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v21i2.573.
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Efforts to improve the production performance of clown loach in recirculate aquaculture system can be done by increasing stocking density and water discharge. This study aimed to analyze the effect of increasing stocking density and water discharge on production performance, stress response and water quality in order to obtain the best stocking density and water discharge to obtain maximum profit in a short time. A factorial completely randomized design with two factors, i.e. the stocking density of 1, 2, and 3 fish L-1 and the water discharge of 0,05; 0,10; 0,15 L s-1 was performed. The volume of water used in each aquarium was 48 L and using a ½ inch faucet stop to regulate the water discharge from the inlet pipe. Clown fish fed Tubifex sp. with a feeding frequency of two times a day according to the treatment for 60 days. The result indicates that there was no interaction between the two factors on production performance, payback period, and R/C ratio. Stocking density has a significant effect on specific growth rate, absolute growth rate of individual weight, feeding consumption rate and R/C ratio of clown loach. Stocking density and water discharge had an interaction on the visual color of pectoral and caudal fins of clown loach. Different stocking densities with the combination of water discharge in this study resulted that the water quality were within tolerable range for clown loach so that they did not experience stress, as well as high production and business performance. It is recommended to intensify clown loach with a stocking density of 3 fish L-1 and 0,15 L s-1‑ of water discharge.
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Hall, R. J., and A. H. Aldred. "Forest regeneration appraisal with large-scale aerial photographs." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68142-1.
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The operational feasibility of using large-scale aerial photographs to quantify coniferous forest stocking and regeneration density, was assessed over 6 cutovers with a 1,700 ha total area. The project involved two stages: one to pre-stratify cutover stocking levels using 1:10,000 general-coverage, colour photos; and the second to sample intensively, stocking and density using 1:500 large-scale photos. The accuracy, cost and practical problems in using large-scale sampling photos for regeneration assessment were determined. Accuracy assessment included detectability of young trees, species interpretation, and reliability of stocking and density measurements. Stocking estimates were on average, only five percent lower than field survey results but could be calibrated using regression techniques. Large differences between field survey and photo estimates of density in stems/ha suggested such counts should not be made from large-scale photos. Density count differences were attributable to seedlings occurring in dense patches or clumps where field counts were also difficult. If survey objectives and methods are carefully planned, large-scale photos can be a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring the stocking and survival rates of coniferous forest regeneration. Key words: Forest regeneration appraisal, silviculture, inventory, sampling, large-scale photography.
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Arta, I. Made Subali Arta, I. Gusti Ngurah Putra Dirgayusa, and Ni Luh Putu Ria Puspitha. "Perbandingan Laju Pertumbuhan Abalon (Haliotis squamata) Menggunakan Metode Co-culture Dan Monoculture di Pantai Geger, Nusa Dua, Kabupaten Badung, Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2021.v07.i02.p12.
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This research was conducted at Geger Beach, Nusa Dua, Bali for 60 days. The purpose of this study was to find out the ratio of abalone growth rate (Haliotis squamata) to co-cultured and monoculture cultivation systems in Geger Beach waters, Nusa Dua, Bali, knowing that abalone stocking densities were more effective in culture systems and knowing more abalone stocking densities effective on monoculture systems. The method used uses the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) method which consists of four treatments with each treatment there are three repetitions. The treatment of Haliotis squamata abalone shells which is integrated with dense stocking differs from planting the same seaweed. The test animals were stocked with each basket with a density of 40 tails and 20 tails. The food given for abalone is cotoni sp. which is where seaweed cotoni sp. obtained from cultivation. Based on the comparison of the growth rate of abalone (Haliotis squamata) in co-culture and monoculture cultivation in terms of abalone length with stocking density 20 of the co-culture cultivation system obtains the highest length value of 2.50%, while the co-culture cultivation system with stocking density 40 gets the value the highest is 4.19%. At the weight of the Haliotis squamata abalone with the co-culture cultivation system at 20 stocking densities, the highest value was 0.04% and 40 highest stocking densities on the co-culture system at 1.04%. At the length of the abalone Haliotis squamata with 20 thick stocking monoculture systems got the highest value of 7.63%, while the highest stocking density of 40 was 1.28%. On abalone weight monoculture system with 20 density has the highest value of 2.67%, while 40 density has the highest value of 0.48%.
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ÖNEL, Süleyman Ercüment, and Taylan AKSU. "Can thyme (Thymbraspicata L. var. spicata) volatile oil alleviate the detrimental effects of high stocking densities in Japanese quail?" TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 44, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 1024–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-2004-8.
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This study was conducted to observe the effects of thyme plant (Thymbra spicata L.var. spicata) volatile oil on quails and intestinal microbiota in high stocking density. For this purpose, 300 7-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were used in the study. The quails were selected on the basis of body weight and divided into 6 groups, each consisting of 5 replications that contained 50 quail chicks according to the following experimental design: positive control group (NSD - CONT), with normal stocking density and no additive; negative control group (HSD - CONT), with high stocking density (HSD) and no additive; group HSD - ANT, with HSD and 10 mg/kg of avilamycin additive, and other groups named HSD - T1, T2, and T3, with HSD and 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of volatile oil additive respectively. In the study, a stocking density of 160 cm2/quail was chosen, while the high stocking density (HSD) was 90 cm2/quail. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of improvements in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01), and the highest total bacteria count (cfu/g) was observed in HSD - CONT group (P < 0.01). The addition of zahter-thyme volatile oil in the diet of quails kept in high stocking density provided improvements at various levels with regard to intestinal microbiota and animal performance. It was observed that the inclusion of zahter-thyme volatile oil, in particular at 600 mg per kg level, reduced the detrimental effects of stress generated by high stocking density.
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Vijayan, M. M., and J. F. Leatherland. "High stocking density affects cortisol secretion and tissue distribution in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis." Journal of Endocrinology 124, no. 2 (February 1990): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1240311.
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ABSTRACT Preparations of head kidney tissue (containing the interrenal cells) from brook charr (Salvelinusfontinalis) which had been held at a high stocking density (120 kg/m3) showed a higher spontaneous secretion rate of cortisol than those from brook charr held at a low stocking density (30 kg/m3). Challenges with ACTH at 5 and 500 mU/ml stimulated the secretion of cortisol in interrenal preparations taken from fish stocked at low density but the high ACTH challenge resulted in a lower cortisol secretion rate. The ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion by the interrenal cells of brook charr stocked at high density was lower than that of the low density group. There was no difference in the metabolic clearance rate of cortisol in brook charr held at the two stocking densities. The clearance rate of [3H]cortisol from the tissues suggested that in fish held at high stocking density cortisol is rapidly taken up by the liver and subsequently catabolized. Cortisol uptake by the liver in fish held at high stocking density may be an adaptation, which results in altered hepatic metabolic activity. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 311–318
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Pratiwi, Pratiwi, Muhammad Marzuki, and Bagus Dwi Hari Setyono. "GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF VANAME SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) PL-10 ON DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITY." AQUASAINS 9, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/aqs.v9i2.p903-912.
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Litopenaeus vannamei is a commercial shrimp that has high economic value. In recent years, the main commodity contributing to the aquaculture sector in Indonesia is vaname shrimp. Vaname shrimp cultivation aims to meet the increasing market demand. One of the factors that influence the success of vaname shrimp cultivation is the stocking density. This study aims to determine the growth and viability of PL-10 vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fry at different stocking densities. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). There were 4 treatments, namely P1 with a stocking density of 75 heads / 40 liters, P2 with a stocking density of 150 heads / 40 liters, P3 with a stocking density of 225 heads / 40 liters, and P4 with a stocking density of 300 heads / 40 liters, respectively. 4 repetitions. The research data were analyzed using statistical analysis Univariate One Way Analysis of Variance at 5% level with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the highest daily growth rate was obtained in treatment P1 with an average value of 26.836 ± 0.745% / day, the highest daily length growth rate was obtained in treatment P1 with an average value of 6.719 ± 0.103% / day, the highest absolute weight growth was obtained at treatment P1. P1 treatment with an average value of 0.031 ± 0.027 gram, absolute length growth was obtained in treatment P1 with an average value of 23.025 ± 0.667 mm, the highest survival rate was obtained in treatment P2 with an average value of 96.333 ± 3.549%, but not different real with treatment P2 (93.333 ± 3.443%) and treatment P4 (92.417 ± 2.062). The conclusion of this study is that stocking density has a significant effect on the growth of vannamei shrimp which are being maintained at the PL-10 stage. The best stocking density in this study was P1 treatment (75 fish / 40 liters).
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Mchunu, Ntobeko, G. Lagerwall, and A. Senzanje. "Aquaponics production simulations using the decision-making tool." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 106 (February 27, 2022): 19040–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.106.19860.
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Aquaponics have related food and nutrition security benefit that are important for this country (South Africa). The aim of this study was to apply aquaponics decision-making tool to provide potential aquaponics production data and information for South Africa. This study was designed as 2×3×3 factorial study giving 18 interactions. Because aquaponics are the production of fish and crops concurrently, yield production had two levels- fish and crop, fish stocking density had three levels- low, optimum and higher and aquaponics scale of production had 3 levels- hobby, subsistence and commercial scale. The summary of data of aquaponics variables from the literature was used as optimum level, lower and higher levels were based on experimental design. Yield production (kg) of both fish and plants increased significantly (p<0.05) as fish stocking density was increased. In hobby scale, plants yield was higher than fish yield in all levels of fish stocking density, the plant-fish yield (kg) was 40-33, 80-67 and 150-133, respectively. In subsistence scale, fish-plant yield (kg) was 240-200, 300-267 and 400-333, respectively. In commercial scale, fish-plant yield (kg) was 600-533, 1 100-1 000, 1 500-1 333, respectively. Daily fish feed increased significantly with increase in fish stocking density across all scale of aquaponics production (hobby<subsistence<commercial). In hobby scale, at low fish stocking, 0.65kg feed produced 1 kg fish, at optimum, 0.65kg feed produced 1 kg fish and at higher fish stocking, 0.37kg feed produced 1 kg fish. In subsistence scale at low fish stocking density, 0.38kg feed produced 1 kg fish, at optimum level, 0.63kg feed produced 1 kg fish and at higher level, 0.65kg feed produced 1 kg fish. In commercial scale, in low fish stocking, 0.64kg feed produced 1 kg fish, at optimum, 0.63kg feed produced 1 kg fish and at higher fish stocking, 0.64kg feed produced 1 kg fish. Plant culture have more yield output than fish culture in all aquaponics scale of production. Hobby scale produced the lowest yield than subsistence than commercial scale of production. Hobby scale practise could not produce sufficient yield to support human subsistence. Fish feed closely mirrored yield production. Lower fish stocking density maybe adopted in subsistence scale. Higher fish stocking density maybe adopted in commercial scale. Fish feed could become an economic sustainability constraint in aquaponics production, particularly in a developing country like South Africa. Water availability and quality effects on yield was not determine especially in African context. Key words: Fish stocking density, Yield production, Fish feed, Planting area
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Guo, Yarong, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, and Jizhou Ren. "Stocking rate affects plant community structure and reproductive strategies of a desirable and an undesirable grass species in an alpine steppe, Qilian Mountains, China." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 1 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19080.
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The effects of grazing on species reproduction is a fundamental issue of grassland management. We investigated plant density and dry weight changes at community and species levels, and the reproductive strategies of the dominant desirable Stipa purpurea and the undesirable Achnatherum inebrians grass species in response to stocking rate in an alpine steppe with a 10-year grazing history. Results showed complex patterns of plant community and reproductive strategy. Overall plant density increased with increasing stocking rate and dry weight was significantly higher at light and high stocking rates. Plant density and dry weight of A. inebrians peaked at moderate stocking rates. Higher stocking rate had little impact on S. purpurea density but significantly reduced its dry weight. Both species displayed linearly increasing/decreasing or unimodal/bimodal reproductive effort in response to increased stocking rate. The discrepancies in plant reproductive characteristics between S. purpurea and A. inebrians indicated that: (1) light and moderate grazing may promote an adaption strategy of reproduction by desirable species, which may then contribute to their maintenance in grasslands, and (2) undesirable species presence did not lead to the replacement of desirable species in the grasslands. Therefore, light and moderate stocking rates are recommended to maintain the grasslands and to increase the reproductive outputs of desirable species.
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Kornegay, E. T., D. R. Notter, H. S. Bartlett, and M. D. Lindemann. "Variance of body weights and daily weight gains of weaner pigs housed at various stocking densities in confinement." Animal Science 41, no. 3 (December 1985): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036436.
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AbstractBody weight and gain data from eight studies conducted with weaner pigs to determine the relationship between stocking density and performance were used to evaluate the effect of various stocking densities on several factors which measure variation within pens. The initial weight of the pigs ranged from 5·7 to 8·3 kg and final weight ranged from 17·7 to 32·1 kg. There were 244 pens of pigs with floor space ranging from 0·11 to 0·28 m2 per pig. Average daily gain and body weight were depressed as stocking density increased. Natural logarithms of variance, coefficients of variation and ranges of average daily gains and body weights were not increased by stocking density. Body weights and daily gains appeared equally effective in measuring variance of weaner pigs housed at various densities. These results indicate that increasing stocking density within the range of densities tested does not cause a greater variation in body-weight gains.
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Rideout, Doug. "The trouble with benefit–cost ratios: benefit–cost ratio maximization versus wealth maximization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-024.
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The paper analyzes benefit–cost ratios, as a maximization objective, by using the criterion of net present value. A basic Faustmann formulation with rotation age and stocking density as decision variables is expressed as a benefit–cost ratio to demonstrate that maximization of benefit–cost ratios is generally inconsistent with wealth maximization. The paper shows that maximization of the benefit–cost ratio results in the Fisherian solution to rotation age when stocking density is held constant. The paper also shows and that formulating the benefit–cost ratio as an infinite series of rotations is equivalent to formulating the benefit–cost ratio as a single rotation. Maximizing the benefit–cost ratio generally results in suboptimal use of stocking density when rotation age is held constant. In addition, fixed costs can influence the choice of stocking level. The simultaneous solution to stocking density and rotation age indicates the only instance benefit–cost ratio maximization results in correct Faustmann solutions is when the benefit–cost ratio equals one.
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Putri, Febi Febriana, Muhammad Sugihartono, and Muarofah Ghofur. "Glukosa Darah dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Leptobarbus Hoevenii Pada Sistem Resirkulasi." Jurnal Akuakultur Sungai dan Danau 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/akuakultur.v6i2.114.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal density of jelawat (L. hoevenii Blkr) fry in rearing with a recirculation system. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, where the treatments were: Treatment A: stocking density 5 fish/L, Treatment B: stocking density 10 birds/L, Treatment C: stocking density 15 birds/L and Treatment D : Stocking density of 20 fish/L. Parameters observed were survival, blood glucose and water quality. The results showed that the average blood glucose was 56 mg/dl and the average survival of jelawat fish was 99.62%. The results of water quality measurements show that the temperature ranges from 28.5o-29 oC, water pH ranges from 6.4-6.7, dissolved oxygen ranges from 5-5.4 ppm, carbon dioxide values ranges from 2.1-5.1 ppm, ammonia ranges from 0.0011-0.0018.
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Mahasri, G., W. H. Satyantini, and A. T. Mukti. "Analysis of Blood Glucose Levels and The Development of Ectoparasite Infestation on Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Which Were Given Crude Protein Zoothamnium penaei at High Stocking Densities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1036, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012013.
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Abstract The main constraint in pacific white shrimp culture with high stocking density (super intensive), can cause a decrease in water quality and shrimp were stress and are susceptible to disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze stress levels (blood glucose levels) and the development of ectoparasite infestations. In this experimental study, used 2 ponds with an area of 2000 m2 per pond, stocking densities in pond I were 150 individuals/m2 and 350 individuals/ m2 in pond II, with a maintenance period of 90 days. The results showed that the shrimp was stressed during rearing, with blood glucose levels of white shrimp at a high stocking density of 350 individuals/ m2 ranging from 43-54 mg/dL significantly different from blood glucose levels at stocking density of 150 individuals/ m2 (p<0.05). The ectoparasites found were the genera Zoothamnium, Epistylis and Vorticella. The development of the infestation of the three genera showed an increase starting on the 30th, 60th and 90th days, the degree of infestation from mild to moderate, but on the 90th day there was a significant difference (p<0.05), with a moderate degree of infestation in the stocking density. 100 individuals/m2 and weight at stocking density 350 individuals/ m2.
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Son, Jiseon, Hee-Jin Kim, Eui-Chul Hong, and Hwan-Ku Kang. "Effects of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Meat Quality of Finisher Broiler Chickens under High Temperature." Antioxidants 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050871.
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Environmental factors such as stocking density and high temperature can cause oxidative stress and negatively affect the physiological status and meat quality of broiler chickens. Here, we evaluated the effects of heat stress on the growth performance, antioxidant levels, and meat quality of broilers under different stocking densities. A total of 885 28-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were subjected to five treatments (16, 18, 21, 23, and 26 birds/m2) and exposed to high temperatures (33 °C for 24 h) for 7 days. High stocking density (23 and 26 birds/m2) resulted in significantly decreased body weight (p < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase activity in the blood (p < 0.05) and increased (p < 0.05) rectal temperature and corticosterone. Additionally, the concentrations of heat shock protein 70 and malondialdehyde in the liver were higher in the 26 birds/m2 group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of breast meat increased linearly as the stocking density increased (p < 0.05). There was increased shear force in breast meat at low stocking density (p < 0.01). Thus, lower stocking density can relieve oxidative stress induced by high temperatures in broilers and improve the antioxidant capacity and quality of breast meat during hot seasons.
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Jamshaid, Hafsa, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Naseer Ahmad, Muhammad Nadeem, Miroslav Muller, and Viktor Kolar. "Exploration of Effects of Graduated Compression Stocking Structures on Performance Properties Using Principal Component Analysis: A Promising Method for Simultaneous Optimization of Properties." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102045.
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This paper focuses on the comfort properties of graduated and preventive compression stockings for people who work long hours in standing postures and for athletes for proper blood circulation. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of the yarn insertion density and inlaid stitches on the performance of the compression stockings. The effects of these parameters on the thermo-physiological comfort properties were tested with standard and developed methods of testing. All compression stockings were maintained with class 1 pressure as per German standards. The structural parameters of the knitted fabric structures were investigated. The stretching and recovery properties were also investigated to determine the performance properties. The theoretical pressure was predicated using the Laplace’s law by testing the stockings’ tensile properties. The compression interface pressures of all stockings were also investigated using a medical stocking tester (MST) from Salzmann AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Correlation between the theoretical pressures and pressures measured using the MST system were also assessed. The current research used a multi-response optimization technique, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), to identify the best structure based on the optimalization of the above-mentioned properties. The results also revealed that samples with higher insertion density levels exhibit better comfort properties. The results showed that sample R1 was the best sample, followed by R2 and P. In addition, all developed stocking samples exhibited better comfort properties than the control sample from the market.
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Paredes-López, Daniel, Rizal Robles-Huaynate, Carmela Rebaza-Alfaro, José Delgado-Ramírez, and U. Aldava-Pardave. "Effect of stocking density of juvenile Arapaima gigas on rearing water quality hematological and biochemical profile, and productive performance." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue2-fulltext-2588.
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At inadequate stocking density, fish generally show different physiological responses. The effects of stocking density on Arapaima gigas larvae productive parameters have been determined in a previous study. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the stocking density on the water quality, hematological and biochemical profile, and productive performance of juvenile A. gigas. One hundred and eighty twelve months old, A. gigas were distributed into tanks using initial densities of 103.90, 157.95 and 220.11 kg m-3 with three replicates. Ammoniacal nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen pH, alkalinity, and hardness were determined using a LaMotte Fish Farm 9, AQ-2 model, Maryland, USA, freshwater test kit. Blood samples were taken at 13, 14, and 15 months old by pricking the caudal vein and profiles of glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and urea, were determined in blood serum. Rearing water was saturated in ammoniac nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and dissolved oxygen but have not changed with the increase of stocking density (P < 0.05), Erythrocyte's count (EC) diminished (P < 0.05), nonetheless, hemoglobin, mean concentration hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV) increased (P < 0.05). Albumin, AST, ALT and urea diminished at 220.11 kg m-3 stocking density (P < 0.05). The feed intake increased, final biomass gain was 100.26 ± 19.00, 119.10 ± 13.95, and 130.24 ± 08.07 kg m-3, but did not change as density increased (P < 0.05). Juveniles of A. gigas showed no variation in productive performance with an increase in the stocking density. Furthermore, hematological and biochemical adapting profile to high stocking densities characterized this species.
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Subagja, Jojo, Vitas Atmadi Prakoso, Otong Zenal Arifin, and Anang Hari Kristanto. "PENGARUH PERBEDAAN PADAT TEBAR LARVA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN PADA IKAN UCENG (Nemacheilus fasciatus)." BERITA BIOLOGI 18, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v18i2.3561.
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Proper stocking density on larval rearing of barred loach (Nemacheilus fasciatus Valenciennes, 1846) is very important in terms of obtaining the best growth and survival rate. This study was aimed to observe the growth and survival rate of barred loach subjected to different larval stocking density. Fish larvae were obtained by artificial spawning from in aquarium. Larvae were stocked on aquariums (50 × 40 × 30 cm) with three stocking density treatments (5, 10, and 15 individuals/L) and three replications. The experimental fish larvae were fed by Artemia and commercial feed (crude protein content: 30%) and feeding frequency twice per day (ad libitum). The length and weight were reassured every 10 days during 70 days of rearing period. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured at each treatment. Data obtained from measurements were analysed to assess the length gain, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), biomass gain, and survival rate. The results showed length gain of 3.35 ± 0.01, 2.94 ± 0.10, and 2.82 ± 0.15 cm and weight gain of 0.573 ± 0.023, 0.436 ± 0.018, and 0.417 ± 0.043 g in larval stocking density of 5, 10 and 15 individuals/L, respectively. Specific growth rates and biomass growth were of 6.22 ± 0.41, 5.93 ± 0.21, and 5.68 ± 0.41 %/day and 94.04 ± 5.39, 146.80 ± 3.81, and 167.24 ± 17.48 g in larval stocking density of 5, 10 and 15 individuals/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the survival rates obtained in this study were 89.13 ± 7.25, 93.13 ± 5.13, and 76.50 ± 3.54 % in larval stocking density of 5, 10 and 15 individuals/L, respectively. Increased stocking density has a negative impact on the growth and survival rate of barred loach.
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Knowles, TG, SN Brown, SJ Pope, CJ Nicol, PD Warriss, and CA Weeks. "The response of untamed (unbroken) ponies to conditions of road transport." Animal Welfare 19, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860000110x.
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AbstractThe response to a one-hour road journey was observed in 145 semi-feral ponies unused to handling. Ponies were transported singly or in groups of four or eight at a typical commercial ‘high’ stocking density or at a slightly reduced ‘low’ density (range 139 to 316 kg m−2). Blood samples were obtained for plasma biochemistry post transport. Behaviour during the journey of 40.2 miles was recorded using overhead video cameras. Analysis of these revealed that levels of aggression were lower in groups of four, as were the number of slips, falls, stumbles and collisions (SFSC). Within groups of four or eight, reduced stocking density was associated with lower levels of plasma cortisol and creatine kinase, reduced aggression and fewer SFSC. Levels of aggression pre-transit (observed over one hour the day before travel) were not predictive of aggression on the lorry. Single ponies were constrained to align at right angles to the direction of transport, whereas ponies transported in groups could also align forwards or backwards and were able to re-align themselves during transport especially at reduced stocking density. Of those transported singly, younger ponies showed separation anxiety, with highly-significantly greater levels of pawing and sniffing at the ground and increased packed cell volume. Thus, transporting young, untamed ponies singly is not recommended. A suitable maximum stocking density for ponies transported in groups would be approximately 200 kg m−2. However, minimum stocking density for grouped and single untamed ponies transported by road requires future investigation. Whilst stocking density was correlated with many of the variables measured during transport, stocking rate (animals per unit floor area) was not.