Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stocking density

Academic literature on the topic 'Stocking density'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stocking density"

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Watt, Michael S., Branislav Zoric, Mark O. Kimberley, and Jonathan Harrington. "Influence of stocking on radial and longitudinal variation in modulus of elasticity, microfibril angle, and density in a 24-year-old Pinus radiata thinning trial." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-070.

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Detailed radial measurements of wood properties at four heights (0, 1.4, 5, and 20 m) were taken from 24-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don growing at four final crop stockings (200, 350, 500, and 1100 stems·ha–1). Using these measurements, the objectives of the study were to examine pith-to-bark trends at several heights to (i) determine how stocking influenced modulus of elasticity (MoE), wood density, and microfibril angle (MFA), (ii) quantify the relations among these properties and age at different stocking levels, and (iii) develop a graphical model for MoE across the stocking range. The influence of stocking on all wood properties was primarily expressed through a highly significant interaction between age and stocking. Wood properties in the highest stocking treatment diverged from those in the lowest stocking treatment at tree age 5 to reach a maximum difference of 92 kg·m–3 (488 vs. 580 kg·m–3) at tree age 18 for density, –5.7° (29.2° vs. 23.5°) at tree age 10 for MFA, and 5.1 GPa (12.1 vs. 17.2 GPa) at tree age 20 years for MoE. Graphical predictions from the model show greatest gains in MoE at high final crop stocking to occur over the lower part of the stem.
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Peterson, Doug, Mark Brownlee, and Tim Kelley. "Stocking Density Affects Diet Selection." Rangelands 35, no. 5 (October 2013): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rangelands-d-13-00020.1.

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Santana, Thiago Macedo, Amanda Halum Elias, Flávio Augusto Leão da Fonseca, Odair Rodrigues Freitas, Juliana Tomomi Kojima, and Ligia Uribe Gonçalves. "Stocking density for arapaima larviculture." Aquaculture 528 (November 2020): 735565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735565.

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Iji, P. A., N. N. Umunna, J. P. Alawa, and O. A. Ikwuegbu. "The performance of West African Dwarf does and their kids at various stocking densities on stylo-based pasture in the subhumid zone of Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 2 (October 1995): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084409.

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SUMMARYTwo studies were conducted between 1991 and 1993 to assess the impact of grazing improved v. natural pasture at different stocking densities on animal and vegetation responses. In the first grazing season, goats of the West African Dwarf (WAD) breed were grazed at four stocking densities – 1·90, 2·86, 3·86 or 4·71 TLU/ha (Tropical Livestock Unit = 250 kg liveweight). Wet-season grazing lasted for 14 weeks while assessment was continued until kids were weaned at 120 days of age. There were significant (P < 0·05) changes in the content of legume and forbs in response to variations in stocking density. Liveweight gain per head was significantly (P < 0·05) higher at low than at high stocking density. The same trend was maintained with most aspects of reproductive performance. Goats at low stocking density were of a higher (P < 0·05) body condition score at parturition and had larger litter sizes than does stocked at high stocking density. Kid birth weight and liveweight gain were significantly (P < 0·001) higher at low than at high stocking density. The overall weight loss in does during nursing was similar at the different stocking densities.In the following year, comparisons were made between three stocking densities, 2·11, 3·17 and 4·23 TLU/ha, on improved and unimproved pastures. Over 14 weeks of wet-season grazing, there was a significant (P < 0·01) decline in available dry matter except at the lowest stocking density on both pasture types. Weight gain per head decreased with increase in stocking density while the reverse was true for weight gain per unit of land. No significant differences were observed for reproductive performance between pasture types or stocking densities. Kid growth rate up to weaning declined with increase in stocking density (P < 0·001) while kid mortality rose with increase in stocking density (P < 0·01). Weight losses in nursing does were higher (P < 0·05) at low than at high stocking density.
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Barruni, Nurul, Syahrio Tantalo, Dian Septinova, and Khaira Nova. "PENGARUH KEPADATAN KANDANG TERHADAP BOBOT HIDUP, KARKAS, DAN GIBLET BROILER UMUR 14-28 HARI DI CLOSED HOUSE." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 4, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2020.4.2.104-108.

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This study aimed to study the effect of stocking density on live weight, carcasses and giblets of broiler in closed houses; and to determine the best stocking density on live weight, carcass and giblet of broiler in a closed house. This research was conducted in April-May 2019 for 28 days with 14 days of treatments period (14-28 days) at PT. Charoen Pokphand (Kandang Bandara 2) located in Bangun Sari hamlet, Way Sari Village, Natar District, Lampung Selatan Regency. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments, of stocking density of 15 heads/m2 (P1), stocking density of 17 heads/m2 (P2), stocking density of 19 heads/m2 (P3), and stocking density of 21 heads/m2 (P4), with five replications for each treatment. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance at 5% level. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the different stocking density had no significant effect on the live weight, carcasses, and giblet of broiler at 28 days of age in the closed house. Keywords: Carcass, Closed house, Giblet, Live weight, Stocking density
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Awal Hossain, Md Robiul, Md Eilious Hosain, Anika Tabassum, and Md Niamul Naser. "Effects of Stocking Density on Production Performance of nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in grow-out Culture Cages." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, no. 2 (November 20, 2022): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i2.62056.

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A 120-day cage grow-out production performance of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus was conducted in the Dakatia river, Echoli, Chandpur to identify an optimal stocking density. The three stocking densities were used at 30, 50, and 70 tilapia m-3 under three treatments with triplicate. The initial average weight of tilapia fingerlings at 32.31±9.59 g was stocked. Final weight, specific growth rate, and survival were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 30 tilapia m-3 stocking density than those in the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities. The best food conversion ratio of 1.47 was found in the 30 tilapia m-3 stocking density and followed by 2.0 and 2.90 in the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities, respectively. The production was comparable (p > 0.05) between the 50 and 70 tilapia m-3 stocking densities; however, the net profit was higher (p < 0.05) in the 50 tilapia m-3 stocking density group compared to the two other stocking density groups. This study suggests a stocking of density at 50 tilapia m-3 to increase Nile Tilapia O. niloticus productivity in the riverine cage culture system. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (2): 239-250, 2022
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Anugraheni, Laini, Elrifadah Elrifadah, and Yulius Kisworo. "VARIASI PADAT PENEBARAN DAN PENGGUNAAN LARUTAN DAUN KETAPANG (Terminalia catappa L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)." EnviroScienteae 18, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v18i1.13006.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of stocking density, the dose of ketapang leaf solution (Terminalia catappa L.) and the interaction between stocking density and dose of ketapang leaf solution (Terminalia catappa L.) on the growth of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). This research was conducted in July-August 2022 for 30 days, located on Jl RO Ulin Gang Sapta Warga Rt.07 Rw.02 Banjarbaru City. This study used a factorial completely randomized design method with 2 levels of Factor A (10 and 15 stocking densities) and 2 levels of Factor B (dose of ketapang leaf solution 2ml/l and 3 ml/l) with 3 repetitions (2x2x3). The treatments obtained were A1B1 (10 stocking density and 2ml/l ketapang leaf solution), A1B2 (10 stocking density and 3ml/l ketapang leaf solution), A2B1(15 stocking density and 2ml/l ketapang leaf solution dose). ) and A2B2 (stocking density of 15 individuals and the dose of ketapang leaf solution was 3ml/l). The fish used is tilapia seeds measuring 3-5 cm. In the results of the stocking density study, the dose of ketapang leaf solution had no significant effect on absolute growth and relative growth of tilapia fry. However, the interaction between stocking density and dose of ketapang leaf solution had a significant effect on the survival of tilapia.
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Sinansari, Shofihar, Vitas Atmadi Prakoso, Erma Primanita Hayuningtyas, Bambang Priadi, Sri Sundari, and Eni Kusrini. "Pengaruh Padat Tebar terhadap Konsumsi Oksigen dan Respons Stres Ikan Cupang Alam (Betta imbellis)." OLDI (Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia) 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2021.v6i1.314.

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<strong>Effect of Stocking Density on Oxygen Consumption and Stress Response in Crescent Betta (<em>Betta imbellis</em>)</strong>. Stocking density is one of the determinant parameters for fish growth optimization in aquaculture systems due to its relationship with fish metabolism. Information about the impact of different stocking densities on crescent betta (<em>Betta imbellis</em>) metabolism was not available yet. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of stocking density on oxygen consumption, critical oxygen level, and stress responses in crescent betta.The study was carried out under three different stocking density treatments: 5, 10, and 15 fish/L with three replications using 2.74 ± 0.23 cm total length and 0.22 ± 0.05 g body weight tested fishes.The parameters observed were oxygen consumption, ventilation rate, blood glucose level, cortisol, and critical oxygen level. The result showed that the highest oxygen consumption was found at 5 fish/L stocking density treatment (3.01 ± 0.28 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h), which was significantly different from 10 fish/L (1.01 ± 0.21 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h) and 15 fish/L (0.92 ± 0.08 mg O<sub>2</sub>/g/h) stocking density treatments. Oxygen consumptions under hypoxic condition was not significantly different compared to normoxic condition.The ventilation rate tends to increase significantly along with the increasing of stocking densities. Critical oxygen levels were not significantly different among the treatments,with the value of 3.31 ± 0.65 mg/L, 3.14 ± 0.29 mg/L, and 2.83 ± 0.19 mg/L for stocking density of 5, 10, and 15 fish/L, respectively. The blood glucose level at 15 fish/L stocking density was significantly higher than others, whereas the cortisol levels was not significantly different among the treatments. The results of this study provided information that the increasing stocking density of cressent betta will decrease their metabolism activity and increase ventilation rate. However, the increase of ventilation rate was negatively correlated with oxygen consumption per breath at higher stocking densities due to decrease in fish activity; and higher stocking densities will decrease oxygen consumption. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ideal stocking density for crescent betta is 5 fish/L. The increasing of stocking density will decrease oxygen consumption rates and increase the stress level of crescent betta.
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Chen, Qiuyan, Xiaohui Li, Jiarun Cui, Caiyun Xu, Hongfei Wei, Qian Zhao, Hongli Yao, Hailong You, Dawei Zhang, and Huimei Yu. "Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid Metabolism by Skeletal Muscle in Mice." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192538.

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Specific pathogen-free (SPF) grade laboratory animals are kept in specific cages for life. The limited space could affect the characterization of colonization and dynamic changes related to gut microorganisms, and affect adipokines, even further affecting the fat synthesis and muscle quality of animals. The objective of this study was to analyze the stocking density on the dynamic distribution of gut microbiota, fat synthesis and muscle quality of SPF grade Kunming mice. Three housing densities were accomplished by raising different mice per cage with the same floor size. Kunming mice were reared at low stocking density (LSD, three mice a group), medium stocking density (MSD, 5 mice a group), and high stocking density (HSD, 10 mice a group) for 12 weeks. The results demonstrated that the stocking density affected intestinal microbial flora composition. We found that compared with the MSD group, the abundance of Lactobacillus in the LSD group and the HSD group decreased, but the abundance of unclassified_Porphyromonadaceae increased. Moreover, fat synthesis and muscle quality were linked to the intestinal microbial flora and stocking density. Compared with the LSD group and the HSD group, the MSD group had a more balanced gut flora, higher fat synthesis and higher muscle quality. Overall, this study demonstrated that stocking density could affect gut microbiota composition, and reasonable stocking density could improve fat synthesis and muscle quality. Our study will provide theoretical support for the suitable stocking density of laboratory animals.
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Mehta, K. S., Akansha Khati, Mohd Danish, V. K. Singh, and H. C. S. Bisht. "Development of carp fish culture practice under different stocking densities in mid hills of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.877.

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The present study was undertaken in order to standardise the stocking density values of carps fishes for sustainable fisheries development in mid hills and enhancing the fish production. The paper deals with growth performance of 3 exotic fish species in low stocking density i.e. 3 fish/m3 over high stocking density of 5 fish/m3 and 10 fish/m3 in the control pond. The net production was 12.6% higher with stocking density of 3 fish/m3. Among the both tested density, the combination of 30: 40: 30 was superior (45.6%) in terms of growth and production in comparison to the other combinations and control. In present study, the highest production as 57.13kg/100m2 (5713 kg/ha.) was achieved in the stocking ratio of 30:40:30 with stocking density of 3 fish/m3. It is 4.7% higher of the combination of 40:30:30 and 4% higher than the combination of 30: 30: 40. It is 12.6% higher than the stocking density of 5 fish/m3 and 48.5% higher than the stocking density of 10 fish /m3. The growth pattern reflected the slow growth during the winter months, reflected the direct negative effect of water temperature on the growth. The production level of existing practice of the farmers may be enhanced up to 1.5 times with proper stocking density i.e. 3 fish/m3 and perfect species combination i.e. 30: 40: 30 for silver carp, grass carp and common carp respectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stocking density"

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North, Benjamin Paul. "Effects of stocking density on the welfare of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417679.

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Campbell, Mackenzie Andrew. "Interaction Of Stocking Density And The Feeding Environment In Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/776.

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Stocking density serves as a sub-clinical stressor impacting natural behavior and affective state of dairy cows. However, cows rarely experience stocking density as an isolated stressor. Understanding the effects of stocking density with additional management stressors such as low-fiber diets or feed restriction is the next step in alleviating stress and improving the well-being of lactating dairy cows housed in freestall barns. The overall goal of this dissertation was to evaluate the interaction of stocking density and the feeding environment on short-term production, behavioral, ruminal fermentation, and stress responses of lactating dairy cattle. The first two studies (Chapter 2 and 3) served as preliminary research for the main studies of this dissertation. The first study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of using chopped wheat straw to reduce sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in order to formulate diets for the first main study. Treatments were low straw (0 kg dry matter (DM)/d; LS) and high straw (1.36 kg DM/d; HS). High straw appeared to effectively reduce SARA by lowering time below pH 5.8 with minimal impact on feed intake and rumination. The second study objective was to evaluate the effect of type of blood collection tube on haptoglobin concentration across two commercially-available haptoglobin assays and evaluate assay agreement in order to determine haptoglobin concentrations for the main studies. Lithium heparinized, sodium heparinized, and K2-EDTA plasma resulted in increased haptoglobin concentrations compared to serum using the Tri-Delta colorimetric assay, but no differences were observed using the Life Diagnostics ELISA assay. However, there was a lack of agreement between assays and further identification of a gold-standard assay is needed before analyzing haptoglobin for the main studies. The third study (Chapter 4) investigated the interaction of stocking density (100% and 142% of freestalls and headlocks) and source of forage fiber (no added straw and added straw at 3.5% ration DM). Treatments did not impact feed intake, but straw diets tended to reduce milk production. Increasing stocking density reduced lying time but increased efficiency of stall use. Though feeding and rumination times were unaffected, overstocking shifted the location of rumination away from the freestall. Increased stocking density tended to increase stress responses. Both greater stocking density and no straw diets increased SARA, and the combination of these stressors tended to exacerbate this pH response. Adding straw to the diet reduced the negative impacts of overstocking on ruminal pH. The fourth study (Chapter 5) evaluated the interaction of stocking density (100% and 142%) and feed access (5-h reduced feed access and no reduced feed access). Treatments had minimal impact on short-term feed intake and production. Overstocking affected behavior similar to responses observed in Chapter 4. Reducing feed access decreased feeding time, though cows altered feeding and rumination responses to maintain daily rumination. Both treatments shifted priorities for feeding and lying behavior, though increased stocking density had the larger impact. Though reduced feed access did not impact ruminal pH, an exacerbated response was observed when combined with increased stocking density. The combination of stocking density and feeding environment stressors exacerbate negative effects on biological function and should be avoided.
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Nicholson, Gareth Hurst. "Towards understanding the effects of stocking density on farmed South African abalone, Haliotis Midae." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015646.

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The profitability of abalone farms is heavily influenced by their production per unit of grow-out space. With farms having physically expanded to the maximum, and with increasing production costs, one of the most realistic ways for farms to increase their production is through optimizing stocking densities. The effect of stocking density on Haliotis midae performance is undocumented and optimal stocking densities for this species have not been determined. Experiments were conducted under farm conditions to investigate the effects of four different stocking densities (16 %, 20 %, 22 % and 24 % of available surface area) on growth, production and health of three different size classes of abalone (15-35 g, 45-65 g, and 70-90 g start weight). Each treatment was replicated four times and trials ran over a period of eight months with measurements being made at four month intervals. Abalone behaviour was observed during the trials in the experimental tanks. Weight gain per abalone decreased with an increase in density for all tested size classes (5.04 ± 0.18 to 2.38 ± 0.17; 5.35 ± 0.21 to 4.62 ± 0.29; 7.97 ± 0.37 to 6.53 ± 0.28 g.abalone-1.month-1 for the 15-35, 45-65 and 70-90 g classes respectively, with an increased density of 16 to 24 %). Individual weight gain of 15-35 g abalone was similar at stocking densities of 16 % and 20 % while weight gain of 45-65 g and 70-90 g abalone decreased when density was increased above 16 %. Biomass gain (kg.basket-1.month-1) was not affected by stocking density in the 15-35 g and 45-65 g size classes (1.29 ± 0.02 and 0.97 ± 0.02 kg.basket-1.month-1 respectively). However, the biomass gained by baskets stocked with 70-90 g abalone increased with stocking density (1.08 ± 0.02 to 1.33 ± 0.02 kg.basket-1.month-1) with an increased density of 16 to 24 %) and did not appear to plateau within the tested density range (16 to 24 %). Food conversion ratio did not differ significantly between densities across all size classes. Stocking density did not have a significant effect on abalone condition factor or health indices. The proportion of abalone above the level of the feeder plate increased with density (7.26 ± 1.33 to 16.44 ± 1.33 with an increased density of 16 to 24 %). As a proportion of abalone situated in the area of the basket, the same proportions were situated on the walls above the feeder plate and on the feeder plate itself irrespective of stocking density (p > 0.05). Higher proportions of animals had restricted access to feed at higher stocking densities (p = 0.03). The amount of formulated feed available on the feeder plate did not differ between stocking densities throughout the night (p = 0.19). Individual abalone spent more time above the feeder plate at higher stocking densities (p < 0.05). The percentage of time above the feeder plate, spent on the walls of the basket and on the feeding surface was not significantly different at densities of 20 %, 22 % and 24 % (p > 0.05) but abalone stocked at 16 % spent a greater percentage of time above the feeder plate on the feeding surface (83.99 ± 6.26 %) than on the basket walls (16.01 ± 6.26 %). Stocking density did not affect the positioning of abalone within a basket during the day or at night. Different size H. midae are affected differently by increases in stocking density in terms of growth performance. Findings from this research may be implemented into farm management strategies to best suit production goals, whether in terms of biomass production or individual weight gain. The fundamental mechanisms resulting in reduced growth at higher densities are not well understood, however results from behaviour observations suggest that competition for preferred attachment space and feed availability are contributing to decreased growth rates. With knowledge of abalone behaviour at different densities, innovative tank designs may be established in order to counter the reduction in growth at higher densities.
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Glenney, Gavin W. "Comparisons of tilapia seed production under various broodstock densities and fry stocking densities." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08292008-063206/.

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Garner, Alan Brad. "High-Density Grass Carp Stocking Effects on a Reservoir Invasive Plant, Water Quality, and Native Fishes." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-09132008-145505/.

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Stocking grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is a commonly applied technique used to control nuisance aquatic vegetation in reservoirs. Factors that influence the degree of aquatic vegetation control are stocking density, regional climate, abundance and species composition of the aquatic plant community, and relative grass carp feeding preferences for the plant species. We evaluated high-density grass carp stocking in a reservoir for control of parrot-feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum, an invasive aquatic plant that is not preferentially consumed by grass carp) and the associated effects on water quality and native fishes. Lookout Shoals Lake, a piedmont North Carolina reservoir, was stocked with triploid grass carp at a density of 100 fish per vegetated hectare. Parrot-feather biomass in the lake was significantly reduced three months after grass carp stocking, compared to biomass in in-situ exclosures. During the second year after grass carp stocking, parrot-feather biomass in the lake compared to biomass in in-situ exclosures indicated continued control, but unexplained lack of growth within most experimental exclosures precluded biomass analyses. Increases in ambient water chlorophyll a, reactive phosphorus, and nitrate-nitrite concentrations were measured after grass carp stocking. We evaluated the native fish community using seasonal shoreline electrofishing before and after grass carp stocking. Total catch for all fish species in aggregate at shoreline transects was not significantly different after grass carp stocking by number or biomass. Catch rates of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus were not significantly different after grass carp stocking, but yellow perch Perca flavescens catch rates were significantly lower. The biological significance of fish distribution changes and long-term effects on lake biota remain undetermined. Our results demonstrate that intensive grass carp stocking can control an invasive aquatic plant that is not preferentially consumed by grass carp, and reveal associated changes in water quality and fish distributions.
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Pence, Kristen Jean. "The effects of dietary forage, social hierarchy, and stocking density on stress in lactating cows during relocation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33830.

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The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of forage fiber, social hierarchy, and stocking density on stress in lactating cows during relocation to new dairy facilities. In experiment one, 23 lactating cows were fed a basal ration, or the basal ration plus grass or alfalfa hay at 10% of DM offered from 3 wk pre-move to 9 wk post-move. In experiment two, 17 lactating cows were housed together before and after relocation and evaluated for dominance rank. In experiment three, 44 cows were housed together before relocation, then in pens of varying stocking density (0.67, 0.83, 1.0, or 1.17 cows per stall) post-move. In these studies, the effects of treatment on MY, lameness, behaviors, plasma cortisol, cow cleanliness, and DMI were monitored. In experiment one, cows fed grass or alfalfa hay diets had higher plasma cortisol concentrations on the day of relocation than cows fed TMR, but there were no differences in DMI or MY. Cows fed alfalfa hay or TMR had increased lameness scores following relocation; cows fed grass hay did not have increased lameness scores. In experiment two, there were no differences in plasma cortisol or lameness scores between dominant and subordinate cows. Subordinate cows had lower MY following relocation compared to dominant cows. In experiment three, cows housed at a stocking rate of 1.17 had higher plasma cortisol than cows housed at a stocking rate of 0.67. All cows had higher lameness scores following relocation, but cows housed at a stocking rate of 0.67 tended to have higher lameness scores than cows housed at stocking rates of 0.83, 1.0, and 1.17. In summary, some management practices may decrease the negative effects of stress on lactating cows during relocation.
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Johnston, Gavin. "Effect of feeding regimen, temperature and stocking density on growth and survival of juvenile clownfish (Amphiprion percula)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005118.

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In aquaculture, a thorough knowledge of the specific environmental requirements of a species is needed in order to maximize growth rate and survival. There is a paucity of data regarding the fundamental environmental requirements for the ongrowing phase of clownfish juveniles. This prompted the design of three experiments to determine the best feeding regimen, temperature and stocking density that maximize growth and survival of Amphiprion percula. Ration size and feeding frequency are important factors for optimizing fish growth during the juvenile grow-out phase. A factorial growth trial was conducted to determine the effect of feeding frequency and ration size on the growth of juvenile clownfish (Amphiprion percula).Three feeding frequencies (1, 2 and 3 times daily) and six rations (2,4,6,8, 10 and 12 % body weight per day (BW.day⁻¹)) were used to test the growth response over a twelve week period. Non-linear regression analysis on the effect of ration, independent of feeding frequency, on growth resulted in a significant (n = 36; r² = 68.7) parabolic model: In y = -0.0302x² + 0.5159x + -4.4377. Maximum growth corresponded to a ration of 8.5% BW.day⁻¹. Survival as a function of ration was significantly lower at 2% BW.day⁻¹. Data were further examined with Analysis of CoVariance (ANCOVA) to determine the effect of ration on growth at each feeding frequency. The combination revealed a maximum growth rate when the fish were fed a ration of 10% BW.day⁻¹ divided into two equal meals. The required ration per meal to maintain maximum growth was also found to decrease as feeding frequency increased. The determination of the best temperature for growth is of great importance due to the direct relationship between fish metabolism and temperature. The thermal preferendum of A. percula has already been estimated at 26 ± 0.7°C but it is not known whether this closely approximates the temperature for maximum growth. Sixteen tanks were set to different temperatures ranging between 21.5 and 30.2 °C. Ten juvenile A. percula were placed in each tank and growth was measured fortnightly over the course of the 10 week experiment. Non-linear regression analysis resulted in significant models for fish length (y = -0.0005x² + 0.00267x - 0.0338; r² = 56.7, n = 11) and weight (y= -0.00016x² + 0.0084x - 0.1073; r² = 61.6, n = 11). These models predict that maximum growth would be at 27.7 and 27.1 °C for length and weight, respectively. Temperature, over the range tested, had no apparent effect on survival. There was no significant difference between the temperatures for maximum growth and the preferred temperature. The effect of stocking densities ranging from 0.2 fish.L¹ to 4.0 fish.L⁻¹ on growth were used in the third experiment. The fish were fed to satiation twice daily and growth was measured fortnightly throughout the 8 week experiment. No effects on growth, survival or coefficient of variation were found within the range of stocking densities tested.
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Anderson, Mallory Grace. "Chicken or fish? Do environmental complexity and stocking density impact affective states of broiler chickens and rainbow trout?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105133.

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In commercial settings, broiler chickens and rainbow trout are housed in barren environments under high stocking densities, due to an emphasis on production efficiency. These monotonous housing conditions do not provide broilers or trout with the ability to perform functional, highly-motivated behaviors and increase their susceptibility to excessive anxiety and fear, resulting in negative affective states and poor animal welfare. Affective state (or emotional state) is a cumulative product of short-term life experiences, ranging from positive to negative. Because affective states are largely influenced by environmental condition, determining animal affective state can provide useful information on how to improve housing conditions in order to ensure positive experiences and good animal welfare. Cognitive processes are closely associated with affective state; a "cognitive bias" occurs when affective state influences aspects of cognition, such as judgement and attention. Animals in positive affective states make optimistically-biased decisions during ambiguous situations, judging the situation as if it will produce a positive outcome, and show less bias towards a perceived threat, responding in a less anxious and calm manner. Animals in negative affective states make pessimistically-biased decisions during ambiguous situations, judging the situation as if it will result in a negative outcome. Additionally, animals in negative affective states will bias their attention towards a perceived threat rather than alternative stimuli, responding in an anxious manner. Therefore, judgement and attention bias tests can be used to determine animal affective states. In Chapter 3, a judgement bias test was used to determine affective state of broiler chickens housed in either complex (perches, dust bath, pecking stones, and rotating enrichment objects) or barren (no enrichment) environments under either high or low stocking densities. Broilers housed in complex environments responded more optimistically during the judgement bias test than broilers from barren environments, indicating the former were in a positive affective state. Stocking density did not impact their responses in the judgement bias test, indicating that affective states were not impacted by that treatment. In Chapter 4, an attention bias test was used to determine level of anxiety and a tonic immobility test was used to determine fear in order to investigate affective state of broilers housed in the same conditions as described for Chapter 3. Broilers housed in complex environments were less anxious during the attention bias test than broilers from barren environments, indicating environmental complexity reduced anxiety in broilers. Stocking density did not impact anxiety. Broilers from high stocking density environments had shorter tonic immobility durations than broilers from low stocking density environments, suggesting the former were less fearful. Environmental complexity did not impact fearfulness. In Chapter 5, a judgement bias test was used to determine affective state of rainbow trout housed in either complex (shelter structure and artificial plants) or barren (no enrichment) tanks under either low or high stocking densities. Trout housed in high stocking density tanks responded optimistically during the judgement bias test, indicating they were in a more positive affective state compared to trout housed in low stocking density tanks. Environmental complexity did not impact their responses in the judgement bias test, indicating no effect of enrichments on affective states was found. These results indicate a beneficial relationship of a complex environment on broiler chicken affective state, observed through an optimistic judgement bias and reduced attention bias (anxiety) towards a perceived threat. Thus, providing a complex housing environment for broilers can improve their welfare and result in a positive affective state. Rainbow trout reared at the tested high density resulted in a positive affective state, although complexity did not benefit their welfare. Our results contribute much needed information on stocking densities to ensure fish welfare. Overall, environmental complexity, not stocking density, had a positive impact on broiler chicken affective states. Rainbow trout affective states were positively impacted by stocking density, but not environmental complexity.
Master of Science
Conventional housing of broiler chickens and rainbow trout (both raised for meat) causes concern for their welfare and affective states. Environmental conditions can greatly impact animals' affective states–their long-term emotional state, ranging from positive to negative. In barren environments at high stocking densities, broiler chickens and rainbow trout are prevented from showing normal behaviors and these conditions can compromise their affective state and welfare. By 'asking' chickens and trout whether the glass is half full or half empty, we can determine level of optimism or pessimism, and level of anxiety or calmness, therefore gaining a better understanding of their affective states. This can be done using a judgement bias test and attention bias test, where animal responses (optimism and anxiety) are recorded during ambiguous situations (judgement) and threatening situations (attention). Animals in positive affective states judge ambiguous situations optimistically (glass half full) and pay little attention towards perceived threats, while animals in negative affective states judge the same ambiguous situations pessimistically (glass half empty) and pay more attention towards perceived threats. In Chapter 3, responses to ambiguous situations were used to determine the affective state of broiler chickens housed in either enriched (perches, dust bath, pecking stones, rotating toys) or barren environments at either high or low stocking densities. Broiler chickens housed in enriched environments had an optimistic judgement bias of ambiguous situations (glass half full), suggesting they were in a more positive affective state compared to broilers housed in barren environments. Stocking density did not impact their level of optimism. In Chapter 4, responses to a perceived threat were used to determine level of anxiety and a tonic immobility test was used to determine fear of broilers housed under the same conditions as in Chapter 3. Broilers housed in enriched environments paid less attention to a perceived threat than broilers housed in barren environments, indicating the former were less anxious (glass half full) and in a positive affective state. Fear was not impacted by the tested enrichments, but birds kept under higher stocking densities did show reduced fear compared to birds in low-density environments. In Chapter 5, rainbow trout were housed in either enriched (shelter structure and artificial plants) or barren tanks at either high or low stocking densities. Affective state was evaluated through their responses to ambiguous situations. Trout housed in high stocking density environments had an optimistic judgement bias of ambiguous situations (glass half full), suggesting they were in a more positive affective state than trout housed in low stocking density environments. The enrichments did not impact their responses during the test, suggesting they did not impact fish optimism. These results indicate that an enriched environment improves broiler affective state and welfare compared to conventional housing conditions, the tested densities did not impact their welfare. Although an enriched environment did not positively impact responses of trout during ambiguous situations, our results show that housing rainbow trout in large groups results in a positive affective state and improved welfare status compared to housing trout in small groups. Overall, environmental enrichment, not stocking density, had a positive impact on broiler chicken affective states. Rainbow trout affective states were positively impacted by stocking density, but not environmental enrichment.
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Rubio, Zuazo Ana Maria, and anarubio zuazo@gmail com. "Environmental influences on the sustainable production of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata : a study in two southeastern Australian estuaries." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080618.091057.

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There has been a continuous decline in both the production and general performance of the SRO in NSW estuaries over the past three decades. The relationship of this decline to both environmental and oyster-density related factors are assessed in this thesis. This question has been examined at different scales: a large scale that compares two different estuaries (Clyde and Shoalhaven Rivers, southern NSW); a regional scale that encompasses variations within an estuary and, at a lease scale that examines processes pertaining to individual or small groups of oysters. Levels of inorganic nutrients were in general very low potentially limiting primary production. The limiting nutrient was nitrogen or phosphorus depending on whether long term conditions were dry or wet, respectively. Only during rain events, through the input of terrestrial material, were conditions favourable for fast rates of primary production. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis has demonstrated that both external material and local resuspension of the benthos constitute a major proportion of the SRO diet. The uptake of the various food sources also varied considerably depending on local environmental conditions. Increases in SRO growth were strongly correlated to increases in temperature with a low temperature cut-off at ~13°C. Growth also appeared to reduce considerably when salinities lower than ~15ppt persisted for the order of a month. These factors may alter growth through changes in filtration rates. These processes were modelled in a coupled hydrodynamic-NPO (Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Oyster) model of the Clyde River. This demonstrated that primary production was more affected by estuarine dynamics and nutrient concentrations than oyster uptake. At the current levels of oyster densities, primary production by itself could not account for the observed oyster growth, however growth became realistic with observed levels of POC added to the model. A set of environmental indices were used to complement the model and to assess the sustainability of the culture system. The combined indices indicated that while the ecological carrying capacity of the Clyde was exceeded the production capacity at an estuarine scale was not. On the lease scale, density experiments showed that while growth was not reduced as a result of current stocking densities, the condition index was significantly affected.
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Talebi, Aniseh. "The effects of regrouping and stocking density on social behaviour, lying behaviour and locomotor activity of mid and late lactation dairy cows." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35738.

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In free-stall systems cows are frequently moved among pens and regrouped. This practice involves individuals being mixed with unfamiliar cows, and stocking density often varies from before to after regrouping. Two separate lines of evidence suggest that regrouping and changing densities have negative impacts on cows welfare; but no study to date has assessed the combined effects. The aim of this study was to test the effect of changes in stocking density at the time of regrouping on the competition, feeding and lying behaviours and locomotor activity of dairy cows. By manipulating group size (6 vs. 12 cows) and pen size (12 vs. 24 stalls) three different stocking densities were created (25 %, 50 % and 100 %). Four groups of Holstein cows were regrouped weekly for 4 weeks and the stocking density changed from before to after each regrouping. The change in density varied from a decrease by a factor of 4 (100% to 25%), a decrease by a factor of 2 (100% to 50% or 50% to 25%), no change (50% to 50%), an increase by a factor of 2 (25% to 50% or 50% to 100%) and an increase by a factor of 4 (25% to 100%). Displacement at the feeding area, feeding time, lying time and the number of steps were scored. The daily means for each group were used to calculate the difference in responses from one day before to one day after each regrouping. Competition at the feed bunk changed after regrouping. The nature of the change was dependent upon the change in stocking density; when density decreased the number of displacements decreased. Changes in lying behavior and locomotor activity after regrouping also varied with changes in stocking density; when stocking density decreased lying time increased and number of steps increased. In conclusion, results of this experiment show that the change in competition behaviour from one day before to one day after regrouping varies with the change in stocking density at regrouping; and this change in competition results in changes in lying time and locomotor activity of cows.
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Books on the topic "Stocking density"

1

Ernst, Richard L. Forest stand density and stocking: Concepts, terms, and the use of stocking guides. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1985.

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Penney, R. W. Effect of gear type and initial stocking density on production of meats and large whole scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) using suspension culture in Newfoundland. St. John's, Nfld: Science Branch, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1995.

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Service, United States Forest, ed. Forest stand density and stocking: Concepts, terms, and the use of stocking guides. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1985.

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Service, United States Forest, ed. Forest stand density and stocking: Concepts, terms, and the use of stocking guides. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1985.

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H.M. Tamagi, Z. Idrus*, A.S. Farjam, E.A. Awad, and A.N. Hussein. The use of mirrors to alleviate the detrimental effects of high stocking density in broiler chickens. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2022.347.

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T. Yanai*, M. I. Abo-Samaha, S. E. El-Kazaz, and H. G. Tohamy. Effect of stocking density on productive performance, behaviour, and histopathology of the lymphoid organs in broiler chickens. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2018.247.

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Aslihan Sur Arslan, Pinar Tatli Seven, Seval Yilmaz, and I. Seven. The effects of propolis on performance, carcass and antioxidant status characteristics in quails reared under different stocking density. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2014.20.

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Ö. Sevim*, U. Ahsan, O. Tatlı, E. Kuter, E. Karimiyan Khamseh, A. Reman Temiz, Ö. Sayın Özdemir, et al. Effect of dietary nano-selenium on stress indicators, immune response, and DNA damage in broiler subjected to different stocking density. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2021.345.

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Gökçe Özdemir, H. İnci, B. Söğüt, T. Şengül, H. Yüksel, H. Şimşek, and A. Özdemir. Effects of dietary boron supplementation on performance and some haematological and antioxidant parameters in Japanese quail exposed to high stocking density. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.137.

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H.K. Kang, S.B. Park, J.J. Jeon, H.S. Kim, S.H. Kim, E. Hong, and C.H. Kim*. Effect of stocking density on laying performance, egg quality and blood parameters of Hy-Line Brown laying hens in an aviary system. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2018.245.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stocking density"

1

Bessei, W. "Effects of Stocking Density on Production and Social Behaviour in Laying Hens." In Social Space for Domestic Animals, 71–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5040-5_8.

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Putman, Rory, and Jochen Langbein. "Effects of Stocking Density, Feeding, and Herd Management on Mortality of Park Deer." In The Biology of Deer, 180–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_45.

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Zhuravchuk, Evgeniya, Irina Saleeva, and Anna Zaremskaya. "The Productive Performance in Broilers of New Russian Cross Smena-9 at Different Stocking Density." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 1001–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91405-9_113.

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Buyarov, Victor, Valentina Mednova, and Igor Pravdin. "The Efficiency of Bioactive Feed Additive HerbaStore in Diets for Broilers Housed at Different Stocking Density." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 785–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91405-9_87.

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Xiaomei, Wang, Dai Wei, Chen Chengxun, Li Tianjun, and Zhu Lei. "Analysis of Antibacterial Activities of Antibacterial Proteins/Peptides Isolated from Serum of Clarias Gariepinus Reared at High Stocking Density." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 303–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-26007-0_38.

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Ovseychik, Ekaterina, and Valery Lukashenko. "The Effects of Stocking Density on the Productive Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality in Cage-Housed Smena-9 Broilers." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 925–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91405-9_104.

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Bjarnason, Valgeir, and Olafur Gudmundsson. "Effect of Some Environmental Factors and Stocking Density on the Performance of Sheep, Cattle and Horses Grazing Drained Bog Pastures." In Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes, 129–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5338-7_13.

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Zaralis, Konstantinos, and Susanne Padel. "Effects of High Stocking Grazing Density of Diverse Swards on Forage Production, Animal Performance and Soil Organic Matter: A Case Study." In Innovative Approaches and Applications for Sustainable Rural Development, 131–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02312-6_8.

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Dawkins, Marian S. "Stocking density." In Advances in Poultry Welfare, 227–42. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100915-4.00011-7.

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"stocking density [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 974. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_13833.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stocking density"

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Huo Peishu, Li Guoqiang, and Li Ji. "Effect of stocking density on litter composting in poultry raising." In 2011 International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icae.2011.5943841.

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F Zhao, Y Zhao, A Geng, Z Shi, and B Li. "Effects of Stocking Density on Behavior of Broilers in Cage System." In Livestock Environment VIII, 31 August - 4 September 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25553.

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R.N. Cook. "Effects of Cage Stocking Density on Feeding Behaviors of Group-Housed Laying Hens." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17684.

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R. N. Cook, H. Xin, and D. Nettleton. "Effects of Cage Stocking Density on Feeding Behaviors of Group-Housed Laying Hens." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19472.

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Koh, Hock Lye, Su Yean Teh, Elizabeth Lee, Wai Kiat Tan, K. A. Sagathevan, and Ann Ann Low. "Derivation of optimal fish stocking density via simulation of water quality model E2Algae." In PROCEEDING OF THE 25TH NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (SKSM25): Mathematical Sciences as the Core of Intellectual Excellence. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5041573.

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Luciano Barreto Mendes, Hongwei Xin, and Hong Li. "Ammonia Emissions of Laying Hens as Affected by Stocking Density and Manure Accumulation Time." In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29895.

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Wang, Chang-Ping, M. A. Hossain, Yan Wang, and Chun-Bo Wei. "The Effects of Stocking Density on Feather Pecking and Other Behavioural Activities of Chicks." In 2015 International Conference on Energy, Environmental & Sustainable Ecosystem Development (EESED 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814723008_0159.

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Su, Yuepeng, Kuopeng Cui, Shen Ma, Shuanglin Dong, and Meiyi (Daphne) Wu. "Mathematical Modeling of the Growth of Chinese Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) in High Density Stocking Pond." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Big Data Analysis (MSBDA 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msbda-19.2019.2.

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de la L. Sanchez-Estrada, M., J. F. Garcia-Trejo, V. Caltzontzin-Rabell, R. Chavez-Jaime, L. de L. Alvarez-Arquieta, and O. Alatorre-Jacome. "Factors to increase the stocking density using BioFloc Technology in tilapia production : A mini review." In 2018 XIV International Engineering Congress (CONIIN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coniin.2018.8489813.

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Marlina, Eulis, Dwi Puji Hartono, and Imelda Panjaitan. "Optimal Stocking Density of Vannamei Shrimp Lytopenaeus vannamei at Low Salinity Using Spherical Tarpaulin Pond." In First International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200813.011.

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Reports on the topic "Stocking density"

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Mendes, Luciano B., Hongwei Xin, and Hong Li. Ammonia Emissions of Pullets and Effects of Stocking Density. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-975.

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Cook, R. N., and Hongwei Xin. Effects of Cage Stocking Density on Feeding Behaviors of Group-Housed Laying Hens. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1061.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Dallas L. Maxwell, and W. Darrell Busby. Effects of Stocking Density on Steer Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Bedded Hoop Barns. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-138.

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Patton, B. S., Steven M. Lonergan, and Mark S. Honeyman. The Effects of Finishing Environment and Stocking Density on Growth and Carcass Traits in Swine. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1062.

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Patton, B. S., Steven M. Lonergan, and Mark S. Honeyman. The Effects of Swine Stocking Density in Hoop Structures on Growth, Carcass Composition, and Pork Quality. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1294.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Dallas L. Maxwell, W. Darrell Busby, and Shawn C. Shouse. Effects of Stocking Density on Steer Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Bedded Hoop and Open Front Confinement Facilities: Progress Report. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-472.

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