Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stochastic ground motion model

Academic literature on the topic 'Stochastic ground motion model'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

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JACOB, C., K. SEPAHVAND, V. A. MATSAGAR, and S. MARBURG. "STOCHASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE OF BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 05, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825113500063.

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The stochastic response of base-isolated building considering the uncertainty in the characteristics of the earthquakes is investigated. For this purpose, a probabilistic ground motion model, for generating artificial earthquakes is developed. The model is based upon a stochastic ground motion model which has separable amplitude and spectral non-stationarities. An extensive database of recorded earthquake ground motions is created. The set of parameters required by the stochastic ground motion model to depict a particular ground motion is evaluated for all the ground motions in the database. Probability distributions are created for all the parameters. Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the set of parameters required by the stochastic ground motion model to simulate ground motions is obtained from the distributions and ground motions. Further, the bilinear model of the isolator described by its characteristic strength, post-yield stiffness and yield displacement is used, and the stochastic response is determined by using an ensemble of generated earthquakes. A parametric study is conducted for the various characteristics of the isolator. This study presents an approach for stochastic seismic response analysis of base-isolated building considering the uncertainty involved in the earthquake ground motion.
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Edwards, Benjamin, and Donat Fäh. "A Stochastic Ground‐Motion Model for Switzerland." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 1 (February 2013): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110331.

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Cui, Xi Zhong, Yong Xu Liu, and Han Ping Hong. "A Stochastic Model for Simulating Vertical Pulseless Near-Fault Seismic Ground Motions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 961–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210114.

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ABSTRACT The vertical near-fault seismic ground-motion component can cause significant structural deformation and damage, which can be evaluated from time history analysis using actual or synthetic ground-motion records. In this study, we propose a new stochastic model for the vertical pulseless near-fault ground motions that depends on earthquake magnitude, rupture distance, and site condition. The proposed model is developed based on the time–frequency characteristics of 606 selected actual vertical record components in strike-slip earthquakes. The use and validation of the model are presented using simulated records obtained by two simulation techniques. For the validation, the statistics of time–frequency-dependent power spectral acceleration estimated from the simulated records using the proposed stochastic model are compared with those from the actual records and the ground-motion models available in the literature.
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Wang, Zhi Hua, and Chong Shi Gu. "A New Non-Stationary Stochastic Seismic Ground Motion Model and its Application." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4627.

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Considering the uncertainty and the time variation of frequency contents of real seismic excitation, a new versatile stochastic strong ground motion model named general stochastic seismic ground motion (GSSGM) model is presented in this paper. Some essential assumptions for the earthquake process used in this paper are first given. The intensity and energy of the target seismic ground motion are used to determine the model parameters. The frequency contents are demanded to be agreed with the main characteristics of the target ground motions. The GSSGM model is appropriate to simulate the stationary, intensity non-stationary and fully non-stationary stochastic processes. Additionally, a simple non-stationary stochastic seismic response analysis procedure based on the GSSGM model and the pseudo excitation theory is put forward. The presented non-stationary stochastic seismic response analysis procedure is later applied in the seismic response analysis of a real homogeneous earth dam. The non-stationary analysis results display the effects of non-stationarity on the seismic response of the dam and reflect the main phenomena of dynamic embankment-foundation interaction. The results indicate that the GSSGM model and the presented analysis procedure are effective.
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Lekshmy, P. R., and S. T. G. Raghukanth. "Stochastic earthquake source model for ground motion simulation." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 18, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0487-8.

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Poulos, Alan, Eduardo Miranda, and Jack W. Baker. "Evaluation of Earthquake Response Spectra Directionality Using Stochastic Simulations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210101.

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ABSTRACT For earthquake-resistant design purposes, ground-motion intensity is usually characterized using response spectra. The amplitude of response spectral ordinates of horizontal components varies significantly with changes in orientation. This change in intensity with orientation is commonly known as ground-motion directionality. Although this directionality has been attributed to several factors, such as topographic irregularities, near-fault effects, and local geologic heterogeneities, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still not well understood. This work studies the directionality characteristics of earthquake ground-motion intensity using synthetic ground motions and compares their directionality to that of recorded ground motions. The two principal components of horizontal acceleration are sampled independently using a stochastic model based on finite-duration time-modulated filtered Gaussian white-noise processes. By using the same stochastic process to sample both horizontal components of motion, the variance of horizontal ground acceleration has negligible orientation dependence. However, these simulations’ response spectral ordinates present directionality levels comparable to those found in real ground motions. It is shown that the directionality of the simulated ground motions changes for each realization of the stochastic process and is a consequence of the duration being finite. Simulated ground motions also present similar directionality trends to recorded earthquake ground motions, such as the increase of average directionality with increasing period of vibration and decrease with increasing significant duration. These results suggest that most of the orientation dependence of horizontal response spectra is primarily explained by the finite significant duration of earthquake ground motion causing inherent randomness in response spectra, rather than by some physical mechanism causing polarization of shaking.
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Atkinson, Gail M. "A Comparison of Eastern North American ground Motion Observations with Theoretical Predictions." Seismological Research Letters 61, no. 3-4 (July 1, 1990): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.61.3-4.171.

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Abstract Theoretical predictions of eastern North American (ENA) ground motion parameters based on a stochastic model (Boore and Atkinson, 1987; Atkinson and Boore, 1990) are evaluated in light of recent data, including data from the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec earthquake. The evaluation is based on visual comparisons of predicted and observed ground motion amplitudes, and on regression analyses of the data. Data are consistent with the theoretical model on average, although high-frequency ground motions from the Saguenay earthquake are underpredicted. It is hypothesized that differences between the observations and the stochastic model predictions may be explained by the presence of two corner frequencies in the source spectrum. Any single earthquake may exhibit ground motions significantly higher or lower than predicted due to local or earthquake-specific effects not accounted for in predictions of ‘average’ motions.
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Sabetta, Fabio, Antonio Pugliese, Gabriele Fiorentino, Giovanni Lanzano, and Lucia Luzi. "Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (April 7, 2021): 3287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01077-1.

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AbstractThis work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
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Kiremidjian, Anne S., and Shigeru Suzuki. "A stochastic model for site ground motions from temporally dependent earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 1110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770041110.

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Abstract A stochastic model is presented for estimating probabilities of exceeding site ground motions due to temporally dependent earthquake events. The model reflects the hypothesized dependence of the size of large earthquake events on the time of occurrence of the last major earthquake. An empirical attenuation relationship is used to describe the ground motion at a site originating from a well-defined fault system. The application of the model to the Middle America Trench is discussed. The seismic hazard potential in Mexico City is computed in terms of probabilities of exceeding peak ground acceleration levels. The results indicate that consideration of the seismic gap is important for estimating the seismic hazard at a site. It is also observed that site hazard estimates are greatly dependent on the specific attenuation relationship used. The need for other approaches of ground motion estimation is recognized.
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Yamamoto, Y., and J. W. Baker. "Stochastic Model for Earthquake Ground Motion Using Wavelet Packets." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 6 (October 22, 2013): 3044–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120312.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

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Yenier, Emrah. "Limitations On Point-source Stochastic Simulations In Terms Of Ground-motion Models." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610308/index.pdf.

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In this study, the limitations of point-source stochastic simulations are investigated in terms of fundamental geophysical parameters. Within this context, a total of 6000 synthetic ground motions are generated for various magnitude (5.0 &
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Mw &
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7.5), source-to-site distance (less than 100 km), faulting style (shallow dipping and strike-slip) and site class (soft, stiff and rock) bins. The simulations are performed in two main stages: (1) the acceleration time series at outcropping very hard rock sites are simulated based on the stochastic method proposed by Boore (1983, 2003) and (2) they are modified through 1-D equivalent linear site response analysis to generate the free-field motions at soft, stiff and rock sites. Thus, as a part of this study, a probability-based soil profile model that considers the random variation of S-wave slowness as a function of depth is derived. The synthetic ground motions are assessed with several recent empirical ground-motion models to constitute the limitations of the simulation procedure. It is believed that the outcomes of this study will realistically describe the limitations of stochastic point-source simulation approach that can be employed further for the studies on improvements of this simulation technique.
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SCOZZESE, FABRIZIO. "AN EFFICIENT PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS EQUIPPED WITH LINEAR AND NONLINEAR VISCOUS DAMPERS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/429547.

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Seismic passive protection with supplemental damping devices represents an efficient strategy to produce resilient structural systems with improved seismic performances and notably reduced post-earthquake consequences. Such strategy offers indeed several advantages with respect to the ordinary seismic design philosophy: structural damages are prevented; the safety of the occupants is ensured and the system remains operational both during and right after the earthquake; no major retrofit interventions are needed but only a post-earthquake inspection (and if necessary, replacement) of dissipation devices is required; a noticeable reduction of both direct and indirect outlays is achieved. However, structural systems equipped with seismic control devices (dampers) may show potentially limited robustness, since an unexpected early disruption on the dampers may lead to a progressive collapse of the actually non-ductile system. Although the most advanced international seismic codes acknowledge this issue and require dampers to have higher safety margins against the failure, they only provide simplified approaches to cope with the problem, often consisting of general demand amplification rules which are not tailored on the actual needs of different device typologies and which lead to reliability levels not explicitly declared. The research activity carried out within this Thesis stems from the need to fill the gaps still present in the international regulatory framework, and respond to the scarcity of specific probabilistic studies geared to characterize and understand the probabilistic seismic response of such systems up to very low failure probabilities. In particular, as a first step towards this goal, the present work aims at addressing the issue of the seismic risk of structures with fluid viscous dampers, a simple and widely used class of dissipation devices. A robust probabilistic framework has been defined for the purposes of the present work, made up of the combination of an advanced probabilistic tool for solving reliability problems, consisting of Subset Simulation (with Markov chain Monte Carlo and Metropolis-like algorithms), and a stochastic ground motion model for statistical seismic hazard characterization. The seismic performance of the system is described by means of demand hazard curves, providing the mean annual frequency of exceeding any specified threshold demand value for all the relevant global and local Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs). A wide range of performance levels is monitored, encompassing the serviceability conditions, the ultimate limit states, up to very rare performance demand levels (with mean annual frequency of exceedance around 10-6) at which the seismic reliability shall be checked in order to confer the system an adequate level of safety margins against seismic events rarer than the design one. Some original contributions regarding the methodological approaches have been obtained by an efficient combination of the common conditional probabilistic methods (i.e., multiple-stripe and cloud analysis) with a stochastic earthquake model, in which subset simulation is exploited for efficiently generate both the seismic hazard curve and the ground motion samples for structural analysis purposes. The accuracy of the proposed strategy is assessed by comparing the achieved seismic risk estimates with those provided via Subset Simulation, the latter being assumed as reference reliability method. Furthermore, a reliability-based optimization method is proposed as powerful tool for investigating upon the seismic risk sensitivity to variable model parameters. Such method proves to be particularly useful when a proper statistical characterization of the model parameters is not available. The proposed probabilistic framework is applied to a set of single-degree-of-freedom damped models to carry out an extensive parametric analysis, and to a multi-story steel building with linear and nonlinear viscous dampers for the aims of a deeper investigation. The influence of viscous dampers nonlinearity level on the seismic risk of such systems is investigated. The variability of viscous constitutive parameters due to the tolerance allowed in devices’ quality control and production tests is also accounted for, and the consequential effects on the seismic performances are evaluated. The reliability of simplified approaches proposed by the main international seismic codes for dampers design is assessed, the main regulatory gaps are highlighted and proposals for improvement are given as well. Results from this whole probabilistic investigation contribute to the development of more reliable design procedures for seismic passive protection strategies.
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D'Amico, Laura. "Stochastic analysis and design of vibrating barriers under simulated ground motion processes." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2017. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/91e41bc5-dbd6-4f79-a133-fcfd5a105f3e.

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Vibration control techniques have developed remarkably over the past thirty years. These solutions are usually employed to protect new rather than existing structures, for which most of the available control devices may be costly and invasive to install. Recently, Vibrating Barriers (ViBas) have been proposed as a solution to protect both new and existing buildings. By exploiting the Structure-Soil-Structure-Interaction (SSSI) phenomenon, the ViBa is constructed away from the structures to be protected allowing the characteristics of the buildings to remain unaltered. The ViBa is envisaged as a vibrating mass placed into the soil, through which the control device interacts with the structure in its proximity and is therefore able to control vibrations for cluster of buildings. Up until now the efficiency of the ViBa has only been demonstrated for simple cases of seismic deterministic input and stationary Gaussian stochastic processes. This research explores the multiple interactions between a building and a ViBa device in order to assess its performance in realistic earthquake scenarios. By means of Direct Stochastic methods, this research presents a methodology to design the ViBa validated through pertinent Monte Carlo Simulation. The effects of the input selection on the ViBa performance are investigated by analysis of the building-soil-ViBa system response under advanced stochastic Ground Motion Models (GMMs). In regard to this, a technique is proposed to simulate earthquake ground motions in agreement with seismic codes and reproducing the non-stationarity and natural variability typical of recorded earthquakes. Initial investigations on the response of linear and non-linear structures, under the proposed ground motion and a traditional quasi-stationary and non-stationary model, have demonstrated that the choice of the ground motion has considerable influence over the study of the reliability of structures also for the simple case of linear behaving structures. From the analyses, the sensitivity of the distribution of the relevant response parameters (e.g. the peak displacement) to the GMMs is shown. All spectrum compatible models adopted fulfil the code provisions, however noticeable differences in the distribution of response parameters are observed. Moreover, studies on the sensitivity of structural responses to damping variation have been performed to address the significance of the GMM selection in relation to the assumptions on the structural damping. Finally, some drawbacks in the current seismic codes have also been identified. In order to establish the methodology for the design of the ViBa under stochastic excitation, the discrete formulation for buildings-soil-ViBa-systems available in the frequency domain has been extended to the time domain. The methodology proposed in this work enables a simplified reliability assessment by defining the mean value of the maxima response displacements under stationary Gaussian stochastic seismic action firstly and successively verified for non-stationary input. From the investigations, the effectiveness of the ViBa is exhibited as having reductions of up to 37.80 % of the mean and up to 41.49% of the fractile 95% of the peak displacements.
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Siebrits, Eduard. "Three-dimensional elastodynamic shear fracture propagation and ground motion simulation model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26137.

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Kewlani, Gaurav. "Stochastic approaches to mobility prediction, path planning and motion control for ground vehicles in uncertain environments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55270.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111).
The ability of autonomous or semi-autonomous unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to rapidly and accurately predict terrain negotiability, generate efficient paths online and have effective motion control is a critical requirement for their safety and use in unstructured environments. Most techniques and algorithms for performing these functions, however, assume precise knowledge of vehicle and/or environmental (i.e. terrain) properties. In practical applications, significant uncertainties are associated with the estimation of the vehicle and/or terrain parameters, and these uncertainties must be considered while performing the above tasks. Here, computationally inexpensive methods based on the polynomial chaos approach are studied that consider imprecise knowledge of vehicle and/or terrain parameters while analyzing UGV dynamics and mobility, evaluating safe, traceable paths to be followed and controlling the vehicle motion. Conventional Monte Carlo methods, that are relatively more computationally expensive, are also briefly studied and used as a reference for evaluating the computational efficiency and accuracy of results from the polynomial chaos-based techniques.
by Gaurav Kewlani.
S.M.
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Zadonina, Ekaterina. "Strong ground motion simulations and assessment of influence of model parameters on waveforms." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21222.

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A modelação de movimentos sísmicos intensos em campo próximo é um importante instrumento da sismologia moderna, usado nos estudos de sismologia e risco sísmico. Existem várias abordagens para calcular os movimentos do solo produzido por fontes sísmicas finitas. Neste trabalho utilizámos um algoritmo de diferenças finitas, desenvolvido para estruturas 3D e modelos cinemáticos de fonte, para calcular os movimentos da Terra em campo próximo produzidos por um evento real. Os sismogramas sintéticos e as correspondentes formas de onda registadas são quantitativamente comparadas para justificar o modelo usado. Foram também ensaiados o efeito das variações de alguns parâmetros que caracterizam a fonte e a estrutura (velocidade de ruptura, dimensão e geometria, modelo de velocidade), sobre as formas de onda. Os resultados obtidos mostraram, em geral, boa concordância entre os dados observados e sintéticos e revelam a diferente capacidade que os parâmetros envolvidos têm para influenciar as formas de onda obtidas. __ Summary: Modeling near-field ground motion is an important and helpful tool of modem seismology. It helps in studies of seismic events and mitigation of seismic hazards. Several approaches are widely used to obtain synthetic ground motion for a finite earthquake source. ln our work we use a finite-difference algorithm, developed for 3D structures and kinematic source models, to compute near-field ground motions from a real moderate event with pre-existing slip distribution model. Lately, synthetic seismograms are quantitatively compared with observed waveforms from near-field seismic stations on order to justify created model. Moreover, we independently changed several source parameters (rupture velocity, source dimension and geometry), and structure (velocity model) to evaluate their influence on the waveforms. Here we also applied quantitative comparison of seismograms. Obtained results showed generally good agreement in magnitudes of motion between observed and synthetic data, and revealed effect of different model parameters on the waveforms.
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Ugurhan, Beliz. "Stochastic Strong Ground Motion Simulations On North Anatolian Fault Zone And Central Italy: Validation, Limitation And Sensitivity Analyses." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612413/index.pdf.

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Assessment of potential ground motions in seismically active regions is essential for purposes of seismic design and analysis. Peak ground motion intensity values and frequency content of seismic excitations are required for reliable seismic design, analysis and retrofitting of structures. In regions of sparse or no strong ground motion records, ground motion simulations provide physics-based synthetic records. These simulations provide not only the earthquake engineering parameters but also give insight into the mechanisms of the earthquakes. This thesis presents strong ground motion simulations in three regions of intense seismic activity. Stochastic finite-fault simulation methodology with a dynamic corner frequency approach is applied to three case studies performed in Dü
zce, L&rsquo
Aquila and Erzincan regions. In Dü
zce study, regional seismic source, propagation and site parameters are determined through validation of the simulations against the records. In L&rsquo
Aquila case study, in addition to study of the regional parameters, the limitations of the method in terms of simulating the directivity effects are also investigated. In Erzincan case study, where there are very few records, the optimum model parameters are determined using a large set of simulations with an error-minimization scheme. Later, a parametric sensitivity study is performed to observe the variations in simulation results to small perturbations in input parameters. Results of this study confirm that stochastic finite-fault simulation method is an effective technique for generating realistic physics-based synthetic records of large earthquakes in near field regions.
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Manko, N. N., and I. A. Lyashenko. "Stochastic Oscillations at Stick-Slip Motion in the Boundary Friction Regime." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35148.

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In this paper, the further development of the synergetic model describing the ultrathin lubricant film state clamped between two atomically smooth solid surfaces operating under boundary friction mode has been done based on the Lorentz model for the approximation of a viscoelastic medium. In all cases, the phase portraits have been built. It has been found that the friction surfaces' temperature increasing leads to the growth of stochasticity in the investigated system. In the phase plane the stochastic oscillation mode can be described as a strange attractor. Also, the behavior of two different types of tribosystems were described using current model. The first was the system with the unidirectional shear of the surfaces and, and the second was the system under an alternating external effect. Obtained results agree qualitatively with known experimental data. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35148
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Kelekele, Liloo Didier Joel. "Mathematical model of performance measurement of defined contribution pension funds." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4367.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The industry of pension funds has become one of the drivers of today’s economic activity by its important volume of contribution in the financial market and by creating wealth. The increasing importance that pension funds have acquired in today’s economy and financial market, raises special attention from investors, financial actors and pundits in the sector. Regarding this economic weight of pension funds, a thorough analysis of the performance of different pension funds plans in order to optimise benefits need to be undertaken. The research explores criteria and invariants that make it possible to compare the performance of different pension fund products. Pension fund companies currently do measure their performances with those of others. Likewise, the individual investing in a pension plan compares different products available in the market. There exist different ways of measuring the performance of a pension fund according to their different schemes. Generally, there exist two main pension funds plans. The defined benefit (DB) pension funds plan which is mostly preferred by pension members due to his ability to hold the risk to the pension fund manager. The defined contributions (DC) pension fund plan on the other hand, is more popularly preferred by the pension fund managers due to its ability to transfer the risk to the pension fund members. One of the reasons that motivate pension fund members’ choices of entering into a certain programme is that their expectations of maintaining their living lifestyle after retirement are met by the pension fund strategies. This dissertation investigates the various properties and characteristics of the defined contribution pension fund plan with a minimum guarantee and benchmark in order to mitigate the risk that pension fund members are subject to. For the pension fund manager the aim is to find the optimal asset allocation strategy which optimises its retribution which is in fact a part of the surplus (the difference between the pension fund value and the guarantee) (2004) [19] and to analyse the effect of sharing between the contributor and the pension fund. From the pension fund members’ perspective it is to define a optimal guarantee as a solution to the contributor’s optimisation programme. In particular, we consider a case of a pension fund company which invests in a bond, stocks and a money market account. The uncertainty in the financial market is driven by Brownian motions. Numerical simulations were performed to compare the different models.
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Händel, Annabel [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Scherbaum, and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Krüger. "Ground-motion model selection and adjustment for seismic hazard analysis / Annabel Händel ; Frank Scherbaum, Frank Krüger." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/121840406X/34.

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Books on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

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S, Cakmak A., and International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (3rd : 1987 : Princeton University), eds. Ground motion and engineering seismology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Stochastic model of the NASA/MSFC ground facility for large space structures with uncertain parameters, report. Tuscaloosa, Ala: Dept. of Mathematics, University of Alabama, 1988.

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Evernden, J. F. Predictive model for important ground motion parameters associated with large and great earthquakes. [Washington]: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Evernden, J. F. Predictive model for important ground motion parameters associated with large and great earthquakes. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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author, Sarich Marco 1985, ed. Metastability and Markov state models in molecular dynamics: Modeling, analysis, algorithmic approaches. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2013.

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Ecole d'été de probabilités de Saint-Flour (27th 1997). Lectures on probability theory and statistics: Ecole d'eté de probabilités de Saint-Flour XXVII, 1997. Edited by Bertoin Jean, Martinelli F, Peres Y, and Bernard P. 1944-. Berlin: Springer, 1999.

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Jean, Bertoin, Martinelli F, Peres Y, Bernard P. 1944-, Bertoin Jean, Martinelli F, and Peres Y, eds. Lectures on probability theory and statistics: Ecole d'été de probabilités de Saint-Flour XXVII, 1997. Berlin: Springer, 2000.

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S, Cakmak A., ed. Ground motion and engineering seismology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, co-published with Computational Mechanics, 1987.

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Stochastic model of the NASA/MSFC ground facility for large space structures with uncertain parameters: Part II, the maximum entropy approach. Tuscaloosa, Ala: Dept. of Mathematics, University of Alabama, 1989.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Stochastic Model of the Nasa/Msfc Ground Facility for Large Space Structures with Uncertain Parameters: The Maximum Entropy Approach, Part 2. Independently Published, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

1

Takada, Tsuyoshi, and Tetsuo Shimomura. "Stochastic Prediction of Seismic Ground Motions Using Macro-Spatial Correlation Model." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 2926–31. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_468.

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Rezaeian, Sanaz, and Xiaodan Sun. "Stochastic Ground Motion Simulation." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_239-1.

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Rezaeian, Sanaz, and Xiaodan Sun. "Stochastic Ground Motion Simulation." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 3483–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4_239.

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Li, Jie, and Wei Liu. "Seismic Ground Motion Model." In Lifeline Engineering Systems, 25–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9101-3_3.

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Boore, David M. "Simulation of Ground Motion Using the Stochastic Method." In Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources: The Keiiti Aki Volume, 635–76. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8010-7_10.

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Papageorgiou, Apostolos S. "The Barrier Model and Strong Ground Motion." In Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources: The Keiiti Aki Volume, 603–34. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8010-7_9.

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Petters, Arlie O., and Xiaoying Dong. "Stochastic Calculus and Geometric Brownian Motion Model." In An Introduction to Mathematical Finance with Applications, 253–327. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3783-7_6.

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Holley, Richard. "The One Dimensional Stochastic X-Y Model." In Random Walks, Brownian Motion, and Interacting Particle Systems, 295–307. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0459-6_16.

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Shiryaev, Albert N. "Multi-stage Quickest Detection of Breakdown of a Stationary Regime. Model with Brownian Motion." In Stochastic Disorder Problems, 217–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01526-8_7.

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Payyappilly, Leanda J., and Surendra Nadh Somala. "Risk Uncertainty Quantification for Various Occupancy Classes Using Stochastic Ground Motion." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 751–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80312-4_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

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Cacciola, P., and A. Tombari. "A Ground Motion Model in Proximity of Vibrating Buildings." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Stochastic Mechanics (CSM 8). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2723-6_11-cd.

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Ai, X. Q., and J. Li. "Random Model of Earthquake Ground Motion for Engineering Site Basing on Stochastic Physical Process." In Seventh China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480342.053.

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Fnais, M. S. "Ground-motion simulation for the eastern province of Saudi Arabia using a stochastic model." In ERES 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eres110121.

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Teng, Tsung-Jen, Pei-Ting Chen, Ting-Wei Chang, Yuan-Sen Yang, Chien-Kuo Chiu, and Wen-I. Liao. "The Simulation of Strong Ground Motion Using Empirical Green Function and Stochastic Method for Southern Taiwan Area." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84670.

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This study presents strong ground motion simulation methods for the future fragility study of a power plant in Southern Taiwan. The modified stochastic method and empirical Green function method are utilized to synthesize the strong ground motions of specific events. A modified physical random function model of strong ground motions for specific sites and events is presented in this study with verification of sample level. Based on the special models of the source, path, and local site, the random variables of the physical random function of strong ground motions is obtained. The inverse Fourier transform is used to simulate strong ground motions. For the empirical Green function method, the observed site records from small earthquake events occurring around the source area of a large earthquake are collected to simulate the broadband strong ground motion from a large earthquake event. Finally, an application of proposed two simulated methods of this study for simulating the ground motion records of Nishi-Akashi Station at 1995 Kobe earthquake and 2006 Southern Taiwan PingDong earthquake are presented.
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Nardin, Chiara, Igor Lanese, Rocco di Filippo, Roberto Endrizzi, Oreste S. Bursi, and Fabrizio Paolacci. "Ground Motion Model for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Prototype Industrial Plants." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21190.

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Abstract Relationships between seismic action, system response and relevant damage levels in industrial plants require a solid background both in experimental data, due to the high level of non-linearity and seismic input. Besides, risk and fragility analyses depend on the adoption of a huge number of seismic records usually not available in a site-specific analysis. In order to manage these issues and to gain knowledge on the definition of damage levels, limit states and performance for major-hazard industrial plant components, we present a possible approach for an experimental campaign based on a real prototype industrial steel structure. The investigation of the seismic behaviour of the reference structure will be carried out through shaking table tests. In particular, tests are focused on structural or process-related interactions that can lead to serious secondary damages as leakage in piping systems or connections with tanks and cabinets. The aforementioned test program has been possible thanks to the adoption of: i) a number of artificial spectrum-compatible accelerograms; ii) a ground motion model (GMM) able to generate a suite of synthetic time-histories records for specified site characteristic and earthquake scenarios. More precisely, GMM model parameters can be identified by matching the statistics of a target-recorded accelerogram to the ones of the model in terms of faulting mechanism, earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance and site shear-wave velocity. As a result, the stochastic model, based both on these matched parameters and on filtered white-noise process, can generate the ensemble of synthetic ground motions capable of capturing the main features of real earthquake ground motions, including intensity, duration, spectral content and peak values. Moreover, the synthetic records are selected to target specific damages and limit states in industrial components. Finally, by means of the combination of artificial and synthetic accelerograms, a seismic vulnerability assessment of both the whole structure and relevant industrial components can be carried out.
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di Filippo, Rocco, Giuseppe Abbiati, Osman Sayginer, Patrick Covi, Oreste S. Bursi, and Fabrizio Paolacci. "Numerical Surrogate Model of a Coupled Tank-Piping System for Seismic Fragility Analysis With Synthetic Ground Motions." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93685.

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Abstract Seismic risk evaluation of coupled systems of industrial plants often needs the implementation of complex finite element models to consider their multicomponent nature. These models typically rely on significant computational resources. Moreover, the relationships between seismic action, system response and relevant damage levels are often characterized by a high level of nonlinearity, thus requiring a solid background of experimental data. Furthermore, fragility analyses depend on the adoption of a significant number of seismic waveforms generally not available when the analysis is site-specific. To propose a methodology able to manage these issues, we present a possible approach for a seismic reliability analysis of a coupled tank-piping system. The novelty of this approach lies in the adoption of artificial accelerograms, FE models and experimental hybrid simulations to evaluate a surrogate meta-model of our system. First, to obtain the necessary input for a stochastic ground motion model able to generate synthetic ground motions, a disaggregation analysis of the seismic hazard is performed. Hereafter, we reduce the space of parameters of the stochastic ground motion model by means of a global sensitivity analysis upon the seismic response of our system. Hence, we generate a large set of synthetic ground motions and select, among them, a few signals for experimental hybrid simulations. In detail, the hybrid simulator is composed by a numerical substructure to predict the sliding response of a steel tank, and a physical substructure made of a realistic piping network. Furthermore, we use these experimental results to calibrate a refined ANSYS FEM. More precisely, we focus on tensile hoop strains in elbow pipes as a leading cause for leakage, monitoring them with strain gauges. Thus, we present the procedure to evaluate a numerical Kriging meta-model of the coupled system based on both experimental and finite element model results. This model will be adopted in a future development to carry out a seismic fragility analysis.
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Brahimi, Malek. "A Stochastic Approach to Nonlinear Seismic Design Spectra." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30146.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of yield strength ratios and damping values on the nonlinear response of Single Degree of Freedom Systems (S.D.F.S) subjected to earthquake ground motion. A stochastic approach to constructing design response spectra and period dependent strength reduction factors for current existing nonlinear design spectra is then proposed. Non-stationary stochastic models are adopted to characterize earthquake ground motion. Twenty simulated earthquakes accelerograms are generated for each of eight historical events using Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) techniques. The average of nonlinear response spectra for a given Structural period from a sample of twenty records for each event are calculated to obtain the response spectra. These response spectra are used to examine the effects of structural strength factors such as the yield strength ratio and damping value, and the effects of nonlinear stiffness models including the elastoplasic model, a stiffness degrading model and a stiffness softening model.
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Yokoyama, Haruka, Hajime Iwai, and Masayuki Kohiyama. "Phase Similarity Model Between Element Waves of Adjacent Element Faults for Simulated Ground Motion Based on the Stochastic Green’s Function Method." In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_0444-cd.

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Abaid, Nicole, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Influence of Leaders on Mean Square Consentability in Biologically-Inspired Stochastic Networks." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6051.

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In this work, we study a discrete-time consensus protocol for a group of agents which communicate over a class of stochastically switching networks inspired by fish schooling. The network model incorporates the phenomenon of numerosity that has a prominent role on the collective behavior of animal groups by defining the individuals’ perception of numbers. The agents comprise leaders, which share a common state, and followers, which update their states based on information exchange among neighboring agents. We write a closed form expression for the asymptotic convergence factor of the protocol, which measures the decay rate of disagreement among the followers’ and the leaders’ states. Numerical simulations are conducted to validate analytical results and illustrate the consensus dynamics as a function of the group size, number of leaders in the group, and the numerosity.
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Choi, Byunghyun, Akemi Nishida, Ken Muramatsu, Tatsuya Itoi, and Tsuyoshi Takada. "Uncertainty Quantification of Seismic Response of Reactor Building Considering Different Modeling Methods." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16862.

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Abstract After the 2011 Fukushima accident, the seismic regulations for nuclear power plants (NPP) in Japan have been strengthened to include countermeasures far beyond design-basis accidents. The importance of seismic probabilistic risk assessments, therefore, have been the focus of deserved attention. Generally, an uncertainty quantification has been a very important undertaking to assess for fragility in NPP buildings. Therefore, this study focuses on the reduction in epistemic uncertainty by aiming to clarify the seismic-response effects on NPP buildings based on different modeling methods. As a first step in this study, the authors compared the seismic-response effects using two modeling methods of analysis. To evaluate the seismic response, an analysis was performed on two building model types; these being the three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model and the sway-rocking model with a conventional lumped mass system. To input a ground motion, the authors adopted 200 types of simulated seismic ground motions, generated by fault-rupture models, using stochastic seismic source characteristics. For the uncertainty quantification, we conducted a statistical analysis of the seismic responses acquired from the two modeling methods based on the building response each ground-motion input, and quantitatively evaluated the uncertainty response by considering the different modeling methods. We found a clear difference in the modeling methods near the floor and wall openings. We also imparted our knowledge on these 3D effects for the seismic-response analysis.
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Reports on the topic "Stochastic ground motion model"

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Seryi, Andrei. Ground Motion Model of the SLAC Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764992.

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M. Gross. Sampling of Stochastic Input Parameters for Rockfall Calculations and for Structural Response Calculations Under Vibratory Ground Motion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838659.

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Gregor, Nicholas, Kofi Addo, Linda Al Atik, Gail Atkinson, David Boore, Yousef Bozorgnia, Kenneth Campbell, et al. Comparison of NGA-Sub Ground-Motion Models. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ubdv7944.

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Ground-motion models (GMMs) for subduction earthquakes recently developed as part of the NGA-Subduction (NGA-Sub) project are compared in this report. The three models presented in this comparison report are documented in their respective PEER reports. Two of the models are developed for a global version and as well regionalized models. The third model is developed based on earthquakes contain in the NGA-Sub dataset only from Japan and as such is applicable for Japan. As part of the comparisons presented in this report, deterministic calculations are provided for the global and regional cases amongst the models. The digital values and additional plots from these deterministic comparisons are provided as part of the electronic supplement for this report. In addition, ground-motion estimates are provided for currently published subduction GMMs. Two example probabilistic seismic hazard analysis calculations are also presented for two sites located in the Pacific Northwest Region in the state of Washington. Based on the limited comparisons presented in this report, a general understanding of these new GMMs can be appreciated with the expectation that the implementation for a specific seismic hazard study should incorporate similar and additional comparisons and sensitivity studies similar to the ones presented in this report.
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Evenson, W. E., J. A. Gardner, Ruiping Wang, Han-Tzong Su, and A. G. McKale. PAC (perturbed angular correlation) analysis of defect motion by Blume's stochastic model for I = 5/2 electric quadrupole interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6135930.

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Rodgers, A., and N. Petersson. Evaluating Ground Motion Predictions of USGS 3D Seismic Model of the San Francisco Bay Area with Broadband Seismograms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1129987.

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JAMES N. BRUNE AND ABDOLRASOOL ANOOSHEHPOOR. A PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE EFFECT OF A SHALLOW WEAK LAYER ON STRONG GROUND MOTION FOR STRIKE-SLIP RUPTURES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/776519.

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Pitarka, A. Performance of Irikura's Recipe Rupture Model Generator in Earthquake Ground Motion Simulations as Implemented in the Graves and Pitarka Hybrid Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1335790.

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Si, Hongjun, Saburoh Midorikawa, and Tadahiro Kishida. Development of NGA-Sub Ground-Motion Model of 5%-Damped Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration Based on Database for Subduction Earthquakes in Japan. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lien3652.

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Presented within is an empirical ground-motion model (GMM) for subduction-zone earthquakesin Japan. The model is based on the extensive and comprehensive subduction database of Japanese earthquakes by the Pacific Engineering Research Center (PEER). It considers RotD50 horizontal components of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and 5%-damped elastic pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectral ordinates (PSA) at the selected periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. The model includes terms and predictor variables considering tectonic setting (i.e., interplate and intraslab), hypocentral depths (D), magnitude scaling, distance attenuation, and site response. The magnitude scaling derived in this study is well constrained by the data observed during the large-magnitude interface events in Japan (i.e., the 2003 Tokachi-Oki and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes) for different periods. The developed ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) covers subduction-zone earthquakes that have occurred in Japan for magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to as large as 9.1, with distances less than 300 km from the source.
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Anderson, David P., Brian W. Stump, and Meredith Ness. Utilization of Near-Source Video and Ground Motion in the Assessment of Seismic Source Functions from Mining Explosions. Velocity Model and Depth Model of the Grefco Perlite Mine. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286839.

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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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