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Marcella, Ravenna, Brambilla Marco, and Roncarati Alessandra. "Percezione sociale di gruppi nazionali: credenze ed emozioni verso gli israeliani." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 3 (January 2012): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2010-003005.
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Questo studio investiga aspetti della percezione sociale di categorie di Israeliani caratterizzate da differenti ruoli sociali assunti in contesti intergruppi. 213 studenti universitari hanno descritto liberamente stimoli fotografici differenziati e specificato l'intensitŕ con cui hanno sperimentato reazioni emozionali ed empatiche. I principali risultati mostrano, in linea con le previsioni, che i partecipanti non hanno rappresentazioni univoche del gruppo degli Israeliani ma notevolmente diversificate in funzione delle informazioni contestuali proposte. Cosě se Israeliani seduti ad un caffč di Gerusalemme evoca una rappresentazione complessivamente positiva e priva di contenuti stereotipici negativi, Israeliani in azione di guerra in Libano evoca invece contenuti ed emozioni univocamente negativi. Diversamente, Israeliani che soccorrono connazionali feriti evoca emozioni riconducibili sia ad ammirazione che a disprezzo. Infine, sia la categoria Israeliani che Israeliani impegnati nello sgombero di connazionali a Gaza evocano rappresentazioni ambivalenti. La presenza diversificata di contenuti stereotipici in rapporto alle categorie considerate č discussa specie in rapporto a specifiche implicazioni applicative.
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Arcidiacono, Evelina, and Riccardo Ganazzoli. "A scuola si impara a vivere: la mediazione del conflitto tra pari." MINORIGIUSTIZIA, no. 2 (January 2022): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2021-002019.
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Il cervello-mente è un organo sociale e come tale necessita di contesti esperienziali ricchi di stimoli cognitivo-affettivo-relazionali per favorire la costruzione di una sana identità personale e un'adeguata regolazione degli stati emotivi. Questa importante funzione sociale si sviluppa gradualmente nel corso dell'infanzia ed è originata dalle prime esperienze relazionali di "Attaccamento" del bambino con la madre e da un insieme di "cure ambientali" "sufficientemente buone" e "contenitive" sperimentate nell'incontro con il mondo e con l'Altro. È proprio all'interno di questi contesti relazionali che i bambini imparano a vivere, guardando e riproponendo i comportamenti che "vedono", i discorsi che "sentono", i modelli relazionali a cui sono costantemente esposti. La Scuola diviene, così, il luogo privilegiato in cui si possono sperimentare forme di convivenza pacifica e non violenta, fondate sul riconoscimento dell'altro e nel rispetto delle differenze, al fine di sviluppare le competenze sociali utili a contrastare la diffusione della violenza giovanile. All'interno di questa visione si inserisce il lavoro sulla Peer Mediation realizzato dall'Istituto Comprensivo "Antonio Ugo" di Palermo. L'obiettivo del progetto è quello di creare un sistema efficace per la risoluzione dei conflitti che insorgono tra gli alunni.
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Monaci, Massimiliano. "L'innovazione sostenibile d'impresa come integrazione di responsabilitŕ e opportunitŕ sociali." STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI, no. 2 (April 2013): 26–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/so2012-002002.
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Le concezioni e le prassi di responsabilitŕ sociale d'impresa (CSR, corporate social responsibility) che si sono affermate sino a tempi molto recenti riflettono prevalentemente una logica reattiva, incentrata sulla necessitŕ delle aziende di rilegittimarsi nei confronti dei loro stakeholder corrispondendo alla richiesta di riduzione e prevenzione dei costi sociali legati all'attivitŕ d'impresa (degrado ecologico, disoccupazione conseguente a ristrutturazioni, ecc.). Tuttavia l'attuale periodo, anche per le incertezze e questioni poste dalla crisi economica, rappresenta una fase singolarmente feconda per andare oltre questo approccio adattivo e raccogliere la sfida di una visione piů avanzata della dimensione sociale dell'agire d'impresa come innovazione sostenibile. Tale modello si basa sulla valorizzazione di beni, risorse ed esigenze di significato sociale ed č indirizzato alla creazione di valore integrato - economico, umano-sociale e ambientale - nel lungo termine. La caratteristica centrale di questo profilo d'impresa č la tendenza a operare in maniera socialmente proattiva, sviluppando un'attitudine a cogliere o persino anticipare le direzioni del cambiamento sociale con i suoi bisogni e problemi emergenti e facendo sě che l'integrazione di obiettivi economici e socio-ambientali nei processi strategico-produttivi si traduca in fattore di differenziazione dell'offerta di mercato e in una reale fonte di vantaggio competitivo. Nel presente lavoro si indica la praticabilitŕ di un simile modello riferendosi ai risultati di una recente indagine condotta su un campione di dieci imprese italiane, eterogenee per dimensioni, collocazione geografica, fase del ciclo di vita e settori di attivitŕ, che si estendono da comparti tradizionali (come quelli alimentare, edilizio, sanitario, dell'arredamento e della finanza) a campi di piů recente definizione e a piů elevato tasso di cambiamento tecnologico (quali l'ingegneria informatica, la comunicazione multimediale, il controllo dei processi industriali e il risanamento ambientale). La logica di azione di queste organizzazioni sembra ruotare intorno a una duplice dinamica di "valorizzazione del contesto": da un lato, l'internalizzazione nella strategia d'impresa di richieste e al contempo di risorse sociali orientate a una maggiore attenzione per l'ambiente naturale, per la qualitŕ della vita collettiva nei territori, per i diritti e lo sviluppo delle persone dentro e fuori gli ambienti di lavoro; dall'altro lato, la capacitŕ, a valle dell'attivitŕ di mercato, di produrre valore economico e profitti generando anche valore per la societŕ. Nei casi analizzati č presente la valorizzazione delle risorse ambientali, che si esprime mediante la riprogettazione di prodotti e processi e politiche di efficienza energetica di rifornimento da fonti di energia rinnovabile, raccordandosi con nuove aspettative sociali rispetto alla questione ecologica. Č coltivato il valore umano nel rapporto spesso personalizzato con i clienti e i partner di business ma anche nella vita interna d'impresa, attraverso dinamiche di ascolto e coinvolgimento che creano spazi per la soddisfazione di svariati bisogni e aspirazioni che gli individui riversano nella sfera lavorativa, aldilŕ di quelli retributivi. C'č empowerment del "capitale sociale" dentro e intorno all'organizzazione, ravvisabile specialmente quando le condotte d'impresa fanno leva su risorse relazionali e culturali del territorio e si legano a meccanismi di valorizzazione dello sviluppo locale. Troviamo inoltre il riconoscimento e la produzione di "valore etico" per il modo in cui una serie di principi morali (quali la trasparenza, il mantenimento degli impegni, il rispetto di diritti delle persone) costituiscono criteri ispiratori dell'attivitŕ di business e ne escono rafforzati come ingredienti primari del fare impresa. E c'č, naturalmente, produzione di valore competitivo, una capacitŕ di stare e avere successo nel mercato che si sostiene sull'intreccio di vari elementi. Uno di essi coincide con l'uso della leva economico-finanziaria come risorsa irrinunciabile per l'investimento in innovazione, piuttosto che in un'ottica di contenimento dei costi relativi a fattori di gestione - come la formazione - che possono anche rivelarsi non immediatamente produttivi. Altrettanto cruciali risultano una serie di componenti intangibili che, oltre alla gestione delle risorse umane, sono essenzialmente riconducibili a due aspetti. Il primo č lo sviluppo di know-how, in cui la conoscenza che confluisce nelle soluzioni di business č insieme tecnica e socio-culturale perché derivante dalla combinazione di cognizioni specializzate di settore, acquisite in virtů di una costante apertura alla sperimentazione, e insieme di mappe di riferimento e criteri di valutazione collegati alla cultura aziendale. L'altro fattore immateriale alla base del valore competitivo consiste nell'accentuato posizionamento di marchio, con la capacitŕ di fornire un'offerta di mercato caratterizzata da: a) forte specificitŕ rispetto ai concorrenti (distintivi contenuti tecnici di qualitŕ e professionalitŕ e soprattutto la corrispondenza alle esigenze dei clienti/consumatori e al loro cambiamento); b) bassa replicabilitŕ da parte di altri operatori, dovuta al fatto che le peculiaritŕ dell'offerta sono strettamente legate alla particolare "miscela" degli altri valori appena considerati (valore umano, risorse relazionali, know-how, ecc.). Ed č significativo notare come nelle imprese osservate questi tratti di marcata differenziazione siano stati prevalentemente costruiti attraverso pratiche di attenzione sociale non modellate su forme di CSR convenzionali o facilmente accessibili ad altri (p.es. quelle che si esauriscono nell'adozione di strumenti pur importanti quali il bilancio sociale e il codice etico); ciň che si tratti - per fare qualche esempio tratto dal campione - di offrire servizi sanitari di qualitŕ a tariffe accessibili, di supportare gli ex-dipendenti che avviano un'attivitŕ autonoma inserendoli nel proprio circuito di business o di promuovere politiche di sostenibilitŕ nel territorio offrendo alle aziende affiliate servizi tecnologici ad alta prestazione ambientale per l'edilizia. Le esperienze indagate confermano il ruolo di alcune condizioni dell'innovazione sostenibile d'impresa in vario modo giŕ indicate dalla ricerca piů recente: la precocitŕ e l'orientamento di lungo periodo degli investimenti in strategie di sostenibilitŕ, entrambi favoriti dal ruolo centrale ricoperto da istanze socio-ambientali nelle fasi iniziali dell'attivitŕ d'impresa; l'anticipazione, ovvero la possibilitŕ di collocarsi in una posizione di avanguardia e spesso di "conformitŕ preventiva" nei confronti di successive regolamentazioni pubbliche in grado di incidere seriamente sulle pratiche di settore; la disseminazione di consapevolezza interna, a partire dai livelli decisionali dell'organizzazione, intorno al significato per le strategie d'impresa di obiettivi e condotte operative riconducibili alla sostenibilitŕ; l'incorporamento strutturale degli strumenti e delle soluzioni di azione sostenibile nei core-processes organizzativi, dalla ricerca e sviluppo di prodotti/ servizi all'approvvigionamento, dall'infrastruttura produttiva al marketing. Inoltre, l'articolo individua e discute tre meccanismi che sembrano determinanti nei percorsi di innovazione sostenibile osservati e che presentano, per certi versi, alcuni aspetti di paradosso. Il primo č dato dalla coesistenza di una forte tradizione d'impresa, spesso orientata sin dall'inizio verso opzioni di significato sociale dai valori e dall'esperienza dell'imprenditore-fondatore, e di apertura alla novitŕ. Tale equilibrio č favorito da processi culturali di condivisione e di sviluppo interni della visione di business, da meccanismi di leadership dispersa, nonché da uno stile di apprendimento "incrementale" mediante cui le nuove esigenze e opportunitŕ proposte dalla concreta gestione d'impresa conducono all'adozione di valori e competenze integrabili con quelli tradizionali o addirittura in grado di potenziarli. In secondo luogo, si riscontra la tendenza a espandersi nel contesto, tipicamente tramite strategie di attraversamento di confini tra settori (p.es., alimentando sinergie pubblico-private) e forme di collaborazione "laterale" con gli interlocutori dell'ambiente di business e sociale; e al contempo la tendenza a includere il contesto, ricavandone stimoli e sollecitazioni, ma anche risorse e contributi, per la propria attivitŕ (p.es., nella co-progettazione dei servizi/prodotti). La terza dinamica, infine, tocca piů direttamente la gestione delle risorse umane. Le "persone dell'organizzazione" rappresentano non soltanto uno dei target destinatari delle azioni di sostenibilitŕ (nelle pratiche di selezione, formazione e sviluppo, welfare aziendale, ecc.) ma anche, piů profondamente, il veicolo fondamentale della realizzazione e del successo di tali azioni. Si tratta, cioč, di realtŕ organizzative in cui la valorizzazione delle persone muove dagli impatti sulle risorse umane, in sé cruciali in una prospettiva di sostenibilitŕ, agli impatti delle risorse umane attraverso il loro ruolo diretto e attivo nella gestione dei processi di business, nella costruzione di partnership con gli stakeholder e nei meccanismi di disseminazione interna di una cultura socialmente orientata. In tal senso, si distingue un rapporto circolare di rinforzo reciproco tra la "cittadinanza nell'impresa" e la "cittadinanza dell'impresa"; vale a dire, tra i processi interni di partecipazione/identificazione del personale nei riguardi delle prioritŕ dell'organizzazione e la capacitŕ di quest'ultima di generare valore molteplice e "condiviso" nel contesto (con i clienti, il tessuto imprenditoriale, le comunitŕ, gli interlocutori pubblici, ecc.). In conclusione, le imprese osservate appaiono innovative primariamente perché in grado di praticare la sostenibilitŕ in termini non solo di responsabilitŕ ma anche di opportunitŕ per la competitivitŕ organizzativa. Questa analisi suggerisce quindi uno sguardo piů ampio sulle implicazioni strategiche della CSR e invita a riflettere su come le questioni e i bisogni di rilievo sociale, a partire da quelli emergenti o acuiti dalla crisi economica (nel campo della salute, dei servizi alle famiglie, della salvaguardia ambientale, ecc.), possano e forse debbano oggi sempre piů situarsi al centro - e non alla periferia - del business e della prestazione di mercato delle imprese.
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Mongillo, P., E. Pitteri, S. Adamelli, and L. Marinelli. "Attention to social and non-social stimuli in family dogs." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 8, no. 4 (July 2013): e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.048.
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Eckstein, Monika, Vera Bamert, Shannon Stephens, Kim Wallen, Larry J. Young, Ulrike Ehlert, and Beate Ditzen. "Oxytocin increases eye-gaze towards novel social and non-social stimuli." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (November 4, 2018): 594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1542341.
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Rutherford, Helena J. V., Angela N. Maupin, and Linda C. Mayes. "Parity and neural responses to social and non-social stimuli in pregnancy." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1518833.
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Mo, Shuliang, Liang Liang, Nicole Bardikoff, and Mark A. Sabbagh. "Shifting visual attention to social and non-social stimuli in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 65 (September 2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.05.006.
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Randolet, Jacquelyn, Jeffrey R. Lucas, and Esteban Fernández-Juricic. "Non-Redundant Social Information Use in Avian Flocks with Multisensory Stimuli." Ethology 120, no. 4 (February 5, 2014): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12212.
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Bliss-Moreau, Eliza, and Mark G. Baxter. "Interest in non-social novel stimuli as a function of age in rhesus monkeys." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 182237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182237.
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Human cognitive and affective life changes with healthy ageing; cognitive capacity declines while emotional life becomes more positive and social relationships are prioritized. This may reflect an awareness of limited lifetime unique to humans, leading to a greater interest in maintaining social relationships at the expense of the non-social world in the face of limited cognitive and physical resources. Alternately, fundamental biological processes common to other primate species may direct preferential interest in social stimuli with increasing age. Inspired by a recent study that described a sustained interest in social stimuli but diminished interest in non-social stimuli in aged Barbary macaques, we carried out a conceptual replication to test whether old rhesus monkeys lost interest in non-social stimuli. Male and female macaques ( Macaca mulatta ; N = 243) 4–30 years old were tested with a food puzzle outfitted with an activity monitor to evaluate their propensity to manipulate the puzzle in order to free a food reward. We found no indication that aged monkeys were less interested in the puzzle than young monkeys, nor were they less able to solve it.
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Pritchett, Margaret, Shanis Barnard, and Candace Croney. "Socialization in Commercial Breeding Kennels: The Use of Novel Stimuli to Measure Social and Non-Social Fear in Dogs." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030890.
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Understanding the behavioral welfare of dogs in commercial breeding kennels (CBKs) is important for improving breeders’ management practices as well as dog welfare. In the current study, breeding dogs from CBKs were exposed to novel stimuli to evaluate their behavioral responses, with emphasis on indicators of fear. Subjects were presented with a standard stranger-approach test, a traffic cone, and a realistic dog statue. Sixty dogs were exposed to the three stimuli and behavioral responses were scored using an ethogram developed for this study. Dogs spent significantly more time investigating the environment, staying further away from the stimulus, and they took longer to approach and investigate when presented with the cone than with the dog statue or stranger (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that the cone elicited more fear-related behaviors than the dog statue and stranger. Given these results, in addition to socializing their dogs to unfamiliar people and other dogs within their kennels, commercial breeders should be encouraged to increase the exposure of their dogs to more diverse novel stimuli to reduce non-social fear and support the welfare of dogs while they reside in the kennel and when they transition to new homes.
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Qiao, Zhiling, Stephanie Van der Donck, Matthijs Moerkerke, Tereza Dlhosova, Sofie Vettori, Milena Dzhelyova, Ruud van Winkel, Kaat Alaerts, and Bart Boets. "Frequency-Tagging EEG of Superimposed Social and Non-Social Visual Stimulation Streams Provides No Support for Social Salience Enhancement after Intranasal Oxytocin Administration." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091224.
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The social salience hypothesis proposes that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) can impact human social behavior by modulating the salience of social cues. Here, frequency-tagging EEG was used to quantify the neural responses to social versus non-social stimuli while administering a single dose of OT (24 IU) versus placebo treatment. Specifically, two streams of faces and houses were superimposed on one another, with each stream of stimuli tagged with a particular presentation rate (i.e., 6 and 7.5 Hz or vice versa). These distinctive frequency tags allowed unambiguously disentangling and objectively quantifying the respective neural responses elicited by the different streams of stimuli. This study involved a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with 31 healthy adult men. Based on four trials of 60 s, we detected robust frequency-tagged neural responses in each individual, with entrainment to faces being more pronounced in lateral occipito-temporal regions and entrainment to houses being focused in medial occipital regions. However, contrary to our expectation, a single dose of OT did not modulate these stimulus-driven neural responses, not in terms of enhanced social processing nor in terms of generally enhanced information salience. Bayesian analyses formally confirmed these null findings. Possibly, the baseline ceiling level performance of these neurotypical adult participants as well as the personal irrelevance of the applied stimulation streams might have hindered the observation of any OT effect.
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Andrews, J. L., L. Foulkes, C. Griffin, and S. J. Blakemore. "The effect of social preference on academic diligence in adolescence." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 190165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190165.
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In the current study, we were interested in whether adolescents show a preference for social stimuli compared with non-social stimuli in the context of academic diligence, that is, the ability to expend effort on tedious tasks that have long-term benefits. Forty-five female adolescents (aged 11–17) and 46 female adults (aged 23–33) carried out an adapted version of the Academic Diligence Task (ADT). We created two variations of the ADT: a social ADT and non-social ADT. Individuals were required to freely split their time between an easy, boring arithmetic task and looking at a show-reel of photographs of people (in the social ADT) or landscapes (in the non-social ADT). Individuals also provided enjoyment ratings for both the arithmetic task and the set of photographs they viewed. Adolescents reported enjoying the social photographs significantly more than the non-social photographs, with the converse being true for adults. There was no significant difference in the time spent looking at the social photographs between the adolescents and adults. However, adults spent significantly more time than adolescents looking at the non-social photographs, suggesting that adolescents were less motivated to look at the non-social stimuli. Further, the correlation between self-reported enjoyment of the pictures and choice behaviour in the ADT was stronger for adults than for adolescents in the non-social condition, revealing a greater discrepancy between self-reported enjoyment and ADT choice behaviour for adolescents. Our results are discussed within the context of the development of social cognition and introspective awareness between adolescence and adulthood.
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Murphy, Michael J., and Robert S. P. Jones. "A functional analysis of objects used in stereotyped behavior: The relationship between social and non-social stimuli." Behavioral Interventions 7, no. 4 (1992): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bin.2360070402.
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Schwartzman, José Salomão, Renata de Lima Velloso, Maria Eloísa Famá D’Antino, and Silvana Santos. "The eye-tracking of social stimuli in patients with Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 5 (May 2015): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150033.
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Objective To compare visual fixation at social stimuli in Rett syndrome (RT) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) patients. Method Visual fixation at social stimuli was analyzed in 14 RS female patients (age range 4-30 years), 11 ASD male patients (age range 4-20 years), and 17 children with typical development (TD). Patients were exposed to three different pictures (two of human faces and one with social and non-social stimuli) presented for 8 seconds each on the screen of a computer attached to an eye-tracker equipment. Results Percentage of visual fixation at social stimuli was significantly higher in the RS group compared to ASD and even to TD groups. Conclusion Visual fixation at social stimuli seems to be one more endophenotype making RS to be very different from ASD.
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Dubey, Indu, Simon Brett, Liliana Ruta, Rahul Bishain, Sharat Chandran, Supriya Bhavnani, Matthew K. Belmonte, et al. "Quantifying preference for social stimuli in young children using two tasks on a mobile platform." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): e0265587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265587.
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Children typically prefer to attend to social stimuli (e.g. faces, smiles) over non-social stimuli (e.g. natural scene, household objects). This preference for social stimuli is believed to be an essential building block for later social skills and healthy social development. Preference for social stimuli are typically measured using either passive viewing or instrumental choice paradigms, but not both. Since these paradigms likely tap into different mechanisms, the current study addresses this gap by administering both of these paradigms on an overlapping sample. In this study, we use a preferential looking task and an instrumental choice task to measure preference for social stimuli in 3–9 year old typically developing children. Children spent longer looking at social stimuli in the preferential looking task but did not show a similar preference for social rewards on the instrumental choice task. Task performance in these two paradigms were not correlated. Social skills were found to be positively related to the preference for social rewards on the choice task. This study points to putatively different mechanisms underlying the preference for social stimuli, and highlights the importance of choice of paradigms in measuring this construct.
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Krebs, Julia, Evie Malaia, Ronnie B. Wilbur, and Dietmar Roehm. "EEG analysis based on dynamic visual stimuli." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 58, Special Issue (October 12, 2022): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.58.si.13.
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This paper reviews best practices for experimental design and analysis for sign language research using neurophysiological methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and other methods with high temporal resolution, as well as identifies methodological challenges in neurophysiological research on natural sign language processing. In particular, we outline the considerations for generating linguistically and physically well-controlled stimuli accounting for 1) the layering of manual and non-manual information at different timescales, 2) possible unknown linguistic and non-linguistic visual cues that can affect processing, 3) variability across linguistic stimuli, and 4) predictive processing. Two specific concerns with regard to the analysis and interpretation of observed event related potential (ERP) effects for dynamic stimuli are discussed in detail. First, we discuss the “trigger/effect assignment problem”, which describes the difficulty of determining the time point for calculating ERPs. This issue is related to the problem of determining the onset of a critical sign (i.e., stimulus onset time), and the lack of clarity as to how the border between lexical (sign) and transitional movement (motion trajectory between individual signs) should be defined. Second, we discuss possible differences in the dynamics within signing that might influence ERP patterns and should be controlled for when creating natural sign language material for ERP studies. In addition, we outline alternative approaches to EEG data analyses for natural signing stimuli, such as the timestamping of continuous EEG with trigger markers for each potentially relevant cue in dynamic stimuli. Throughout the discussion, we present empirical evidence for the need to account for dynamic, multi-channel, and multi-timescale visual signal that characterizes sign languages in order to ensure the ecological validity of neurophysiological research in sign languages.
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Muñoz, Karen E., Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Ahmad R. Hariri, Carolyn B. Mervis, Venkata S. Mattay, Colleen A. Morris, and Karen Faith Berman. "Abnormalities in neural processing of emotional stimuli in Williams syndrome vary according to social vs. non-social content." NeuroImage 50, no. 1 (March 2010): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.069.
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Moss, A. C., I. P. Albery, I. Siddiqui, and N. Rycroft. "Attentional Bias for Alcohol-Related Stimuli among Belief Based and Non-Belief Based Non-Drinkers." European Addiction Research 19, no. 6 (2013): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000348426.
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Adachi, Ikuma. "Cross-modal representations in primates and dogs." Interaction Studies 10, no. 2 (July 23, 2009): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.10.2.07ada.
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The importance of learning and categorizing social objects and events has become widely acknowledged over a couple of decades. Although findings from field studies have suggested that non-human animals have sophisticated abilities to recognize social objects, there is relatively little experimental evidence on this issue. Some studies have revealed animals’ excellent skills for discriminating visual and auditory social stimuli. However, because of perceptual resemblances among stimuli, it is still not clear that they recognize these objects with conceptual mechanisms that are independent of the perceptual characteristics of the stimuli. At the same time, whether their concepts have an aspect of transferring information from one modality to another has not received much attention. This paper advocates approaches to a cross-modal aspect of concepts as a new framework to solve these problems, and introduces the latest studies on cross-modal representations of social objects in non-humans.
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Ziebell, Laura, Charles Collin, Monica Mazalu, Stéphane Rainville, Madyson Weippert, and Misha Skolov. "Electromyographic evidence of reduced emotion mimicry in individuals with a history of non-suicidal self-injury." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0243860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243860.
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Engaging in facial emotion mimicry during social interactions encourages empathy and functions as a catalyst for interpersonal bonding. Decreased reflexive mirroring of facial expressions has been observed in individuals with different non-psychotic disorders, relative to healthy controls. Given reports of interpersonal relationship difficulties experienced by those who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), it is of interest to explore facial emotion mimicry in individuals with a history of this behaviour (HNSSI). Among other things, this will enable us to better understand their emotion regulation and social interaction challenges. Surface facial electromyography (fEMG) was used to record the reflexive facial mimicry of 30 HNSSI and 30 controls while they passively observed a series of dynamic facial stimuli showing various facial expressions of emotion. Beginning with a neutral expression, the stimuli quickly morphed to one of 6 prototypic emotional expressions (anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happiness, or sadness). Mimicry was assessed by affixing surface electrodes to facial muscles known to exhibit a high degree of electrical activity in response to positive and negative emotions: the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major. HNSSI participants, relative to controls, exhibited significantly less electrical activity in the corrugator muscle in response to viewing angry stimuli, and significantly less of an expected relaxation in muscle activity in response to viewing happy stimuli. Mirroring these results, greater endorsement of social influence as a motivator for engaging in NSSI was associated with less mimicry, and greater endorsement of emotion regulation as a motivator was associated with greater incongruent muscle response when viewing happy faces. These findings lend support to the theory that social interaction difficulties in HNSSI might be related to implicit violations of expected social rules exhibited through facial mimicry nonconformity.
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Moretta, Tania, and Giulia Buodo. "Motivated attention to stimuli related to social networking sites: A cue-reactivity study." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00040.
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AbstractBackground and aimsIt has been argued that similar to addictive behaviors, problematic Social Network sites use (PSNSU) is characterized by sensitized reward processing and cue-reactivity. However, no study to our knowledge has yet investigated cue-reactivity in PSNSU. The present study aims at investigating cue-reactivity to Social Network sites (i.e., Facebook)-related visual cues in individuals identified as problematic vs. non-problematic Facebook users by the Problematic Facebook Use Scale.MethodsThe Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the passive viewing of Facebook-related, pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures in 27 problematic and 26 non-problematic users. Moreover, craving for Facebook usage was collected using a Likert scale.ResultsDespite problematic users were more likely to endorse higher craving than non-problematic ones, Facebook-related cues elicited larger ERP positivity (400–600 ms) than neutral, and comparable to unpleasant stimuli, in all Facebook users. Only in problematic users we found larger positivity (600–800 ms) to pleasant than unpleasant cues and higher craving to be related with lower later positivity (800–1,000 ms) to pleasant and unpleasant cues.DiscussionRegardless of whether Facebook usage is problematic or non-problematic, Facebook-related cues seem to be motivationally relevant stimuli that capture attentional resources in the earlier stages of “motivated” attentional allocation. Moreover, our results support the view that in higher-craving problematic users, reduced abilities to experience emotions would be the result of defective emotion regulation processes that allow craving states to capture more motivational/attentional resources at the expense of other emotional states.
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Lind, Johan, Stefano Ghirlanda, and Magnus Enquist. "Social learning through associative processes: a computational theory." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181777.
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Social transmission of information is a key phenomenon in the evolution of behaviour and in the establishment of traditions and culture. The diversity of social learning phenomena has engendered a diverse terminology and numerous ideas about underlying learning mechanisms, at the same time that some researchers have called for a unitary analysis of social learning in terms of associative processes. Leveraging previous attempts and a recent computational formulation of associative learning, we analyse the following learning scenarios in some generality: learning responses to social stimuli, including learning to imitate; learning responses to non-social stimuli; learning sequences of actions; learning to avoid danger. We conceptualize social learning as situations in which stimuli that arise from other individuals have an important role in learning. This role is supported by genetic predispositions that either cause responses to social stimuli or enable social stimuli to reinforce specific responses. Simulations were performed using a new learning simulator program. The simulator is publicly available and can be used for further theoretical investigations and to guide empirical research of learning and behaviour. Our explorations show that, when guided by genetic predispositions, associative processes can give rise to a wide variety of social learning phenomena, such as stimulus and local enhancement, contextual imitation and simple production imitation, observational conditioning, and social and response facilitation. In addition, we clarify how associative mechanisms can result in transfer of information and behaviour from experienced to naive individuals.
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Kondo, Noriko, Ei-Ichi Izawa, and Shigeru Watanabe. "Crows cross-modally recognize group members but not non-group members." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1735 (January 4, 2012): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2419.
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Recognizing other individuals by integrating different sensory modalities is a crucial ability of social animals, including humans. Although cross-modal individual recognition has been demonstrated in mammals, the extent of its use by birds remains unknown. Herein, we report the first evidence of cross-modal recognition of group members by a highly social bird, the large-billed crow ( Corvus macrorhynchos ). A cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm was used to test whether crows were sensitive to identity congruence between visual presentation of a group member and the subsequent playback of a contact call. Crows looked more rapidly and for a longer duration when the visual and auditory stimuli were incongruent than when congruent. Moreover, these responses were not observed with non-group member stimuli. These results indicate that crows spontaneously associate visual and auditory information of group members but not of non-group members, which is a demonstration of cross-modal audiovisual recognition of group members in birds.
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Katzianer, David S., Hui Wang, Ryan M. Carey, and Jun Zhu. "“Quorum Non-Sensing”: Social Cheating and Deception in Vibrio cholerae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 11 (March 27, 2015): 3856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00586-15.
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ABSTRACTQuorum sensing (QS) is widely used by bacteria to coordinate behavior in response to external stimuli. InVibrio cholerae, this process is important for environmental survival and pathogenesis, though, intriguingly, a large percentage of natural isolates are QS deficient. Here, we show that QS-deficient mutants can spread as social cheaters by ceasing production of extracellular proteases under conditions requiring their growth. We further show that mutants stimulate biofilm formation and are over-represented in biofilms compared to planktonic communities; on this basis, we suggest that QS-deficient mutants may have the side effect of enhancing environmental tolerance of natural populations due to the inherent resistance properties of biofilms. Interestingly, high frequencies of QS-deficient individuals did not impact production of QS signaling molecules despite mutants being unable to respond to these inducers, indicating that these variants actively cheat by false signaling under conditions requiring QS. Taken together, our results suggest that social cheating may drive QS deficiency emergence withinV. choleraenatural populations.
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Stellato, Anastasia C., Hannah E. Flint, Tina M. Widowski, James A. Serpell, and Lee Niel. "Assessment of fear-related behaviours displayed by companion dogs (Canis familiaris) in response to social and non-social stimuli." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 188 (March 2017): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.12.007.
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Hedger, Nicholas, and Bhismadev Chakrabarti. "Autistic differences in the temporal dynamics of social attention." Autism 25, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321998573.
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Individuals with autism spectrum disorders typically exhibit reduced visual attention towards social stimuli relative to neurotypical individuals. Importantly, however, attention is not a static process, and it remains unclear how such effects may manifest over time. Exploring these momentary changes in gaze behaviour can more clearly illustrate how individuals respond to social stimuli and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying reduced social attention in autism spectrum disorder. Using a simple passive eye-tracking task with competing presentations of social and nonsocial stimuli, we examine the different ways in which attention to social stimuli evolves over time in neurotypical adults and adults with and autism spectrum disorders. Our temporal modelling of gaze behaviour revealed divergent temporal profiles of social attention in neurotypical and observers with autism. Neurotypical data showed an initial increase in social attention, a ‘decay’ and subsequent ‘recovery’ after prolonged viewing. By contrast, in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, social attention decayed over time in a linear fashion without recovery after prolonged viewing. We speculate that the ‘gaze cascade’ effect that maintains selection of social stimuli in neurotypical observers is disrupted in individuals with high autistic traits. Considering these temporal components of gaze behaviour may enhance behavioural phenotypes and theories of social attention in autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract One behaviour often observed in individuals with autism is that they tend to look less towards social stimuli relative to neurotypical individuals. For instance, many eye-tracking studies have shown that individuals with autism will look less towards people and more towards objects in scenes. However, we currently know very little about how these behaviours change over time. Tracking these moment-to-moment changes in looking behaviour in individuals with autism can more clearly illustrate how they respond to social stimuli. In this study, adults with and without autism were presented with displays of social and non-social stimuli, while looking behaviours were measured by eye-tracking. We found large differences in how the two groups looked towards social stimuli over time. Neurotypical individuals initially showed a high probability of looking towards social stimuli, then a decline in probability, and a subsequent increase in probability after prolonged viewing. By contrast, individuals with autism showed an initial increase in probability, followed by a continuous decline in probability that did not recover. This pattern of results may indicate that individuals with autism exhibit reduced responsivity to the reward value of social stimuli. Moreover, our data suggest that exploring the temporal nature of gaze behaviours can lead to more precise explanatory theories of attention in autism.
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Balconi, Michela, and Laura Angioletti. "Interoception as a social alarm amplification system. What multimethod (EEG-fNIRS) integrated measures can tell us about interoception and empathy for pain?" Neuropsychological Trends, no. 29 (April 2021): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/neur-2021-029-bal1.
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We examined whether the modulation of Interoceptive Attentiveness (IA) influences the cortical correlates of observation of pain in others. Healthy participants observed painful/non-painful stimuli while brain response [oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb; HHb), and electroencephalographic cortical oscillations] was measured. Participants were divided into experimental (EXP) and control group: EXP group was required to focus on its interoceptive correlates during the task. Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) scale was administered to test empathic traits. Focusing on prefrontal cortex activity, theta band and O2Hb in the right frontal hemisphere while observing painful stimuli positively correlates in the EXP. Delta band and O2Hb in left frontal hemisphere for non-painful stimuli positively correlates in controls. IRI (Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern subscales) and right frontal activity for painful stimuli negatively correlates in the EXP. Findings were discussed in light of the modulating role of IA in enhancing the negative experience of observing pain in others.
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Bianco, Valentina, Alessandra Finisguerra, Sonia Betti, Giulia D’Argenio, and Cosimo Urgesi. "Autistic Traits Differently Account for Context-Based Predictions of Physical and Social Events." Brain Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10070418.
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Autism is associated with difficulties in making predictions based on contextual cues. Here, we investigated whether the distribution of autistic traits in the general population, as measured through the Autistic Quotient (AQ), is associated with alterations of context-based predictions of social and non-social stimuli. Seventy-eight healthy participants performed a social task, requiring the prediction of the unfolding of an action as interpersonal (e.g., to give) or individual (e.g., to eat), and a non-social task, requiring the prediction of the appearance of a moving shape as a short (e.g., square) or a long (e.g., rectangle) figure. Both tasks consisted of (i) a familiarization phase, in which the association between each stimulus type and a contextual cue was manipulated with different probabilities of co-occurrence, and (ii) a testing phase, in which visual information was impoverished by early occlusion of video display, thus forcing participants to rely on previously learned context-based associations. Findings showed that the prediction of both social and non-social stimuli was facilitated when embedded in high-probability contexts. However, only the contextual modulation of non-social predictions was reduced in individuals with lower ‘Attention switching’ abilities. The results provide evidence for an association between weaker context-based expectations of non-social events and higher autistic traits.
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Li, Cheng-Yu, Hans A. Hofmann, Melissa L. Harris, and Ryan L. Earley. "Real or fake? Natural and artificial social stimuli elicit divergent behavioural and neural responses in mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1891 (November 14, 2018): 20181610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1610.
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Understanding how the brain processes social information and generates adaptive behavioural responses is a major goal in neuroscience. We examined behaviour and neural activity patterns in socially relevant brain nuclei of hermaphroditic mangrove rivulus fish ( Kryptolebias marmoratus ) provided with different types of social stimuli: stationary model opponent, regular mirror, non-reversing mirror and live opponent. We found that: (i) individuals faced with a regular mirror were less willing to interact with, delivered fewer attacks towards and switched their orientation relative to the opponent more frequently than fish exposed to a non-reversing mirror image or live opponent; (ii) fighting with a regular mirror image caused higher expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs: egr-1 and c-Fos ) in the teleost homologues of the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, but lower IEG expression in the preoptic area, than fighting with a non-reversing mirror image or live opponent; (iii) stationary models elicited the least behavioural and IEG responses among the four stimuli; and (iv) the non-reversing mirror image and live opponent drove similar behavioural and neurobiological responses. These results suggest that the various stimuli provide different types of information related to conspecific recognition in the context of aggressive contests, which ultimately drive different neurobiological responses.
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Goldberg, Melissa C., Melissa J. Allman, Louis P. Hagopian, Mandy M. Triggs, Michelle A. Frank-Crawford, Stewart H. Mostofsky, Martha B. Denckla, and Iser G. DeLeon. "Examining the reinforcing value of stimuli within social and non-social contexts in children with and without high-functioning autism." Autism 21, no. 7 (July 2016): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316655035.
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Angioletti, L., and M. Balconi. "Can interoceptive attentiveness modulate the brain correlates of observation of pain in others? A fnirs study." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1164.
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IntroductionEmpathizing with others’ pain appears to recruit the whole pain matrix, including a collection of frontal regions involved in the affective, motivational, cognitive, and attentional dimension of pain.ObjectivesThis research explored how the modulation of interoceptive attentiveness (IA) can influence the frontal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -DLPFC- and somatosensory cortices) activity related to the emotional regulation and sensory response of observing pain in others.Methods22 healthy participants were required to observe face versus hand, painful/non-painful stimuli in an individual versus social condition while brain hemodynamic response (oxygenated [O2Hb] and deoxygenated hemoglobin [HHb] components) was measured by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). The sample was divided into experimental (EXP) and control (CNT) groups and the EXP group was explicitly required to focus on its interoceptive correlates while observing the stimuli.ResultsIn the individual condition, higher brain responsiveness was detected for painful confronted to non-painful stimuli, and a left/right hemispheric lateralization was found for the individual and social condition, respectively. Besides, both groups showed higher DLPFC activation for face stimuli displayed in the individual condition compared to hand stimuli in the social condition. However, face stimuli activation prevailed for the EXP group, suggesting the direct interoceptive phenomenon has certain features, namely it manifests itself in the individual condition and for pain stimuli.ConclusionsWe can conclude that IA modulation promoted the recruitment of internal adaptive regulatory strategies engaging both DLPFC and somatosensory regions towards emotionally relevant stimuli (painful faces displayed in the individual condition). Therefore IA could be trained for promoting emotion regulation and empathic response.
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Chen, Yun-Ju, Clare Harrop, Maura Sabatos-DeVito, John Bulluck, Aysenil Belger, and Grace T. Baranek. "Brief report: Attention patterns to non-social stimuli and associations with sensory features in autistic children." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 98 (October 2022): 102035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102035.
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Bliss-Moreau, Eliza, and Mark G. Baxter. "Correction to ‘Interest in non-social novel stimuli as a function of age in rhesus monkeys’." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200316.
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Rosa Salva, Orsola, Simona Normando, Antonio Mollo, and Lucia Regolin. "Novelty preference in face perception by week-old lambs (Ovis aries)." Interaction Studies 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.15.1.05ros.
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An extensive literature has been accumulating, in recent years, on face-processing in sheep and on the relevance of faces for social interaction in this species. In spite of this, spontaneous preferences for face or non-face stimuli in lambs have not been reported. In this study we tested the spontaneous preference of 8-day-old lambs (N = 9) for three pairs of stimuli. In each pair, one stimulus was a face-like display, whereas the other presented the same inner features displaced in unnatural positions. One pair of stimuli was obtained from photographic images of ewes’ faces, the other two pairs were schematic face-like stimuli. Lambs could differentiate the two stimuli obtained by photos of conspecifics, looking longer at the non-face stimulus (p < 0.05). We interpret this as a novelty preference, proving that few day-old lambs have already encoded the structural properties that define a face and recognize violations of those general properties.
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Dodell-Feder, David, Kerry J. Ressler, and Laura T. Germine. "Social cognition or social class and culture? On the interpretation of differences in social cognitive performance." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171800404x.
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AbstractBackgroundThe ability to understand others’ mental states carries profound consequences for mental and physical health, making efforts at validly and reliably assessing mental state understanding (MSU) of utmost importance. However, the most widely used and current NIMH-recommended task for assessing MSU – the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) – suffers from potential assessment issues, including reliance on a participant's vocabulary/intelligence and the use of culturally biased stimuli. Here, we evaluate the impact of demographic and sociocultural factors (age, gender, education, ethnicity, race) on the RMET and other social and non-social cognitive tasks in an effort to determine the extent to which the RMET may be unduly influenced by participant characteristics.MethodsIn total, 40 248 international, native-/primarily English-speaking participants between the ages of 10 and 70 completed one of five measures on TestMyBrain.org: RMET, a shortened version of RMET, a multiracial emotion identification task, an emotion discrimination task, and a non-social/non-verbal processing speed task (digit symbol matching).ResultsContrary to other tasks, performance on the RMET increased across the lifespan. Education, race, and ethnicity explained more variance in RMET performance than the other tasks, and differences between levels of education, race, and ethnicity were more pronounced for the RMET than the other tasks such that more highly educated, non-Hispanic, and White/Caucasian individuals performed best.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the RMET may be unduly influenced by social class and culture, posing a serious challenge to assessing MSU in clinical populations given shared variance between social status and psychiatric illness.
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Gregory, Nicola J., and Jastine V. Antolin. "Does social presence or the potential for interaction reduce social gaze in online social scenarios? Introducing the “live lab” paradigm." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (May 11, 2018): 779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818772812.
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Research has shown that people’s gaze is biased away from faces in the real world but towards them when they are viewed onscreen. Non-equivalent stimulus conditions may have represented a confound in this research, however, as participants viewed onscreen stimuli as pre-recordings where interaction was not possible compared with real-world stimuli which were viewed in real time where interaction was possible. We assessed the independent contributions of online social presence and ability for interaction on social gaze by developing the “live lab” paradigm. Participants in three groups ( N = 132) viewed a confederate as (1) a live webcam stream where interaction was not possible (one-way), (2) a live webcam stream where an interaction was possible (two-way), or (3) a pre-recording. Potential for interaction, rather than online social presence, was the primary influence on gaze behaviour: participants in the pre-recorded and one-way conditions looked more to the face than those in the two-way condition, particularly, when the confederate made “eye contact.” Fixation durations to the face were shorter when the scene was viewed live, particularly, during a bid for eye contact. Our findings support the dual function of gaze but suggest that online social presence alone is not sufficient to activate social norms of civil inattention. Implications for the reinterpretation of previous research are discussed.
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van Zutphen, Linda, Nicolette Siep, Gitta A. Jacob, Gregor Domes, Andreas Sprenger, Bastian Willenborg, Rainer Goebel, Oliver Tüscher, and Arnoud Arntz. "Impulse control under emotion processing: an fMRI investigation in borderline personality disorder compared to non-patients and cluster-C personality disorder patients." Brain Imaging and Behavior 14, no. 6 (July 18, 2019): 2107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00161-0.
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Abstract Impulsivity is a characteristic syndromal and neurobehavioral feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Research suggests an important interaction between high negative emotions and low behavioral inhibition in BPD. However, knowledge about the generalizability across stimulus categories and diagnosis specificity is limited. We investigated neural correlates of hypothesized impaired response inhibition of BPD patients to negative, positive and erotic stimuli, by comparing them to non-patients and cluster-C personality disorder patients. During fMRI scanning, 53 BPD patients, 34 non-patients and 20 cluster-C personality disorder patients completed an affective go/no-go task, including social pictures. BPD patients showed more omission errors than non-patients, independent of the stimulus category. Furthermore, BPD patients showed higher activity in the inferior parietal lobule and frontal eye fields when inhibiting negative versus neutral stimuli. Activity of the inferior parietal lobule correlated positively with the BPD checklist subscale impulsivity. When inhibiting emotional stimuli, BPD patients showed an altered brain activity in the inferior parietal lobe and frontal eye fields, whereas previously shown dysfunctional prefrontal activity was not replicated. BPD patients showed a general responsivity across stimulus categories in the frontal eye fields, whereas effects in the inferior parietal lobe were specific for negative stimuli. Results of diagnosis specificity support a dimensional rather than a categorical differentiation between BPD and cluster-C patients during inhibition of social emotional stimuli. Supported by behavioral results, BPD patients showed no deficiencies in emotionally modulated response inhibition per se but the present findings rather hint at attentional difficulties for emotional information.
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De Panfilis, Chiara, Camilla Antonucci, Kevin B. Meehan, Nicole M. Cain, Antonio Soliani, Carlo Marchesi, John F. Clarkin, and Fabio Sambataro. "Facial Emotion Recognition and Social-Cognitive Correlates of Narcissistic Features." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 4 (August 2019): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_350.
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Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is associated with both seeming indifference and hypersensitivity to social feedback. This study evaluated whether rejection sensitivity and empathic difficulties in NPD are accounted for by altered facial emotion recognition (FER). Two-hundred non-clinical individuals self-reported NPD features, rejection sensitivity, and empathy and performed an FER task assessing the ability to determine the presence or absence of an emotion when viewing neutral and negative facial stimuli presented at varying emotional intensities (25%, 50%, 75%). Those with higher NPD features were faster at accurately recognizing neutral and low, 25%–intensity emotional stimuli. This response pattern mediated the association between NPD features and increased anger about rejection. Thus, individuals with high NPD traits are hypervigilant toward subtle negative emotions and neutral expressions; this may explain their tendency to experience intense angry feelings when facing the possibility that the others would not meet their need for acceptance.
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Wilson, Vanessa A. D., Carolin Kade, and Julia Fischer. "Testing the Relationship Between Looking Time and Choice Preference in Long-tailed Macaques." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.03.2021.
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Visual bias in social cognition studies is often interpreted to indicate preference, yet it is difficult to elucidate whether this translates to social preference. Moreover, visual bias is often framed in terms of surprise or recognition. It is thus important to examine whether an interpretation of preference is warranted in looking time studies. Here, using touchscreen training, we examined (1) looking time to non-social images in an image viewing task, and (2) preference of non-social images in a paired choice task, in captive long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. In a touchscreen test phase, we examined (3) looking time to social images in a viewing task, and (4) preference of social images in a paired choice task. Finally, we examined (5) looking time to social images in a non-test environment. For social content, the monkeys did not exhibit clear preferences for any category (conspecific/heterospecific, in-group/outgroup, kin/non-kin, young/old) in the explicit choice paradigm, nor did they differentiate between images in the viewing tasks, thus hampering our interpretation of the data. Post-hoc analysis of the training data however revealed a visual bias towards images of food and objects over landscapes in the viewing task. Similarly, across choice-task training sessions, food and object images were chosen more frequently than landscapes. This suggests that the monkeys’ gaze may indeed indicate preference, but this only became apparent for non-social stimuli. Why these monkeys had no biases in the social domain remains enigmatic. To better answer questions about attention to social stimuli, we encourage future research to examine behavioral measures alongside looking time.
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Namba, Shushi, Magdalena Rychlowska, Anna Orlowska, Hillel Aviezer, and Eva G. Krumhuber. "Social context and culture influence judgments of non-Duchenne smiles." Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 4, no. 3 (September 26, 2020): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41809-020-00066-1.
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Abstract Extant evidence points toward the role of contextual information and related cross-cultural variations in emotion perception, but most of the work to date has focused on judgments of basic emotions. The current research examines how culture and situational context affect the interpretation of emotion displays, i.e. judgments of the extent to which ambiguous smiles communicate happiness versus polite intentions. We hypothesized that smiles associated with contexts implying happiness would be judged as conveying more positive feelings compared to smiles paired with contexts implying politeness or smiles presented without context. In line with existing research on cross-cultural variation in contextual influences, we also expected these effects to be larger in Japan than in the UK. In Study 1, British participants viewed non-Duchenne smiles presented on their own or paired with background scenes implying happiness or the need to be polite. Compared to face-only stimuli, happy contexts made smiles appear more genuine, whereas polite contexts led smiles to be seen as less genuine. Study 2 replicated this result using verbal vignettes, showing a similar pattern of contextual effects among British and Japanese participants. However, while the effects of vignettes describing happy situations was comparable in both cultures, the influence of vignettes describing polite situations was stronger in Japan than the UK. Together, the findings document the importance of context information in judging smile expressions and highlight the need to investigate how culture moderates such influences.
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Mier, D., E. Shimojo, and S. Shimojo. "Visual attractiveness is leaky (4): Effects of non-social stimuli and the relationship to distance and timing." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.632.
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Davis, Rachael, Hugh Rabagliati, Lewis Montgomery, Antonella Sorace, and Sue Fletcher-Watson. "Measuring the Relationship between Bilingual Exposure and Social Attentional Preferences in Autistic Children." Languages 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010027.
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Background: Autistic children show reduced attentional preferences to social stimuli early in development, and these differences have consequences on a range of social domains. One factor that could influence development in those processes is bilingualism. Parents and practitioners frequently voice unfounded concerns that bilingualism could cause delays in autistic children, yet there is little evidence to dispute this idea. While there are studies focusing on the impact of bilingualism on cognition in autistic children, no research has focused on the relationship between bilingualism and social attention. Aims: This study therefore investigated the impact of bilingual exposure on social attention in autistic (n = 33) and neurotypical children (n = 42) aged 6–13 years. Rather than a monolingual/bilingual comparison, participants had varying degrees of bilingual exposure, and exposure was treated as a continuous variable. Participants completed an eye-tracking task measuring visual attention to interacting versus non-interacting human figures. Results: Bilingual exposure did not affect dwell time to interacting or non-interacting figures for the neurotypical or autistic groups. However, there was a three-way interaction between diagnosis, figure type and vocabulary scores on dwell time. Conclusions: Higher vocabulary scores in neurotypical participants was associated with significantly less dwell time to non-interacting stimuli. This is the first study to assess the effects of bilingualism on social attention; here, concerns of bilingualism are not upheld.
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Cosentino, Antonietta. "Disclosure of Social-Economic Value in the Social Enterprise. Stimuli from an Italian Multiple Case Study." International Business Research 13, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n6p53.
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The growing interest in the financial, social and environmental sustainability of all organizations as a whole, as well as the growing sentiment for their responsibility towards the community, lead organizations to face the challenge of evaluating and communicating their non-financial performance through the social accounting. The issue assumes a peculiar meaning within social enterprises (SEs) aimed at pursuing the general interest. In these organizations, the disclosure of the value created for both internal and social stakeholder raises to rank of survival condition because the development, reputation and credibility of the SEs are closely linked to the institution's ability to reach and communicate externally the social value created. This work aims to highlight the peculiar resources of the SEs and demonstrate that, in most cases, they allow SEs to achieve financial sustainability. Social and economic value will be assessed and the share of income that cannot be distributed, regardless of the relevant regulatory provisions, will be emphasized. To achieve these goals, a multiple case study is used to measure the value added distributed to internal and external stakeholders by adapting Mook model to SEs. The results show that volunteering and donations contribute not only to the social value generated by SEs but to their economic sustainability as well, being considered as the engine of development of the economic system as a whole. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the contribution of liberalities and volunteering to consolidate the financial structure of the SE and to development of the economic system as a whole.
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Hajnal, Alen, Landry Filce, and Morteza Mahdiani. "Impact of Affordances on Inhibition of Return is moderated by ADHD." Psihologijske teme 31, no. 3 (December 9, 2022): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.3.2.
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Visual attention is essential to performing functional tasks such as reaching out and picking up a cup of coffee from the table. To what extent is attention in individuals diagnosed with ADHD affected during such tasks? What factors influence attention in functional tasks that relate to goal-directed behaviour (i.e. affordances) is largely unknown. Researchers have used the cognitive mechanism of inhibition of return to investigate how attention works. Pragmatic inhibition of return occurs when the affordances, or pragmatic features, of the object are presented repeatedly as both cue and target stimuli, and suppress processing of similar information in the future to facilitate identification of novel stimuli. In the present study, pragmatic inhibition of return was examined by using “preferred” and “non-preferred” stimuli in the Posner cueing task in order to determine whether the stimulus with a more salient or obvious affordance would show a greater inhibition of return effect. The preferred stimuli were a soccer ball being kicked and a tennis ball being hit with a racket. The non-preferred stimuli were a soccer ball being hit by a racket and a tennis ball being kicked with the foot. Both the ADHD group and the control group exhibited inhibition of return, but the ADHD group was affected at later time delays following a cue stimulus. This suggests that the difference between ADHD and normal controls is a consequence of straightforward temporal delay, and not necessarily related to differences in the nature of attentional processing.
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Pougnault, Loïc, Hugo Cousillas, Christine Heyraud, Ludwig Huber, Martine Hausberger, and Laurence Henry. "Experimental Tests for Measuring Individual Attentional Characteristics in Songbirds." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082233.
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Attention is defined as the ability to process selectively one aspect of the environment over others and is at the core of all cognitive processes such as learning, memorization, and categorization. Thus, evaluating and comparing attentional characteristics between individuals and according to situations is an important aspect of cognitive studies. Recent studies showed the interest of analyzing spontaneous attention in standardized situations, but data are still scarce, especially for songbirds. The present study adapted three tests of attention (towards visual non-social, visual social, and auditory stimuli) as tools for future comparative research in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a species that is well known to present individual variations in social learning or engagement. Our results reveal that attentional characteristics (glances versus gazes) vary according to the stimulus broadcasted: more gazes towards unusual visual stimuli and species-specific auditory stimuli and more glances towards species-specific visual stimuli and hetero-specific auditory stimuli. This study revealing individual variations shows that these tests constitute a very useful and easy-to-use tool for evaluating spontaneous individual attentional characteristics and their modulation by a variety of factors. Our results also indicate that attentional skills are not a uniform concept and depend upon the modality and the stimulus type.
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Skripkauskaite, Simona, Lance Slade, and Jennifer Mayer. "Attentional shifting differences in autism: Domain general, domain specific or both?" Autism 25, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211001619.
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Atypical attention is considered to have an important role in the development of autism. Yet, it remains unclear whether these attentional difficulties are specific to the social domain. This study aimed to examine attentional orienting in autistic and non-autistic adults from and to non-social and social stimuli. We utilised a modified gap–overlap task with schematic images (Experiment 1: autistic = 27 and non-autistic = 26) and photographs (Experiment 2: autistic = 18 and non-autistic = 17). Eye-tracking data (i.e. saccadic latencies) were then compared across condition and type of stimulus (social or non-social) using multilevel modelling. Autistic adults exhibited mostly typical gap and overlap effects, as well as a bias towards social stimuli. Yet, autistic participants benefitted from exogenous disengagement when orienting to social information more than non-autistic participants. Neither a domain general nor social domain–specific account for attentional atypicalities in autism was supported separately. Yet, subtle combined domain differences were revealed in the gap condition. Lay abstract Previous research has shown that autistic individuals look at other people less and orient to them more slowly than others. Yet, it is still unclear if this represents general visual differences (e.g. slower looking at any new information, social or not) or a uniquely social difference (e.g. only slower looking to humans but not objects). Here, we aimed to examine how quickly autistic and non-autistic adults look to and away from social (i.e. faces) and non-social information (i.e. squares and houses). We used an attentional shifting task with two images where sometimes the first image disappears before the new image appears (makes it easier to notice the new image) and other times it stays on the screen when the new image appears. In Experiment 1, we showed schematic faces and squares to 27 autistic and 26 non-autistic adults, and in Experiment 2, we showed photographs of faces and houses to 18 autistic and 17 non-autistic adults. In general, autistic adults looked at the new non-social or social images similarly to non-autistic adults. Yet, only autistic adults looked at new social information faster when the first image disappeared before the new image appeared. This shows that autistic individuals may find it easier to notice new social information if their attention is not already occupied.
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Vandenbroucke, Sophie, Geert Crombez, Dimitri Van Ryckeghem, Vanessa Harrar, Liesbet Goubert, Charles Spence, Wouter Durnez, and Stefaan van Damme. "Observing social stimuli influences detection of subtle somatic sensations differently for pain synaesthetes and controls." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646415.
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Introduction: There is preliminary evidence that viewing touch or pain can modulate the experience of tactile stimulation. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental paradigm to investigate whether the observation of needle pricks to another person’s hand facilitates the detection of subtle somatic sensations. Furthermore, differences between control persons and persons reporting synaesthesia for pain (i.e., experiencing observed pain as if it is their own pain) will be examined. Method: Synaesthetes () and controls () were presented a series of videos showing left or right hands being pricked and control videos (e.g., a sponge being pricked), whilst receiving occasionally subtle threshold sensations themselves on the hand in the same spatial location (congruent trials) or in the opposite location (incongruent trials) as the visual stimuli. Participants were asked to detect the sensory stimulus. Signal detection theory was used to compare whether sensitivity was different for both groups and both categories of visual stimuli. Results: Overall, perceptual sensitivity (d′) was significantly higher when the visual stimuli involved a painful situation (e.g., needle pricking another’s hand) compared to the control videos, and was significantly lower in synaesthetes compared to control participants. When no sensory stimulus was administered, participants reported significantly more illusory sensations when a painful situation was depicted compared to a non-painful situation. Discussion: This study suggests that the detection of somatic sensations can be facilitated or inhibited by observing visual stimuli. Synaesthetes were generally less sensitive, suggesting that they experience more difficulties in disentangling somatic and visual stimuli.
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Knight, Nicola. "Yukatek Maya Children's Attributions of Belief to Natural and Non-natural Entities." Journal of Cognition and Culture 8, no. 3-4 (2008): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853708x358164.
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AbstractA sample of Yukatek Maya children was tested on their capacity to attribute false beliefs to a variety of stimuli, both natural (human and non-human animal) and non-natural (Catholic God and local religious figures). Children's capacity to correctly infer that humans have limited perceptual access, and are, therefore, not likely to know what is inside a container if the contents have been surreptitiously replaced, is shown to have significant consequences. Children who passed the test with the human stimulus showed a nuanced capacity to attribute similar or dissimilar knowledge to other natural and non-natural entities, consistently with these entities' cultural representations. In contrast, those who failed the test with the human stimulus tended to attribute similar beliefs to all natural and non-natural entity stimuli.
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Hedger, Nicholas, Anthony Haffey, Eugene McSorley, and Bhismadev Chakrabarti. "Empathy modulates the temporal structure of social attention." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1716.
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Individuals with low empathy often show reduced attention towards social stimuli. A limitation of this literature is the lack of empirical work that has explicitly characterized how this relationship manifests itself over time. We investigate this issue by analysing data from two large eye-tracking datasets (total n = 176). Via growth-curve analysis, we demonstrate that self-reported empathy (as measured by the empathy quotient—EQ) predicts the temporal evolution of gaze behaviour under conditions where social and non-social stimuli compete for attention. In both datasets, we found that EQ not only predicted a global increase in social attention, but predicted a different temporal profile of social attention. Specifically, we detected a reliable effect of empathy on gaze towards social images after prolonged viewing. An analysis of switch latencies revealed that low-EQ observers switched gaze away from an initially fixated social image more frequently and at earlier latencies than high-EQ observers. Our analyses demonstrate that modelling these temporal components of gaze signals may reveal useful behavioural phenotypes. The explanatory power of this approach may provide enhanced biomarkers for conditions marked by deficits in empathy-related processes.
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Czapla, Marta, Joe J. Simon, Hans-Christoph Friederich, Sabine C. Herpertz, Peter Zimmermann, and Sabine Loeber. "Is Binge Drinking in Young Adults Associated with an Alcohol-Specific Impairment of Response Inhibition?" European Addiction Research 21, no. 2 (November 22, 2014): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000367939.
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Background/Aims: Little is known about the association of binge drinking with impulsivity related to trait- or state-like aspects of behavior. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether binge drinkers show an impairment of inhibitory control in comparison to non-binge drinkers when confronted with alcohol-associated or control stimuli, and whether this is reflected in self-reported impulsivity. Methods: A go/no-go task with pictures of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages as well as control stimuli was administered to binge drinkers and a gender-matched group of non-binge drinkers. All participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Results: We found an alcohol-specific impairment of response inhibition for binge drinkers only, while the groups did not differ with regard to overall response inhibition to the experimental stimuli or self-reported impulsiveness (BIS-11). In addition, the number of commission errors in response to alcohol-associated stimuli was the only significant predictor of binge drinking. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that when young adults have established binge drinking as a common drinking pattern, impairment of inhibition in response to alcoholic stimuli is the only significant predictor of binge drinking, but not general impulsive behavior. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel