Journal articles on the topic 'Still water areas'
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NEWMAN, ALAN. "Water pollution point sources still significant in urban areas." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 3 (March 1995): 114A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00003a738.
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Trang, Truong Cam, Dinh Huy Pham, and Phuoc Tri Phan. "Research and design of an improved solar still for desalination." Science and Technology Development Journal 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v21i2.423.
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Water is one of the most important resources on Earth because of its vital role for human beings and other living creatures. During the devastating drought in the Mekong Delta in 2016, millions of people had no access to the secure source of fresh water. This issue cautioned and influenced the Vietnamese government to find an effective desalination process for the coastal areas impacted heavily by salinization. However, desalination processes require large amounts of energy which can be a problem for the coastal areas due to the lack of energy and high cost. The main purpose of the study herein was to find an alternative solution for desalination by designing a desalination system using solar energy. The design was expected to provide a small size desalination system for households. The average output of the system was about 854 ml/day with the productivity at 2223.54 ml/day/m2. The average water capture efficiency was 80.5%, the salt elimination efficiency of the system was about 99.99%, and the salinity of the output water was below 2 ppm. The results are still far from ideal but they indicate a potential solution for coping with the shortage of fresh water in coastal areas.
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Agrawal, Dharmesh. "Review on Desalination of Water using Different Solar Still Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35854.
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Solar still (SS) technology is one of the economic technologies for the conversion of saline or impure water to pure form. It is proven technique for the removal of hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, fluoride etc. Solar still can become very useful and eco-friendly process in rural and remote areas suffering from acute water crisis due to contamination of ground water and other manmade problems. In this work, we have studied different methods of desalination of water using solar still. The work discusses modifications in solar still, heat absorbing factors, reflectors, use of solar panel, trays, solar collector, nanofluid, condenser. This paper presents a mini review on single slope solar distiller by incorporating various different methods. Based on study, sensible conclusion is drawn and reported.
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Yusof, Khamaruzaman Wan, Ali Riahi, Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, Emmanuel Olisa, Nuraizzah binti Mohd Azezs, Ahmad Raziqin bin Mohamad Khir, and Mardiana Marzuki. "Drinking Water Production Using Passive Solar Stills with Different Absorbing Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.1441.
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Solar stills as the cheapest options used to desalinate brackish water in areas having freshwater availability limitation. The purpose of this work is to investigate the water production improvement of double slope solar stills using heat absorption materials in the basin. Three similar shapes double slope passive solar stills were constructed to conduct the experiments in tropical climate of Malaysia. Each solar still had a stainless steel trough and a transparent polythene film as basin and cover respectively. Three basins each having 50 cm length, 30 cm width and 8 cm depth were used to keep the fed lake water. 2 cm depths of black soil and sea sand were added in two solar still basins respectively, while the last solar still had only stainless steel trough as basin. Experimental investigations on the solar stills performance showed that the solar still with black soil had a highest output as compared to the solar still yield using sea sand layer in basin or conventional solar still using only stainless steel basin respectively. Some water quality parameters of lake water and produced distilled water were also tested in the laboratory and indicated that the treated water met the WHO standard for drinking.
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Riahi, Ali, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Mohamed Hasnain Isa, Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, Amirhossein Malakahmad, and Nasiman Sapari. "Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Four Types of Solar Stills in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.56.
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This study aims at improving a solar distillation still by comparing the performance of four types of double slope single basin solar stills to produce adequate amount of potable water in the areas with confined fresh water. These solar stills fabricated with similar shapes. In each solar still a stainless steel basin with the length of 50 cm, width of 30 cm and depth of 8 cm was utilized. The still configurations differed based on inclusion of 2 cm depth of sea sand layer in the basin, a layer of black paint in the basin and use of a 50 W PV-DC heater. The study was conducted to increase the potable water production under Malaysia tropical condition. A comparative research of cumulative water production among these solar stills showed that solar still with black painted basin was the more efficient; producing 234 %, 190% and 148% the potable water produced by a conventional solar still, solar still with sand layer in basin and solar still connected to a PV-DC heater, respectively.
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BRABRAND, A., B. R. HANSEN, and A. G. KOESTLER. "Creation of artificial upwelling areas for brown trout, Salmo trutta, spawning in still water bodies." Fisheries Management and Ecology 13, no. 5 (October 2006): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00505.x.
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Hamadou, Osman Ali, and Khamlichi Abdellatif. "Optimizing an Active Solar still for Sea Water Desalination." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.985.
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Sea water desalination through solar radiation distillation process can achieve low cost and sustainable fresh water for remote dry areas. In conventional passive solar stills, the solar radiation passes through the transparent cover and supplies heat to sea water with limited back reflection. The evaporative heat transfer between the water surface and the glass cover produces the distillate by means of film type condensation at the inner surface of the glass cover. In order to enhance evaporation/condensation phase changes, active solar stills were introduced. In these last, saline water is circulated and put in contact with a heat source which supplies heat to the saline water. With this extra energy, the distillate productivity is increased. In this work, heat supply is assumed to be controlled such that the temperature at the inlet of the still can be adjusted through regulation of the circulating heat transfer fluid rate. Using a modelling based on uniform temperature in each still component, a set of ordinary differential equations was derived. The input variables comprised heat transfer fluid rate, inlet temperature as well as sea water rate and basin depth. Extensive parametric studies were performed after that and optimization of the distilled water yield and rate was discussed.
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Sawestri, Sevi, Ni Komang Suryati, and Dina Muthmainnah. "Determination of potential fisheries areas based on trophic status (Case study in Situ Gede, Tasikmalaya)." Depik 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.2.20177.
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Situ Gede is one of the artificial lakes/reservoirs in Tasikmalaya, West Java. The lake has functioned as a source of household water needs, fisheries, and tourism. According to determine the development of water management requires information on the trophic status and water quality. This study aimed to obtain information on the trophic status and water quality of Situ Gede. The research was conducted in Situ Gede, Tasikmalaya, West Java, in 2018. Measurement and analysis of water quality parameters used the SNI and APHA methods, while the measurement of trophic status used the Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI). The relationship between water quality parameters and TSI scores was analyzed using Statistica version 8. Based on the analysis, the trophic status of Situ Gede ranged from 69.06-79.04, with an average of 74.61. This value indicated that Situ Gede's trophic status was on a eutrophic level. The physical and chemical parameters that affect the trophic status of Situ Gede are TP, pH, conductivity, TDS, and temperature. The TP values, conductivity, pH, and temperature at Situ Gede were still categorized as normal. The trophic of Situ Gede can be a source of fish growth. Moreover, in general, Situ Gede waters still have sufficient water quality for fish life. Therefore, Situ Gede has the potential to capture fisheries, recreational fisheries, and aquaculture.Keywords:Trophic statusSitu GedeFisheryChlorophyll-aFish Reserve
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Robert, Rees Alexa, Dinesh Keloth Kaithari, M. Mumtaz Mirza, and Parimal Sharad Bhambare. "INFLUENCE OF NANO Al2O3 TO IMPROVE THE YIELD OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2018): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2018.631.
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Purpose:The supply of pure fresh water is becoming a rising issue is many areas of the world. Clean water being a basic requirement is still unavailable to a large number of people. The fast development and growth in population and agriculture has helped to increase the need of clean water. The solar distillation is one of the most cost efficient ways to accomplish this.
Methodology:When water evaporates from the basin of the still, it leaves the various impurities behind resulting in clean palatable water. Solar stills have a comparatively low yield but can be used to provide safe water options to rural areas of the world. To increase the yield of the solar still nano Al2O3 fluid is used,which is prepared using a dispersant of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate (SDBS). The still is a double slope basin type solar still with black paint coating on the inside and external reflecting mirrors, to enhance the yield.
Main Findings:This project compares the efficiency and output of double slope solar still with and without the nanofluid. The single basin double slope solar still was fabricated using low cost durable materials and the 0.01 vol. % Al2O3 water based nanofluid was prepared. The results showed a positive outcome of a 15% increase in the rate of distillate collected with the use of nanofluids. The payback period was calculated to be less than 2 weeks without nanofluid and one week with the use of nanofluid.
Implications:The present study is useful for obtaining pure drinking water at remote locations in Sultanate of Oman where solar energy is abundance.
Novelty of Study: Nanofluids are used to enhance the distillation rate when compared to the conventional solar stills.
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Patil, Kartik Balkrishna. "Design and Fabrication of Thermosyphon Water Purification System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34331.
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Lack of clean drinking water in rural areas is a huge problem during the occurrences of floods and other environmental disasters. Often, it takes a long time to transport potable water to these areas resulting in health issues for the residents. In this research, a solar power-based water purification system using PCM to produce clean drinking water in flood-affected areas or remote areas where potable water is difficult to obtain is proposed. Purification reduces the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduces the concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter. The purification system available is not easy to get for poor people. So we are using a different technique for water purification system is solar distillation technique, which is very cheap and convenient. These Thermosyphon purification system is a modification of conventional solar still but the efficiency achieved is much higher then the conventional solar still. There are 5 major components in our design consists of Upper basin, Lower basin, Thermosyphon system, Diffusion still, and PCM chamber. The dirty water inlet is taken into Lower basin, upper basin, and diffusion still. Initially the temperature of water in the lower basin is low, so to increase the temperature of the water, thermosyphon loop system is connected with the lower basin. The energy from the lower basin is transferred to the condensing cover and the side walls of the tank which is been wasted to surroundings will be captured by upper basin and diffusion still. In diffusion still, there will be a successive plate, so energy from sidewalls will be evaporated and will be diffuse in a thin gap and it will get condense of the facing surface and that water will be collected in the outlet. We will be adding phase-changing material, which helps the purification to work on in absence of sunlight. So our basic design of the project is to increase the rate of evaporation and condensation process.
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Fiati, Rina, and Anastasya Latubessy. "Mapping of Flooded Areas in the Kudus District." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp670-677.
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<p>Flood is still an annual problem in the Kudus District. Based on the survey and interview with Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD – Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah) data showed that in the Kudus District there are still many flood-prone areas. They also said that, there are six parameter that can be used to identify potential flood area such as: extensive inundation (km2, ha), depth or height of flood waters (meters), the flow velocity (m/s,km/h), the material washed away by flood flow (rocks, boulders, trees, and other solid objects), concentrations of water or silt thickness (meters, centimeters), and duration of inundation (hours, days, months). Therefor this research use six parameters are then analyzed and used as a benchmark model to identify flood-prone areas by using the production rule method, and as the material in constructing and designing flood-prone area identification systems based on expert system. Thus this research resulted a system to assist the identification of flood prone areas in the Kudus District by using expert system and geographic information system (GIS).</p>
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Yuen, E., M. Anda, K. Mathew, and G. Ho. "Water harvesting techniques for small communities in arid areas." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0372.
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Limited water resources exist in numerous remote indigenous settlements around Australia. Indigenous people in these communities are still living in rudimentary conditions while their urban counterparts have full amenities, large scale water supplies and behavioral practices which may not be appropriate for an arid continent but are supported by extensive infrastructure in higher rainfall coastal areas. As remote indigenous communities continue to develop, their water use will increase, and in some cases, costly solutions may have to be implemented to augment supplies. Water harvesting techniques have been applied in settlements on a small scale for domestic and municipal purposes, and in the large, broadacre farm setting for productive use of the water. The techniques discussed include swales, infiltration basins, infiltration trenches and “sand dam” basins. This paper reviews the applications of water harvesting relevant to small communities for land rehabilitation, landscaping and flood control. Landscaping is important in these communities as it provides shelter from the sun and wind, reduces soil erosion and hence reduced airborne dust, and in some cases provides food and nutrition. Case studies of water harvesting systems applied in the Pilbara Region, Western Australia for landscaping around single dwellings in Jigalong and Cheeditha, in a permaculture garden in Wittenoon and at a college and carpark in Karratha are described.
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Zerouali, Mekki, Fouad Khaldi, and Zina Belkhiri. "Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Solar Still for the Production of Drinking Water in Desert Areas of Southern Algeria." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 03 (September 2018): 1850024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500244.
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Solar distillation is a simple method used for the production of drinking water from saline or brackish water. This method proposes a solution for the production of fresh water in arid and desert areas, where a large solar field is available and also the existence of underground sources of saline water. A solar distiller with a single basin and double slopes is theoretically examined. The theoretical model is based on the resolution of equations of heat and mass transfer dependent on time for glazing cover, water film and absorber basin. For validating the results of the theoretical model, a comparison with the experimental results was carried out. A series of experimental tests on a solar distiller with double slopes in the climatic conditions of Ouargla in Algeria were performed. The tests were carried out on 19th February 2009. The amount of water distilled was 2.7 liters, after a day’s work. The results show that the cooling of the glazing cover leads to increase in the amount of distilled water of about 17% in comparison with the reference case. In addition, we found a good agreement between the results of the theoretical model and the experimental data.
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Dhivagar, R., and S. Sundararaj. "A Review on Methods of Productivity Improvement in Solar Desalination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.414.
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Population density and automation is the main reason for the demand of drinking water. Water purification without affecting an ecosystem is the important need for daily life. Desalination is the best and effective way to satisfy the demand of fresh water. It is the most effective application of the solar energy. There are many conventional and non-conventional techniques available to make drinking water from the saline water. Among these solar desalination proves to be both economical and eco-friendly system particularly for rural areas. Solar stills are simple device which is used to provide pure water from the saline water by the principle of evaporation and condensation. This article reviews on the several research done on the solar stills to enhance productivity. Different designs of solar still and energy storage materials have been used to increase the yield and also this study proved the fact that efficiency of the solar still is majorly influenced by design and operating parameters.
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De Smedt, Peter. "Legal Instruments in Spatial Planning to Ban Building in Flood Zones: From Water Test to Planological Protection via “Water Sensitive Open-air Areas”." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 14, no. 3-4 (December 6, 2017): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01403005.
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In Flanders, the Government has recently established an innovative policy framework to preserve the water storage capacity in flood-prone areas. In this context, the concept of ‘Signal Areas’ (signaalgebieden) has been created. These areas are still undeveloped areas with a hard planning destination (residential and industrial areas) located in flood-prone areas. The framework outlines in what way one needs to deal with the flood risk in these areas. In order to implement this policy relating to signal areas in spatial planning, a recent draft decree has introduced water sensitive open-air areas where a relative ban on building applies. The aim is to achieve a prompt, effective implementation of the new water storage policy on the field based on a programmatic approach. In this contribution, the author will provide an insight into the legal design of the above-mentioned concepts and instruments, and how they can contribute to a stronger linkage between water management and spatial planning.
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Hemingway, Catherine, Michelle Lo, Lee Cooper, Adejumoke Adeyemi, and Susan Higham. "Dissolution of human enamel in still flavoured water drinks in vitro." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e52014398-408.
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AIM: This study aimed to investigate the erosive potential of these drinks using human enamel in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A range of bottled, still flavoured water drinks available in the UK were investigated and their erosive potential was compared by measuring pH and titratable acidity. Six beverages were chosen for the main study and also both a negative (distilled water) and positive control (orange juice). Human enamel specimens were prepared, sectioned and varnished leaving an exposure window visible to have contact with test solutions. Each specimen was randomly allocated in groups of six. Each group was exposed to 20 ml of one of the eight test solutions for 10, 30, 60 and 90 min. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence was used to ensure the teeth selected were free of artefacts and diseased areas. Erosion was measured using non-contact optical profilometry. RESULTS: Enamel loss occurred with all test drinks and the positive control (p<0.05) and in most cases the still water drinks were just as erosive as the positive control. Only vitamin water at 30 min was not significantly different from the negative control (p= 0.86), All drinks tested resulted in significant enamel loss (p<0.01). These results may indicate that consumers should think of still water beverages as potentially acidic drinks rather than just flavoured healthy water alternatives. CONCLUSION: This study indicates the need for preventive advice to be given by dentists about such beverages and therefore ultimately to make patients and consumers more aware of hidden erosive risks.
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Persson, P. E. "A Summary of Problem Areas in Aquatic Off-Flavour Research." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0069.
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In spite of many important advances in the study of aquatic off-flavours, the absence of standardization in sensory methods as applied to water and fish is still an obstacle. The need for standardization is evident both in threshold techniques, flavour descriptors and scaling. The elucidation of biogenic off-flavours should be based on criteria which clearly define the character of evidence needed to establish causality.
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Hu, Zhouhan, Yaxun Wang, Maosheng Ye, Mei Liu, and Junqi Ding. "Localization of Potential Leakage Areas inside Plain Reservoirs Using Waterborne Electrical Resistivity Tomography." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 26, no. 2 (June 2021): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32389/jeeg20-070.
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Leakage of reservoirs will not only lead to the waste of water resources, but also cause soil salinization, dam break, and other serious consequences. Leakages may still occur even anti-seepage engineering measures are taken. This study utilized continuous waterborne electrical resistivity tomography to localize potential bottom geomembrane leakage areas in Datun plain reservoir in the east route of South-to-North Water Diversion project. The integrated sensitivity was firstly evaluated to select the optimum electrode array. Four leakage scenarios were numerically simulated and the resulting resistivity distribution patterns were further categorized to identify leakage locations. A total of 33 field survey lines were measured using floating cables over 5 km2 water surface. Robust inversion method was adopted for delineation of geomembrane interface. In the end, we found most of the soil surfaces are still kept under original flat conditions. Based on the abrupt decrease of resistivity from over 120 Ω·m to 80 Ω·m or lower values, two specific sites under the geomembrane with an area of 0.31 km2 potential leakage areas were localized. Even though there are no clearly leakage signs observed from the reservoir water surface, these resistivity results provide important preliminary data to further narrow down the leakage locations.
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Abarca, Nadya Lizeth Serrano, and Welitom Ttatom Pereira da Silva. "Locating water distribution reservoirs in rural Andean areas: a methodological approach." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.163.
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Abstract This study aimed to present a methodology for locating water distribution reservoirs in rural Andean areas (isolated areas, low-income population, mountainous region). The research methodology consisted of the following steps: (1) description of the problem; (2) development of the DR location protocol; (3) obtaining an algorithm; (4) calibration and adjustment; and (5) application. The obtained algorithm was based on the classification and overlapping operations of five-parameter maps (pressure limits – pressure in the water supply system from 5 to 40 mH2O; supply by gravity – guarantee of gravity as energy for water movement; accessibility – use of unprotected areas or with restricted occupation; stability, greater distance from geological fault; and, proximity to population concentration, shorter distance between population centres). The overlapping of these parameters enabled us to identify a region of candidate points and select the best location point for the reservoir. The algorithm was applied to a real case indicating satisfactory results. A methodology for locating water distribution reservoirs in rural areas that have important economic constraints, difficult access (mountainous region) and high geospatial dispersion was found. Improvements in methodological steps can still be considered, for example, forecasting the use of pressure control devices in the water supply system.
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Wibowo, Arsanto Ishadi, and Keh-Chin Chang. "Solar energy-based water treatment system applicable to the remote areas: Case of Indonesia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.003.
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Abstract Remote areas usually lack basic clean water services. Considering low population, poor geographical accessibility and lack of electricity, a small-scaled water treatment system capable of producing clean fresh water associated with solar thermal/photovoltaic applications, which is characterized with low capital cost, easy operation and less need of maintenance, is employed in the techno-economic study. Indonesia is one of the countries which owns considerable water resources in their territories but has moderate coverage in basic water services, and is chosen as a case for demonstration. The price of clean water from this system is profitable as compared to that of bottled water, which is an accessible safe water in these areas, but still much higher than that of municipal water. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Descroix, Luc, Bakary Faty, Sylvie Paméla Manga, Ange Bouramanding Diedhiou, Laurent A. Lambert, Safietou Soumaré, Julien Andrieu, et al. "Are the Fouta Djallon Highlands Still the Water Tower of West Africa?" Water 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112968.
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A large share of surface water resources in Sahelian countries originates from Guinea’s Fouta Djallon highlands, earning the area the name of “the water tower of West Africa”. This paper aims to investigate the recent dynamics of the Fouta Djallon’s hydrological functioning. The evolution of the runoff and depletion coefficients are analyzed as well as their correlations with the rainfall and vegetation cover. The latter is described at three different space scales and with different methods. Twenty-five years after the end of the 1968–1993 major drought, annual discharges continue to slowly increase, nearly reaching a long-term average, as natural reservoirs which emptied to sustain streamflows during the drought have been replenishing since the 1990s, explaining the slow increase in discharges. However, another important trend has been detected since the beginning of the drought, i.e., the increase in the depletion coefficient of most of the Fouta Djallon upper basins, as a consequence of the reduction in the soil water-holding capacity. After confirming the pertinence and significance of this increase and subsequent decrease in the depletion coefficient, this paper identifies the factors possibly linked with the basins’ storage capacity trends. The densely populated areas of the summit plateau are also shown to be the ones where vegetation cover is not threatened and where ecological intensification of rural activities is ancient.
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Harsha Vardhini, P. A., and G. Janardhana Raju. "Design of Internet of Things Based Smart and Efficient Water Distribution System for Urban and Agriculture Areas." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9301.
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Groundwater plays an important part in India’s economy. It provides water to about 85% urban and rural proportion for household and agriculture needs. India being the 2nd largest in world population with a diverse population that is three times the size of the US but one-third the physical size. World Bank according to, how many people are living in poverty is still extremely disproportionate to the number of middle-income people, with a combined rate of over 52 percent of rural and urban poor. One of the major drawback in the Indian water distribution systems was found to be loss of water resource due to leakage of pipes. India experiences both floods and droughts periodically. Consequently, innovations in pipe leak detection recognition and reparation methods are being implemented. But still identifying the leaks at a early point is vital in order to ensure minimal water wastage in distribution systems. A major component of pipe leak detection is the ability to reliably locate the place of leakage in pipes by minimal invasion. Water transport industry is increasingly concerned about leakages in water delivery pipelines. To pacify them and thereby supporting the economy by saving the water resources with proper and sufficient utilization of the same, this paper projects the solution to overcome pipe leakage issues with IoT dependent smart water monitoring system.
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Nugroho, Adam Rus, Ichiro Tamagawa, Almaika Riandraswari, and Titin Febrianti. "Thornthwaite-Mather water balance analysis in Tambakbayan watershed, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928005007.
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Depok sub-district in Yogyakarta is one of the most populous areas, which also develops rapidly. The Tambakbayan watershed, which includes Depok sub-district, has been seen as one crucial watershed in Yogyakarta. This study conducted a Thornthwaite-Mather water balance analysis in the watershed in order to understand its hydrology capability. The result of the study on three stream areas of the watershed (upstream, midstream and downstream) shows that the dry months begins in May- June and ends in September-October. August tends to be the driest month in the year with total deficit value reaches 179.2 mm. Still, the annual rainfall is higher than the annual evapotranspiration. The results also show that the lower area of the watershed has a lower capability to preserve water. However, the watershed still sufficient in providing the domestic water demand in the current state. Comprehensive water management plans suggested to be applied to protect the watershed from overstressing the water resources, especially in the downstream area.
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Alexis, Ndabarushimana. "Analyse De La Capacité De L’Etat Burundais à Répondre Aux Besoins Fondamentaux de la population: Cas De L'eau Et De La Santé." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 33 (November 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n33p80.
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Access to water and health care is one of the basic needs of the human being. This study conducted with 96 individuals selected using Alain BOUCHARD’s technic highlights the state of play on the capacity of the State of Burundi to meet the basic needs of the population in the water and health sectors. The study also shows the level of satisfaction of public service users in these sectors. The respondents were distributed in 26 localities in 8 provinces of Burundi. The results of this research shows that Burundi is still unable to effectively meet the needs of the population in the water and health sectors. And this despite the implementation of the policy of free health care for pregnant women and children under 5 years since 2006. Only 51.15% say they are satisfied by the health services offered. The environmental sanitation and drinking water supply had been integrated into the Minimum Care Package (MSP), but the results obtained in this study show that the road ahead is still long. Only 7.8% of respondents are very satisfied in urban areas while in rural areas 12.6% are very satisfied. The satisfaction rate is 70.92% in urban areas compared to 45.04% in rural areas. In urban areas, 21.28% are not satisfied compared to 42.36% in rural areas.
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Suryono, Chrisna Adhi, and Baskoro Rochaddi. "Kualitas Perairan di Daerah Fishing Ground Nelayan Kerang di Pesisir Timur Kota Semarang." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 20, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v20i1.1353.
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This study aimed to assess the relationship between marine water qualities in bivalve fishing ground on easter part of Semarang coastal water. The result of study shows that the waters quality on those areas is still available for marine organism life. The water quality of dissolved oxygen between 5,6 – 6,2 ppm, water temperature 29,3 – 30,4 oC, salinity 32 – 33,7 ppt, pH 7,1 – 7,8, turbidity 20,2 – 42,5 NTU, and current velocity 0,15 – 0,55 m/sec. That water quality in the study areas compered with standard water for marinr life is still to suport marine bivalvia to live. Its is proved with some of bivalve found for examples (Anadara granosa A. pilula, A. Gubernaculum, A. Inaequivalvis, Pharella javanica, Paphia undulate, Marcia hiantina, Harvella plicataria, Mactra violacea dan Placuna placenta) Keywords: Water quality, fishing ground, bivalve Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kualitas air laut didaerah penelitian masih dikatan layak untuk kehidupan organisme laut. Konsentarsi DO (5,6 – 6,2 ppm), suhu air (29,3 – 30,4 oC), salintas (32 – 33,7 ppt), pH (7,1 – 7,8), kekeruhan (20,2 – 42,5 NTU) dan kecepatan arus (0,15 – 0,55 m/det). Bila dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air laut untuk kehidupan organisme laut secara keseluruhan masih layah terbukti ditemukanya beberapa jenis kerang seperti Anadara granosa A. pilula, A. Gubernaculum, A. Inaequivalvis, Pharella javanica, Paphia undulate, Marcia hiantina, Harvella plicataria, Mactra violacea dan Placuna placenta. Kata Kunci : Kualitas air, fishing ground, kerang
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Sriyanto, Sriyanto, Arvianto Ary, and Ihsan Hidayat Muhammad. "Design of Groundwater Filtration Technology to Meet the Clean Water Needs of Rural Communities Using Quality Function Deployment." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305012.
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The provision of clean water for all Indonesians is one of the objectives of the government that is still constrained by the limitations of the existing water supply infrastructure. Some areas, especially rural or remote areas, are still hard to reach by the clean water facilities of the Regional Water Company. Whereas the groundwater resources in this region are abundant but can't be explored optimally to meet the needs of clean water and proper consumption for the surrounding community. The availability of water is not balanced with its quality, especially as qualified water for consumption. Some other characteristics of rural areas such as poor sanitation and the presence of agricultural waste pollutants, result in groundwater quality being further away from the standard of consumption. Although there are some commercial water filtration technologies available, they are generally expensive, with limited capacity, and not intended for mass use. For that reason, a new breakthrough, by designing proper technology, which is not only affordable but also easy to use and have sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the community. This research used Quality Function Deployment followed by Functional Analysis Systems Technique to get the character of the user and design requirement of groundwater filtration technology which suitable with the community needs and water quality condition in rural areas. The result is a design of filtration technology consists of five main modules, namely filtration module, information module high voltage module, reactor module, and rack module. This design is expected to be the basis for developing clean water technologies for people in rural areas or others that are difficult to reach by the Regional Water Company infrastructure.
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Mitko, Krzysztof, and Marian Turek. "Membrane-Based Solutions for the Polish Coal Mining Industry." Membranes 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080638.
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Poland still relies largely on coal for energy generation, which creates environmental problems connected to the mining process, particularly the issue of saline waste water discharge. Membrane-based zero liquid discharge systems can be employed to recover important resources from coal mine waste waters, such as demineralized water, salt, magnesium hydroxide, and gypsum. In this paper, we present a historical overview of proposed membrane-based solutions for the Polish coal mining industry and discuss possible further areas of research.
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Kogelbauer, I., and W. Loiskandl. "Characterization of sediment layer composition in a shallow lake: from open water zones to reed belt areas." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2014): 12627–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-12627-2014.
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Abstract. Lake sediment characterization, a pre-requirement for the vulnerability assessment of lake ecosystems, demands reliable in situ methods for the characterization of the sediment layer composition. A unified characterization of lake sediments within different lake ecotopes (open water, open water patches within the reed, and the reed) is still a challenge. Each ecotope is covered by different classical scientific disciplines (hydrography and terrestrial remote sensing to soil physics) with their specific characterization methods. However, a complementary tool that bridges the gap between land- and hydrographic surveying methods is still missing. Therefore a combination of soil physical sensors (a capacitive sensor and a cone penetrometer) in a measuring system (CSPS) was introduced. CSPS is a non-acoustic device for the rapid in situ delineation of water-mud-consolidated lakebed interfaces. The system was successfully applied across the different ecotopes at the Neusiedler See, a well-mixed shallow lake rich in fine-grained sediments. The geo-referenced vertical CSPS profiles show ecotope-specific layer composition. The effect of wind induced turbidity, particle size, and electrical conductivity were analysed. The water–mud interface was precisely delineated at the open water due to a persistent high water content gradient, equivalent to a lutocline. The penetration resistance for open water showed either a shallow and highly-compacted consolidated lakebed or a consolidated lakebed with a partially compacted layer above; while in the reed the penetration resistance smoothly increased until reaching the deepest penetration depths.
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Zahia, Tigrine, Aburideh Hanane, Bellatreche Randha, Zioui Djamila, and Abbas Mohamed. "Water Desalination System: Experimental Study on the Performance of a Multi-Stage Still." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.546.
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This paper deals with engineering investigation and equipment design of a new multi-stage distillation system. The facility was designed in UDES center with the objective of increasing its productivity and improving its efficiency. Distillation device consists one of important process to produce fresh and clean water from brackish water that is abundant in many remote areas of south Algeria. In general, the production rate of the conventional solar still shows a daily production of 5 l/m2d which depends strongly on the material used and equipment design together with different factors. In comparison, Multi tray still mounted with four stages is more profitable in term of the output than a simple still. The various results, from which the effect of the boiler temperature Tb is presented in the range 75°C<Tb<95°C. The obtained results show that the first tray of the system produces about 33 liters of fresh water per day when the temperature of the evaporator efficiency is fixed at 96°C. Determinations of the output of each tray of the still are presented in this study. In fact, experimental data suggests that the tray number have a limit number to achieve a highest throughput with a most compact system. The analysis of the distilled water showed that its quality was within the international standards. We notice that water desalination with multi stage equipment is a good solution for a better output.
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Mulyanef, Duskiardi, and Rahmad Hidayat. "Performance Analysis of Sea Water Solar Still To Produce Fresh Water and Salt Using Flat Plate Collectors." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902013.
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Fresh Water and salt are the most important necessities in human life. The scarcity and the difficulty to get fresh water and salt became main problems that emerge in many places such as for people who live in coastal areas and small islands where their main source of water and salt is the sea water. In order to obtain fresh water, people needs to process seawater into fresh water and salt. The term of fresh water used here means water which is free from dirt, bacteria, and other substances that are harmful for human health. To process the sea water into fresh water and salt has been done by distillation technic. The distillation technic requires heat to evaporate seawater before condensed and produce clean water. Heat for distillation process can be derived from a variety of sources, one of them is solar energy. The purpose of this study is to compare between a flat plate with one slope cover and two slope cover to produce fresh water and salt. The distilled water was tested in laboratory to determine whether the quality of water and salt after distillation meets the consumable requirements. The working principle of the distillator is by filled the basin with sea water and then heated with solar power. The water will be evaporated and due to the different of temperature between inside and out side of cover so that the condensation accurs at inside of cover. The condensed water will flow through surface of glass cover and then the distilled freshwater gathered in storage. The process will continue until water runs out and creates salt crystals in the basin. Solar distillation testing by using one slope cover with a size of 140 cm x 220 cm produce 3,482 ml / day of clean water and 322 grams of salt / 4 days at average intensity of 697 W/m2. While solar distillation by using two-slope cover with size of 80 cm x 50 cm produce 1,551 ml clean water/day and 199.9 grams of salt / 4 days.
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Baratta, Adolfo F. L., Laura Calcagnini, Abdoulaye Deyoko, Fabrizio Finucci, Antonio Magarò, and Massimo Mariani. "Mitigation of the Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Construction of Delocalized Water Collection and Retention Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041673.
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This paper presents the results of a three-year research project aimed at addressing the issue of water shortage and retention/collection in drought-affected rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. The project consisted in the design, construction, and the upgrade of existing barrages near Kita, the regional capital of Kayes in Mali. The effort was led by the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University in partnership with the Onlus Gente d’Africa (who handled the on-the-ground logistics), the Department of Architecture of the University of Florence and the École Supérieure d’Ingénierie, d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme of Bamako, Mali. The practical realization of the project was made possible by Romagna Acque Società delle Fonti Ltd., a water utility supplying drinking water in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) that provided the financing as well as the operational contribution of AES Architettura Emergenza Sviluppo, a nonprofit association operating in the depressed areas of the world. The completion of the research project resulted in the replenishment of reservoirs and renewed presence of water in the subsoil of the surrounding areas. Several economic activities such as fishing and rice cultivation have spawned from the availability of water. The monitoring of these results is still ongoing; however, it is already possible to assess some critical issues highlighted, especially with the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic in the research areas.
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Yin, C. Q., C. F. Yang, B. Q. Shan, G. B. Li, and D. L. Wang. "Non-point pollution from China's rural areas and its countermeasures." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0405.
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Most lakes in the eastern part of China are eutrophic and non-point pollution accounts for more than half of the nutrient load to the lakes and reservoirs. Some efforts have been made to reduce the non-point source pollution in the catchments of sensitive water bodies. Technologies for the control of non-point pollution in Chinese rural areas are multipond systems, biogas fermentation, hilly area ecological agriculture, constructed wetlands, ecotone engineering and others. They are effective in the removal of nutrients from the runoff water or reduction of waste, and they are used with multi-purposes. To control non-point pollution, the cooperation with farmers and other residents in the countryside is the key to success, and the program has to consider their benefits. There are still many difficulties with its control, and more efforts are needed to develop suitable technologies and environmental education.
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Hasnain Hadi, Hashim, Imran Khan, Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad Mushtaque, and Salman Masroor. "Comparative Analysis of Glass Fiber Sheet and Crepe Paper for a Wick Type Floating Solar Still." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2003.08.
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Water is a prerequisite for the existence of life on earth. Rapid growth in the global population and industrialization have created a dearth of freshwater resources. Escalating water scarcity suggests that the use of passive solar stills is the most suitable and viable option in the arid and semi-arid areas around the world. In this study, the yield of wick type floating solar still is experimentally investigated for different wick materials. Capillary rise and absorbency of two different absorbers are considered as performance parameters for analysis of the research. Based on results, crepe paper with absorbency (1.8s) and capillary rise (112mm/h) proved a better absorber for higher productivity of the still. The efficiency of still with crepe paper was observed to be 16.68% higher than that of glass fiber sheet when applied in still during the investigation. The maximum internal temperature and the productivity of still were 9.1°C and 0.8 L/day respectively higher when crepe paper was used instead of a glass fiber sheet as a wicking material.
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Nurzanah, Tri Noviyanti, Zakianis Zakianis, Bambang Wispriyono, and Athena Anwar. "SANITASI DAN AIR MINUM DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN DAN PEDESAAN DI PROVINSI BENGKULU (ANALISIS DATA POTENSI DESA 2018)." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 18, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.v3i18.2471.
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ABSTRACT
Bengkulu Province is the fourth-lowest province in Indonesia for sanitation facilities and drinking water availability. The difference in socioeconomic conditions and very low access to sanitation in Bengkulu Province poses a major challenge to ensuring water and sanitation services for all, so as to attempt to control a large number of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of sanitation and drinking water between urban and rural areas in Bengkulu Province. Data analyzed were Village Potential data (PODES) in 2018 and the sample were 148 villages. Research results show that sanitation facilities and the availability of clean water in urban areas are better than in rural areas. In rural areas the majority of sewage is unsanitary or without latrines/open defecation, garbage disposal is carried out by dumping it into the pit of natural soil or being burnt, the sewage is still open, the water source is still a dug well as a source of clean water. In conclusion, there are still gaps in terms of access to sanitation in rural areas and urban safe drinking water. An evaluation is needed to increase community access to sanitation in rural areas and drinking water in cities.
Keywords: Saniation, drinking water, urban areas, rural areas
ABSTRAK
Provinsi Bengkulu merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan sarana sanitasi dan ketersediaan air minum ke empat terendah di Indonesia. Perbedaan kondisi sosial ekonomi dan akses sanitasi yang sangat rendah di Provinsi Bengkulu menimbulkan tantangan besar untuk memastikan layanan air dan sanitasi bagi semua, sehingga membantu mengendalikan sejumlah besar penyakit menular. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran sanitasi dan air minum antara wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan di Provinsi Bengkulu. Data yang dianalisis adalah data Potensi Desa (PODES) tahun 2018 dengan unit analisis desa. Jumlah sampel sebesar 148 desa di daerah perkotaan dan perdesaan di Provinsi Bengkulu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sarana sanitasi dan ketersediaan air bersih di wilayah perkotaan lebih baik daripada di wilayah perdesaan. Di wilayah perdesaan mayoritas pembuangan tinja tidak saniter atau tanpa jamban/buang air besar sembarangan, pembuangan sampah dilakukan sdengan membuang ke dalam lubang tanah atau dibakar, saluran pembuangan air limbah masih terbuka, dan sumber air adalah sumur gali sebagai sumber air bersih. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih terdapat kesenjangan dalam hal akses sanitasi dan air minum antara di perdesaan dan perkotaan. Perlu adanya evaluasi peningkatan akses masyarakat terhadap sanitasi di pedesaan dan air minum di perkotaan.
Kata kunci: Sanitasi, air minum, perkotaan, pedesaan
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Gomez, Mabel, Jordi Perdiguero, and Alex Sanz. "Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Water Access in Rural Areas of Low and Middle Income Countries." Water 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020202.
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Worldwide, 844 million people still lack access to basic drinking water, especially in the rural areas of low and middle income countries. However, considerable progress has been made in recent years due to work on the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals. Nevertheless, countries’ national characteristics have often impacted on this progress. This paper analyzes whether specific socioeconomic factors affect access to improved water sources in the rural areas of developing countries. In particular, we analyze access to ‘total improved’, piped on premises, as well as other improved sources of access in rural areas for low income, low-middle income, and high-middle income countries. Our results suggest that gross national income (GNI); female primary completion rate; agriculture; growth of rural population; and governance indicators, such as political stability, control of corruption, or regulatory quality are variables related to water access, although specific associations depend on the source of water and income group examined. Understanding these interrelations could be of great importance for decision makers in the water sector as well as for future research on this topic.
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Ibrahim, Ghaleb, and Husham M. Ahmed. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Solar Still with Integrated Built-in Condenser." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23022.
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Water scarcity is one of the most important problems in Middle East and North Africa. Many researchers believe that solar distillation is the best solution to solve water scarcity, especially since these areas are characterized by abundant solar energy most days of the year. One of the main disadvantages of solar distillates is the low rate of production and therefore the research focuses on the factors that many enhance and improve the rates of production of the solar stills. In this paper, the performance of a passive built in condenser incorporated into a solar still is studied theoretically and experimentally using. A theoretical framework is developed to forecast the productivity performance (accumulated and hourly), the temperatures of the various elements of the stills. The theoretical and experimental results were compared together and discussed thoroughly. Both theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement. The behaviors of both agree well with each other and have similar trends.
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Vopravil, J., T. Khel, K. Voplakal, and M. Čermáková. "The impact of artificial drainage on water quality in two model areas in the bohemian forest foothills." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 3 (October 31, 2008): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2008-swr.
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This contribution arises from a broader research assignment dealing with the changes in soil properties and characteristics which have occurred following the artificial drainage of some agricultural soils in the Czech Republic. The current state is statistically compared with the state before the drainage. Thanks to the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation database, extensive sets of historical data are available. To enable a more detailed evaluation of the changes discovered, we chose two smaller study areas with different soil use. In the first area (Haklovy Dvory – arable land) there is intensive use of the soil, while in the other area (Železná – pastures) the use is not intensive. Historical data from about 30 years ago on the quality of surface and ground (well) water in the Železná area were taken as a starting point. The same types of water quality analyses were then made with water samples taken semi-annually in the Železná area since 2004 and once only (in 2005) in the Haklovy Dvory area. That led to the creation of an extensive body of information of water quality in the study areas. Within the framework of this information, the recent data, being still constantly supplemented, and the historical data on tile drainage, surface (stream) and underground (well) water quality are compared. In the course of the monitoring we focused on the following chemical indicators in the water: pH, alkalinity-acidity, total hardness, the concentrations of selected cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium, ammonia) and most important anions (bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides) and the electrical conductivity of the water. Individual samplings of surface and tile drainage water were, on the basis of the above mentioned analytical data, assigned appropriate quality categories according to the five-level pollution classification system defined by surface water quality standard (ČSN 75 7221). In Železná, no pronounced water pollution was found during the entire course of the monitoring, with the exception of one sampling point in the vicinity of which there was once a farmyard manure heap. By contrast, in the intensively managed Haklovy Dvory study area there was evidence of significant pollution of all tile drainage water samples. This finding supports our hypothesis about a direct impact of the type of agriculture practised in the area on the quality of tile drainage water. Both the use of fertilizers for agricultural crops and the intensive tillage of the soil have a commensurately large negative impact on the quality of tile drainage water and, subsequently, on the quality of water in surface watercourses.
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Liu, Hong-Yao, and Li-Hua Wen. "Evaluation of Agricultural Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Taihang Mountain Area." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101123.
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Based on the relevant data of nature, society, economics and water resources of eight sub-areas of Taihang Mountain from 2016, this paper selected six main evaluation factors including use efficiency of water resources, water deficient ratio, irrigation ration of arable land, precipitation amount of precipitation, per capita water resources and ecological water use ratio, and quantitatively researched water resources carrying capacity of eight sub-areas by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The evaluated results show that the comprehensive grade of the study area was higher than 0.614, and the current water exploitation and utilization have reached a considerable scale, but still has certain potentiality. Overall, water resources supply and demand are able to partly satisfy the regional development in the the study area. For the eight sub-areas, the water resources carrying capacity status is very different. Handan, Xingtai and Shijiazhuang have a weak water resources carrying capacity, while water resources carrying capacity of other sub-areas is relatively strong. Finally, according to different regions of the water resources carrying condition, this paper puts forward the corresponding measures in Taihang Mountain Area.
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Weyand, Michael, and Ludgerus Rullich. "River rehabilitation in urban areas – restrictions, possibilities and positive results." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.145.
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Abstract Reaching the goal of good ecological status stipulated by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is generally difficult in German rivers. Appropriate habitat conditions for multiple and abundant incidence of flora and fauna are still missing. Existing water bodies, particularly in urban areas, are extremely affected by anthropogenic-induced pressures, resulting in reinforced river bottoms and river banks. In such regions, river rehabilitation is a challenging task and often requires a step by step approach to alter the given conditions. Nevertheless, work must be done and may create successful results as in the case of the Sprockhoevel creek. Over recent years this 11-km-long river in the western and industrialised part of the Ruhr River basin has partly been changed in shape to better resemble nature. Such change implies the widening of the river bed, the improvement of the river bottom by inserting natural gravel substrate, the removal of drop structures and the construction of a new river bed. Presently, this part of the river has again become a valuable habitat for aquatic life. Moreover, the area surrounding the rehabilitated Sprockhoevel creek is now also attractive for the neighbourhood community. Rehabilitation projects have the additional effects of reconnecting people to nature, encouraging public interest in near-natural aquatic systems, and catalysing further investments in similar projects.
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Santos, João Almeida, Maria Cristina Sanches Amorim, and Arnoldo José De Hoyos Guevara. "WATER GOVERNANCE: THE FUTURE OF GROWTH WITH FOOD AND WATER." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i3p118-128.
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Forecasts for the next four decades are warning about shortage of water and food, particularly in developing economies. The demand for food will increase because of population growth, especially in developing economies. The problem is reinforced by the lack of water and reduction in food production. Today the consumption of water for food production is high because people do not realize that this is a scarce resource and that can definitely missing. We must create a policy for the management of water and that people are informed that it is not possible to use the feature without any control. The governance of water is important to establish ways and use control mechanisms and implementation of the resource in the various production processes. The waste during the manufacturing process is very high because: a) there is no control on the amount that should be applied to each type of agricultural product; b) the irrigation process is still done by equipment spraying water in large quantities; c) as water is still abundant for the current agricultural production in producing countries, there is no investment in machinery or equipment that can reduce water consumption; d) government authorities in developing countries do not plan and do not make any kind of control on the use of water or water governance; e) the food production process is carried out intensively and in large areas, it produces a single product and this requires large amounts of water.
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Kadhum, Najim Abed, Najm Abid Jassim, and Kamal Hussien Lateef. "Thermal Modeling of Solar Still Coupled with Heat Pipes and Experimental Validation." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.06.14.
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Water is the basis of the existence of all kinds of life, so obtaining it with good quality represents a challenge to human existence and development especially in the desert and remote cities because these areas contain small populations and water purification requires great materials and huge amounts of fossil fuels resulting pollution of the environment. Cheap and environmentally friendly desalination methods have been done by using solar distillations. Passive solar stills have low yields, so in this research, the problem is overcome by connecting four heat pipes which are installed on the parabolic concentrator reflector with passive solar still to increase the temperature of hot water to more than 90°C, as a result, the yield increases. An extensive theory is studied to manufacture two systems: the first consists of passive solar still has dimensions are 1000 mm × 500 mm and the glass cover tilted at the angle 33°. It is approximately equal to the latitude of the city of Baghdad [(Latitude: (33.34° N) Longitude: (44.4° E)]. This gives 5.04 kg/m2.day, the second solar still which is associated with 4 heat pipes gives a water yield of about 7. 2 kg/m2.day. This means that the improvement in the daily production of distilled water is 50 % over the productivity of the passive solar still All results above are calculated when the depth of water is 1. 5 cm. In addition, heat balance for each part of the system is achieved and calculations of the performance of the solar still are done by using the program in the language of Matlab. All these results are compared with the experimental ones of different depths of water (1.5 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm) which are taken from the experimental part to ensure the system reliability at different weather conditions in Baghdad throughout the year and to give a good approach. The system associated with heat pipes gives promising results and can be widely used for its abundant productivity and durability of its components. (TDS) and (pH) value are carried out in the laboratory and it is found that water is safe and pure for drinking.
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Aziza, Nadya Nur, and Endah Djuwendah. "The Feasibility of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat Ecotourism as Tourist Destination Areas." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 5, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v5i1.137.
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Jatigede Reservoir area has potential to be a Tourist Destination Area. This area has two ecotourism that are Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat. The area will be used as a Tourism Special Economic Zone (Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus). This research purpose is to find out how the feasibility of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat Ecotourism as tourist destinations. The design used is qualitative with a case research approach. The result of the research showes that Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat have not fulfill the principle of ecotourism. Puncak Damar Ecotourism has attractions, (1) the views of Jatigede Reservoir, (2) taking pictures at viewdeck, (3) camping, (4) offroad. While in Tanjung Duriat, that are (1) the view of the Jatigede Reservoir, (2) taking photos in tree towers, (3) camping, (4) fishing, (5) boating. In terms of accessibility, the road conditions of both ecotourism are damaged and rocky and there is no public transportation. The facilities of the infrastructure in both ecotourism are not yet complete. The obstacles in Puncak Damar Ecotourism are (1) damaged road conditions, (2) no clean water, (3) no food stall that operate, (4) relations between managers. In Tanjung Duriat there obstacles are: (1) damaged road conditions, (2) no electricity system, (3) relations between managers. Both of these ecotourism are still not feasible for tourist destinations. It is because there are still many attractions that cannot support tourism activities at Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat Ecotourism objects.
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Grice, D., G. Caughley, and J. Short. "Density and DIstribution of Emus." Wildlife Research 12, no. 1 (1985): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850069.
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Emus are most abundant in areas used for extensive sheep grazing. Their density is lower in grain-growing areas, lower still in areas used for extensive cattle grazing, and lowest in those areas that are not used for any commercial purpose (mainly deserts). This pattern of emu density appears to be linked to climatic factors determining the availability of food during breeding, to the availability of naturally occurring and artificially stored surface water, and to the prevalence of dingos.
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Nygaard, Erik, Vibeke Ernstsen, Carsten S. Jacobsen, Ole H. Jacobsen, René K. Juhler, Peter Van der Keur, Svend E. Olesen, Jim Rasmussen, Per Rosenberg, and Henrik Vosgerau. "Pesticide leaching in Danish groundwater: identification of vulnerable areas." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 4 (July 20, 2004): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v4.4774.
Full textAbstract:
In Denmark the supply of drinking water is based almost solely on groundwater. During the past few decades Danish groundwater monitoring has encountered numerous instances of pollution with pesticides and their metabolites (GEUS 2003a). As a result, some hundreds of abstraction wells out of about 8000 in general water supply have been closed. With this background, there is a particular concern for reducing the leaching of pesticides into the groundwater. In the present study an approach for identification of areas potentially prone to pesticide leaching is described. The potential risk of leaching of pesticides from agricultural areas into groundwater is minimised through a procedure of approval; however, some leaching still occurs (GEUS 2003b). The Danish counties are therefore obliged to identify areas where there is a particular risk of pesticide leaching, and where restrictions in use of pesticides may be introduced to reduce the risk (Miljøstyrelsen 2000). The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DJF) have carried out a project, focusing on sandy agricultural areas, that attempts to establish the necessary background knowledge for identifying areas particularly prone to pesticide leaching. The project aims to distinguish vulnerable and less vulnerable areas, both locally and nationwide, in a cost-effective way.
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Lowatanatrakul, Wanchai. "The Provincial Water Supply in Thailand and the Water Decade." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0419.
Full textAbstract:
In order to comply with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Plan (1981-1990), the Thai Government has set up a target that by the year 1990 not less than 95 percent of the Thai population, or more than 50 million persons, will be served with clean water, compared with 40 percent at the outset of the Decade. However, in 1985, due to several constraints, the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) revised its own target to cover only about 70% by the end of 1990. In 1988 it was estimated that about 2.883 million people in PWA's service areas or about 58.0 percent can be served by PWA's systems. If the number of population in service areas increases by 2.5% per year, PWA has to increase the number of connections at the rate of 12.62% per year for the remaining two years of the Decade in order to meet the 7 0% coverage target in 1990. A budget of about 7,485 million baht (US $299 million) was allocated in FY 1980-89 for the expansion of water supply systems and services. It was estimated that the budget in 1990 should not be less than 1,950 million baht if the same target is to be accomplished. At any rate, there are still many constraints that could hamper the achievement, such as:–inadequate water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality due, to a great extent, to deforestation and pollution from factories and farming activities, etc.–inadequate manpower and equipment,–inadequate budget.–inadequate tariff, since the present tariff only covers operating expenditure but not future capital investments.
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Makropoulos, C., D. Butler, and Ĉ. Maksimoviċ. "GIS supported evaluation of source control applicability in urban areas." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0487.
Full textAbstract:
Although considerable effort is being expended to quantify the phenomena involved in source control and to produce guidelines for its application, there is still a lack of reliable, site-specific implementation methodologies. This study, using the multi-parameter handling capabilities of a geographical information system (IDRISI - GIS), aims to provide a methodological approach to source control implementation, taking into account both theoretical concepts and spatial characteristics of the implementation site. This is achieved by the creation of suitability maps for source control implementation using IDRISI-GIS and semi-hypothetical data from a case study catchment (Klisa in Novi-Sad, Yugoslavia). The existing drainage system and the receiving canals were introduced in the GIS, together with a digital terrain model, land use information and information on soil characteristics, connectivity to the system, and groundwater levels. Suitability maps were produced based on a theoretical criteria set created for the purposes of this research. The results indicate that GIS has a significant potential as a tool for site specific source control implementation, analysis and quantification, not only due to its inherent spatial information handling capabilities, but also due to its “human readability”..
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Mukherjee, Subham, Pradip Kumar Sikdar, Sukdeb Pal, and Brigitta Schütt. "Assessment of Environmental Water Security of an Asian Deltaic Megacity and Its Peri-Urban Wetland Areas." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052772.
Full textAbstract:
Achieving urban water security requires sustaining the trade-offs between the exploitation of water/environmental resources and ecosystem services. This achievement not only reduces the pollution and contamination in the environment, level of water stress, but also secures good ambient water quality and future for people’s well-being and livelihoods. Changes in land use and land cover and growth of impervious structures can immediately generate severe ecological and social issues and increase the level of natural or manmade risks, affecting the condition of ecosystem services within and in the vicinity of an urban region. As a result of these transformations and further exploitation, due to the growing anthropogenic pressure, surface water and groundwater quality can be deteriorated compared to ambient water quality standards (for both chemical and biological pollutants). Based on land use and land cover (LULC) data retrieved from remote sensing interpretation, we computed the changes of the ecosystem service values (ESV) associated with the LULC dynamics, water quality and, finally, urban water security during the pre- and post-monsoon periods of 2009, 2014 and 2019 in Kolkata, an Asian deltaic megacity, and its peri-urban wetlands named East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). The area under wetlands reduced comprehensively in 2009–2019 due to the conversion of wetlands into various other classes such as urban settlement, etc. The quality of surface water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, canals and inland wetlands) deteriorated. The groundwater quality is still under control, but the presence of arsenic, manganese and other metals are a clear indication of urban expansion and related activities in the area. As a result, there was a change in the ESV during this timeframe. In the pre-monsoon period, there was an increase in total ESV from US$53.14 million in 2009 to US$53.36 million and US$59.01 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. In the post-monsoon period, the ESV decreased from US$67.42 million in 2009 to US$64.13 and US$61.89 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. These changes can be attributed to the peri-urban wetlands and the benefits or services arising out of them that contribute more than 50% of the total ESV. This study found that the area under wetlands has reduced comprehensively in the past 10 years due to the conversion of wetlands for various other uses such as urban expansion of the Kolkata City, but still, this peri-urban wetland supports the urban water security by providing sufficient ecosystem services. In conclusion, the transformation in extent of the water-related ecosystem is a crucial indicator of urban water security, which also measures the quantity of water contained in various water-related ecosystems. Quantitative analysis of the LULC change, hence, is important for studying the corresponding impact on the ecosystem service value (ESV) and water quality that helps in decision-making in securing urban water future and ecosystem conservation.
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Sridhar, M. K. C., O. T. Okareh, and M. Mustapha. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Some Selected LGAs in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (August 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6532512.
Full textAbstract:
Access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities is a basic necessity for human livelihood, survival, and well-being. Adequate WASH facilities provision is a critical issue to most developing countries around the world including Nigeria. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding WASH are integral to effective and sustainable WASH facilities provision. This study assessed the level of knowledge, behavior, and practices towards water, sanitation, and hygiene in Kaduna state, Nigeria, with a view to ensuring sustainable WASH facilities intervention in the region. Data collection tools included spot check observation and questionnaire involving 854 participants, selected from five local government areas (LGAs): Chikun, Kajuru, Soba, Kachia, and Zango Kataf. From the results, major drinking water sources were surface waters (52.5%) and unprotected hand dug wells (44.8%); only 46.2% treated their water supply and few (16.6%) used chlorination method. Pit latrine toilets were the major (76.5%) excreta disposal means, and open defecation practices were widespread (41.4%). Level of personal and environmental hygiene understanding was fairly good in all the local government areas, and 65.4% claimed to use water and soap for washing hands after defecation. Incidence of water related diseases is generally low in the area. Despite the commendable findings in the study areas, communities are still at risk due to lack of safe water supply and poor practices of home treatment and excreta disposal. Therefore provision of WASH facilities and WASH education is fundamental for ensuring public health in the study area.
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Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, Giorgos Somarakis, Stavros Stagakis, Zina Mitraka, Man-Sing Wong, and Hung-Chak Ho. "Monitoring and Evaluating Nature-Based Solutions Implementation in Urban Areas by Means of Earth Observation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081503.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change influences the vulnerability of urban populations worldwide. To improve their adaptive capacity, the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS) in urban areas has been identified as an appropriate action, giving urban planning and development an important role towards climate change adaptation/mitigation and risk management and resilience. However, the importance of extensively applying NBS is still underestimated, especially regarding its potential to induce significantly positive environmental and socioeconomic impacts across cities. Concerning environmental impacts, monitoring and evaluation is an important step of NBS management, where earth observation (EO) can contribute. EO is known for providing valuable disaggregated data to assess the modifications caused by NBS implementation in terms of land cover, whereas the potential of EO to uncover the role of NBS in urban metabolism modifications (e.g., energy, water, and carbon fluxes and balances) still remains underexplored. This study reviews the EO potential in the monitoring and evaluation of NBS implementation in cities, indicating that satellite observations combined with data from complementary sources may provide an evidence-based approach in terms of NBS adaptive management. EO-based tools can be applied to assess NBS’ impacts on urban energy, water, and carbon balances, further improving our understanding of urban systems dynamics and supporting sustainable urbanization.
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Wang, Fu Ping, and Si Fa Ding. "Zig Bee-Based Wireless Sensor Network Design of Irrigation Systems." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.584.
Full textAbstract:
For irrigated areas still follow the traditional irrigation, causing serious water wastage. In this paper, chip CC2530 Zig Bee wireless network as the core, development and design coordinator nodes, routing nodes and devices terminal node, complete the irrigated areas of intelligent water-saving irrigation control system for wireless sensor networks networking structures. Equipment terminal node is responsible for collecting soil moisture data, the data is sent directly through the route or to the coordinator node, the coordinator node for data aggregation and passed to the intelligent controller, through the intelligent controller to make an accurate judgment, the implementation of efficient water-saving intelligent irrigation.