Journal articles: 'Sterile lemma'

1

Zhang, Jun, Hao Zheng, Xiaoqin Zeng, Hui Zhuang, Honglei Wang, Jun Tang, Huan Chen, Yinghua Ling, and Yunfeng Li. "Characterization and Gene Mapping of non-open hull 1 (noh1) Mutant in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020056.

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Hull opening is a key physiological process during reproductive development, strongly affecting the subsequent fertilization and seed development in rice. In this study, we characterized a rice mutant, non-open hull 1 (noh1), which was derived from ethylmethane-sulfonate (EMS)-treated Xinong 1B (Oryza sativa L.). All the spikelets of noh1 developed elongated and thin lodicules, which caused the failure of hull opening and the cleistogamy. In some spikelets of the noh1, sterile lemmas transformed into hull-like organs. qPCR analysis indicated that the expression of A- and E-function genes was significantly upregulated, while the expression of some B-function genes was downregulated in the lodicules of noh1. In addition, the expression of A-function genes was significantly upregulated, while the expression of some sterile-lemma maker genes was downregulated in the sterile lemma of noh1. These data suggested that the lodicule and sterile lemma in noh1 mutant gained glume-like and lemma-like identity, respectively. Genetic analysis showed that the noh1 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. The NOH1 gene was mapped between the molecular markers ZJ-9 and ZJ-25 on chromosome 1 with a physical region of 60 kb, which contained nine annotated genes. These results provide a foundation for the cloning and functional research of NOH1 gene.

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2

Yoshida, A., T. Suzaki, W. Tanaka, and H. Y. Hirano. "The homeotic gene long sterile lemma (G1) specifies sterile lemma identity in the rice spikelet." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 47 (November 9, 2009): 20103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907896106.

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Ren, Deyong, Jiang Hu, Qiankun Xu, Yuanjiang Cui, Yu Zhang, Tingting Zhou, Yuchun Rao, et al. "FZP determines grain size and sterile lemma fate in rice." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 20 (July 19, 2018): 4853–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery264.

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YANG, D. W., X. F. YE, X. H. ZHENG, C. P. CHENG, N. YE, L. B. LU, F. H. HUANG, and Q. Q. LI. "Identification and fine mapping of lemma-distortion1, a single recessive gene playing an essential role in the development of lemma in rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 6 (January 19, 2016): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000866.

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SUMMARYFloral organ development influences plant reproduction and crop yield. The mechanism of floral organ specification is generally conserved in angiosperms as demonstrated by the ‘ABC’ model. However, mechanisms underlying the development of floral organs in specific groups of species such as grasses remain unclear. In the genus Oryza (rice), a spikelet consists of a fertile floret sub-tended by a lemma, a palea, two sterile lemmas and rudimentary glumes. To understand how the lemma is formed, a curve-shaped lemma-distortion1 (ld1) mutant was identified. Genetic analysis confirmed that the ld1 mutant phenotype was due to a single recessive gene mutation. Using a large F2 population, the LD1 gene was mapped between markers Indel-7-15 and Indel-7-18, which encompassed a region of 15·6 kilo base pairs (kbp). According to rice genome annotations, two putative genes, LOC_Os07g32510 and LOC_Os07g32520, were located in this candidate region. However, DNA sequencing results indicated only 1 base pair (bp) substitution (T⇨C) was found in LOC_Os07g32510 between the wild-type and the ld1 mutant. Thus LOC_Os07g32510, encoding a DNA binding with one zinc finger (DoF) containing protein, was the candidate gene for LD1. Further analysis showed that mutation of the amino acid cysteine (C) to arginine (R) was likely to lead to zinc finger protein deactivation. Phylogenetic and conservation analysis of the gene from different species revealed that cysteine was critical to LD1 function. As a new gene controlling lemma development, the study of LD1 could provide insights into rice floral organ formation mechanisms.

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Zhang, Ting, Yunfeng Li, Ling Ma, Xianchun Sang, Yinghua Ling, Yantong Wang, Peng Yu, et al. "LATERAL FLORET 1 induced the three-florets spikelet in rice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (August 28, 2017): 9984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700504114.

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The spikelet is a unique inflorescence structure in grass. The molecular mechanisms behind the development and evolution of the spikelet are far from clear. In this study, a dominant rice mutant, lateral florets 1 (lf1), was characterized. In the lf1 spikelet, lateral floral meristems were promoted unexpectedly and could generally blossom into relatively normal florets. LF1 encoded a class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) protein, and the site of mutation in lf1 was located in a putative miRNA165/166 target sequence. Ectopic expression of both LF1 and the meristem maintenance gene OSH1 was detected in the axil of the sterile lemma primordia of the lf1 spikelet. Furthermore, the promoter of OSH1 could be bound directly by LF1 protein. Collectively, these results indicate that the mutation of LF1 induces ectopic expression of OSH1, which results in the initiation of lateral meristems to generate lateral florets in the axil of the sterile lemma. This study thus offers strong evidence in support of the “three-florets spikelet” hypothesis in rice.

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Jiang, Liangrong, Zhenzhong Zhu, Rongyu Huang, Yumin Huang, Houcong Wang, Jingsheng Zheng, and Xunjun Fang. "Mapping and allelic sequencing of a long sterile lemma trait in rice." Bragantia 76, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.098.

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Kim, Woo-Jin, Cheryl Adeva, Hyun-Sook Lee, Yun-A. Jeon, Kyu-Chan Shim, and Sang-Nag Ahn. "Genetic Analysis of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Sterile Lemma and Apiculus in Rice." Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9787/pbb.2020.8.4.378.

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8

Wang, Yidong, Shanshan Wei, Yubing He, Lang Yan, Rongchen Wang, and Yunde Zhao. "Synergistic roles of LAX1 and FZP in the development of rice sterile lemma." Crop Journal 8, no. 1 (February 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2019.06.006.

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Kharel, Raju, Sujan Subedi, Diwas Ghimire, and Suraj Shrestha. "Characterization of Nepalese rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces for qualitative traits." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50509.

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The characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces enables to identify phenotypically unique variables which certainly aid in rice breeding program. So, an experiment was conducted in alpha designed to characterize 188 rice landraces from NAGRC (National Agriculture Genetic Resources center) Nepal for their qualitative agromorphologies in research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan in 2020 AD. Twenty-nine qualitative variables viz; twelve leaf characters, six culm characters, four panicle character and seven grain characters were observed and 26 characters revealed diverse trait expressions for each variable in experimented 188 rice accessions. Two leaf characters namely ligule colour and flag leaf attitude for early observation and one grain character (stigma colour for early observation) showed no variation among studied rice accessions. The intensity of green colour of leaf blade, culm lodging resistance and culm habit, secondary branching of panicle, and lemma and palea colour, lemma apiculus colour and sterile lemma colour, elucidated the higher variation in studied characters. The distinction revealed in qualitative characters approves the presence of abundant phenotypic diversity in the landraces assemblage and that eventually signifies the efficient and effective utilization of landrace in rice breeding programs.

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CAI, ZHUO-YU, and NIAN-HE XIA. "The floral morphology of Ferrocalamus rimosivaginus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)." Phytotaxa 498, no. 4 (May 5, 2021): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.4.4.

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Flowering material of Ferrocalamus rimosivaginus has been identified, allowing its analysis and description. The unit of inflorescence of the synflorescences of F. rimosivaginus is panicle-like and its fruit is berry-like. Ferrocalamus rimosivaginus differs from F. strictus in its rachilla puberulent except on its adaxial surface, the first glume with a glabrous apex, the abaxially glabrous lemma with an acute mucronate apex, and the palea with the surfaces between keels apically pubescent and progressively less pubescent towards the glabrous base. An epitype is designated to support the sterile holotype.

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SÁNCHEZ-KEN, J. GABRIEL. "Digitaria clarkei (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae) a new species with paniculate synflorescence and D. costaricensis a new record from Mexico." Phytotaxa 321, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.321.1.6.

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Digitaria clarkiae, a new species from the states of Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in México, is described and illustrated. The new species is compared to species of sect. Pennatae (D. arenicola, D. cognata and D. pubiflora) with so-called paniculate synflorescences, and to species of sect. Trichachne (e.g., D. patens), with which it shares an elongated rachilla between the glumes and the florets called the “stipe” and unequal spaces between the veins of the sterile lemma. Because the new species shares characteristics with both sections, its probable sectional affiliation based on morphological characters remains unclear, leaving it as incertae sedis in the genus. Digitaria costaricensis of section Debiles (Aequiglumae) is a new record from Veracruz, México.

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Roy, Koushik, Mrityunjay Ghosh, B. Das, A. Paul, DK De, and TK Ghose. "Agro-morphological and molecular characterization of traditional scented Radhatilak rice of lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2019.56.3.10.

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Radhatilak, an indigenous tall-indica type scented rice, is presently cultivated in small pockets in 3-4 districts within lower gangetic plains of West Bengal, India. With a view to register as a farmers' variety, its agro-morphological characterization was done at 'C' Block Farm, B.C.K.V., Kalyani, West Bengal during kharif (wet) season of 2012, 2013 and 2014 following DUS test guidelines of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV&FRA). The variety has late heading (115-120 days) and late maturity (140-150 days), which produces long-statured plants (130-140 cm height) with no anthocyanin colouration on leaf blade and sheath, nodes and internodes. The colour of lemma and palea is golden-yellow with red or reddish-purple spot at tip at maturity, while sterile lemma is red in colour. The awnless grains are short in length (6.3 mm) with very low test weight (10.95 g). The white- coloured kernels are short-bold in shape with low amylose (18.6%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali value 3.3) and medium-strong aroma. Twenty three SSR markers were used for DNA amplification profiling of Radhatilak rice against non-aromatic international check variety IR 36. The study could identify two markers (RM 339 and RM 341) which can clearly distinguish Radhatilak and IR 36 (182.39 vs. 143.09 bp and 135.39 vs. 174.97 bp, respectively).

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Ghosh, Mrityunjay, DM Pyngrope, Sripriya Das, B. Das, Koushik Roy, Sibajee Banerjee, J. Gorain, Sutanu Sarkar, and TK Ghose. "Morpho-genetic characterization of black-husked small-grain aromatic rice landrace Kalojira of West Bengal." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 60, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2023.60.2.14.

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The morpho-genetic characterization of Kalojira, a black-husked non-Basmati type scented rice landrace, was done at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Kalyani, West Bengal, India during kharif (wet) season of 2013, 2014 for DUS test, followed by 2019 and 2020 for confirmation of recorded traits, and molecular study was conducted at Bose Institute, Kolkata. The long-statured plants (scale 7, 140-150 cm height) had less foliage and stiff culm with late heading (119±4 days) and late maturity (scale 7, 151±4 days). The bi-sexual flower of the genotype consisted of six yellow-coloured plump anthers and an ovary with white-coloured feathery stigma. The short-sized matured grain (4.9 mm) had black coloured lemma-palea without awn, purple sterile lemma and low test weight (13.1 g). The white-coloured short-bold type kernels (length 3.7 mm and width 2.1 mm) had low amylose content (18.0%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali spreading value 3.1) and medium-strong aroma (score 2.4). The DNA-based study using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed that four markers (RM 149, RM 339, RM 341 and RM 569) made greater genetic distances (276 vs. 247 bp, 180 vs. 143 bp, 141 vs. 175 bp, and 194 vs. 168 bp, respectively) between Kalojira and IR 36 in the investigation.

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Gibbs Russell, G. E. "Taxonomy of the genus Ehrharta (Poaceae) in southern Africa: the Setacea group." Bothalia 17, no. 1 (October 23, 1987): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v17i1.1016.

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The Setacea species group in the genus Ehrharta Thunb. is differentiated morphologically by the short first sterile lemma and by inflorescences of fewer than 20 spikelets. The Setacea group is composed of two species, each with subspecies linked by intraspecific intermediates: E. rupestris Nees ex Trin. subsp. rupestris; subsp. tricostata (Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. dodii (Stapf) Gibbs Russell and E. setacea Nees subsp. setacea; subsp. scabra (Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. uniflora (Burch, ex Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. disticha Gibbs Russell. All taxa are endemic to the Fynbos vegetation of the south-western Cape Province, with distribution centred in the Caledon degree grid (3419). Parallel trends for plant size and habit, leaf blade width and position, and spikelet size are demonstrated in both species, with similar plant types occurring in similar geographical areas.

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Ren, Deyong, Yunfeng Li, Fangming Zhao, Xianchun Sang, Junqiong Shi, Nan Wang, Shuang Guo, et al. "MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1, Which Encodes an AP2/ERF Protein, Determines Spikelet Meristem Fate and Sterile Lemma Identity in Rice." Plant Physiology 162, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 872–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.216044.

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Roy, Bidhan, Surje Dinesh Tulsiram, Swarnajit Debbarman, Gadge Sushant Sundarrao, Monish Roy, Pallabi Saha, Sagnik Poddar, Utpal Maity, Murali H.A., and Ranjeet Kumar. "Conservation and successful utilization of landraces for rice improvement." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 1&2 (February 1, 2022): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021815-2137.

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Germplasm is the basis of all plant improvement programmes. The collected landraces of rice possessed high probability of the useful genes for efficient application in the breeding programmes to develop high yielding varieties with quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Those landraces needs to be conserved ex situ or in situ. In the rice repository of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari has about 200 landraces collected from West Bengal, Assam and Manipur. Every Kharif season, they are being cultivated and seeds are collected to conserve since 2008. High variability has been observed among those varieties. Some special characteristics also have been identified during characterization and ex situ conservation of those landraces, such as, long and white sterile lemma, double and triple kernelled spikelets. Important landraces were used as donor in rice improvement. A number of desirable mutants, recombinant lines and somaclones have been have been developed which are in different yield trials. Some pure lines also have been isolated from the collected famers’ varieties.

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SUBEDI, K. D., P. J. GREGORY, R. J. SUMMERFIELD, and M. J. GOODING. "Pattern of grain set in boron-deficient and cold-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 134, no. 1 (January 2000): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007303.

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When crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are stressed, grain set in potentially fertile florets is reduced. Cold temperatures and boron (B) deficiency during reproductive development cause grain set failure in wheat. Patterns of grain set in cold-stressed and B-deficient wheat ears were studied under field conditions in Nepal and in controlled environments in the UK. In both B-deficient and cold-stressed circumstances, ear fertility was reduced by up to 98% but the pattern of grain set within an ear was similar. Under cold-stressed conditions, florets in the uppermost one-third of the ear were 41 to 53% less fertile than those located in the middle and basal regions. Even in the unstressed crops, the top one-third of the ear was less fertile than below by as much as 8–13%. Similarly, within a spikelet, the distal florets always had fewer grains than the proximal ones. Decreased grain set following stress markedly reduced yield per ear. We conclude that fertility should be assessed on the entire ear. The determination of competent florets should be based on the presence of well-developed ovaries, feathery stigmas and the structures of anthers (which can still be seen in the sterile florets at maturity) rather than on the length of the lemma or on judgements based on visual appearance or other subjective criteria.

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Chakravorty, Ashim, and P. D. Ghosh. "Evaluation of traditional rice germplasms for alluvial zone of West Bengal-a review." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 6, no. 1 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2012.v06i01.001.

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Fitty one promising landraces of rice cultivars of three districts viz. Nadia, 24 Parganas(N) and Murshidabad of West Bengal were taken for characterization, estimation of genetic variability, genetic diversity and intermelation among them based on forty six agromorphological characters. The field eperiment was caried out at the Zonal Adaptive Research Station, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal during Kharif scason of three consecutive years of 2006, 2007 and 2008. The land is mainly gangetic allavium plain with neutral pH (pH-6), low availability of nitrogen and phosphate and potash content. Obscrvations of various qualitative and quantitative traits were recorded at the different stages of growth. Distinctiveness. Uniformity and Stability (DUS) test was done on twenty eight qualitative traits following the National test guidelines, supplied by Rice Research Institute, Rajendarnagar, Hyderabad. Mean, standand eor of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation were calculated for each quantitative rait to evplore the variability, if any, among the cultivars (Singh and Choudhury, 1977). Genotypic corelations were. in general, higher than the phenotypic correlations and thus suggested that the observed relations among the characters were due to genetic factors. Genetic divergence was assessed among 51 landrace genotypes which were grouped into eleven clusters. Cluster mean was done and the characters which contributed maximum towards genetic divergence among the genotypes were culm diameter>culm lengthgrain length>Plant height (seedling)>sterile lemma length>grain length/breadth ratio>ligule length> flag leaf angle>culm number in the descending order.

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Kobetičová, Klára, Klára Anna Mocová, Lucie Mrhálková, and Šárka Petrová. "Effects of artificial sweeteners on Lemna minor." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 5 (November 8, 2018): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/413/2016-cjfs.

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Artificial sweeteners are common micropollutants in the aquatic environment. They were detected both in surface waters and in groundwater. Human toxicity has also been studied quite intensively but their ecotoxicity has not been studied so far. To assess the impact of four artificial sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose, saccharine, and acesulfame K) and one natural sweetener (stevioside) on freshwater plants, a growth inhibition test was set up in the macrophyte duckweed (Lemna minor). Subsequently full dose-response curves were established by exposing L. minor plants to concentrations of each individual sweetener ranging from 6.25 mg/l up to 100 mg/l for 7 days. Three different endpoints were tested: frond number, frond area and total chlorophyll content. Tests were performed under sterile conditions. Sweeteners had various effects on Lemna plants. Saccharine, acesulfame K and stevioside did not cause any significant negative effects on any of the measured parameters. On the contrary, stevioside and saccharine caused slowly stimulative effects. Aspartame and sucralose inhibited growth parameters (frond number and frond area) but the chlorophyll content was not affected.

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Krzychowska, M., J. Zimna, K. Bytniewska, and W. Macjejewska-Potapczyk. "Attempts at establishing the culture conditions for Lemna minor L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 2 (2015): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.021.

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The influence of the concentration, composition and pH of the substrate as well as of light intensity on the growth and vegetative propagation of Lemna minor L. was investigated. The media of Hutner, Hoagland and Pirson and Seidel were used. At first the experiments were carried out under unsterile conditions. Later sterilized duckweed was cultured in aseptic conditions. The dry matter was determined. Surface area increment and an increase in the number of fronds were evaluated by the planimetric method. For total protein determination in Lemna minor L. from unsterile and sterile cultures Lowry's method was used.

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Zhu, Zhongcai, Yantao Shi, Rong Yan, and Linchao Hu. "Periodic Orbits of a Mosquito Suppression Model Based on Sterile Mosquitoes." Mathematics 10, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030462.

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In this work, we investigate the existence and stability of periodic orbits of a mosquito population suppression model based on sterile mosquitoes. The model switches between two sub-equations as the actual number of sterile mosquitoes in the wild is assumed to take two constant values alternately. Employing the Poincaré map method, we show that the model has at most two T-periodic solutions when the release amount is not sufficient to eradicate the wild mosquitoes, and then obtain some sufficient conditions for the model to admit a unique or exactly two T-periodic solutions. In particular, we observe that the model displays bistability when it admits exactly two T-periodic solutions: the origin and the larger periodic solution are asymptotically stable, and the smaller periodic solution is unstable. Finally, we give two numerical examples to support our lemmas and theorems.

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Toyama, T., M. Kuroda, Y. Ogata, Y. Hachiya, A. Quach, K. Tokura, Y. Tanaka, K. Mori, M. Morikawa, and M. Ike. "Enhanced biomass production of duckweeds by inoculating a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus P23, in sterile medium and non-sterile environmental waters." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 1418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.296.

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Duckweed offers the promise of a co-benefit culture combining water purification with biomass production. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus P23 is a plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated from a duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis. This study quantified its growth-promoting effect on three duckweeds (L. aoukikusa, L. minor, and Spirodela polyrhiza) in sterile Hoagland solution and evaluated its usefulness in duckweed culture under non-sterile conditions. P23 promoted growth of three duckweeds in sterile Hoagland solution at low to high nutrient concentrations (1.25–10 mg NO3-N/L and 0.25–2.0 mg PO4-P/L). It increased the biomass production of L. aequinoctialis 3.8–4.3-fold, of L. minor 2.3–3.3-fold, and of S. polyrhiza 1.4–1.5-fold after 7 days compared with noninoculated controls. P23 also increased the biomass production of L. minor 2.4-fold in pond water and 1.7-fold in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant under non-sterile conditions at laboratory-scale experiments. P23 rescued L. minor from growth inhibition caused by microorganisms indigenous to the pond water. The results demonstrate that the use of P23 in duckweed culture can improve the efficiency of duckweed biomass production, and a positive effect of P23 on duckweed-based wastewater treatment can be assumed.

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Song, Gaoyuan, Guoliang Sun, Xingchen Kong, Meiling Jia, Ke Wang, Xingguo Ye, Yun Zhou, Shuaifeng Geng, Long Mao, and Aili Li. "The soft glumes of common wheat are sterile-lemmas as determined by the domestication gene Q." Crop Journal 7, no. 1 (February 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2018.11.001.

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McPharlin, I. R., and R. L. Bieleski. "Phosphate Uptake by Spirodela and Lemna during Early Phosphorus Deficiency." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 5 (1987): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870561.

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Growth, internal P concentration and Pi uptake was investigated in sterile cultures of Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. and Lemna major L. plants during early P-deficiency. Within 12 h of transfer to a P-deficient medium, Pi uptake rates by P-deficient (- P) plants were enhanced 30-120% compared with P adequate (+ P) controls at 1-1000 �M external [Pi]. The enhancement in Pi uptake rates with P-deficiency normally preceded, and was more pronounced than, other effects of P-deficiency such as reduced growth, reduced internal [P] and appearance of visual symptoms. Enhanced Pi uptake rates in - P compared with +P plants resupplied with Pi was more closely correlated with a fall in the internal [Pi] (r = -0.93 to -0.98) than with a fall in the concentration of three other P fractions (i.e. ester P, lipid P, and residual P). The role of tissue [Pi] in Spirodela and Lemna plants as a possible determinant of Pi uptake rates is discussed. Kinetic analysis showed that enhanced Pi uptake in -P compared with + P plants resupplied with Pi was the result of a 2-4-fold increase in V*max of two first- order systems and not by an increased affinity (i.e. reduced K*m) of the carrier for the phosphate ion.

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Nurmayanti, Kiki. "Hubungan Kekerabatan Beberapa Varietas Unggul Padi (Oryza sativa L) Terpilih Berdasarkan Karakterisasi Kualitas Biji." KLOROFIL: Jurnal Ilmu Biologi dan Terapan 7, no. 1 (June 27, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/kfl:jibt.v7i1.13851.

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Persamaan dan perbedaan karakter yang dimiliki tanaman padi dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan yang dimiliki antarvarietas tanaman padi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan dan jarak genetik yang terbentuk pada beberapa varietas unggul terpilih tanaman padi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Sukamandi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriftif eksperimental dengan perlakuan sebanyak 44 varietas padi, diulang 3 kali. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan sofeware Ntsys 2.02 dan 2.11 dengan metode UPGMA. Hasil penelitian menunjukan beberapa varietas unggul terpilih memiliki koefisien kemiripan 0,41 berdasarkan karakter warna lemma steril, warna kepala putik, panjang biji, panjang beras pecah kulit, bentuk beras pecah kulit serta warna kulit ari beras dan terbentuk dua kelompok dengan hubungan kekerabatan yang jauh. Jarak genetik yang terbentuk pada beberapa varietas unggul terpilih tanaman padi memiliki keragaman yang luas dengan nilai 0,59. Pasangan varietas yang memiliki jarak genetik yang luas diduga akan menghasilkan turunan yang memiliki tingkat keragaman genetik tinggi dan sifat unggul yang lebih dari tetuanya.

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Radulović, Olga, Slaviša Stanković, Branka Uzelac, Vojin Tadić, Milana Trifunović-Momčilov, Jelena Lozo, and Marija Marković. "Phenol Removal Capacity of the Common Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) and Six Phenol-Resistant Bacterial Strains From Its Rhizosphere: In Vitro Evaluation at High Phenol Concentrations." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050599.

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The main topic of this study is the bioremediation potential of the common duckweed, Lemna minor L., and selected rhizospheric bacterial strains in removing phenol from aqueous environments at extremely high initial phenol concentrations. To that end, fluorescence microscopy, MIC tests, biofilm formation, the phenol removal test (4-AAP method), the Salkowski essay, and studies of multiplication rates of sterile and inoculated duckweed in MS medium with phenol (200, 500, 750, and 1000 mg L−1) were conducted. Out of seven bacterial strains, six were identified as epiphytes or endophytes that efficiently removed phenol. The phenol removal experiment showed that the bacteria/duckweed system was more efficient during the first 24 h compared to the sterile duckweed control group. At the end of this experiment, almost 90% of the initial phenol concentration was removed by both groups, respectively. The bacteria stimulated the duckweed multiplication even at a high bacterial population density (>105 CFU mL−1) over a prolonged period of time (14 days). All bacterial strains were sensitive to all the applied antibiotics and formed biofilms in vitro. The dual bacteria/duckweed system, especially the one containing strain 43-Hafnia paralvei C32-106/3, Accession No. MF526939, had a number of characteristics that are advantageous in bioremediation, such as high phenol removal efficiency, biofilm formation, safety (antibiotic sensitivity), and stimulation of duckweed multiplication.

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Szczęśniak, Ewa, Jan Błachuta, Marek Krukowski, and Joanna Picińska-Fałtynowicz. "Distribution of Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae) in Poland." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 78, no. 3 (2011): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2009.031.

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Azolla filiculoides has been an ephemeral plant in Poland since the end of the 20th century. In the last 15 years this species appeared in 5 locations in south-west Poland. Habitat and plants of two populations became destroyed, three other still exist. A. filiculoides occurs in eutrophic or even polluted water where it forms dense mats, up to 10 cm thick. It stays sterile and propagates only in a vegetative manner. Frost resistance of Lower Silesia populations is higher than reported so far; fern may winter and rebuild the population after frost reaching 22oC. Size of the populations is changeable during the vegetation season. A. filiculoides occurs in water habitats and plant communities in which it substitutes Lemna minor.

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Gibbs Russel, G. E., and R. P. Ellis. "Taxonomy and leaf anatomy of the genus Ehrharta (Poaceae) in southern Africa: the Ramosa group." Bothalia 19, no. 2 (December 19, 1989): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i2.959.

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The Ramosa species group in the genus Ehrharta is distinguished morphologically by small spikelets with sterile lemmas similar to each other, with tips rounded, truncate or mucronate, with sides glabrous, scabrous or shortly hairy, and with bases appendaged and usually bearded. The rectangular intercostal long cells with sinuous walls, the dome-shaped stomata with a raised rim surrounding the pore aperture, the absence of epicuticular wax and the microhairs without a tapering distal cell are diagnostic anatomically. The Ramosa group is composed of two species: E. ramosa (Thunb.) Swartz subsp. ramosa, subsp. aphylla (Schrad.) Gibbs Russell and E. rehmannii Stapf subsp. rehmannii; subsp. filiformis (Nees) Gibbs Russell; subsp. subspicata (Stapf) Gibbs Russell. All taxa are linked by intermediates to one or two others in the group. The closest relationship of the Ramosa group is to the Calyeina species group, on the basis of both morphological and anatomical characters.

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Poinar, Jr., George O. "Programinis burmitis gen. et sp. nov., and P. laminatus sp. nov., Early Cretaceous grass-like monocots in Burmese amber." Australian Systematic Botany 17, no. 5 (2004): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04002.

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The remains of a spikelet and a leaf of an Early Cretaceous grass-like monocot in Burmese amber are described as Programinis burmitis gen. et sp. nov., and P.�laminatus sp. nov., respectively. The laterally compressed spikelet of P.�burmitis has two basal sterile glumes, a series of lemmas and paleas and remains of stamens and a gynoecium. Adjacent to the spikelet are spherical, monoporate pollen grains. The epidermis of the leaf fragment of P.�laminatus contains numerous stomata with well-defined, sausage-shaped guard cells with elongate nuclei, rows of epidermal cells with long and short cells and spherical and elliptical silica-like bodies in cuboid epidermal cells. Unpointed papillae and uniseriate bicellular microhairs, both raised, occur on the leaf surface. Programinis burmitis and P.�laminatus are considered early bambusoid types that grew in tropical, forested habitats. Their discovery suggests that true grasses may have evolved in South-east Asia, since the Burmese amber mines are located on the Burma Plate, part of Laurasia.

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Radulović, Olga, Slaviša Stanković, Olja Stanojević, Zoran Vujčić, Biljana Dojnov, Milana Trifunović-Momčilov, and Marija Marković. "Antioxidative Responses of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to Phenol and Rhizosphere-Associated Bacterial Strain Hafnia paralvei C32-106/3." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111719.

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Duckweed (L. minor) is a cosmopolitan aquatic plant of simplified morphology and rapid vegetative reproduction. In this study, an H. paralvei bacterial strain and its influence on the antioxidative response of the duckweeds to phenol, a recalcitrant environmental pollutant, were investigated. Sterile duckweed cultures were inoculated with H. paralvei in vitro and cultivated in the presence or absence of phenol (500 mg L−1), in order to investigate bacterial effects on plant oxidative stress during 5 days. Total soluble proteins, guaiacol peroxidase expression, concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as the total ascorbic acid of the plants were monitored. Moreover, bacterial production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was measured in order to investigate H. paralvei’s influence on plant growth. In general, the addition of phenol elevated all biochemical parameters in L. minor except AsA and total soluble proteins. Phenol as well as bacteria influenced the expression of guaiacol peroxidase. Different isoforms were associated with phenol compared to isoforms expressed in phenol-free medium. Considering that duckweeds showed increased antioxidative parameters in the presence of phenol, it can be assumed that the measured parameters might be involved in the plant’s defense system. H. paralvei is an IAA producer and its presence in the rhizosphere of duckweeds decreased the oxidative stress of the plants, which can be taken as evidence that this bacterial strain acts protectively on the plants during phenol exposure.

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Andresen, Marianne, and Nina Cedergreen. "Plant Growth Is Stimulated by Tea-seed Extract: A New Natural Growth Regulator?" HortScience 45, no. 12 (December 2010): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1848.

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Various plant extracts are being marketed claiming to enhance both crop yield and quality and being environmentally friendly. However, these claims are rarely documented by scientific data. In this study, we investigate the growth regulatory effect of Tea Seed Powder (TSP), a saponin-rich waste product from tea seed (Camellia sp.) oil production. The product was tested in various concentrations on Lemna growth and as a soil and spray application on growth of pot grown beet, mustard, oat, and barley. Finally, two treatments, 0.2 g TSP/L dry soil and weekly sprays with TSP solutions corresponding to 1.5 g TSP/m2, were tested for effects on strawberry yield. The results showed significant growth-enhancing effects on the sterile Lemna of ≈20% above control, demonstrating that the growth increase was a plant physiological response to TSP rather than an indirect effect of TSP affecting pests and diseases or improving nutrient uptake. Soil-treated, pot-grown beet, oat, and barley plants showed significant biomass increases in the range of 27% to 41% above control at concentrations of ≈0.3 g TSP/L dry soil, whereas increases of 14% to 26% were observed in plants sprayed with 0.15 to 1.5 g TSP/m2. Sprayed strawberries had a 38% higher berry yield compared with control plants in 2008, whereas no difference in leaf number and area, number of runners, and inflorescences were detected. In 2009, there were no significant observable differences between sprayed plants and controls. Soil-treated strawberry plants, however, showed a decrease in leaf number in 2008 and in strawberry yield in 2009. The study concludes that TSP has pronounced and direct physiological effects on plants, which can both increase and decrease growth and yield depending on the applied dose. The growth-enhancing effect could be used commercially to improve crop yield; however, because TSP is also known to be very harmful to earthworms, possible environmental effects of the use of TSP in agriculture and horticulture must be considered before use.

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Pizzolato, Thompson Demetrio. "Vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum (Gramineae: Panicoideae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-088.

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The vascular system of the sessile, fertile spikelet of Sorghum was reconstructed from serial transverse sections. The vascular system is a composite of the basipetal extensions of the traces from the appendages on the rachilla. The rachilla immediately above the glumes consists of an outer and an inner series of these vascular extensions. The basipetal continuations of the median traces of the sterile and fertile lemmas, and of the traces from the stamens comprise the inner series. The outer series consists of the continuations of the many lodicule traces and of vascular bundles descending from the posterior of the pistil. The component of the vascular system related to the pistil is a plexus of xylem and phloem in the form of a hollow cylinder traversed by a large vascular bundle that is the basipetal continuation of the stylar bundles. Bundles from the anterior of the pistil merge with the hollow cylinder at its anterior. Several collateral bundles from the placenta merge with the hollow cylinder at its posterior. Distal portions of these placental bundles supply the short chalaza of the ovule but do not enter it. The vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum is typical of the Panicoideae, and is useful in distinguishing the Panicoideae from the other subfamilies of grasses. Key words: Sorghum, spikelet, floret, vascular system.

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Luo, Xi, Yidong Wei, Yanmei Zheng, Linyan Wei, Fangxi Wu, Qiuhua Cai, Huaan Xie, and Jianfu Zhang. "Analysis of co-expression and gene regulatory networks associated with sterile lemma development in rice." BMC Plant Biology 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-04012-x.

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Abstract Background The sterile lemma is a unique organ of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) spikelet. However, the characteristics and origin of the rice sterile lemma have not been determined unequivocally, so it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development of the sterile lemma. Results In the paper, we outline the regulatory mechanism of sterile lemma development by LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1), which has been identified as the gene controlling sterile lemma development. Based on the comprehensive analyses of transcriptome dynamics during sterile lemma development with G1 alleles between wild-type (WT) and mutant (MT) in rice, we obtained co-expression data and regulatory networks related to sterile lemma development. Co-transfection assays of rice protoplasts confirmed that G1 affects the expression of various phytohormone-related genes by regulating a number of critical transcription factors, such as OsLBD37 and OSH1. The hormone levels in sterile lemmas from WT and MT of rice supports the hypotheses that lower auxin, lower gibberellin, and higher cytokinin concentrations are required to maintain a normal phenotype of sterile lemmas. Conclusion The regulatory networks have considerable reference value, and some of the regulatory relationships exhibiting strong correlations are worthy of further study. Taken together, these work provided a detailed guide for further studies into the molecular mechanism of sterile lemma development.

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Yang, Dewei, Niqing He, Xianghua Zheng, Yanmei Zhen, Zhenxin Xie, Chaoping Cheng, and Fenghuang Huang. "Cloning of long sterile lemma (lsl2), a single recessive gene that regulates spike germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." BMC Plant Biology 20, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02776-8.

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Abstract Background Rice is a typical monocotyledonous plant and an important cereal crop. The structural units of rice flowers are spikelets and florets, and floral organ development and spike germination affect rice reproduction and yield. Results In this study, we identified a novel long sterile lemma (lsl2) mutant from an EMS population. First, we mapped the lsl2 gene between the markers Indel7–22 and Indel7–27, which encompasses a 25-kb region. The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of four candidate genes in this region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that the target gene in the lsl2 mutant is allelic to LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1)/ELONGATED EMPTY GLUME (ELE), hereafter referred to as lsl2. Further analysis of the lsl2 and LSL2 proteins showed a one-amino-acid change, namely, the mutation of serine (Ser) 79 to proline (Pro) in lsl2 compared with LSL2, and this mutation might change the function of the protein. Knockout experiments showed that the lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype. The lsl2 gene might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate, but other agronomic traits of rice were not changed in the lsl2 mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the lsl2 gene will have specific application prospects in future rice breeding. Conclusions The lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype and might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate.

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Cuellar-Garrido, Luis Fernando, Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez, Ofelia Vargas-Ponce, and Clinton J. Whipple. "Ontogeny and anatomy of Bouteloua (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) species display a basipetal branch formation and a novel modified leaf structure in grasses." Annals of Botany, August 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac104.

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Abstract Background and Aims Shoot ontogenesis in grasses follows a transition from a vegetative phase into a reproductive phase. Current studies provide insight into how branch and spikelet formation occur during the reproductive phase. However, these studies do not explain all the complex diversity of grass inflorescence forms and are mostly focused on model grasses. Moreover, truncated inflorescences of the non-model grass genus Urochloa (Panicoideae) with formation of primary branches have basipetal initiation of branches. Bouteloua species (Chloridoideae) are non-model grasses that form truncated inflorescences of primary branches with apical vestiges of uncertain homology at the tips of branching events and sterile florets above the lowermost fertile floret. Sterile florets are reduced to rudimentary lemmas composed of three large awns diverging from an awn-column. Conflict about the awn-column identity of this rudimentary lemma is often addressed in species descriptions of this genus. We test if Bouteloua species can display basipetal initiation of branches and explore the identity of vestiges and the awn-column of rudimentary lemmas. Methods We surveyed the inflorescence ontogeny and branch/awn anatomy of Bouteloua species and compared results with recent ontogenetic studies of chloridoids. Key Results Bouteloua arizonica has florets with basipetal maturation. Branches display basipetal branch initiation and maturation. Branch vestiges are formed laterally by meristems during early branching events. The spikelet meristem forms the awn-column of rudimentary lemmas. Vestiges and sterile floret awns have anatomical similarities to C4 leaves. Conclusions Basipetal initiation of branches is a novel feature for Chloridoideae grasses. Branch vestiges are novel vegetative grass structures. Sterile floret awn-columns are likely extensions of the rachilla.

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Xu, Qiankun, Xiaoqi Yu, Yuanjiang Cui, Saisai Xia, Dali Zeng, Qian Qian, and Deyong Ren. "LRG1 maintains sterile lemma identity by regulating OsMADS6 expression in rice." Science China Life Sciences, October 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1816-x.

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Wu, Tingkai, Asif Ali, Jinhao Wang, Jiahe Song, Yongqiong Fang, Tingting Zhou, Yi Luo, et al. "A homologous gene of OsREL2/ASP1, ASP-LSL regulates pleiotropic phenotype including long sterile lemma in rice." BMC Plant Biology 21, no. 1 (August 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03163-7.

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Abstract Background Panicle is a harvesting organ of rice, and its morphology and development are closely associated with grain yield. The current study was carried on a mutant screened through an EMS (ethyl-methane sulphonate) mutagenized population of a Japonica cultivar Kitaake (WT). Results A mutant, named as asp-lsl (aberrant spikelet-long sterile lemma), showed a significant decrease in plant height, number of tillers, thousand-grains weight, seed setting rate, spikelet length, kernel length and effective number of grains per panicle as compared to WT. Asp-lsl showed a pleiotropic phenotype coupled with the obvious presence of a long sterile lemma. Cross-sections of lemma showed an increase in the cell volume rather than the number of cells. Genetic segregation analysis revealed its phenotypic trait is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Primary and fine mapping indicated that candidate gene controlling the phenotype of asp-lsl was located in an interval of 212 kb on the short arm of chromosome 8 between RM22445 and RM22453. Further sequencing and indels markers analysis revealed LOC_Os08g06480 harbors a single base substitution (G→A), resulting in a change of 521st amino acid(Gly→Glu. The homology comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed mutation was occurred in a highly conserved domain and had a high degree of similarity in Arabidopsis, corn, and sorghum. The CRISPR/Cas9 mutant line of ASP-LSL produced a similar phenotype as that of asp-lsl. Subcellular localization of ASP-LSL revealed that its protein is localized in the nucleus. Relative expression analysis revealed ASP-LSL was preferentially expressed in panicle, stem, and leaves. The endogenous contents of GA, CTK, and IAA were found significantly decreased in asp-lsl as compared to WT. Conclusions Current study presents the novel phenotype of asp-lsl and also validate the previously reported function of OsREL2 (ROMOSA ENHANCER LOCI2), / ASP1(ABERRANT SPIKELET AND PANICLE 1).

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Sahoo, Chinmayee. "Phenotypic characterization of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Odisha, India." Ecology, Environment and Conservation, May 31, 2022, 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i03s.039.

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A total of 127 accessions of aromatic short grain rice were collected with detailed passport informationfrom 30 districts of Odisha, India. The agro-morphological characters of all the landraces wererecordedaccording to Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) guidelines with 21 qualitative and 16quantitative characters and statistically analysed. Out of the different qualitative traits studied, ligule colour,panicle type, secondary branching, panicle axis and awning were found to be dimorphic; blade colour,blade pubescence, basal leaf sheath colour, collar colour, auricle colour, internode colour, culm strength,panicle exsertion, sterile lemma colour and stigma colour were trimorphic; leaf angle, culm angle, flag leafangle, apiculus colour and lemma palea colour were tetramorphic. Variations were observed for all thequalitative traits except the presence of collar, auricles, and split shaped ligule among the accessions. Thehighest frequency was observed for panicle architecture; the presence of secondary branching (96%) anddrooping type of panicle axis (95.3%).The weight of 1000 grain wt. which is a key character for selectinghigh yield variety, varied from 11.86g (Ranimasuri) to 23.09g (Kalkati). Similarly, panicle weight variedfrom 1.42g (Siresa) to 3.7g (Tulasiphool). The days to 50% flowering varied from 85.5 (Basumati) to 131(Basauoga) with a mean of 111.17 days indicating that they are mostly medium to late flowering landraces.High grain yield landraces are Basapatri2, Basumati, Kalkatia, Tulasibas. These landraces may be popularizedamong the farmers and the same may be used in hybridization programmes for varietal development.

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Zhang, Yu, Haiping Yu, Jin Liu, Wei Wang, Jian Sun, Qi Gao, Yanhong Zhang, et al. "Loss of function of OsMADS34 leads to large sterile lemma and low grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Molecular Breeding 36, no. 11 (November 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0578-4.

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Fu, Lili, Meng Huang, Bingying Han, Xuepiao Sun, K. Sowjanya Sree, Klaus-J. Appenroth, and Jiaming Zhang. "Flower induction, microscope-aided cross-pollination, and seed production in the duckweed Lemna gibba with discovery of a male-sterile clone." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03240-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sterile lemma'

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