Journal articles on the topic 'Stereotypes'
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Falbén, Johanna K., Dimitra Tsamadi, Marius Golubickis, Juliana L. Olivier, Linn M. Persson, William A. Cunningham, and C. Neil Macrae. "Predictably confirmatory: The influence of stereotypes during decisional processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 10 (April 16, 2019): 2437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819844219.
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Stereotypes facilitate the processing of expectancy-consistent (vs expectancy-inconsistent) information, yet the underlying origin of this congruency effect remains unknown. As such, here we sought to identify the cognitive operations through which stereotypes influence decisional processing. In six experiments, participants responded to stimuli that were consistent or inconsistent with respect to prevailing gender stereotypes. To identify the processes underpinning task performance, responses were submitted to a hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) analysis. A consistent pattern of results emerged. Whether manipulated at the level of occupational (Expts. 1, 3, and 5) or trait-based (Expts. 2, 4, and 6) expectancies, stereotypes facilitated task performance and influenced decisional processing via a combination of response and stimulus biases. Specifically, (1) stereotype-consistent stimuli were classified more rapidly than stereotype-inconsistent stimuli; (2) stereotypic responses were favoured over counter-stereotypic responses (i.e., starting-point shift towards stereotypic responses); (3) less evidence was required when responding to stereotypic than counter-stereotypic stimuli (i.e., narrower threshold separation for stereotypic stimuli); and (4) decisional evidence was accumulated more efficiently for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent stimuli and when targets had a typical than atypical facial appearance. Collectively, these findings elucidate how stereotypes influence person construal.
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Rivers, Andrew M., Jeffrey W. Sherman, Heather R. Rees, Regina Reichardt, and Karl C. Klauer. "On the Roles of Stereotype Activation and Application in Diminishing Implicit Bias." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853842.
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Stereotypes can influence social perception in undesirable ways. However, activated stereotypes are not always applied in judgments. The present research investigated how stereotype activation and application processes impact social judgments as a function of available resources for control over stereotypes. Specifically, we varied the time available to intervene in the stereotyping process and used multinomial modeling to independently estimate stereotype activation and application. As expected, social judgments were less stereotypic when participants had more time to intervene. In terms of mechanisms, stereotype application, and not stereotype activation, corresponded with reductions in stereotypic biases. With increasing time, stereotype application was reduced, reflecting the fact that controlling application is time-dependent. In contrast, stereotype activation increased with increasing time, apparently due to increased engagement with stereotypic material. Stereotype activation was highest when judgments were least stereotypical, and thus, reduced stereotyping may coincide with increased stereotype activation if stereotype application is simultaneously decreased.
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Liu, Yasi, Junyu Yang, and Zhuo Huang. "Analysis on the Causes and Influence of College Students ' Occupational Gender Stereotypes." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 16 (March 26, 2022): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v16i.510.
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Based on the sampling survey data of ten universities in Wuhan, this study uses binary Logistic regression and Stereotypic Explanatory Bias (SEB) quantitative method to explore the influencing factors of college students' occupational gender stereotypes and analyze the influence of college students' occupational gender stereotypes on their employment choices from the point of occupational gender stereotype. The results show that: Wuhan college students have significant occupational gender stereotypes, but will consciously suppress external stereotypes; Occupational concept affects occupational gender stereotype; Occupational gender stereotype affects college students' career choice. Combined with the research results, the end of This study puts forward some suggestions to change the stereotype of college students' career gender and optimize the employment field. Respectively, colleges and universities set up relevant courses to correctly shape college students' view of occupation and gender; Mass media guide society to establish a correct occupation concept; The state and society strengthen the institutional building, introduce policies and regulations; The enterprise establish es fair, impartial and open employment and promotion systems, breaking down gender barriers in various industries and eliminating "hidden discrimination".
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Rubinstein, Rachel S., Lee Jussim, Bryan Loh, and Megan Buraus. "A Theory of Reliance on Individuating Information and Stereotypes in Implicit Judgments of Individuals and Social Groups." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5118325.
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We propose a theory of (a) reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit person perception and (b) the relationship between individuation in implicit person perception and shifts in implicit group stereotypes. The present research preliminarily tested this theory by assessing whether individuating information or stereotypes take primacy in implicit judgments of individuals under circumstances specified by our model and then testing the malleability of implicit group stereotypes in the presence of the same (or additional) counterstereotypic individuating information. Studies 1 and 2 conceptually replicated previous research by examining the effects of stereotype-inconsistent and stereotype-consistent individuating information on implicit stereotype-relevant judgments of individuals. Both studies showed that stereotypic implicit judgments of individuals made in the absence of individuating information were reversed when the individuals were portrayed as stereotype-inconsistent and were strengthened when targets were portrayed as stereotype-consistent (though in Study 2 this strengthening was descriptive rather than inferential). Studies 3 and 4 examined whether the strong effects of individuating information found in studies 1 and 2 extended to the social groups to which the individuals belonged. Even in the presence of up to eight counterstereotypic exemplars, there was no evidence of significant shifts in group stereotypes. Thus, the data showed that the shifts in implicit judgments that were caused by individuating information did not generalize to stereotypes of the social groups to which the individuals belong. Finally, we propose modifications to our theory that include potential reasons for this lack of generalization that we invite future research to explore.
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Hanges, Paul J., and Jonathan C. Ziegert. "Stereotypes About Stereotype Research." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 4 (December 2008): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00083.x.
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Moskowitz, Gordon B., and Jeff Stone. "The Proactive Control of Stereotype Activation." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 220, no. 3 (January 2012): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000110.
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Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals’ implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairness goals and inhibiting stereotypes.
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Crandall, Christian S., Angela J. Bahns, Ruth Warner, and Mark Schaller. "Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 11 (June 9, 2011): 1488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211411723.
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Three experiments investigate how stereotypes form as justifications for prejudice. The authors created novel content-free prejudices toward unfamiliar social groups using either subliminal (Experiment 1, N = 79) or supraliminal (Experiment 2, N = 105; Experiment 3, N = 130) affective conditioning and measured the consequent endorsement of stereotypes about the groups. Following the stereotype content model, analyses focused on the extent to which stereotypes connoted warmth or competence. Results from all three experiments revealed effects on the warmth dimension but not on the competence dimension: Groups associated with negative affect were stereotyped as comparatively cold (but not comparatively incompetent). These results provide the first evidence that—in the absence of information, interaction, or history of behavioral discrimination—stereotypes develop to justify prejudice.
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Flanagan, Jennifer. "Gender and the Workplace: The Impact of Stereotype Threat on Self- Assessment of Management Skills of Female Business Students." Advancing Women in Leadership Journal 35 (June 12, 2017): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v35.a127.
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Stereotype threat, the threat of being stereotyped against (Steele & Aronson, 1995), regardless of the legitimacy of the stereotype, can impact not only productivity, but goals, behavior, and ultimately attitudes. Stereotype threat impacts not only racial groups but men and women as well, each group impacted by the negative stereotypes about their intellectual and/or work performance. As the workplace becomes more and more diverse, managers must understand and brace for the impact stereotypes have on their workers. This study looks at the impact of stereotype threat on male and female business majors in the workplace and future entrepreneurs. The impact of stereotype was measured in their ranking of their own management skills, how they thought others would rank their management skills, and their goals in the workplace.
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Liubymova, S. A. "Sociocultural stereotypes in anglophone media discourse: the dynamic aspect." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 2 (350) (2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2022-2(350)-60-68.
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The article is devoted to the results of the research of sociocultural stereotypes’ development in American media discourse. In the work, sociocultural stereotypes are considered as verbalized cognitive constructs that form a system of interrelated ideas about the categories of a social world. Changes that happen with stereotypes are conditioned by social, cultural, and media factors, reflected in the language. The development of sociocultural stereotypes represents the stages of their formation, functioning, changes, activation, and inactivation. The formation of a socio-cultural stereotype is based on the process of evaluative categorization, the result of which is fixed by a social consciousness in the form of linguistic designations. Embedding of sociocultural stereotypes in media discourse and their use in accordance with communicative intent of speakers determines the stage of their functioning, which leads to changes of their designation or evaluative meaning. Increasing circulation of sociocultural stereotypes in the media discourse defines the stage of their activation, which manifests itself in the emergence of word-formation paradigms of stereotype’s designation represented by a single word. Inactivation is a decrease in manifestations of interest in a socio-cultural stereotype in the media discourse, which leads to its disappearance. At the stage of inactivation, caused by lack of new information about the referent or changes in opinion about it, a designation of a sociocultural stereotype disappears or loses its connotations, remaining in the language as the marker of a certain historical and cultural period.
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Alexeeva, T. E. "English proverbs as a reflection of social stereotypes." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-3-127-135.
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Social stereotypes are extremely generalized and simplified views about various subjects and social phenomena that have evolved in the course of society development. Proverbs are also generalized statements that have been formulated by people throughout the history. The aim of our research is to prove that the proverbs are actually the reflection of social stereotypes that have long been affecting social relations. Using the method of continuous sampling we have selected the English proverbs that contain the main categories of existing stereotypes: gender, age, ethnic and professional stereotypes. We have studied the most wide-spread stereotypes about men and women, elderly people, popular occupations as well as some stereotyped notions of the British about themselves and have chosen the proverbs illustrating these generalized beliefs. We have shown that the laconic, metaphoric and memorable form of proverbs facilitates their rooting in the peoples consciousness and passing them on practically unchanged from generation to generation. Statistical and comparative analysis made it possible to group the proverbs on the basis of stereotype categories and to find out their percentage ratio. The proverbs containing gender stereotypes appear to be most numerous with the prevailing number of sayings about women. Age stereotypes reflected in the proverbs are mostly related to elderly people. Professional stereotypes embrace a small number of occupations and those few are most often of negative character. Ethnic stereotypes encountered in the proverbs represent the British most favorably. The relevance of the paper lies in the fact that the study of stereotypes as reflected in the proverbs would contribute to making people give up stereotyped thinking in favour of acquiring their own attitudes and viewpoints.
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Kurbacheva, Olga V. "Historical and philosophical understanding of the essence and role of ethnic stereotypes in the modern world." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2022-4-53-62.
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The article is devoted to the historical and philosophical understanding of the ethnic stereotype in the modern global world. The relevance of the study is dictated, on the one hand, by the increasing level of anxiety and aggressiveness in the virtual and real space, the escalation of ethno-cultural tension, ethnophobia, as well as the increasing ethnic stereotyping in society. And, on the other hand, the lack of comprehensive and systematic studies of the problem of ethnic stereotypes in the context of modern collisions. In this regard, the article proposes a substantive historical and philosophical analysis of the nature of ethnic stereotypes, revealing not only the structural components and features of ethnic stereotyped thinking, but also the significance of ethnic stereotypes in diagnosing the prospects for ethnocultural interaction. The article differentiates authentic and artificially mythologised ethnic stereotypes, and also reveals the special role of the ethnic stereotype as a tool that can be used both to escalate tension and bring together ethnic and cultural communities. Two correlated levels in stereotyped perception are analysed: the cognitive and emotional-value levels, which together have a direct impact on the positive or negative connotation in ethnic stereotyping. The author substantiates the relationship between various distorted variants of ethnic self-expression in a hyperpositive and lithotised form and existing ethnic stereotypes, which manifests itself in ethnocultural deviation: ethnophobia, collective guilt, ethnofavoritism, ethnofanatism, etc. Exploring heterostereotypes, the author emphasises that in the conditions of open global boundaries, the attributed categorisation is conditional and therefore heterostereotypes will always act as a mental construct. The practical significance of the findings about the importance of timely detection of the transformation of ethnic stereotypes, which are a kind of indicator of ethno-cultural tension and affecting the prospect of ethno-cultural interaction in the modern multi-ethnic world, is emphasised.
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Lyubymova, Svitlana. "Nomen Est Omen Socialis." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2022-0019.
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Abstract Functioning in media discourse as reference points for shaping people’s worldview, sociocultural stereotypes are considered cognitive-linguistic phenomena, formed in the process of evaluative categorization. A lexical item that represents a sociocultural stereotype in media discourse is determined in the study as a nomen of a stereotype. The aim of the paper is to outline strategies of nomen formation that are found in American media discourse. Nomina of stereotypes are formed by phonetic, morphologic, and semantic means. As phonetic means, onomatopoeia creates a nomen on the basis of a sound representation of a stereotyped group. Morphological nomina are conditioned by available in the language through word formation means such as suffixation, compounding, blending, and acronymization. Semantically motivated nomina of sociocultural stereotypes are formed according to logical, allusive, and figurative strategies. Logical strategy is based on the unbiased perception of a social group, regardless of its emotional and evaluative perception. Transference of a well-known name of a figure or an event to a sociocultural stereotype determines allusive strategy. Figurative strategy lies in the sensory portrayal of stereotypes, which takes place according to metaphorical, metonymic, and eponymous patterns. The results of the research can be applied in lexical discourse analysis, media linguistics, and cognitive semantics studies.
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Fladmoe, Audun, Julia Orupabo, Jan-Paul Brekke, and Ferdinand Mohn. "Holding Back: The Impact of Motivation to Control Prejudice on Stereotypes About Immigrants." Nordic Journal of Migration Research 14, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/njmr.541.
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A central insight from the research building on the Stereotype Content Model (SMC) is that different groups elicit different emotional and threat reactions. To advance our knowledge about which groups are likely to share experiences of discrimination and prejudice, we must explore the content of the stereotypes connected to different immigrant groups. Building on population representative survey data, the study applies a split-sample experimental design to test the SCM in Norway, an egalitarian welfare state characterized by low-income inequality. The results confirm the relevance of the SCM model in an egalitarian welfare setting, displaying an ethnic hierarchy expressed through social stereotypes. The results further indicate that ambivalent stereotypes of immigrants are limited in the Norwegian context. Finally, this study extends the SCM model by examining how respondents’ motivation to control prejudice (MCP) moderate stereotype judgement and finds that respondents with a high MCP rated the groups that are stereotyped as cold and incompetent more positively than individuals with a low MCP. Thus, individual propensity to hold back on prejudices influences expressions of stereotype content.
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Klymenko, I. V., and A. O. Kozelska. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PERCEPTION OF ADVERTISING WITH DIFFERENT GENDER-ROLE MODELS." Ukrainian Psychological Journal, no. 2(16) (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/upj.2021.2(16).4.
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The article considers the problem of gender discrimination and popular gender stereotypes in the advertising, as well as studies the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models: in particular, advertising with gender discrimination or with gender stereotypes, the gender-neutral advertising and advertising with signs of femvertising (which challenges such stereotypes). The authors analysed the mechanisms of gender stereotype alimentation in advertising, the main varieties of such stereotypes and types of the stereotyped advertising characters of both sexes, as well as the trends related to anti-sexism and gender stereotype breaking. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the criteria distinguishing the gender stereotypes or signs of gender discrimination in advertising. The authors present the results of their own study on the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models. Advertising that contained gender stereotypes and signs of gender discrimination received the lowest ratings from the respondents compared to other advertisings. The only exception was the evaluation of such advertising with cognitive indicators. However, there was a certain heterogeneity in the perception of such advertising: the more natural a stereotype was for certain people, the more tolerant was their attitude towards such advertising. Gender-neutral advertising was evaluated the highest with all indicators. The only exception was the advertising demonstrating gender neutrality in topics which previously was distinguished clearly by gender: the older men rated such advertising very low. Advertising that challenged gender stereotypes was perceived rather positively, especially emotionally, however, its perception depended significantly on the respondents’ age and gender: young women rated ads with signs of femvertising positively with all indicators, older women assessed such advertising neutrally, but older men had the lowest rating for such ads.
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Zbyr, Iryna. "OVERCOMING STEREOTYPES IN THE KOREAN-SLAVIC INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION (based on the Korean-Ukrainian and Korean-Polish Intercultural Communication)." Theory and Practice of Teaching Ukrainian as a Foreign Language, no. 17 (June 25, 2023): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ufl.2023.17.3909.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of stereotypes in the Korean-Slavic intercultural communication which were revealed during a survey of Korean students, which was conducted at the Department of Ukrainian Studies and Department of Polishat Hankuk University of Foreign Studies inApril and November 2021. It deals with the causes of these stereotypes and characterizes the ways to overcome them based on M. Bennett’s model of intercultural sensitivity development and stereotype-oriented learning, which Korean students studied during lectures on the discipline “Understanding the Modern Slavic Cultural Code”. The procedure of the analysis went through several stages: 1) revealing stereotypes through anonymous surveys among students; 2) quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained; 3) stereotype-oriented /non-stereotyped teaching and feedback from the students. The results of the first stage of the survey show that in Korean-Slavic intercultural communication, Korean students are mostly at the ethnocentric stage. This is due to the lack of information about Ukraine and Ukrainians and Poland and Poles in the Korean media, personal contacts, as well as “old” stereotypes inherited from the older generation. Instead, at the end of the academic year, Korean students progressed to the ethno-relativistic stage thanks to stereotype-oriented learning, which helped them understand many specific features of Slavic cultures (especially Ukrainian and Polish). Therefore, further study of the formation and overcoming of stereotypes in Korean-Slavic communication will contribute to the integration of three cultures and successful intercultural communication between Koreans and Ukrainians and Poles. Key words: Korean-Slavic intercultural communication, Korean students, Ukraine, Poland, stereotypes, developmental model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS).
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Plant, E. Ashby, Janet Shibley Hyde, Dacher Keltner, and Patricia G. Devine. "The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions." Psychology of Women Quarterly 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x.
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Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults' ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults' interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.
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Kawakami, Kerry, Kenneth L. Dion, and John F. Dovidio. "Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task." Swiss Journal of Psychology 58, no. 4 (December 1999): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.241.
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In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.
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McGee, Ebony. "“Black Genius, Asian Fail”: The Detriment of Stereotype Lift and Stereotype Threat in High-Achieving Asian and Black STEM Students." AERA Open 4, no. 4 (October 2018): 233285841881665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858418816658.
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Asians are typically situated at the top of the STEM educational and career hierarchy and enjoy a host of material benefits as a result. Thus, their STEM lives are often considered problem-free. This article describes the role of race-based stereotypes in shaping the experiences of high-achieving Black and Asian STEM college students. Their experiences exposed the insidious presence of anti-Black and pro-Asian sentiment, operationalized through the frameworks of stereotype threat and stereotype lift. Stereotype threat and stereotype lift situate the racialized experiences of Black and Asian students as opposites, thereby ignoring their shared marginalization and responses to being stereotyped. I argue that both racial groups endure emotional distress because each group responds to its marginalization with an unrelenting motivation to succeed that imposes significant costs. I aim to demonstrate that Black and Asian college students are burdened with being stereotyped and judged unfairly, enduring sometimes debilitating consequences even while they are praised for fulfilling or defying stereotypes. Discussion includes coalition building among racial groups of color in STEM, serving in part to co-construct racialized psycho-social coping skills, and a strategy for more equitable material outcomes for Black STEMers.
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Gibson, Carolyn E., Joy Losee, and Christine Vitiello. "A Replication Attempt of Stereotype Susceptibility ()." Social Psychology 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000184.
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Awareness of stereotypes about a person’s in-group can affect a person’s behavior and performance when they complete a stereotype-relevant task, a phenomenon called stereotype susceptibility. Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady (1999) primed Asian American women with either their Asian identity (stereotyped with high math ability) or female identity (stereotyped with low math ability) or no priming before administering a math test. Of the three groups, Asian-primed participants performed best on the math test, female-primed participants performed worst. The article is a citation classic, but the original studies and conceptual replications have low sample sizes and wide confidence intervals. We conducted a replication of Shih et al. (1999) with a large sample and found a significant effect with the same pattern of means after removing participants that did not know the race or gender stereotypes, but not when those participants were retained. Math identification did not moderate the observed effects.
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Gorbunova, Lidia A., Jens Ambrasat, and Christian von Scheve. "Neighborhood Stereotypes and Interpersonal Trust in Social Exchange: An Experimental Study." City & Community 14, no. 2 (June 2015): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12112.
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Recent research indicates that segregation is, in addition to many other undesirable consequences, negatively associated with social capital, in particular, generalized trust within a community. This study investigates whether an individual's residential neighborhood and the stereotypes associated with this neighborhood affect others’ trusting behavior as a specific form of social exchange. Using an anonymous trust game experiment in the context of five districts of the German capital, Berlin, we show that trusting is contingent on others’ residential neighborhood rather than on deliberate assessments of trustworthiness. Participants show significantly greater trust toward individuals from positively stereotyped neighborhoods with favorable sociodemographic characteristics than to persons from negatively stereotyped neighborhoods with unfavorable sociodemographics. Importantly, when stereotypes and sociodemographic factors point in opposite directions, participants’ trust decisions reflect stereotype content.
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Beukeboom, Camiel J., and Christian Burgers. "How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework." Review of Communication Research 7 (2019): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017.
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Language use plays a crucial role in the consensualization of stereotypes within cultural groups. Based on an integrative review of the literature on stereotyping and biased language use, we propose the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) framework. The framework integrates largely independent areas of literature and explicates the linguistic processes through which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. We distinguish two groups of biases in language use that jointly feed and maintain three fundamental cognitive variables in (shared) social-category cognition: perceived category entitativity, stereotype content, and perceived essentialism of associated stereotypic characteristics. These are: (1) Biases in linguistic labels used to denote categories, within which we discuss biases in (a) label content and (b) linguistic form of labels; (2) Biases in describing behaviors and characteristics of categorized individuals, within which we discuss biases in (a) communication content (i.e., what information is communicated), and (b) linguistic form of descriptions (i.e., how is information formulated). Together, these biases create a self-perpetuating cycle in which social-category stereotypes are shared and maintained. The framework allows for a better understanding of stereotype maintaining biases in natural language. We discuss various opportunities for further research.
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Gasiorek, Jessica, and Marko Dragojevic. "The Effects of Speaker Group Membership and Stereotypes on Responses to Accumulated Underaccommodation." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19864981.
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This study explored the role of social group membership and stereotypes in evaluating accumulated underaccommodation (i.e., repeated, insufficiently adjusted communication). Participants ( N = 229) engaged in three tasks in which they received underaccommodative instructions from another individual, ostensibly a young adult or an older adult. Consistent with hypotheses, speakers’ social group membership predicted stereotype content (with older adults stereotyped as warmer and more competent); warmth (but not competence) stereotypes, in turn, predicted inferred motive (directly) and perceived accommodation (indirectly) for the initial task, which in turn predicted ratings for subsequent tasks. Group membership also affected overall speaker evaluations.
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Arifatin, Fais Wahidatul. "Gender Stereotype in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake." NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 1, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v1i2.976.
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Gender stereotype should be understood as negative beliefs shared by a particular group due to over-simplification and generalization. In this study, gender stereotype is used to mean negative beliefs toward women, which is based on their sexual or gender identity instead of their personal quality and individual competence. The writer try to show that in The Scent of Sake by Joyce Lebra is considered as a novel depicting the issue of gender stereotype in Japanese family culture, especially in managing the sake business which is represented trough Rie as the main character. Hence, in this study try to answer What are gender stereotypes experienced by Rie as reflected in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake and how does Rie struggle against gender stereotype as reflected in the novel. The research design used by the writer is literary criticism; it is liberal feminism especially the theory of Mary Wollstonecraft. The results of the study show that women as represented by Rie, is stereotyped in the family’s sake business through many negative stigmas. Such stereotypes have given negative influences toward Rie in terms of marginalization in management, in educational access and women’s lack of decision making in marriage. To reduce the effects, Rie struggles against gender stereotype by performing the stereotypes. Through considerable struggles, Rie has proven that women should not be viewed as inferior to men. Rie has tried very hard to play an active role as a subject in her own family’s business of sake production.
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M, Aruna, and Gunasundari K. "Empowering of Feminine in Indian Advertisements." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 4, no. 1 (May 3, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2212.
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In general, female stereotypes shape the advertising industry, and some recent studies suggest that other types of non-stereotype gender role representations in advertising can have many positive effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the gender stereotypes of women in modern days advertising. Regardless of gender, there are many positive effects on the brand-related and social impact of non-stereotypic representations of the professional gender role in advertising to respondents. These results also show the format of these stereotypes about how women are portrayed in advertising. It is important that advertising supports gender equality by using positive expressions instead of harmful stereotypes. This study used content analysis to identify the different roles women play in Indian television advertising. Studies show that women are primarily portrayed in advertising as independent decision makers and users, and as an authority on the products being advertised and direct eye contact with customers in advertising and vocalization, and the product type of advertising.
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Bauer, Nichole M., and Colleen Carpinella. "Visual Information and Candidate Evaluations: The Influence of Feminine and Masculine Images on Support for Female Candidates." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917738579.
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Existing research debates the extent to which feminine and masculine stereotypes affect voters’ impressions of female candidates. Current approaches identify how descriptions of female candidates as having feminine or masculine qualities lead voters to rely on stereotypes. We argue that extant scholarship overlooks a critical source of stereotypic information about female candidates—the role of visual information. This manuscript explores the conditions under which voters use feminine and masculine visuals to evaluate female candidates. Drawing on theories of information processing and stereotype reliance, we develop a framework that explains when visual information will affect how voters evaluate female and male candidates. We argue that visual information that is incongruent with stereotypes about a candidate’s sex will affect candidate evaluations while visuals congruent with stereotypes about candidate sex will not. We test these dynamics with an original survey experiment. We find that gender incongruent masculine visuals negatively affect evaluations of a female candidate’s issue competencies and electoral viability.
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Kawakatsu, Mari, Sebastián Michel-Mata, Taylor A. Kessinger, Corina E. Tarnita, and Joshua B. Plotkin. "When do stereotypes undermine indirect reciprocity?" PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): e1011862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011862.
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Social reputations provide a powerful mechanism to stimulate human cooperation, but observing individual reputations can be cognitively costly. To ease this burden, people may rely on proxies such as stereotypes, or generalized reputations assigned to groups. Such stereotypes are less accurate than individual reputations, and so they could disrupt the positive feedback between altruistic behavior and social standing, undermining cooperation. How do stereotypes impact cooperation by indirect reciprocity? We develop a theoretical model of group-structured populations in which individuals are assigned either individual reputations based on their own actions or stereotyped reputations based on their groups’ behavior. We find that using stereotypes can produce either more or less cooperation than using individual reputations, depending on how widely reputations are shared. Deleterious outcomes can arise when individuals adapt their propensity to stereotype. Stereotyping behavior can spread and can be difficult to displace, even when it compromises collective cooperation and even though it makes a population vulnerable to invasion by defectors. We discuss the implications of our results for the prevalence of stereotyping and for reputation-based cooperation in structured populations.
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Kondratyeva, Olga. "Jokes as the Source of Study Stereotypic Image of Region (On an Example of Jokes About Siberia)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (November 2019): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.3.11.
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The humorous discourse is considered an important source of stereotypic images of the Russian regions. As it reflects territorial peculiarities and their inhabitants, reveals the attitude to various regions in the society, the linguistic analysis of regional stereotypes should become a starting point in the further formation of brands and images of regions. The jokes about Siberia are analyzed in the article and the stereotypic image of this region is reconstructed. Being based on content analysis and a framing method the study is aimed at presenting stereotypes about Siberia in the form of frames (knowledge structures) and their constituents (sub-frames and slots). It is stated that the stereotypic image of Siberia looks quiescent; the jokes reflect a deeply rooted conception of Siberia by residents of other regions of Russia and foreigners as a distant, huge area with severe climatic conditions, rich in natural resources, and an exile place of immigrants who are busy with hard work. Currently Siberia has got another stereotype and is perceived as an object of claims of some boarding countries. The stereotypic image of Siberia is depressive; the majority of regional characteristics that are reflected in jokes convey general negative comprehension. The revealed stereotypes point to necessity of creating a positive image of Siberia.
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Rees, Heather Rose, Andrew Michael Rivers, and Jeffrey W. Sherman. "Implementation Intentions Reduce Implicit Stereotype Activation and Application." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218775695.
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Research has found that implementation intentions, if–then action plans (e.g., “if I see a Black face, I will think safe”), reduce stereotyping on implicit measures. However, it is unknown by what process(es) implementation intentions reduce implicit stereotyping. The present research examines the effects of implementation intentions on stereotype activation (e.g., extent to which stereotypic information is accessible) and stereotype application (e.g., extent to which accessible stereotypes are applied in judgment). In addition, we assessed the efficiency of implementation intentions by manipulating cognitive resources (e.g., digit-span, restricted response window) while participants made judgments on an implicit stereotyping measure. Across four studies, implementation intentions reduced implicit stereotyping. This decrease in stereotyping was associated with reductions in both stereotype activation and application. In addition, these effects of implementation intentions were highly efficient and associated with reduced stereotyping even for groups for which people may have little practice inhibiting stereotypes (e.g., gender).
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Tiantini, Wendy Belinda, Johny Alfian Khusyairi, Nadya Afdholy, and Yulia Mega Puspita. "Jamet Stereotyping in Jedag-Jedug Music: An Analysis of Jedag-Jedug Music Stereotype." Jurnal Seni Musik 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsm.v12i2.75278.
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Several music genres have stereotypes from the society, especially music that comes from low culture. One of the types of music that is stereotyped is jedag-jedug music, a music that is identical with fast beats and specific video editing. This type of music is widely known due to the influence of the TikTok application, which is a social media platform that offers audio-visual content. Jedag-Jedug music is often stereotyped as jamet music and also considered as tacky or alay. This research aims to find out how jamet stereotypes in Jedag-Jedug music can change and become a popular trend on social media. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with participants. The criteria for participants were participants aged 18 years and over and who had listened to jedag-jedug music with various economic and educational backgrounds. Primary data in this research are interview transcripts and secondary data used are journal articles, books and other supporting sources. To analyze the data, researchers used Dual-Process by Shelly Chaiken. There are three aspects that form a stereotype which are cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects that will be used to see how stereotypes are changed in the jedag-jedug music. The result found in this study was that participants experienced a change in their views towards the stereotypes that exist in jedag-jedug music. The shifting of the stereotypes occurred because of the popularization of jedag-jedug music in social media which influence the participants’ cognitive, affective, and behavior.
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Arendt, Florian. "Investigating the Negation of Media Stereotypes." Journal of Media Psychology 31, no. 1 (January 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000198.
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Abstract. We investigated the negation of media stereotypes. Negation refers to an internal attempt to negate stereotypic content (“No! This is not true!”). The process of negation is important because a critical assessment of stereotypic content can be beneficial for stereotype and prejudice reduction. This fact is a crucial reason why readers’ disagreement regarding simplified stereotypic depictions is of central interest for mass communication research and media literacy campaigns. Importantly, factors that can increase negation are of special interest. Although the ability and motivation to process stereotypic content can be theoretically identified as potential influencing factors, media-stereotype research has not yet tested the influence of these factors on negation. In Experiment 1 ( N = 347), we manipulated the motivation to negate by presenting awareness material. We informed some of the participants that the news media often do not represent the world as it is, but sometimes do so in a stereotypic way. Analyses revealed that participants who received the awareness material before reading negated to a higher extent. In Experiment 2 ( N = 223), we investigated the impact of ability by manipulating the time participants had to negate stereotypic content. The ability to negate was assumed to be higher the more time the participants had to process stereotypic information. As hypothesized, negation was higher when there was more time available. Interestingly, the increase in effect size was dampened the more time was available, which indicated a curvilinear relationship. Implications for media-literacy campaigns are discussed.
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Skorinko, Jeanine Lee McHugh. "Riddle Me This: Using Riddles That Violate Gender Stereotypes To Demonstrate The Pervasiveness Of Stereotypes." Psychology Learning & Teaching 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2018): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475725717752181.
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This paper describes a classroom demonstration that showcases how pre-existing beliefs (e.g., stereotypes) influence problem-solving. Across four studies, participants solved riddles with gender stereotype-consistent (e.g. doctor is male) or gender stereotype-inconsistent (e.g., doctor is female; barber is female) solutions. Solve time, perceived difficulty, and perceptions of the demonstration and how it influenced learning were measured. Studies 3 and 4 extended Studies 1 and 2 by measuring objective learning through a quiz on gender stereotypes and bias. Results indicate that students solved the stereotype-inconsistent riddles slower than stereotype-consistent riddles. Stereotype-inconsistent riddles were rated as more difficult to solve than stereotype-consistent riddles. Subjectively, participants perceived the demonstration to be an effective tool, enhancing their knowledge about gender stereotypes. Objectively, participants performed better on the quiz when they solved stereotype-inconsistent riddles than stereotype-consistent riddles. These findings suggest that using stereotype-inconsistent riddles in class can help understanding about gender stereotypes and bias.
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Hudriati, Andi, Muli Umiaty Noer, and Naurah Nadifah. "Investigating the Influence of Stereotype in Intercultural Communication Towards English Literature Students of Universitas Muslim Indonesia." ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v7i1.15397.
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This study's objectives explored two prominent cases: (1) the forms of stereotype in Literature Faculty and (2) how the influence of stereotype in intercultural communication toward the students of Literature Faculty. This study applied qualitative research, which explored the stereotype and intercultural communication toward Literature Faculty students. The researcher applied purposive sampling to gain data. There were 15 students participated as the participant, and the data were obtained through interviews. This study shows that stereotypes in Literature Faculty were stereotypes towards Makassar Ethnicity (Rudely) and stereotypes towards Buginese (Uang Panaik it is too expensive). Even though the students learned many negative stereotypes toward Makassarese and Buginese, most students were not affected by these negative stereotypes. The students chose to trust personal experience and establish effective communication with Makassarese and Buginese, which eventually eliminated negative stereotypes towards the Makassarese and Buginese groups.
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Goldstein, Susan B. "Stereotype Threat in U.S. Students Abroad: Negotiating American Identity in the Age of Trump." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 29, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v29i2.395.
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An underinvestigated and significant source of stress for U.S. student sojourners across racial/ethnic groups is exposure to stereotypes that target their American identity. This study built on the extensive research literature on stereotype threat to investigate U.S. students’ vulnerability and reactions to being the target of stereotypes. Stereotype threat occurs when one expects to be judged negatively based on stereotypes of one’s social group and feels at risk of confirming these stereotypes. An online questionnaire administered to 95 students studying abroad just prior to and following the 2016 U.S. presidential election assessed predictors of, and common responses to, stereotype threat. Multiple regression analysis identified participant gender, CQ-Motivation, and exposure to Trump-related stereotypes as significant predictors of stereotype threat. Exploratory analyses indicated possible responses to stereotype threat, including distancing from a U.S. American identity and altering one’s appearance and behavior to look less American. Implications for sojourner support and for future research are discussed.
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He, Elizabeth. "Reflections on Stereotyped Ways of Seeing and an Introduction to ‘Anekant’." International Journal of Education and Humanities 7, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v7i3.5861.
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This essay is inspired by Ways of Seeing, by John Berger, 2008. The photo essays in the book have led to this essay’s focus on preconceptions and stereotypes. Stereotypes are formed just at the moment ‘seeing’ is taking place, and the possession of prior knowledge is mainly effective in such stereotype formation, even when people are viewing the unknown, a stereotype is working to classify and categorize the unknown into the known, the unfamiliar into the familiar, thus, a deviation from the truth (assuming there is an objective truth or relative truth, which means a fuller vision) occurs. Anekant (an idea in Jainism) is introduced as a possible solution to stereotyped thinking. Instead of cancelling out other opinions, the main teaching of Anekant is to smartly collaborate with every different viewpoint to have a fuller vision and to be nearer to the objective truth.
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Wigboldus, Daniël H. J., Ap Dijksterhuis, and Ad van Knippenberg. "When stereotypes get in the way: Stereotypes obstruct stereotype-inconsistent trait inferences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 3 (2003): 470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.470.
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Klysing, Amanda, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Emma Renström, and Anna Lindqvist. "Gendered stereotype content for people with a nonbinary gender identity." Routledge Open Research 2 (November 7, 2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17976.1.
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Background Gender stereotypes about women and men have a complementary structure, where women and men are seen as high/low in feminine characteristics and low/high in masculine characteristics. These stereotypes are related to representation within social roles, where beliefs about social role occupation influences which characteristics are associated with women or men. It is not known how people with gender identities that do not fit a binary structure are stereotyped. The current study provides a first step towards addressing this gap. Methods Swedish participants (N = 152) reported descriptive stereotype content (positive/negative feminine/masculine personality characteristics) and estimations of representation within domestic and occupational social roles for people with a nonbinary gender identity for the past, present, and future in a between-groups design. Stereotype content for the past included a higher degree of feminine compared to masculine characteristics, but ratings for the present and future showed no differentiation between femininity and masculinity. Results People with a nonbinary gender identity were believed to more frequently occupy feminine compared to masculine social roles for all time points; this was especially pronounced for occupational social roles. The theorised connection between social role occupation and stereotype content did not emerge: degree of positive masculinity and femininity correlated positively with representation in masculine domestic and occupational roles respectively, but positive femininity was negatively correlated with representation in feminine occupational roles. Conclusions These results indicate that stereotypes about people with a nonbinary gender identity do not show the same complementary pattern or reliance on social roles as gender stereotypes about women and men, but that there is a feminine bias in perceptions of social role occupation for people with a nonbinary gender identity.
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Johnson, David J., and William J. Chopik. "Geographic Variation in the Black-Violence Stereotype." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2018): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617753522.
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The stereotype that Blacks are violent is pervasive in the United States. Yet little research has examined whether this stereotype is linked to violent behavior from members of different racial groups. We examined how state-level violent crime rates among White and Black Americans predicted the strength of the Black-violence stereotype using a sample of 348,111 individuals from the Project Implicit website. State-level implicit and explicit stereotypes were predicted by crime rates. States where Black people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a stronger Black-violence stereotype, whereas states where White people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a weaker Black-violence stereotype. These patterns were stronger for explicit stereotypes than implicit stereotypes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development and maintenance of stereotypes.
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Mize, Trenton D., and Bianca Manago. "The Stereotype Content of Sexual Orientation." Social Currents 5, no. 5 (March 15, 2018): 458–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496518761999.
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The stereotype content model provides a powerful tool to examine influential societal stereotypes associated with social groups. We theorize how stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and a group’s status in society combine to influence societal views of sexual orientation groups—placing particular emphasis on stereotypes of warmth and competence. In two survey experiments, we collect quantitative measures of stereotype content and open-response items on the stereotypes of bisexual individuals. We predict—and find—that gay men and lesbian women face disadvantaging stereotypes; bisexual men and women, however, face the most severely negative stereotypes of any sexual orientation group—with aggregate judgments of low warmth and competence. In the second study, using a diverse sample, we show that stereotypes about sexual orientation groups are largely culturally consensual. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of comparative approaches that consider both advantaged and disadvantaged groups to fully contextualize stereotypes of minority groups.
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Williams, Keelah E. G., Oliver Sng, and Steven L. Neuberg. "Ecology-driven stereotypes override race stereotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519401113.
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Why do race stereotypes take the forms they do? Life history theory posits that features of the ecology shape individuals’ behavior. Harsh and unpredictable (“desperate”) ecologies induce fast strategy behaviors such as impulsivity, whereas resource-sufficient and predictable (“hopeful”) ecologies induce slow strategy behaviors such as future focus. We suggest that individuals possess a lay understanding of ecology’s influence on behavior, resulting in ecology-driven stereotypes. Importantly, because race is confounded with ecology in the United States, we propose that Americans’ stereotypes about racial groups actually reflect stereotypes about these groups’ presumed home ecologies. Study 1 demonstrates that individuals hold ecology stereotypes, stereotyping people from desperate ecologies as possessing faster life history strategies than people from hopeful ecologies. Studies 2–4 rule out alternative explanations for those findings. Study 5, which independently manipulates race and ecology information, demonstrates that when provided with information about a person’s race (but not ecology), individuals’ inferences about blacks track stereotypes of people from desperate ecologies, and individuals’ inferences about whites track stereotypes of people from hopeful ecologies. However, when provided with information about both the race and ecology of others, individuals’ inferences reflect the targets’ ecology rather than their race: black and white targets from desperate ecologies are stereotyped as equally fast life history strategists, whereas black and white targets from hopeful ecologies are stereotyped as equally slow life history strategists. These findings suggest that the content of several predominant race stereotypes may not reflect race, per se, but rather inferences about how one’s ecology influences behavior.
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Monteith, Margo J., Jeffrey W. Sherman, and Patricia G. Devine. "Suppression as a Stereotype Control Strategy." Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, no. 1 (February 1998): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4.
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Recent research reveals that efforts to suppress stereotypic thoughts can backfire and produce a rebound effect, such that stereotypic thinking increases to a level that is even greater than if no attempt at stereotype control was initially exercised (e.g., Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). The primary goal of this article is to present an in-depth theoretical analysis of stereotype suppression that identifies numerous potential moderators of the effect of stereotype suppression on the likelihood of subsequent rebound. Our analysis of stereotype suppression focuses on two broad issues: the influence of level of prejudice and the influence of processing goals on the activation versus application of stereotypes. Although stereotype rebound occurs under some circumstances, we suggest that a complete understanding of this phenomenon requires consideration of the full array of possible moderating influences.
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Goldberg, Wendy A., and Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson. "College Women Miss the Mark When Estimating the Impact of Full-Time Maternal Employment on Children’s Achievement and Behavior." Psychology of Women Quarterly 38, no. 4 (April 3, 2014): 490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684314529738.
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The goals of the current study were to apply the construct of stereotype accuracy to the domain of college women’s perceptions of the effects of full-time maternal employment on children. Both accuracy/inaccuracy and positive/negative direction were examined. Participants were 1,259 college women who provided stereotyped projections about the effects of full-time employment on children’s IQ scores, formal achievement tests, school grades, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Their stereotype effect sizes were compared to meta-analytic effect sizes used to estimate the “actual” effects of maternal employment on children. Individual differences in these stereotypes were also examined. Results indicate that, on average, college women overestimated the negative effects of full-time maternal employment on child outcomes, especially behavior problems. Significant variability in the direction and accuracy of the stereotypes was explained by individual characteristics such as gender ideology, extrinsic work values, and beliefs about the costs of maternal employment. Concerns are that college-educated young women may retreat from the labor force due to stereotypes about the effects of their future employment on children. Efforts by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers should be directed toward disseminating accurate information and dispelling myths about the likely impact of maternal employment on children’s development.
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Sullivan, Jessica, Angela Ciociolo, and Corinne A. Moss-Racusin. "Establishing the content of gender stereotypes across development." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): e0263217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263217.
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Gender stereotypes shape individuals’ behaviors, expectations, and perceptions of others. However, little is known about the content of gender stereotypes about people of different ages (e.g., do gender stereotypes about 1-year-olds differ from those about older individuals?). In our pre-registered study, 4,598 adults rated either the typicality of characteristics (to assess descriptive stereotypes), or the desirability of characteristics (to assess prescriptive and proscriptive stereotypes) for targets who differed in gender and age. Between-subjects, we manipulated target gender (boy/man vs. girl/woman) and target age (1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, or 35). From this, we generated a normed list of descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive gender-stereotyped characteristics about people across the early developmental timespan. We make this archive, as well as our raw data, available to other researchers. We also present preliminary findings, demonstrating that some characteristics are consistently ungendered (e.g., challenges authority), others are gender-stereotypic across the early developmental timespan (e.g., males from age 1 to 35 tend to be dirty), and still others change over development (e.g., girls should be submissive, but only around age 10). Implications for gender stereotyping theory—as well as targets of gender stereotyping, across the lifespan—are discussed.
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Hao, Qichao. "Analyze the Stereotypes in the Movie Zootopia and How to Eliminate the Typical Stereotypes in Today’s Workplace." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 2, no. 4 (April 2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2023.04.03.
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After Lippmann put forward the concept of stereotype, people gradually pay attention to the ubiquitous stereotype. In today’s workplace, stereotypes are even more pronounced, especially for women and people with disabilities. By taking Zootopia as an example, this paper aims to analyze the problem of stereotypes in the movie, and put forward some feasible suggestions for eliminating stereotypes based on specific cases.
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Liubymova, S. A. "Dynamic typology of American socio-cultural stereotypes." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 4 (335) (2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-4(335)-67-75.
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The article presents the results of a dynamic classification of American sociocultural stereotypes based on their variability. The dynamics of stereotypes are traced in changes of assessment, emotional perception, and modification, reflected in the discursive representation of socio-cultural stereotypes. The degree of variability of socio-cultural stereotypes depends on the time of their formation, the frequency of occurrence in media discourse, and their emotional load. Persistent stereotypes, such as frontiersman, cowboy, are are based on cultural traditions. They function as templates for the reproduction of new sociocultural stereotypes. Transformational socio-cultural stereotypes demonstrate various changes that can relate to the content of stereotypes. Such is the case of melting pot. Once denoting unity of American society, this stereotype has transformed into a combination of diverse social and cultural elements, marked as salad bowl, mosaic, mixing bowl. Changes in socio-cultural stereotypes are manifested also in emotional and evaluative perception. Thus, the negative perception of the stereotype WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) has changed to positive. Transformational stereotypes can become the symbols of a certain historical period, marked by radical changes in views, attitudes and standards of behavior. Such is flapper – the stereotype of a bold and fashionable young woman that has become a symbol of “Roaring 20s”. Transient stereotypes are unable to transform and cease to exist with the disappearance of their referents. An example of such a stereotype is the Valley Girl, which denoted the category of rich and idle fashionistas of the 1980s. Today, the Valley Girl is an anachronism that alludes to the 1980s through definite fashion trends and slang. The result of the study is the recognition that American sociocultural stereotypes are changeable and situational fragments of the social environment. They may modify or disappear due to changes in the socio-cultural context. The duration of their existence depends not only on economic and cultural factors, but also on occurrence in media discourse.
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Loughnan, Steve, Nick Haslam, Robbie M. Sutton, and Bettina Spencer. "Dehumanization and Social Class." Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159.
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Three studies examined whether animality is a component of low-SES stereotypes. In Study 1a–c, the content of “white trash” (USA), “chav” (UK), and “bogan” (Australia) stereotypes was found to be highly consistent, and in every culture it correlated positively with the stereotype content of apes. In Studies 2a and 2b, a within-subjects approach replicated this effect and revealed that it did not rely on derogatory labels or was reducible to ingroup favoritism or system justification concerns. In Study 3, the “bogan” stereotype was associated with ape, rat, and dog stereotypes independently of established stereotype content dimensions (warmth, competence, and morality). By implication, stereotypes of low-SES people picture them as primitive, bestial, and incompletely human.
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Koch, Alex, Nicolas Kervyn, Matthieu Kervyn, and Roland Imhoff. "Studying the Cognitive Map of the U.S. States." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 5 (August 3, 2017): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617715070.
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What are the spontaneous stereotypes that U.S. citizens hold about the U.S. states? We complemented insights from theory-driven approaches to this question with insights from a novel data-driven approach. Based on pile sorting and spatial arrangement similarity ratings for the states, we computed two cognitive maps of the states. Based on ratings for the states on ∼20 candidate dimensions, we interpreted the dimensions that spanned the two maps (Studies 1 and 2). Consistent with the agency/socioeconomic success, conservative-progressive beliefs, and communion (ABC) model of spontaneous stereotypes, these dimensions that participants spontaneously used to rate the states’ similarity included prosperity (A) and ideology (B) stereotypes (states seen as more liberal and atheist were seen as more educated and wealthy). Study 3 showed that states seen as more average on A and B were stereotyped as more likable. Additionally, Study 3 showed that interstate similarity in stereotypic ideology and prosperity mattered, as it predicted interstate prejudice.
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Allen, Jill, and Sarah J. Gervais. "The Femininity–Money Incongruity Hypothesis." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684317718505.
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Women are often stereotyped as poorly equipped to deal with money matters, compared to men, yet very little research has examined the underpinnings and consequences of such gender stereotypes. Drawing on descriptive and prescriptive elements of women’s social roles, we empirically examined the gendered nature of money stereotypes. Specifically in the current work, we introduced and investigated the femininity–money incongruity hypothesis, which suggests that when the concepts of femininity and money are both cognitively activated, money will become a liability for women, causing decrements in cognitive functioning. We first probed the role of gender identity and benevolent sexism beliefs in women’s endorsement of money–gender stereotypes. In two subsequent experiments, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneously activating money and femininity would lead to decrements in cognitive functioning. Converging results across studies suggest that money is incompatible with the stereotypic female gender identity, and this incongruity has detrimental cognitive costs for women as they navigate gender roles. Implications of societal challenges imposed on women by gender stereotypes regarding money matters at work and in relationship contexts and proposed interventions are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317718505
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Trisnawati, Ririn Kurnia, Dian Adiarti, and Mia Fitria Agustina. "Gender stereotypes in Nancy Meyers� �The Intern� (2015): A study of film audience response." EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/e.6.1.147-164.
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Previous film studies focusing on gender stereotypes have been sufficiently conducted, yet what remains understudied is the study of film audience about dynamic gender stereotypes shown in one film. Conducting film audience study with the issue of dynamic gender stereotype allows discussions about audience�s perceptions, awareness and underlying knowledge of gender stereotypes. This study attempts to unravel responses collected from thirteen audience of Nancy Meyer�s �The Intern� (2015) and formulates two research objectives i.e. first, to discuss how the audience of �The Intern� perceive the dynamics of gender stereotype depicted in the film and, second, to examine the underlying insights of their perceptions. The incorporated theories are film audience study, serving also as methodological approach,�and the discourse of gender stereotype and its changing perspectives. The finding and discussion show that the audience of �The Intern� perceive the inclusion of gender stereotypes and its dynamic change in the film, and their perceptions are followed by several reasons and insights: the story-line of �The Intern� and the audience�s prior knowledge about gender stereotypes. Awareness and sensibility of gender stereotypes are also revealed after watching �The Intern�. Lastly, discussion about the intersection of the audience�s prior knowledge with the exposure about gender stereotype from various resources is also carried out.
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Moon, Jordan W., Jaimie Arona Krems, and Adam B. Cohen. "Is There Anything Good About Atheists? Exploring Positive and Negative Stereotypes of the Religious and Nonreligious." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 8 (January 12, 2021): 1505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550620982703.
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Negative stereotypes about atheists are widespread, robust, rooted in distrust, and linked to discrimination. Here, we examine whether social perceivers in the United States might additionally hold any positive stereotypes about atheists (and corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious). Experiments 1 ( N = 401) and 2 ( N = 398, preregistered) used methods of intuitive stereotypes (the conjunction fallacy). People tended to stereotype atheists as fun, open-minded, and scientific—even as they harbor extreme intuitive anti-atheist prejudice in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 ( N = 382) used a quasi-behavioral partner-choice paradigm, finding that most people choose atheist (vs. religious) partners in stereotype-relevant domains. Overall, results suggest that people simultaneously possess negative and also positive stereotypes about atheists, but that corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious may be even stronger. These effects are robust among the nonreligious and somewhat religious, but evidence is mixed about whether the highly religious harbor these positive stereotypes.
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Finkelstein, Lisa M., Elora C. Voyles, Courtney L. Thomas, and Hannes Zacher. "A Daily Diary Study of Responses to Age Meta-stereotypes." Work, Aging and Retirement 6, no. 1 (June 8, 2019): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/waz005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An age meta-stereotype occurs when we activate the idea that another age group is holding a stereotype of our age group, but what happens after this occurs? We used experience sampling methodology to explore reactions to, and subsequent behaviors associated with, positive and negative age meta-stereotypes occurring over the course of a work week. One hundred eighty-five employees from various organizations across the United States responded to a daily survey tapping into activation of positive and negative age meta-stereotypes, reactions (threat, challenge, or boost), and interpersonal behaviors (avoidance, conflict, and engagement). Hypotheses regarding relationships among reactions and behaviors were largely supported, but there were some unexpected findings regarding reactions to positive and negative age meta-stereotypes. Of particular interest: (a) younger respondents experienced more negative age meta-stereotypes than older respondents, even those that have been shown to be typically older meta-stereotypes, and (b) experiencing older negative meta-stereotypes, regardless of the age of the respondent, was related to challenge reactions while experiencing younger negative meta-stereotypes, regardless of the age of respondent, was related to threat. Our findings demonstrate advantages to studying age meta-stereotypes using experience sampling methods, and point to a need for more theoretical refinement to account for different reactions and behaviors depending on respondent age and type of meta-stereotype.