Journal articles: 'Stereotypes (Social psychology)'

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Rivers, Andrew M., Jeffrey W. Sherman, Heather R. Rees, Regina Reichardt, and Karl C. Klauer. "On the Roles of Stereotype Activation and Application in Diminishing Implicit Bias." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853842.

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Stereotypes can influence social perception in undesirable ways. However, activated stereotypes are not always applied in judgments. The present research investigated how stereotype activation and application processes impact social judgments as a function of available resources for control over stereotypes. Specifically, we varied the time available to intervene in the stereotyping process and used multinomial modeling to independently estimate stereotype activation and application. As expected, social judgments were less stereotypic when participants had more time to intervene. In terms of mechanisms, stereotype application, and not stereotype activation, corresponded with reductions in stereotypic biases. With increasing time, stereotype application was reduced, reflecting the fact that controlling application is time-dependent. In contrast, stereotype activation increased with increasing time, apparently due to increased engagement with stereotypic material. Stereotype activation was highest when judgments were least stereotypical, and thus, reduced stereotyping may coincide with increased stereotype activation if stereotype application is simultaneously decreased.

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Rubinstein, Rachel S., Lee Jussim, Bryan Loh, and Megan Buraus. "A Theory of Reliance on Individuating Information and Stereotypes in Implicit Judgments of Individuals and Social Groups." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5118325.

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We propose a theory of (a) reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit person perception and (b) the relationship between individuation in implicit person perception and shifts in implicit group stereotypes. The present research preliminarily tested this theory by assessing whether individuating information or stereotypes take primacy in implicit judgments of individuals under circumstances specified by our model and then testing the malleability of implicit group stereotypes in the presence of the same (or additional) counterstereotypic individuating information. Studies 1 and 2 conceptually replicated previous research by examining the effects of stereotype-inconsistent and stereotype-consistent individuating information on implicit stereotype-relevant judgments of individuals. Both studies showed that stereotypic implicit judgments of individuals made in the absence of individuating information were reversed when the individuals were portrayed as stereotype-inconsistent and were strengthened when targets were portrayed as stereotype-consistent (though in Study 2 this strengthening was descriptive rather than inferential). Studies 3 and 4 examined whether the strong effects of individuating information found in studies 1 and 2 extended to the social groups to which the individuals belonged. Even in the presence of up to eight counterstereotypic exemplars, there was no evidence of significant shifts in group stereotypes. Thus, the data showed that the shifts in implicit judgments that were caused by individuating information did not generalize to stereotypes of the social groups to which the individuals belong. Finally, we propose modifications to our theory that include potential reasons for this lack of generalization that we invite future research to explore.

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Crandall, Christian S., Angela J. Bahns, Ruth Warner, and Mark Schaller. "Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 11 (June 9, 2011): 1488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211411723.

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Three experiments investigate how stereotypes form as justifications for prejudice. The authors created novel content-free prejudices toward unfamiliar social groups using either subliminal (Experiment 1, N = 79) or supraliminal (Experiment 2, N = 105; Experiment 3, N = 130) affective conditioning and measured the consequent endorsement of stereotypes about the groups. Following the stereotype content model, analyses focused on the extent to which stereotypes connoted warmth or competence. Results from all three experiments revealed effects on the warmth dimension but not on the competence dimension: Groups associated with negative affect were stereotyped as comparatively cold (but not comparatively incompetent). These results provide the first evidence that—in the absence of information, interaction, or history of behavioral discrimination—stereotypes develop to justify prejudice.

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Hanges, Paul J., and Jonathan C. Ziegert. "Stereotypes About Stereotype Research." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 4 (December 2008): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00083.x.

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Loughnan, Steve, Nick Haslam, Robbie M. Sutton, and Bettina Spencer. "Dehumanization and Social Class." Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159.

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Three studies examined whether animality is a component of low-SES stereotypes. In Study 1a–c, the content of “white trash” (USA), “chav” (UK), and “bogan” (Australia) stereotypes was found to be highly consistent, and in every culture it correlated positively with the stereotype content of apes. In Studies 2a and 2b, a within-subjects approach replicated this effect and revealed that it did not rely on derogatory labels or was reducible to ingroup favoritism or system justification concerns. In Study 3, the “bogan” stereotype was associated with ape, rat, and dog stereotypes independently of established stereotype content dimensions (warmth, competence, and morality). By implication, stereotypes of low-SES people picture them as primitive, bestial, and incompletely human.

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Taylor, Jackie. "Women's Leisure Activities, Their Social Stereotypes and Some Implications for Identity." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, no. 4 (April 2003): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600404.

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An understanding of leisure as an area of occupational performance that can contribute to the individual's personal and social development is important to the occupational therapist. The knowledge bases from other disciplines, such as sociology and psychology, have much to offer in developing this understanding. Social identity and stereotype theories and symbolic interactionism suggest that leisure stereotypes may exist and could have an impact on identity. In order to test this concept, 12 leisure activities were used as a means to assess whether leisure stereotypes exist for women. Stereotypes consisting of between 4 and 11 words were obtained using the checklist method, with 40 participants contributing to each stereotype (120 participants contributed in total). The stereotypes were found to include characteristics that were both positively and negatively valued and, consequently, they had a range of favourableness ratings. All but one, golf, were positively evaluated images. The implications of these results are discussed, in the context of relevant theories from sociology, psychology and feminist literature.

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Rees, Heather Rose, Andrew Michael Rivers, and Jeffrey W. Sherman. "Implementation Intentions Reduce Implicit Stereotype Activation and Application." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218775695.

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Research has found that implementation intentions, if–then action plans (e.g., “if I see a Black face, I will think safe”), reduce stereotyping on implicit measures. However, it is unknown by what process(es) implementation intentions reduce implicit stereotyping. The present research examines the effects of implementation intentions on stereotype activation (e.g., extent to which stereotypic information is accessible) and stereotype application (e.g., extent to which accessible stereotypes are applied in judgment). In addition, we assessed the efficiency of implementation intentions by manipulating cognitive resources (e.g., digit-span, restricted response window) while participants made judgments on an implicit stereotyping measure. Across four studies, implementation intentions reduced implicit stereotyping. This decrease in stereotyping was associated with reductions in both stereotype activation and application. In addition, these effects of implementation intentions were highly efficient and associated with reduced stereotyping even for groups for which people may have little practice inhibiting stereotypes (e.g., gender).

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Monteith, Margo J., Jeffrey W. Sherman, and Patricia G. Devine. "Suppression as a Stereotype Control Strategy." Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, no. 1 (February 1998): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4.

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Recent research reveals that efforts to suppress stereotypic thoughts can backfire and produce a rebound effect, such that stereotypic thinking increases to a level that is even greater than if no attempt at stereotype control was initially exercised (e.g., Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). The primary goal of this article is to present an in-depth theoretical analysis of stereotype suppression that identifies numerous potential moderators of the effect of stereotype suppression on the likelihood of subsequent rebound. Our analysis of stereotype suppression focuses on two broad issues: the influence of level of prejudice and the influence of processing goals on the activation versus application of stereotypes. Although stereotype rebound occurs under some circumstances, we suggest that a complete understanding of this phenomenon requires consideration of the full array of possible moderating influences.

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Hřebíčková, Martina, René Mõttus, Sylvie Graf, Martin Jelínek, and Anu Realo. "How Accurate Are National Stereotypes? A Test of Different Methodological Approaches." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 2 (March 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2146.

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We compared different methodological approaches in research on the accuracy of national stereotypes that use aggregated mean scores of real people's personality traits as criteria for stereotype accuracy. Our sample comprised 16,713 participants from the Central Europe and 1,090 participants from the Baltic Sea region. Participants rated national stereotypes of their own country using the National Character Survey (NCS) and their personality traits using either the Revised NEO Personality Inventory or the NCS. We examined the effects of different (i) methods for rating of real people (Revised NEO Personality Inventory vs. NCS) and national stereotypes (NCS); (ii) norms for converting raw scores into T–scores (Russian vs. international norms); and (iii) correlation techniques (intraclass correlations vs. Pearson correlations vs. rank–order correlations) on the resulting agreement between the ratings of national stereotypes and real people. We showed that the accuracy of national stereotypes depended on the employed methodology. The accuracy was the highest when ratings of real people and national stereotypes were made using the same method and when rank order correlations were used to estimate the agreement between national stereotypes and personality profiles of real people. We propose a new statistical procedure for determining national stereotype accuracy that overcomes limitations of past studies. We provide methodological recommendations applicable to a wider range of cross national stereotype accuracy studies. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Eagly, Alice H., and Anne M. Koenig. "The Vicious Cycle Linking Stereotypes and Social Roles." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09637214211013775.

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Members of social categories defined by attributes such as sex, race, and age occupy certain types of social roles much more than members of other social categories do. The qualities that define these roles become associated with the category as a whole, thus forming a stereotype. In a vicious cycle, this stereotype then hinders category members’ movement into roles with different demands because their stereotype portrays them as well matched to their existing roles but not to these new roles. This vicious cycle has important implications for stereotype change. Given the difficulties of producing enduring change by directly attacking stereotypes in the minds of individuals, a more effective strategy consists of policies and programs that change the distributions of category members in roles, thereby changing stereotypes at their source. If the vicious cycle is not interrupted by such social change, observations of category members’ typical social roles continually reinstate existing stereotypes.

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Johnson, David J., and William J. Chopik. "Geographic Variation in the Black-Violence Stereotype." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2018): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617753522.

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The stereotype that Blacks are violent is pervasive in the United States. Yet little research has examined whether this stereotype is linked to violent behavior from members of different racial groups. We examined how state-level violent crime rates among White and Black Americans predicted the strength of the Black-violence stereotype using a sample of 348,111 individuals from the Project Implicit website. State-level implicit and explicit stereotypes were predicted by crime rates. States where Black people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a stronger Black-violence stereotype, whereas states where White people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a weaker Black-violence stereotype. These patterns were stronger for explicit stereotypes than implicit stereotypes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development and maintenance of stereotypes.

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Arendt, Florian. "Investigating the Negation of Media Stereotypes." Journal of Media Psychology 31, no. 1 (January 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000198.

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Abstract. We investigated the negation of media stereotypes. Negation refers to an internal attempt to negate stereotypic content (“No! This is not true!”). The process of negation is important because a critical assessment of stereotypic content can be beneficial for stereotype and prejudice reduction. This fact is a crucial reason why readers’ disagreement regarding simplified stereotypic depictions is of central interest for mass communication research and media literacy campaigns. Importantly, factors that can increase negation are of special interest. Although the ability and motivation to process stereotypic content can be theoretically identified as potential influencing factors, media-stereotype research has not yet tested the influence of these factors on negation. In Experiment 1 ( N = 347), we manipulated the motivation to negate by presenting awareness material. We informed some of the participants that the news media often do not represent the world as it is, but sometimes do so in a stereotypic way. Analyses revealed that participants who received the awareness material before reading negated to a higher extent. In Experiment 2 ( N = 223), we investigated the impact of ability by manipulating the time participants had to negate stereotypic content. The ability to negate was assumed to be higher the more time the participants had to process stereotypic information. As hypothesized, negation was higher when there was more time available. Interestingly, the increase in effect size was dampened the more time was available, which indicated a curvilinear relationship. Implications for media-literacy campaigns are discussed.

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Koch, Alex, Nicolas Kervyn, Matthieu Kervyn, and Roland Imhoff. "Studying the Cognitive Map of the U.S. States." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 5 (August 3, 2017): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617715070.

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What are the spontaneous stereotypes that U.S. citizens hold about the U.S. states? We complemented insights from theory-driven approaches to this question with insights from a novel data-driven approach. Based on pile sorting and spatial arrangement similarity ratings for the states, we computed two cognitive maps of the states. Based on ratings for the states on ∼20 candidate dimensions, we interpreted the dimensions that spanned the two maps (Studies 1 and 2). Consistent with the agency/socioeconomic success, conservative-progressive beliefs, and communion (ABC) model of spontaneous stereotypes, these dimensions that participants spontaneously used to rate the states’ similarity included prosperity (A) and ideology (B) stereotypes (states seen as more liberal and atheist were seen as more educated and wealthy). Study 3 showed that states seen as more average on A and B were stereotyped as more likable. Additionally, Study 3 showed that interstate similarity in stereotypic ideology and prosperity mattered, as it predicted interstate prejudice.

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Moon, Jordan W., Jaimie Arona Krems, and Adam B. Cohen. "Is There Anything Good About Atheists? Exploring Positive and Negative Stereotypes of the Religious and Nonreligious." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 8 (January 12, 2021): 1505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550620982703.

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Negative stereotypes about atheists are widespread, robust, rooted in distrust, and linked to discrimination. Here, we examine whether social perceivers in the United States might additionally hold any positive stereotypes about atheists (and corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious). Experiments 1 ( N = 401) and 2 ( N = 398, preregistered) used methods of intuitive stereotypes (the conjunction fallacy). People tended to stereotype atheists as fun, open-minded, and scientific—even as they harbor extreme intuitive anti-atheist prejudice in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 ( N = 382) used a quasi-behavioral partner-choice paradigm, finding that most people choose atheist (vs. religious) partners in stereotype-relevant domains. Overall, results suggest that people simultaneously possess negative and also positive stereotypes about atheists, but that corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious may be even stronger. These effects are robust among the nonreligious and somewhat religious, but evidence is mixed about whether the highly religious harbor these positive stereotypes.

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Madon, Stephanie, M\x Guyll, Sarah J. Hilbert, Erica Kyriakatos, and David L. Vogel. "Stereotyping the Stereotypic: When Individuals Match Social Stereotypes." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36, no. 1 (March 17, 2006): 178–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00057.x.

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Nascimento, Teresa, and Mauro Bianchi. "Stereotypes, emotions, and behaviours in intergroup context in Portugal." Análise Psicológica 39, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1754.

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Stereotype content has been much studied since the classic study by Katz and Braly (1933). The results obtained in these studies have been fundamental to building more complex experiments in order to explore the formation, purpose and maintenance of stereotypes. In Portugal, to our knowledge, the existing studies are quite scarce, and in some cases non-existent, particularly related to some social groups of interest. Furthermore, continuous social changes may bring variation in the meaning and importance of each attribute. The goal of this study is to explore and pre-test the stereotype content of 12 social groups in Portugal. Ninety-eight participants recruited online via social media responded to 35 stereotypic traits and their valence, 21 emotions and 12 behavioural tendencies related to these social groups. The results allow not only the selection of, for each group, the stereotypic traits, emotions, and behavioural tendencies that are significantly different from the midpoint of the scale, but also the identification of traits, emotions and behavioural tendencies that best seem to differentiate the different groups.

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Rees, Heather Rose, Debbie S. Ma, and Jeffrey W. Sherman. "Examining the Relationships Among Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219861431.

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Increased category salience is associated with increased stereotyping. Prior research has not examined the processes that may account for this relationship. That is, it is unclear whether category salience leads to increased stereotyping by increasing stereotype activation (i.e., increased accessibility of stereotypic information), application (i.e., increasing the tendency to apply activated stereotypes), or both processes simultaneously. We examined this question across three studies by manipulating category salience in an implicit stereotyping measure and by applying a process model that provides independent estimates of stereotype activation and application. Our results replicated past findings that category salience increases stereotyping. Modeling results showed that category salience consistently increased the extent of stereotype application but increased stereotype activation in more limited contexts. Implications for models of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed.

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Wright, Jennifer, and Ryan Nichols. "The Social Cost of Atheism: How Perceived Religiosity Influences Moral Appraisal." Journal of Cognition and Culture 14, no. 1-2 (January 30, 2014): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342112.

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AbstractSocial psychologists have found that stereotypes correlate with moral judgments about agents and actions. The most commonly studied stereotypes are race/ethnicity and gender. But atheists compose another stereotype, one with its own ignominious history in the Western world, and yet, one about which very little is known. This project endeavored to further our understanding of atheism as a social stereotype. Specifically, we tested whether people with non-religious commitments were stereotypically viewed as less moral than people with religious commitments. We found that participants’ (both Christian and atheist) moral appraisals of atheists were more negative than those of Christians who performed the same moral and immoral actions. They also reported immoral behavior as more (internally and externally) consistent for atheists, and moral behavior more consistent for Christians. The results contribute to research at the intersection of moral theory, moral psychology, and psychology of religion.

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Pennington, Charlotte R. "The contributions of stereotype threat research to social psychology." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 97 (December 2015): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2015.1.97.10.

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Stereotype threat describes the experience of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype. This socialpsychological phenomenon demonstrates the deleterious effects that negative societal stereotypes can exert on performance. The current article provides a general overview of the past two decades of stereotype threat research, and highlights the generality of these effects across a diverse range of tasks and populations. This article also appraises critically the mechanisms that have been proposed to moderate and mediate stereotype threat effects, interventions developed to ameliorate it, and provides future avenues for research. This theory showcases the importance of recognising how our social world, and not inherent differences between groups, may underwrite social inequality. In addition to its contribution to the field of social psychology, this theory has far-reaching implications for schools and educational reform, particularly in reducing achievement gaps among minority groups.

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Koenig, Anne M., and Alice H. Eagly. "Typical Roles and Intergroup Relations Shape Stereotypes: How Understanding Social Structure Clarifies the Origins of Stereotype Content." Social Psychology Quarterly 82, no. 2 (June 2019): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519850766.

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How do stereotypes gain their specific content? Social psychologists have argued that stereotypes of groups, defined by demographic indicators such as sex and race, gain their content from their locations in the social structure. In one version of this claim, observations of group members’ typical roles shape stereotype content. In another version, observations of intergroup relations shape this content. This research addressed the validity and compatibility of these two claims. Three experiments manipulating the roles and intergroup relations of hypothetical groups demonstrated that stereotype content emerged from both roles and intergroup relations even when both types of information were available. Another study yielded substantial correlations between actual groups’ typical roles and their intergroup relations. We conclude that stereotype content reflects groups’ positioning in the social structure as defined by their typical social roles and intergroup relations. Discussion considers the implications of this conclusion for changing the content of stereotypes.

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Skinner, Allison L., Sylvia P. Perry, and Sarah Gaither. "Not Quite Monoracial: Biracial Stereotypes Explored." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219858344.

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Stereotypes often guide our perceptions of members of social groups. However, research has yet to document what stereotypes may exist for the fastest growing youth demographic in the United States—biracial individuals. Across seven studies ( N = 1,104), we investigate what stereotypes are attributed to various biracial groups, whether biracial individuals are stereotyped as more similar to their lower status monoracial parent group (trait hypodescent), and whether contact moderates these stereotypes. Results provide evidence of some universal biracial stereotypes that are applied to all biracial groups: attractive and not fitting in or belonging. We also find that all biracial groups are attributed a number of unique stereotypes (i.e., which are not associated with their monoracial parent groups). However, across all studies, we find little evidence of trait hypodescent and no evidence that the tendency to engage in trait hypodescent varies as a function of contact.

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Grigoryan, Lusine, Xuechunzi Bai, Federica Durante, Susan T. Fiske, Marharyta Fabrykant, Anna Hakobjanyan, Nino Javakhishvili, et al. "Stereotypes as Historical Accidents: Images of Social Class in Postcommunist Versus Capitalist Societies." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 6 (October 15, 2019): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219881434.

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Stereotypes are ideological and justify the existing social structure. Although stereotypes persist, they can change when the context changes. Communism’s rise in Eastern Europe and Asia in the 20th century provides a natural experiment examining social-structural effects on social class stereotypes. Nine samples from postcommunist countries ( N = 2,241), compared with 38 capitalist countries ( N = 4,344), support the historical, sociocultural rootedness of stereotypes. More positive stereotypes of the working class appear in postcommunist countries, both compared with other social groups in the country and compared with working-class stereotypes in capitalist countries; postcommunist countries also show more negative stereotypes of the upper class. We further explore whether communism’s ideological legacy reflects how societies infer groups’ stereotypic competence and warmth from structural status and competition. Postcommunist societies show weaker status–competence relations and stronger (negative) competition–warmth relations; respectively, the lower meritocratic beliefs and higher priority of embeddedness as ideological legacies may shape these relationships.

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Plant, E. Ashby, Janet Shibley Hyde, Dacher Keltner, and Patricia G. Devine. "The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions." Psychology of Women Quarterly 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x.

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Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults' ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults' interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.

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Mashuri, Ali, and Esti Zaduqisti. "Explaining Muslims’ Aggressive Tendencies Towards the West: The Role of Negative Stereotypes, Anger, Perceived Conflict and Islamic Fundamentalism." Psychology and Developing Societies 31, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 56–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333618819151.

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The current research was to investigate what psychological factors predict Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, and the underlying mechanism by which the negative stereotypes can translate into Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. A correlational survey among a sample of Indonesian Muslims ( N = 360) demonstrated that the more participants negatively stereotyped the West, the more they thought that Muslims should aggress the latter group. We also found as expected that Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West were positively predicted by the perceived conflict between Islam and the West, and this perceived intergroup conflict in turn mediated the role of Islamic fundamentalism in predicting the negative stereotypes. These findings in sum highlight the role of contextual and individual factors in predicting Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, as well as the impact of these stereotypes on Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. Theoretical implications and research limitations of these empirical findings are discussed.

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Bauer, Nichole M. "Rethinking stereotype reliance: Understanding the connection between female candidates and gender stereotypes." Politics and the Life Sciences 32, no. 1 (2013): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/32_1_22.

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Increasing numbers of female candidates are running for Congress in American national elections. Despite the rise in female candidates running for office, women are not significantly increasing their presence in the House and Senate. A much hypothesized influence over the electoral fates of female candidates is the role of gender stereotypes. However, political science scholars have struggled to pinpoint the effect of stereotypes on vote choice, if there is any effect. This essay compares the way social psychology and political science scholars theoretically, conceptually and empirically test for gender stereotype influence over evaluations of female candidates and politicians. Differences emerge in the theoretical assumptions made in the two disciplines, the types of measures used in research, and the empirical tests conducted to demonstrate the presence or absence of stereotypes in evaluations of women. The discussion explores how scholars studying female candidates and politicians can integrate insights from social psychology to clarify the role of stereotypes in candidate evaluation and choice.

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Augoustinos, Martha, and Iain Walker. "The Construction of Stereotypes within Social Psychology." Theory & Psychology 8, no. 5 (October 1998): 629–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354398085003.

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Gasiorek, Jessica, and Marko Dragojevic. "The Effects of Speaker Group Membership and Stereotypes on Responses to Accumulated Underaccommodation." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19864981.

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This study explored the role of social group membership and stereotypes in evaluating accumulated underaccommodation (i.e., repeated, insufficiently adjusted communication). Participants ( N = 229) engaged in three tasks in which they received underaccommodative instructions from another individual, ostensibly a young adult or an older adult. Consistent with hypotheses, speakers’ social group membership predicted stereotype content (with older adults stereotyped as warmer and more competent); warmth (but not competence) stereotypes, in turn, predicted inferred motive (directly) and perceived accommodation (indirectly) for the initial task, which in turn predicted ratings for subsequent tasks. Group membership also affected overall speaker evaluations.

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Song, Jingjing, Bin Zuo, and Lei Yan. "Effects of gender stereotypes on performance in mathematics: A serial multivariable mediation model." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 6 (July 15, 2016): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.6.943.

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We aimed to determine how gender stereotypes about mathematics affect high school students' performance in this subject through examining the multiple mediating roles of competence belief, type of achievement goal, and effort. Chinese high school students (N = 267) completed measures to assess their gender stereotypes, competence belief, achievement goals, effort, and performance in mathematics. The results of a serial multivariable mediation analysis partly supported the idea that competence belief, achievement goals, and effort act as mediators in the relationship between gender stereotypes and mathematics performance. Specifically, gender stereotypes about mathematics had a negative direct and indirect effect on Chinese female students' mathematics performance: the girls with a stronger gender stereotype were serially associated with less competence belief, lower performance-approach goals, and less effort, all of which, in turn, were associated with poorer performance in mathematics. However, gender stereotypes about mathematics did not predict the level of Chinese male students' performance at mathematics. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Sánchez-Junquera, Javier, Berta Chulvi, Paolo Rosso, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto. "How Do You Speak about Immigrants? Taxonomy and StereoImmigrants Dataset for Identifying Stereotypes about Immigrants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083610.

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Stereotype is a type of social bias massively present in texts that computational models use. There are stereotypes that present special difficulties because they do not rely on personal attributes. This is the case of stereotypes about immigrants, a social category that is a preferred target of hate speech and discrimination. We propose a new approach to detect stereotypes about immigrants in texts focusing not on the personal attributes assigned to the minority but in the frames, that is, the narrative scenarios, in which the group is placed in public speeches. We have proposed a fine-grained social psychology grounded taxonomy with six categories to capture the different dimensions of the stereotype (positive vs. negative) and annotated a novel StereoImmigrants dataset with sentences that Spanish politicians have stated in the Congress of Deputies. We aggregate these categories in two supracategories: one is Victims that expresses the positive stereotypes about immigrants and the other is Threat that expresses the negative stereotype. We carried out two preliminary experiments: first, to evaluate the automatic detection of stereotypes; and second, to distinguish between the two supracategories of immigrants’ stereotypes. In these experiments, we employed state-of-the-art transformer models (monolingual and multilingual) and four classical machine learning classifiers. We achieve above 0.83 of accuracy with the BETO model in both experiments, showing that transformers can capture stereotypes about immigrants with a high level of accuracy.

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Gibson, Carolyn E., Joy Losee, and Christine Vitiello. "A Replication Attempt of Stereotype Susceptibility ()." Social Psychology 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000184.

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Awareness of stereotypes about a person’s in-group can affect a person’s behavior and performance when they complete a stereotype-relevant task, a phenomenon called stereotype susceptibility. Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady (1999) primed Asian American women with either their Asian identity (stereotyped with high math ability) or female identity (stereotyped with low math ability) or no priming before administering a math test. Of the three groups, Asian-primed participants performed best on the math test, female-primed participants performed worst. The article is a citation classic, but the original studies and conceptual replications have low sample sizes and wide confidence intervals. We conducted a replication of Shih et al. (1999) with a large sample and found a significant effect with the same pattern of means after removing participants that did not know the race or gender stereotypes, but not when those participants were retained. Math identification did not moderate the observed effects.

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Macrae, C. Neil, and John W. Shepherd. "Stereotypes and social judgements." British Journal of Social Psychology 28, no. 4 (December 1989): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00875.x.

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Wigboldus, Daniël H. J., Ap Dijksterhuis, and Ad van Knippenberg. "When stereotypes get in the way: Stereotypes obstruct stereotype-inconsistent trait inferences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 3 (2003): 470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.470.

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Miller, Saul L., Kate Zielaskowski, and E. Ashby Plant. "The Basis of Shooter Biases." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 10 (June 18, 2012): 1358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212450516.

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White police officers and undergraduate students mistakenly shoot unarmed Black suspects more than White suspects on computerized shoot/don’t shoot tasks. This bias is typically attributed to cultural stereotypes of Black men. Yet, previous research has not examined whether such biases emerge even in the absence of cultural stereotypes. The current research investigates whether individual differences in chronic beliefs about interpersonal threat interact with target group membership to elicit shooter biases, even when group membership is unrelated to race or cultural stereotypes about danger. Across two studies, participants with strong beliefs about interpersonal threats were more likely to mistakenly shoot outgroup members than ingroup members; this was observed for unfamiliar, arbitrarily formed groups using a minimal group paradigm (Study 1) and racial groups not culturally stereotyped as dangerous (Asians; Study 2). Implications for the roles of both group membership and cultural stereotypes in shaping decisions to shoot are discussed.

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Wang, Pei, Chen-Hao Tan, Wei Wu, and Xin-Min Luo. "Social Dominance Orientation and Stereotype Influence Perception Of Social Distance Between Classes." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5990.

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Social dominance orientation (SDO) and stereotypes about out-groups can influence social distance significantly. We tested the effects of these 2 factors on social distance and a probable mediation effect of upper class stereotype with participants from lower class groups of Chinese people in 3 studies (N = 105 in Study 1; N = 102 in Study 2; N = 112 in Study 3). The results in Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that higher SDO and a more positive stereotype elicited less social distance between lower class and upper class members. In Study 3, the mediation effect of stereotype was also significant. These results provide insight into the mechanism of the perceived social distance between social classes, which is meaningful for social harmony in China.

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Steele, Jennifer. "Children's Gender Stereotypes About Math: The Role of Stereotype Stratification1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33, no. 12 (December 2003): 2587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02782.x.

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Ybarra, Oscar, Walter G. Stephan, Linda Schaberg, and Jason S. Lawrence. "Beliefs About the Disconfirmability of Stereotypes: The Stereotype Disconfirmability Effect1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33, no. 12 (December 2003): 2630–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02784.x.

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Alexander, Michele G., Marilynn B. Brewer, and Robert W. Livingston. "Putting Stereotype Content in Context: Image Theory and Interethnic Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 6 (June 2005): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271550.

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Bauer, Brittney C., Clark D. Johnson, and Nitish Singh. "Place–brand stereotypes: does stereotype-consistent messaging matter?" Journal of Product & Brand Management 27, no. 7 (November 19, 2018): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2017-1626.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address an overarching question: Does matching consumer place–brand associations with stereotype-consistent messaging affect consumer perceptions of an advertisement? Design/methodology/approach This paper presents two experiments that examine participants’ differing evaluations of advertisements under various experimental conditions. Study 1 examines the match of place–brand warmth versus competence stereotypes and the use of symbolic versus utilitarian advertising messaging for both new foreign and domestic brands. Study 2 examines this match for global brands. Findings The paper reveals that stereotype-consistent messaging increases the perceived fit between the advertisement and the brand for new foreign brands but not for new domestic or global brands. Furthermore, in a post-hoc analysis, this congruence is found to improve attitude towards the brand, purchase intentions and brand response, through the mediating effect of attitude towards the ad. Originality/value Place–brand stereotypes impact consumer attitudes and opinions regarding brands from different countries. This paper applies two universal social judgment dimensions from social psychology—warmth and competence—to the novel context of advertising messaging to examine previously unexplored facets of the place–brand image.

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Ramos, Miguel R., and Marcelo Moriconi. "Corruption in Latin America." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617729884.

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Latin America has experienced a series of recent corruption scandals, resulting in an unprecedented uncertainty in political leadership across the whole region. Within this context, we have conducted a survey study comprising nine countries in Latin America ( n = 1,250) examining the stereotype content of politicians. We tested a dual effects model in which the stereotypes of politicians were predicted to shape perceptions of justice directly and indirectly through the activation of affect. Our findings revealed that politicians tended to be stereotyped with negative morality traits and with a certain degree of negativity across other stereotype dimensions. Results supported a positive direct effect of morality on perceived justice and a positive indirect effect through the activation of affect. We discuss the implications of these findings for the current political context in Latin America and also for our understanding of perceptions about politicians and their relationship with leader and power legitimacy.

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Sanchez, Diana T., Kimberly E. Chaney, Sara K. Manuel, and Jessica D. Remedios. "Theory of Prejudice and American Identity Threat Transfer for Latino and Asian Americans." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218759288.

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Latinos and Asian Americans confront similar stereotypes as they are often presumed to be foreigners and subjected to American identity denial. Across six studies (total N = 992), we demonstrate that Latinos and Asians anticipate ingroup prejudice and specific types of subordination (e.g., American identity threat) in the face of outgroup threats that target one another (i.e., stigma transfer). The studies explore whether stigma transfer occurred primarily when shared Latino and Asian stereotype content was a salient component of the prejudice remark (e.g., foreigner stereotypes; Study 3), or when outgroup prejudice targeted a social group with shared stereotype content (Study 4), though neither appeared to substantively moderate stigma transfer. Minority group members who conceptualize prejudiced people as holding multiple biases (i.e., a monolithic prejudice theory) were more susceptible to stigma transfer suggesting that stereotype content is not necessary for stigma transfer because people assume that prejudice is not singular.

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Chu, Qiao, and Daniel Grühn. "Moral Judgments and Social Stereotypes." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617711226.

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We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpetrator and victim, (b) the moral judge’s benevolent ageism and benevolent sexism, and (c) the moral judge’s gender. By systematically manipulating the age and gender of the perpetrators and victims in moral scenarios, participants in two studies made judgments about the moral transgressions. We found that (a) people made more negative judgments when the victims were old or female rather than young or male, (b) benevolent ageism influenced people’s judgments about young versus old perpetrators, and (c) people had differential moral expectations of perpetrators who belonged to their same-gender group versus opposite-gender group. The findings suggest that age and gender stereotypes are so salient to bias people’s moral judgments even when the transgression is undoubtedly intentional and hostile.

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Asbrock, Frank. "Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany in Terms of Warmth and Competence." Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (January 2010): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000011.

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The stereotype content model says that warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social judgment. This brief report analyzes the cultural stereotypes of relevant social groups in a German student sample (N = 82). In support of the model, stereotypes of 29 societal groups led to five stable clusters of differing warmth and competence evaluations. As expected, clusters cover all four possible combinations of warmth and competence. The study also reports unique findings for the German context, for example, similarities between the perceptions of Turks and other foreigners. Moreover, it points to different stereotypes of lesbians and gay men.

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Carpenter, Jordan, Daniel Preotiuc-Pietro, Lucie Flekova, Salvatore Giorgi, Courtney Hagan, Margaret L. Kern, Anneke E. K. Buffone, Lyle Ungar, and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Real Men Don’t Say “Cute”." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2016): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616671998.

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People associate certain behaviors with certain social groups. These stereotypical beliefs consist of both accurate and inaccurate associations. Using large-scale, data-driven methods with social media as a context, we isolate stereotypes by using verbal expression. Across four social categories—gender, age, education level, and political orientation—we identify words and phrases that lead people to incorrectly guess the social category of the writer. Although raters often correctly categorize authors, they overestimate the importance of some stereotype-congruent signal. Findings suggest that data-driven approaches might be a valuable and ecologically valid tool for identifying even subtle aspects of stereotypes and highlighting the facets that are exaggerated or misapplied.

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Gaucher, Danielle, Justin P. Friesen, Katelin H. S. Neufeld, and Victoria M. Esses. "Changes in the Positivity of Migrant Stereotype Content." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617746463.

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Complementing well-established antecedents of anti-migrant opinion (e.g., threat), we investigated how system-sanctioned ideologies—that is, the collection of beliefs and values espoused by the government in power—are linked with migrant stereotypes. Using Canada as a case study, across three waves of national survey data ( N = 1,080), we found that system-sanctioned pro-migrant ideologies corresponded with (relatively) more positive migrant stereotype content (i.e., increases in perceived warmth and competence). Moreover, controlling for other political ideologies, increases in migrant stereotype positivity were linked to people’s motivation to justify their sociopolitical systems, suggesting that system-sanctioned ideologies may be especially likely to influence the positivity of migrant stereotypes when people are motivated to justify their sociopolitical systems.

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Wong, Jessica T., and David A. Gallo. "Activating Aging Stereotypes Increases Source Recollection Confusions in Older Adults: Effect at Encoding but Not Retrieval." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 4 (March 16, 2018): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx103.

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Abstract Objectives Activating aging stereotypes can impair older adult performance on episodic memory tasks, an effect attributed to stereotype threat. Here, we report the first study comparing the effects of explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding versus retrieval on recollection accuracy in older adults. Method During the encoding phase, older adults made semantic judgments about words, and during the retrieval phase, they had to recollect these judgments. To manipulate stereotype activation, participants read about aging-related decline (stereotype condition) or an aging-neutral passage (control condition), either before encoding or after encoding but before retrieval. We also assessed stereotype effects on metacognitive beliefs and two secondary tasks (working memory, general knowledge) administered after the recollection task. Results Stereotype activation at encoding, but not retrieval, significantly increased recollection confusion scores compared to the control condition. Stereotype activation also increased self-reports of cognitive decline with aging, but it did not reliably impact task-related metacognitive assessments or accuracy on the secondary tasks. Discussion Explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding increases the likelihood of false recollection in older adults, potentially by diminishing encoding processes. Stereotype activation also influenced global metacognitive assessments, but this effect may be unrelated to the effect of stereotypes on recollection accuracy.

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Zitelny, Hila, Michal Shalom, and Yoav Bar-Anan. "What Is the Implicit Gender-Science Stereotype? Exploring Correlations Between the Gender-Science IAT and Self-Report Measures." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 7 (January 19, 2017): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616683017.

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Implicit measures of the gender-science stereotype are often better than explicit measures in predicting relevant outcomes. This finding could reflect a discrepancy between implicit and explicit stereotypes, but an alternative is that the implicit measure is sensitive to constructs other than the stereotype. Analyzing an archival data set (total N = 478,550), we found that self-reported liking of science versus liberal arts was the best predictor of the gender-science implicit association test (IAT). In a reanalysis of a previous study and a replication of another study, we found that evidence for the IAT’s advantage over explicit stereotypes in predicting relevant outcomes disappeared when controlling for self-reported liking. Therefore, perhaps the IAT has often outperformed the explicit stereotype because the gender-science IAT captures personal attraction, whereas the explicit stereotype does not. It is premature to conclude that implicit constructs are superior to explicit constructs in predicting science-related plans and behavior.

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Tausch, Nicole, and Miles Hewstone. "Social Dominance Orientation Attenuates Stereotype Change in the Face of Disconfirming Information." Social Psychology 41, no. 3 (January 2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000024.

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This study examined whether social dominance orientation (SDO) affects the malleability of group stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation. Data were collected at two time points: At Time 1, baseline stereotypes and SDO were assessed, and at Time 2, either moderately or extremely stereotype-inconsistent information was presented and stereotyping measures were repeated. Consistent with previous research, exposure to moderately inconsistent information resulted in greater stereotype change than exposure to extremely inconsistent information. As expected, SDO was negatively related to stereotype change, in particular after presentation of moderately inconsistent information. The judged typicality of the target exemplar mediated the effects of the manipulation but did not mediate the effects of SDO. Implications for future research and interventions to reduce stereotyping are discussed.

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Gu, Jiyou, and Huiqin Dong. "The effect of gender stereotypes on cross-modal spatial attention." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10753.

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Using a spatial-cueing paradigm in which trait words were set as visual cues and gender words were set as auditory targets, we examined whether cross-modal spatial attention was influenced by gender stereotypes. Results of an experiment conducted with 24 participants indicate that they tended to focus on targets in the valid-cue condition (i.e., the cues located at the same position as targets), regardless of the modality of cues and targets, which is consistent with the cross-modal attention effect found in previous studies. Participants tended to focus on targets that were stereotype-consistent with cues only when the cues were valid, which shows that stereotype-consistent information facilitated visual–auditory cross-modal spatial attention. These results suggest that cognitive schema, such as gender stereotypes, have an effect on cross-modal spatial attention.

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Cheng, Sheung-Tak. "The Effect of Negative Aging Self-Stereotypes on Satisfaction With Social Support." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 5 (October 5, 2018): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby113.

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Abstract Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between negative age self-stereotypes and social support satisfaction. This study examined whether negative age stereotype plays a causal role, and whether health anxiety is a possible mediator, in this relationship. Methods A total of 114 Chinese older persons were randomly assigned into three experimental conditions. In two of the conditions, participants were primed with either negative or positive age stereotypes using a sentence unscrambling task, before responding to measures of self-perception of aging, health anxiety, and satisfaction with family and nonfamily support. Those in the control condition responded to the same questions without priming. Results Main effects of priming were found across the board except for satisfaction with nonfamily support. In general, participants primed with negative age stereotypes reported more negative self-perception of aging, higher health anxiety, and lower satisfaction with family support, compared with control or those primed with positive age stereotypes. However, the effect on family support satisfaction could not be explained by concomitant experimental effect on health anxiety. Discussion The central role of the family as a support provider might be the reason why the activation of negative age stereotypes led to less satisfaction with family, but not nonfamily.

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Christiansen, Neil D., Martin F. Kaplan, and Chris Jones. "RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.2.129.

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Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype; when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stereotypes (Social psychology)'

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